ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE
LITE | Chapter 4
Contents 1 What is Artificial Intelligence

2 AI Structure

3 History of AI

4 Types of AI

5 Examples of AI

6 Importance of AI
What is Artificial
Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the use
of computer systems to simulate
human mental processes, such as
interpreting and generating
language.
What is Artificial
Intelligence?
It was first coined by John McCarthy
in 1956 at the Dartmouth
Conference, where he defined it as
"the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines".
difference between AI
and automatic machine
AI can be used in automation, but most
automation uses conventional software to
transfer data from one location to
another.
Automation is about setting up robots
to follow a set of pre-defined rules.
Artificial Intelligence is about setting
up robots to make their own
decisions (though still based on
human input).
Components of Intelligence
1 Learning

2 Reasoning

3 Problem-solving

4 Perception

5 Language
 STRUCTURE OF
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE

Kahkashan, Rehman & Ahirwar, Dr. Anamika. (2020). Depiction the Artificial
Intelligence with Machine Learning. Solid State Technology. 63. 4734-4739.
HOW Artificial intelligence
works
In order for the software to learn automatically from
patterns or features in the data, artificial intelligence
(AI) combines massive amounts of data with quick,
iterative processing and intelligent algorithms. AI is
a broad field of study that includes many theories,
methods and technologies, as well as the following
major subfields: Machine Learning, and Deep
Learning.
mACHINE LEARNING
a subset of AI
the science of programming machines
to think and act like humans without
being explicitly programmed to
aims to enable computers to learn
automatically without human
intervention and adjust actions
uses algorithms that can make
predictions through pattern recognition
 mACHINE LEARNING CategorieS
SUPERVISED UNSUPERVISED REINFORCEMENT
Learning Learning Learning

creating models that given an unlabeled uses feedback data

can learn from dataset, the algorithm to improve the
marked datasets to must find some way performance of a
make predictions to learn without the model
guidance of humans
eg. spam filtering eg. games like Chess
and face recognition eg. fraud transactions and Go
DEEP LEARNING
application of Machine Learning that uses
complex algorithms and artificial neural
networks (ANN; which structures and
functions like brain neurons) to train a
model, where data and patterns can be
better perceived
DEEP LEARNING
Applications are:
self-driving cars
speech recognition
pattern recognition
computer programming
image recognition
contextual recommendations
fact checking
Predictive Analytics
As a subset of AI, predictive analytics is a
statistics-based method that data analysts
use to make assumptions and test records in
order to predict the likelihood of a given
future outcome. Analysts capture historical
trends and apply these patterns to current
data, then compute a specific value at a
future point in time.
AI is completely autonomous while predictive
analytics relies on human interaction to
query data, identify trends, and test
assumptions.
Predictive Analytics
Applications are:
Banking
Healthcare
Human Resources (HR)
Marketing and Sales
Supply Chain
Natural Language
Processing
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is
a subfield of AI that focuses on
enabling machines to understand
and interpret human language. NLP
is used in applications such as
chatbots, virtual assistants,
language translation.
With NLP, PCs can decode, display
and generate human language and
communicate. Its ultimate aim is to
make predictable organized
attempts with the computers we use
and every day by teaching systems to
understand the human language
and to react intelligently.
AI in speech Applications are:
Speech AI uses AI for voice-based
technologies: automatic speech Call center transcription
recognition (ASR), also known as
Clinical note taking
speech-to-text (STT), and text-to-
speech (TTS). Virtual assistants
Media and marketing
Examples: automatic live captioning
in virtual meetings; adding voice-
based interfaces to virtual assistants
Expert Systems
a computer program that uses artificial
intelligence (AI) technologies to simulate the
judgment and behavior of a human or an
organization that has expertise and
experience in a particular field

relies on having a good knowledge base.

