LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES OF BRUNEI AND LAOS

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A Summary Presented to

Mrs. Lilibeth T. Sayson, MaEd, Instructor/Assistant Dean, ITE

of Tangub City Global College, Maloro Tangub City

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In partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the course,

Language Programs and Policies (LPP)

(MWF 1:00 – 2:00 PM)

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By

CORTO, NESTLE JEAN

BSED – English 2 Block 136

DECEMBER 18, 2023

 BRUNIE

Historical Background

• Early History

The history of Brunei dates back to the 7th century when it was part of the Srivijaya Empire,
a powerful maritime kingdom in Southeast Asia.

Brunei gradually became an important trading hub and Islamic center in the region.

• Islamic Influence

In the 15th century, Brunei embraced Islam, and it became a sultanate. Islam played a
crucial role in shaping the political and cultural identity of the state.

• European Contact

Brunei had contact with European powers during the Age of Exploration. It attracted the
attention of the Spanish, Portuguese, and later, the British and Dutch.

• Colonial Period

The 19th century saw Brunei ceding territories to Sarawak (under British rule) and later to
North Borneo (under the British North Borneo Company). These actions diminished
Brunei's size and influence.

• World War II

During World War II, Brunei was occupied by the Japanese from 1941 to 1945. After the
war, it was placed under British Military Administration.

• Post-War Period

After the war, Brunei faced challenges in defining its political status. There were
discussions about joining the Federation of Malaysia, but Brunei chose to remain a British
protectorate.

• Independence

Brunei gained independence from British protection on January 1, 1984. Sultan Hassanal
Bolkiah became the ruler, and Brunei became a fully sovereign state.
 • Oil and Economic Development

The discovery of oil and natural gas in the 1920s transformed Brunei's economy. The nation
became one of the wealthiest in the world in terms of per capita income.

• Modern Era

Brunei has continued to be ruled by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, making it one of the few
remaining absolute monarchies. The country has seen economic prosperity, but political
power is concentrated within the royal family.

• Contemporary Challenges

Brunei has faced challenges related to human rights concerns and criticism of its legal
system, particularly regarding the implementation of Sharia law.

Throughout its history, Brunei has experienced shifts in political, economic, and cultural
dynamics, contributing to its current status as a unique Southeast Asian nation with a rich historical
background.

Geographical Background

• Location

is situated on the northern coast of Borneo, an island shared with Malaysia and
Indonesia. It is landlocked by the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak and has coastline
along the South China Sea.

• Geography

The country has a total land area of approximately 5,765 square kilometers (2,226 square
miles), making it the 5th smallest country in Asia. It is characterized by dense tropical
rainforests and mangrove swamps.

• Climate

Brunei has a tropical equatorial climate with high temperatures, high humidity, and
significant rainfall throughout the year. The temperature remains fairly constant, ranging
from 23 to 32 degrees Celsius (73 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit).

• Terrain

The terrain is primarily low-lying coastal plains rising to hilly terrains in the east. The
interior of the country is dominated by dense rainforests with a variety of flora and fauna.
 • Rivers and Waterways

Brunei is crisscrossed by several rivers, the most significant being the Belait, Tutong, and
Brunei rivers. These waterways play a crucial role in the transportation and daily life of the
people.

• Biodiversity

The rainforests of Brunei are part of the Borneo lowland rainforests, which are known for
their rich biodiversity. The country is home to diverse plant and animal species, including
various species of orchids, hornbills, proboscis monkeys, and pygmy elephants.

• Natural Resources

Brunei is rich in natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. The oil and gas industry
has been a major driver of the country's economy, contributing significantly to its wealth.

• Coastline

Brunei has a relatively short but strategically important coastline along the South China
Sea. The coastline is dotted with mangrove swamps and hosts various marine life.

• Land Use

The majority of the land is covered by tropical rainforests, but there are also areas used for
agriculture, including rice paddies and rubber plantations. Urban areas and infrastructure
development are concentrated along the coast.

• Environmental Conservation

Brunei has made efforts to preserve its natural environment through conservation
initiatives. The Ulu Temburong National Park, established in 1991, protects a significant
portion of pristine rainforest.

Educational Background

• Education System

Brunei has a well-established education system that follows a structure similar to that of
the British education system, as Brunei was a British protectorate until gaining
independence in 1984.
• Formal Education Levels

The education system comprises several levels, including pre-primary, primary, secondary,
and post-secondary education. There are also tertiary education institutions.

• Government Initiatives

The Ministry of Education in Brunei is responsible for overseeing the education system.
The government has implemented various initiatives to enhance the quality of education
and promote lifelong learning.

• Compulsory Education

Education is compulsory for children aged 6 to 15. The government places a strong
emphasis on providing free and accessible education to all citizens.

• Language of Instruction

English is the primary language of instruction in schools, reflecting Brunei's historical ties
to the United Kingdom. Malay, the national language, is also taught.

• Islamic Education

Brunei being an Islamic state, Islamic education is integrated into the curriculum. Students
receive instruction in Islamic studies, and religious values are emphasized in the education
system.

• Primary and Secondary Education

Primary education generally lasts for six years, followed by six years of secondary
education. The education system aims to provide students with a well-rounded education,
including subjects such as mathematics, science, languages, and social studies.

• Post-Secondary and Tertiary Education

Brunei offers post-secondary education through institutions such as sixth form colleges and
technical and vocational institutions. Tertiary education is provided by institutions like the
Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD), which was established in 1985.

• Higher Education Institutions

In addition to UBD, Brunei has other tertiary institutions such as Institut Teknologi Brunei
(ITB) and Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali (UNISSA). These institutions contribute to
the higher education landscape in the country.
 • Scholarship Programs

The government of Brunei has scholarship programs to support students pursuing higher
education both domestically and abroad. These programs aim to develop a skilled and
educated workforce.

• Challenges and Developments

Brunei faces challenges such as ensuring quality education for all, addressing the needs of
a diverse student population, and adapting to changing global educational trends.

Language Programs and Policies

• Official Languages

Malay (Bahasa Melayu) is the official language of Brunei and is used in government,
education, and everyday communication. English is also widely used and holds an
important position in various sectors.

• Educational Language Policy

English is the primary language of instruction in schools, reflecting the historical influence
of British colonial rule. Malay is also a key component of the curriculum, and students are
typically bilingual.

• Bilingual Education

The education system emphasizes bilingualism, with the goal of producing students
proficient in both Malay and English. This approach aims to equip students with language
skills relevant to the globalized world while maintaining a strong connection to the national
language.

• Islamic Education

Given Brunei's status as an Islamic state, Islamic education is an integral part of the
curriculum. This includes instruction in Arabic for religious studies.

• Language of Business and Administration

English is commonly used as the language of business and administration, contributing to

Brunei's ability to engage in international trade and diplomatic relations.
 • Preservation of Indigenous Languages

While Malay and English dominate official and educational domains, efforts are made to
preserve and promote indigenous languages spoken by various ethnic groups in Brunei.
These languages may be used in informal settings and within specific communities.

• Language Policies in Higher Education

Higher education institutions, such as Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD) and Institut
Teknologi Brunei (ITB), often use English as the medium of instruction. This facilitates
the participation of Bruneian students in the global academic community.

• Government Support for Language Programs

The government supports language programs aimed at enhancing proficiency in both

Malay and English. This includes initiatives to improve language teaching methods,
teacher training, and the development of language resources.

• Language and Cultural Diversity

Brunei's linguistic landscape reflects its cultural diversity, with various languages spoken
by different ethnic communities. The government acknowledges and respects this diversity
while maintaining a focus on national unity through the use of Malay as a common
language.

• Media and Publications

Malay and English are widely used in media, including newspapers, television, and radio
broadcasts. This reflects the dual-language nature of Brunei's communication channels.

Implementation of these language programs and policies involves collaboration between

the Ministry of Education, higher education institutions, and other relevant government agencies.
The goal is to ensure that Bruneian citizens are equipped with language skills that enable them to
thrive in a global context while preserving their cultural and linguistic heritage. For the latest
information, it is advisable to refer to official government publications or updates from relevant
ministries in Brunei.