Experts add information to the knowledge
base, and nonexperts use the system to solve
complex problems that would usually require
a human expert.
Examples of expert systems
CaDet (Cancer Decision Support Tool) is used to identify cancer
in its earliest stages.
DENDRAL helps chemists identify unknown organic molecules.
DXplain is a clinical support system that diagnoses various
diseases.
MYCIN identifies bacteria such as bacteremia and meningitis,
and recommends antibiotics and dosages.
PXDES determines the type and severity of lung cancer a person
has.
R1/XCON is an early manufacturing expert system that
automatically selects and orders computer components based
on customer specifications.
planning, scheduling and
optimisation
A system based on AI uses planning to determine
‘what steps to take’ (planning) and ‘when to carry
out a certain step’ (scheduling) in order to
achieve a goal.

The common term given to an intelligent system

that implements planning is ‘agent’. The plan
implemented by the agent enables it to search
through each and every possible action or route
to reach the set goal.
robotics
Robotics is a field of AI that involves designing,
building, and programming robots to perform
tasks. Robots are used in various applications
such as manufacturing, healthcare, and space
exploration.

AI-powered robots are augmented with a variety

of sensors (including vision devices such as 2D/3D
cameras, vibration sensors, proximity sensors,
accelerometers, and other environmental
sensors,) that feed them with sensing data they
can analyze and act upon in real-time.
computer vision
-a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables
computers and systems to derive meaningful
information from digital images, videos, and other
visual inputs — and take actions or make
recommendations based on that information. If AI
enables computers to think, computer vision enables
them to see, observe and understand.

Examples of established computer vision tasks:

Image classification
Object detection
Object tracking
Content-based image retrieval
trends in computer vision
The Automotive Industry – Autonomous Vehicles
Public Security – Facial Recognition
Retail – Customer Experience, Inventory Management
Medicine – Medical Imaging
Education – Attendance And Engagement Monitoring
Fitness And Sports – Tracking Systems
Precision Agriculture
Gaming – Human Pose Estimation
Media & Entertainment – Interactive Media, Smart glasses
Manufacturing – Product Assembly, Defect Detection
Transportation – Violations Detection, Traffic Flow Analysis
HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
TURING TEST
Alan Turing (1950)
In a Turing test, the interrogator
must determine which respondent
is a computer and which is a
human.
originally called the imitation
game; a test of a machine's ability
to exhibit intelligent behavior
equivalent to, or indistinguishable
from, that of a human.
"Can machines think?"
"ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"
John Mccarthy (1956)
known as the Father of Artificial
Intelligence
In the early 1950s, the study of
“thinking machines” had various
names like cybernetics, automata
theory, and information processing.
He wanted a new, neutral umbrella
term that could collect and organize
these disparate research efforts into a
single field focused on developing
machines that could simulate every
aspect of intelligence.
ELIZA
Joseph Weizenbaum (1965)
considered to be the first chatterbot
("chatbot")
uses natural language processing (NLP)
program
created from 1964- 1966 at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
AI Laboratory
which aimed at tricking its users by making
them believe that they were having a
conversation with a real human being; it was
designed to imitate a therapist who would
ask open-ended questions and even
respond with follow-ups
SHAKEY
Stanford Research institute
(SRI- 1969)
the world’s first mobile intelligent robot
with cameras and touch sensors,
controlled by a large remote computer
this early robot became an archetype
from which subsequent robots were
built and significantly influenced
modern robotics and AI techniques
was funded by the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
STANford Cart
Stanford AI LAboratory (1979)

was originally built to simulate a

remote-controlled moon rover
had a 45 year career of ups and downs,
including redesigning and
configurations
In 1979, the cart successfully crossed a
chair-filled room without human
intervention in about five hours.
DEEP BLUE
International Business Machines
corporation (IBM)
chess-playing expert system run on a
unique purpose-built IBM supercomputer
development began in 1985 at Carnegie
Mellon University
On May 11, 1997, it beat the world chess
champion, Garry Kasparov, after a six-
game match: two wins for IBM, one for the
champion and three draws. The match
lasted several days and received massive
media coverage around the world. It was
the classic plot line of man vs. machine.
ROOMBA
iRobot (2002)