Reflection:

In my own perspective, Brunei's language programs and policies are multifaceted,

reflecting the country's commitment to linguistic diversity, cultural preservation, and global
engagement. The official language, Malay (Bahasa Melayu), plays a central role in national
identity and is the medium of instruction in schools. The educational system places a strong
emphasis on fostering proficiency in Malay, aligning with the government's goal of preserving and
promoting the national language. Bilingual education is a key component of Brunei's language
policies, with English being a compulsory subject in schools. This approach acknowledges the
global significance of English and aims to equip Bruneian students with the linguistic skills
necessary for international communication and participation in the global economy. The
proficiency in both Malay and English enhances the country's competitiveness and facilitates
cross-cultural understanding.
For me, the integration of Arabic into the curriculum reflects Brunei's commitment to
promoting Islamic values and strengthening religious education. By incorporating Arabic language
instruction, the government seeks to ensure that Bruneians have a solid foundation in Islamic
studies and can access religious texts in their original language. Furthermore, Brunei recognizes
the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. The incorporation of
technology into language programs reflects a commitment to staying abreast of global educational
trends and leveraging modern tools for enhanced language learning. This approach aligns with the
broader goal of preparing students for a technologically advanced and interconnected world.
I have observed also that the language programs and policies of Brunei are not only focused
on formal education but also extend to broader cultural initiatives. The promotion of the Malay
language in media, literature, and public discourse contributes to the preservation of cultural
identity and heritage. In conclusion, Brunei's language programs and policies are comprehensive,
addressing the linguistic, cultural, and global dimensions of education. The strategic emphasis on
Malay, English, and Arabic, along with the integration of technology, reflects a nuanced approach
that seeks to balance cultural preservation with global engagement and technological
advancements.
 LAOS

Historical Background

• Early History

Laos has a rich history dating back to ancient times. The region that is now Laos was
inhabited by various ethnic groups, including the Mon-Khmer people and later the
Austroasiatic and Tai-speaking peoples.

• Khmer Influence

The Khmer Empire, centered in present-day Cambodia, had a significant influence on the
region during the Angkor period (9th to 15th centuries). Temples and architectural
remnants from this era can still be found in Laos.

• Lan Xang Kingdom

The Kingdom of Lan Xang, or "Million Elephants," was established in the 14th century by
King Fa Ngum. Lan Xang became a powerful kingdom that covered parts of present-day
Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

• Kingdom of Luang Prabang

In the 16th century, Lan Xang split into three smaller kingdoms, with Luang Prabang in
the north, Vientiane in the center, and Champasak in the south. Internal conflicts and
external pressures marked this period.

• Siamese and Burmese Influence

Laos experienced conflicts and invasions from neighboring powers, including the Siamese
(Thais) and the Burmese. The region became a battleground for control.

• French Colonial Era

In the late 19th century, Laos became part of French Indochina. The French colonial
administration unified the three kingdoms, and Laos became a French protectorate in 1893.
The colonial period saw economic exploitation and the introduction of Western education
and governance.
 • World War II and Japanese Occupation

During World War II, Laos fell under Japanese occupation. After the war, the French
attempted to reestablish control, leading to conflicts with the Lao Issara (Free Laos)
movement, which sought independence.

• First Indochina War

The struggle for independence intensified after World War II. Laos became a constitutional
monarchy in 1947, and negotiations with the French continued. The First Indochina War
(1946-1954) had significant implications for Laos as part of French Indochina.

• Geneva Accords and Neutrality

The Geneva Conference in 1954 resulted in the Geneva Accords, which ended the First
Indochina War. Laos was declared neutral, and the Pathet Lao, a communist movement,
emerged as a political force.

• Laotian Civil War

The 1960s and 1970s saw Laos being drawn into the larger conflict of the Vietnam War.
The country became a battleground between communist forces (Pathet Lao) supported by
North Vietnam and the Royal Lao Government supported by the United States.

• Pathet Lao Takeover

In 1975, after the fall of Saigon in Vietnam, the Pathet Lao took control of Laos,
establishing the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR). Laos became a single-party
socialist state aligned with the Soviet Union and later Vietnam.

• Post-Socialist Era

Laos underwent economic reforms in the late 20th century, transitioning from a centrally
planned socialist economy to a market-oriented one. The government maintained political
control, and the economy saw modest growth.

• Modern Era

In recent years, Laos has focused on economic development, attracting foreign investment
and increasing its engagement with regional and international organizations.

Laos has a complex history shaped by its geography, neighboring powers, and global
events. The country has gradually emerged from periods of conflict, colonialism, and socialist rule,
seeking stability and development in the modern era.
Geographical Background

• Location

Laos, officially known as the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country
situated in Southeast Asia. It shares borders with China to the north, Vietnam to the east,
Cambodia to the southeast, Thailand to the west, and Myanmar (Burma) to the northwest.

• Land Area

Laos has a total land area of approximately 236,800 square kilometers (91,400 square
miles), making it a landlocked country of considerable size in the region.

• Topography

The topography of Laos is characterized by rugged mountains, plateaus, and extensive river
valleys. The Annamite Range, a mountain range that forms part of the eastern border with
Vietnam, runs through the country.

• Mekong River

The Mekong River, one of the longest rivers in the world, flows through Laos from the
north to the south, forming a significant part of its western border with Thailand. The
Mekong plays a crucial role in the country's geography, providing fertile plains for
agriculture.

• Plateaus and Highlands

Laos is known for its elevated regions, including the Xiangkhoang Plateau in the northeast
and the Bolaven Plateau in the south. These plateaus contribute to the country's diverse
landscapes and agriculture.

• Natural Resources

The country is rich in natural resources, including forests, minerals, and hydropower
potential. The forests of Laos are part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, hosting
diverse flora and fauna.

• Climate

Laos has a tropical monsoon climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The southwest
monsoon brings heavy rainfall from May to October, while the dry season occurs from
November to April. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south.
 • Biodiversity

Laos is known for its rich biodiversity, with a variety of plant and animal species. The
country's extensive forests are home to diverse wildlife, including elephants, tigers, and
numerous bird species.

• Caves and Karst Landscapes

Laos features unique karst landscapes with limestone formations and caves. The Tham
Kong Lo cave is one notable example, located in the Phu Hin Bun National Park.

• Ethnic Diversity

The geography of Laos has influenced the distribution of its diverse ethnic groups. The
country is home to numerous ethnic communities, each with its own distinct culture and
traditions.

• Urban Centers

Vientiane, the capital and largest city, is located along the Mekong River near the border
with Thailand. Other significant urban centers include Luang Prabang, a UNESCO World
Site known for its historic architecture, and Pakse in the south.

• Infrastructure and Connectivity

Laos has been investing in infrastructure development to improve connectivity within the
country and with neighboring nations. The construction of roads, bridges, and dams is a
key aspect of ongoing development efforts

Educational Background

• Education System

The education system in Laos is overseen by the Ministry of Education and Sports. It is
structured to provide formal education at various levels, including primary, secondary, and
tertiary education.

• Compulsory Education

Education is officially compulsory for children aged 6 to 14. However, access to education
in remote and rural areas remains a challenge due to factors such as infrastructure
limitations and economic constraints.
• Language of Instruction

Lao is the official language of instruction in schools. In ethnic minority areas, efforts have
been made to provide education in local languages to enhance accessibility.

• Primary Education

Primary education typically spans five years, starting at the age of six. The curriculum
includes subjects such as mathematics, science, social studies, and Lao language.

• Secondary Education

Secondary education is divided into lower secondary (grades 6-9) and upper secondary
(grades 10-12) levels. At the upper secondary level, students can choose between academic
and vocational tracks.

• Vocational and Technical Education

Laos places emphasis on vocational and technical education to equip students with
practical skills. This includes training in areas such as agriculture, mechanics, and
hospitality.

• Tertiary Education

Laos has several universities and institutions of higher education. The National University
of Laos (NUOL) in Vientiane is the largest and most prominent. Other institutions include
technical colleges and teacher training colleges.

• Language of Higher Education

Higher education institutions often use Lao as the primary language of instruction.
However, there are programs, especially at the postgraduate level, that may be offered in
English.

• Educational Challenges

Laos faces challenges in terms of educational quality, infrastructure, and access. Rural
areas, in particular, may lack schools and qualified teachers. Efforts are being made to
address these issues and improve educational outcomes.