mobile robot for vacuuming floors

a series of autonomous robotic
vacuum cleaners which a have a set
of sensors that enable them to
navigate the floor area of a home
By 2004, a million Roombas had
been sold.
SIRI
Apple Inc. (2011)
spin-off from a project developed by the
SRI International Artificial Intelligence
Center
uses voice queries, gesture based control,
focus-tracking and a natural-language
user interface to answer questions, make
recommendations, and perform actions
used the voice of Susan Bennett in US, Jon
Briggs in UK, while Karen Jacobsen in
Australia
Siri means "beautiful woman who leads
you to victory" in Norwegian and "secret"
in Swahili.
Alexa
Amazon inc. (2014)
a virtual assistant technology
was first used in the Amazon Echo and
Echo Dot, Echo Studio and Amazon Tap
speakers
capable of voice interaction, music
playback, making to-do lists, setting
alarms, streaming podcasts, playing
audiobooks, and providing weather, traffic,
sports, and other real-time information,
such as news
can also control several smart devices
using itself as a home automation system.
tesla autopilot
tesla (2015)
Tesla Version 7.0 software was released,
enabling Autopilot as a feature for Model S
drivers
a combination of adaptive cruise control
and Autosteer, a lane centering function
designed to keep Tesla vehicles within
painted lane lines.
"Autopilot is not a self-driving system and
that “the driver is still responsible for, and
ultimately in control of, the car,” but it also
reiterates that Tesla vehicles are equipped
with hardware “to allow for the incremental
introduction of self-driving technology.”
Sophia
hanson robotics (2016)
the humanoid robot
has simulations of every major muscle in
the human face, allowing her to generate
expressions of joy, grief, curiosity,
confusion, contemplation, sorrow,
frustration, among other feelings.
In 2017, Sophia was given Saudi Arabian
citizenship, becoming the first robot to
receive citizenship of any country. One
month later, Sophia was named the
United Nations Development Program's
first Innovation Champion.
 types of ai based on capabilities
Artificial Narrow Artificial General Artificial
Intelligence (ANI) Intelligence (AGI) Superintelligence
(ASI)
known as weak AI known as strong AI
surpasses human
designed and trained can understand and
intelligence and can
with a specific task in learn any intellectual
perform any task
mind and cannot task that a human
better than a human
perform beyond its being can
include thinking,
limitations allows a machine to
solving puzzles,
have a very limited or apply knowledge and
making judgments,
narrow range of skills in different
and decisions on its
competencies contexts
own
 types of ai based on functionalities
Reactive Limited Theory of Mind Self-
Machine memory awareness

AI systems that This algorithm could have the AI would be to

have no memory imitates the way our potential to design systems
and are task- brains’ neurons work understand the that have a sense of
specific together, meaning world and how self, a conscious
cannot form that it gets smarter other entities have understanding of
memories nor use as it receives more thoughts and their existence
past experiences to data to train on. emotions. In turn,
only exists
inform current trains from past data this affects how
hypothetically
decisions to make decisions they behave in
example: IBM's example: self-driving relation to those
Deep Blue cars and chatbots around them.
example: Sophia
 examples of Artificial Intelligence

Chatbots Smart cars

Smart assistants Navigation apps

E-commerce Facial recognition

Search engines Text editors

Media streaming Social media feeds

 - uses artificial intelligence to generate text or answer
queries based on user input
Chatbots 1 Chat-based Generative Pre-trained
Transformer, ChatGPT (OpenAI)
2 ChatSonic (Writesonic)

3 Bing Chat (Microsoft)

4 Jasper Chat (Jasper)

5 Replika (by Eugenia Kuyda)

6 Socratic (Google)
 - capable of carrying out many of the same tasks as
Smart human assistants, such as reading text, taking
dictation, making calls, etc.