• Literacy Rates

The literacy rate in Laos has shown improvement over the years. However, disparities
exist, and literacy rates can vary between urban and rural areas.
 • Government Initiatives

The government of Laos, with support from international organizations, has initiated
various programs to enhance education. This includes efforts to train teachers, improve
school facilities, and promote inclusive education.

• Partnerships and Aid

Laos receives support from international organizations and donor countries to strengthen
its education sector. This assistance aims to improve infrastructure, teacher training, and
the overall quality of education.

• Distance Education

Due to the country's geography and the distribution of its population, distance education
programs have been implemented to reach remote areas. These programs often involve the
use of technology to deliver educational content.

Language Programs and Policies

• Official Language

Lao (sometimes referred to as Laotian) is the official language of Laos. It is used in

government, administration, and education. The Lao script, derived from the ancient
Khmer script, is employed for written communication.

• Multilingualism

Laos is home to numerous ethnic groups, each with its own language. The government
recognizes and respects this linguistic diversity. Efforts are made to incorporate
multilingualism into educational policies, particularly in areas with a high concentration of
ethnic minorities.

• Bilingual Education

Bilingual education initiatives have been implemented to address the diverse linguistic
backgrounds of students. In some regions, education is provided in local languages
alongside the Lao language, especially at the primary level. This approach aims to make
education more accessible to students whose first language is not Lao.
• Language of Instruction

Lao is the primary language of instruction in schools. However, efforts are made to provide
education in local languages in regions where specific ethnic groups reside. This helps
improve communication and understanding between teachers and students.

• Literacy Programs

Literacy programs are implemented to address issues of low literacy rates, particularly in
rural areas. These programs may involve teaching in local languages to improve basic
literacy skills.

• Preservation of Indigenous Languages

Efforts are made to preserve and promote indigenous languages to maintain cultural
diversity. These initiatives often involve collaboration with communities to document and
revitalize endangered languages.

• Teacher Training

Teacher training programs consider the linguistic diversity of students. Teachers are often
trained to work in multilingual environments, and there may be specific programs focused
on teaching in local languages.

• Government Support

The government of Laos, with support from international organizations and NGOs,
provides support for language programs. This support includes funding for initiatives
aimed at preserving indigenous languages and improving linguistic diversity in education.

• Challenges

Despite efforts to promote multilingual education, there are challenges, including resource
limitations, a shortage of trained teachers proficient in local languages, and difficulties in
implementing consistent policies across diverse regions.

• Collaboration with International Organizations

Laos collaborates with international organizations, such as UNESCO and UNICEF, to

implement language programs and policies. These partnerships often involve sharing best
practices and receiving support for capacity building.

• Community Involvement

In some areas, community-based initiatives play a crucial role in language preservation and
education. These initiatives involve the active participation of local communities in
decision-making processes related to language policies.
Reflection

Laos, a multilingual country with diverse ethnic groups, has a language landscape shaped
by historical, social, and political factors. The official language is Lao, reflecting its role as a
unifying force. However, the country's linguistic diversity is evident in the existence of numerous
minority languages. In my own point of view, language policies in Laos have historically aimed
at fostering national unity while respecting linguistic diversity. The government has supported Lao
as the medium of instruction in schools, contributing to a shared national identity. Yet, challenges
persist in implementing this policy effectively, especially in remote areas where minority
languages are dominant.

For me, the efforts to preserve and promote minority languages have been incorporated
into educational programs, but the resources allocated to these initiatives vary. While the
constitution recognizes the rights of ethnic groups to use and preserve their languages, the practical
implementation faces obstacles related to infrastructure, teacher training, and community
engagement. Additionally, external influences, such as globalization, pose challenges to the
preservation of indigenous languages. The increasing importance of English as a global lingua
franca raises questions about the balance between promoting a common national language and
preparing citizens for international communication.

In conclusion, Laos' language programs and policies reflect a delicate balance between
promoting a unified national identity through the Lao language and respecting the rich linguistic
diversity of its ethnic groups. The success of these efforts depends on addressing challenges related
to education, infrastructure, and external influences to ensure the coexistence and vitality of both
Lao and minority languages.

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