Assistants 1 Siri (Apple)

2 Cortana (Microsoft)

3 Alexa (Amazon)

4 Google Assistant (Google)

5 Fireflies.ai (Fireflies)
 - banks and financial institutions have used data to
Retail and give their customers better, faster, more convenient,
and more intelligent banking services

e-commerce APPLICATIONS:

1 Predicting Customer Credit Card

Behaviour
2 Banking Chatbots

3 Fraud Detection

4 Reducing False Debit and Credit Card

Declines
5 Personalized Services
 - banks and financial institutions have used data to
Retail and give their customers better, faster, more convenient,
and more intelligent banking services

e-commerce 1 Clarifai (New York, New York)

2 IBM (Armonk, New York)

3 eBay (San Jose, California)

4 AnaPlan (San Mateo, California)

5 DRINKS (Los Angeles, California)

Search - employ powerful artificial intelligence algorithms
to decipher the meaning of search queries and
provide the most accurate and relevant results

engines
1 Bing and Edge (Microsoft)

2 You.com (Bryan McCann and Richard

Socher)

3 Perplexity AI (Aravind Srinivas)

4 Neeva (Sridhar Ramaswamy)

 MEdia - study people’s viewing history, preferences, and
behaviors to provide tailor-made, enjoyable
experiences

streaming 1 Netflix

2 Amazon Prime

3 Spotify

4 FireStick App
Smart cars - include industrial robots constructing a vehicle
and autonomous cars navigating traffic with
machine learning and vision

1 Tesla (Austin, Texas)

2 Nauto (Palo Alto, California)

3 SapientX (San Cruz, California)

4 Rethink Robotics (Bochum, Germany)

5 Motional (Boston, Massachusetts)

6 Waymo (Mountain View, California)

 - has features such as route optimization,
navigation apps GPS tracking, and real-time traffic alerts

1 Waze (Google)

2 Google Maps (Google)

3 CoPilot GPS (Trimble MAPS)

4 Sygic GPS Navigation (Sygic Enterprise)

5 Apple Maps (Apple)

 - a biometric technology that identifies

facial recognition facial vectors and features and matches

them with a pre-enrolled individual

Applications:
1 Access Control

2 Security and Surveillance

3 Health and Safety

4 Time and Attendance

5 eKYC and Fintech

Examples:
4 Smart Retail and Personalized Customer
1 GaussianFace algorithm (Chinese
Experience
University of Hong Kong)
5
2 DeepFace Program (FaceBook) Law Enforcement
 - make it simple and easy to autogenerate
content for your blog, website, or social
Text editors media profiles

1 Jasper

2 Writesonic

3 Article Forge

4 Grammarly

5 Quillbot
 - automate many tedious tasks related
SOCIAL media feeds to social media management and can
do social media monitoring at scale

1 Facebook
(DeepText and DeepFace)

2 Twitter
(IBM Watson and NLP)
SnapChat
3
(ML Models and AR Technology)

4 Instagram
(Big Data and AI)
Why is ai important?
It automates repetitive learning and discovery
1 through data.

It adds intelligence to existing products.

2

It adapts through progressive learning

3 algorithms.

4 It analyzes more and deeper data.

5 It achieves incredible accuracy .

6 It gets the most out of data.

 Ethics and Bias
As AI becomes more
prevalent in society, there are
concerns about ethics and
bias. There is a need to
ensure that AI systems are
fair, transparent, and
unbiased. This is particularly
important in applications
such as hiring, criminal
justice, and healthcare.
 Future of AI
AI is rapidly evolving, and its future is exciting. It has the potential to
revolutionize various industries such as healthcare, transportation, and
education. However, there are also concerns about the impact of AI on jobs
and society as a whole.
REFERENCES
https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/Evolutionary-computing
https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/what-is-artificial-intelligence.html
https://www.ibm.com/topics/strong-ai
Kahkashan, Rehman & Ahirwar, Dr. Anamika. (2020). Depiction the Artificial Intelligence
with Machine Learning. Solid State Technology. 63. 4734-4739.
What’s the Difference Between AI & Predictive Analytics? (techadv.com)
What is predictive analytics? | IBM
https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/an-easy-introduction-to-speech-ai/
https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/expert-
system#:~:text=An%20expert%20system%20is%20a,%2C%20not%20replace%2C%20hum
an%20experts.
A Quick Guide to Planning, Scheduling, and Optimization (intelligentautomation.network)
Learn How Artificial Intelligence (AI) Is Changing Robotics
What is Computer Vision? | IBM
Top Computer Vision Examples in 2021 - InData Labs