with similar bills) or reject.
After the
Understanding the Rizal Law
Vocabulary:
bill- a measure which, if passed through the
legislative process, becomes a law
unexpurgated- basically untouched. In the
case of the novels of Rizal, unexpurgated
versions were those that were not changed
or censored to remove parts that might
offend people.
bicameral - involving the two chambers of
Congress; the Senate and the House of
Representatives
Introduction
According to Republic Act 1425, better
known as Rizal Law, the teaching of Jose
Rizal's life with the emphasis on his famous
novels is mandatory. The law was passed in
1956 after many debates and contestation.
In the course of the presentation, the
process of how a bill becomes law will be
traced to have an idea about the country's
legislative process.
How a Bill Becomes a Law: The Legislative
Process
* The Senate and the House of
Representatives follow the same legislative
procedure.
*Legislative proposal emanate from a
number of sources.
* Authored by the members of the Senate or
House as part of their advocates and
agenda; produced through the lobbying
from various sectors; or initiated by the
executive branch of the government with
the president’s legislative agenda.
Steps:
STEP 1 Bill is filed in the Senate Office of
the Secretary. It is given a number and
calendared for first reading.
STEP 2 First Reading. The bill’s title, number,
and the author(s) are read on the floor.
Afterwards, it is referred to the appropriate
committee .
STEP 3 Committee Hearings. The bill is
discussed within the committee and a
period of consultations is held. The
committee can approve ( approved without
revisions, approve with amendments, or
recommend substitution or consolidation
committee submits the committee report,
the bill is calendared from second reading.
STEP 4 Second Reading. The bill is read and
discussed on the floor. The author delivers
a sponsorship speech. The other members
of the Senate may engage in discussions
regarding the bill and a period of debates
will pursue. Amendments may be suggested
to the bill.
STEP 5 Voting on Second Reading. The
senators vote on whether to approve or
reject the bill. If approved, the bill is
calendared for third reading .
STEP 6 Voting on Third Reading . Copies of
the final versions of the bill are distributed
to the members of the Senate who will vote
for its approval or rejection.
STEP 7 Consolidation of Version from the
House. The similar steps above are followed
by the House of Representatives in coming
up with the approved bill. If there are
differences between the Senate and House
versions, a bicameral conference
committee is called to reconcile the two.
After this, both chambers approve the
consolidated version.
STEP 8 Transmittal of the Final Version to
Malacañan. The bill is then submitted to
the President for signing. The President can
either sign the bill into law or veto and
return it to Congress.
How did the Rizal Bill become the Rizal
Law? On April 3, 1956, Senate Bill No. 438
was filed by Jose P. Laurel, the then-Senate
Committee on Education Chair, and
delivered speeches for the proposed
legislation. This proposal was met by
controversies, especially the Catholic
Church which opposed its passage. The
Catholic Church was influential so that it
created a fierce argument between those
who sided with the Church and the allies of
Claro Recto. One of the opposition
members was Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo.
Debates started on April 23, 1956.
The debates on the Rizal Bill occurred in
the House of Representatives. House Bill
No. 5561, an identical version of Senate Bill
438, was filed by Representative Jacobo Z.
Gonzales on April 19, 1956. The House
Committee on Education approved the bill
without amendment on May 2, 1956, and the
debates started on May 9, 1956. A major
point of the debate was whether the
compulsory reading of the novels Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo appropriated
in the bill was constitutional. The call to
read the unexpurgated versions was also
challenged.
During the debate, it seemed that it was
not possible to reach an agreement. To
move the procedure to the next step,
Senator Jose P. Laurel proposed
amendments to the bill on May 9, 1956. In
particular, he removed the compulsory
reading of Rizal's novels and proposed that
Rizal's other works be included in the
subject. However, he still stood in his belief
that the unexpurgated version of the novels
is read. On May 14, 1956, similar
amendments were adopted to the House
version.
The amended version of the bill was also
subjected to scrutiny but was acceptable to
the members of Congress. But the passage
was almost stopped by technicality since
the House of Representatives was about to
adjourn in a few days and President Ramon
Magsaysay did not certify the bill as a
priority. The allies in the House skillfully
avoided the insertion of any other
amendment to prevent the need to reprint
new copies (which would take time). They
also asked the Bureau of Printing to use the
same templates for the Senate version in
printing the House version. Thus, on May 17,
1956, the Senate and House versions were
approved.
The approved versions were transmitted
to Malacanan and on June 12, 1956,
President Magsaysay signed the bill into
law which became Republic Act No. 1425.
The Rizal Law
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA
OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS,
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES
ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF
JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS
NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL
FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE
PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF,
AND FRO OTHER PURPOSES
WHEREAS, today, more than any other
period of our history, there is a need for a
re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and
nationalism for which our heroes lived and
died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them,
particularly the national hero and patriot
Jose Rizal, were, a member with special
fondness and devotion their lives and
works that have shaped the national
character;
WHEREAS, life works and writing of Jose
Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me
Tangtere and El Filibusterismo, are a
constant and inspiring source of patriotism
with which the minds of the youth,
especially during their formative and
decisive years in school, should be suffused
;
WHEREAS all educational institutions are
under the supervision of, and subject to
regulation by the State, and all schools are
enjoined to develop moral character,
personal discipline, civic conscience and to
teach the duties of citizenship: Now,
therefore,
SECTION 1. Course on the life works, and
writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his
novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, shall be included the
curricula of all schools, colleges and
universities, public or private: Provided,
That in the collegiate courses, the original
or unexpurgated editions of the Nilo Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
English translation shall be used as basic
texts.
SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all
schools, colleges, and universities to keep
their libraries an adequate number of
copies of the original and unexpurgated
editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal's other
works and biography. The said
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
translations in English, as well as other
writings of Rizal, shall be included in the list
of approved books for required reading in
all public or private schools, colleges, and
universities.
The Board of National Education
shall determine the adequacy of the
number of books, depending upon the
enrollment of the school, college, or
university.
SECTION 3. The Board of National
Education shall cause the translation of the
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as
well as other writings of Jose Rizal into
English, Tagalog and the Principal
Philippine dialects; cause them to be
printed in cheap, popular editions: and
cause them to be distributed, free of
charge, to persons desiring to read them,
through the Purok organizations and Barrio
Councils throughout the country.
SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be Nation-state- a state ruling over a nation
construed as amendment or repealing
section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Sovereignty - the authority to govern a
Administrative Code, prohibiting the polity without external
discussion of religious doctrines by public interference/incursions
school teachers and other persons
State- A political entity that wields
engaged in any public school.
sovereignty over a defined territory.
SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred
Patriotism - a feeling of attachment to one's
thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be
homeland
appropriated out of any fund not otherwise
appropriated in the National Treasury to bayan/banua - indigenous Filipino
carry out the purposes of this Act. concepts of community and territory that
may be related to nationalism
SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon
its approval. Introduction
Approved: June 12, 1956 1956. The previous topic stated that one of
the major reasons behind the passage of
Published in the Official Gazette,
the Rizal Law was the strong intent to instill
Vol.52,No.6.2971 in June
nationalism in the hearts and minds of the
Summary Filipino youth. This topic focuses on nation
and nationalism in the Philippine context. it
To understand the Rizal law, it is will explain the concepts of nation, state,
necessary to understand how a bill and the nation-state as a precursor to
becomes a law by a legislative process that understanding nationalism and the
involves. projects that lead to it. likewise, the
discussion will touch on some of Rizal's work
1. Filing a Bill in the Senate Office of the that deals with nation and nationalism.
Secretary
2. First Reading Concepts of nation and nationhood as well
3. Committee Hearings as state and nation-state.
4. Second Reading
5. Voting on Second Reading Nation - A group of people that shares a
6. Voting on Third Reading common culture, history, language, and
7. Consolidation of Version from the House other practices like religion, affinity to a
8. Transmittal of the Final Version to place, etc.
Malacanang
Nation-State - A state governing a nation
The Rizal Bill became the Rizal Law when:
State - A political entity that wields
1. Senate Bill No. 438 was filed by the sovereignty over a defined territory
Senate Committee on Education
2. Jose P. Laurel sponsored the bill Nation and Nationalism
3. Legislators and Senators debated on
the Rizal Bill
4. Legislators and Senators amended ● Three theories that explain the roots of
versions of the bill the nation and national identity
5. Malacanan approved the final version o Primordialism - This theory traces
6. Malacanan issued Republic Act 1425 aka the root of the nation and national
Rizal Law identity to existing and deep-rooted
features of a group of people like
race, language, religion, and others.
Therefore, it is a must that students in all
Proponents of this theory argued
schools in the Philippines study the life,
that national identity has always
works, and writings of Rizal.
existed and nations have ethnic
1.2 Nation and Nationalism cores, whereas division among
citizens was determined through
Vocabulary: di-customizing 'us' and "them".
o Modernity - Nationalism and
Nation- a group of people with a shared national identity are products of
language, culture, and history. social structure and culture brought
 by capitalism, urbanization,
secularization, bureaucratization.
o Constructivist approach - matuklasan ang tunay na landas ng
nationalism, and nationalism are
results of discourses socially
constructed and imagined by people
who identify with a group.
Nation and Bayan
The actual articulations of nation and
nationalism started by Filipino heroes like
Andres Bonifacio, Jose Rizal, and others
culminated in the anti-colonial revolution in
Asia.
However, many Filipino scholars traced the
concept of nation and nationalism through
indigenous knowledge. Sikolohiyang Pilipino
and Bagong Kasaysayan understood
nation and nationalism in the context of
Kapwa and bayan.
● Kapwa is an important concept in the
country's social relations and supports
the notion of unity and harmony in a
community. Kapwa presupposed the
Filipino culture and psyche anchored on
collective social practices that manifest
in linguistic terms such as
pakikipagkapwa, pakikisama,
pakikipag-ugnay, and pakikibaka.
● Bayan or banua - is defined as the
territory where the people live or the
actual community they are identifying
with. It encompasses both the spatial
community as well as the imagined
community.
Excerpts from Emilio Jacinto's Kartilya ng
Katipunan and Liwanag at Dilim
Kartilya ng Katipunan:
Sa May Nasang Makisanib sa Katipunang
Ito
Sa pagkakailangan, na ang lahat na
nag-iibig pumasok sa katipunang ito, ay
magkaroon ng lubos na pananalig at
kaisipan sa mga layong tinutungo at mga
kaaralang pinaiiral, minarapat na ipakilala
sa kanila ang mga bagay na ito, at ng
bukas makalawa'y huwag silang magsisi at
tuparing maluwag sa kalooban ang
kanilang mga tungkulin.
Ang kabagayang pinag-uusig ng
katipunang ito ay lubos na dakila at
mahalaga; papag-isahin ang loob at
kaisipan ng lahat ng tagalog (*) sa
pamamagitan ng isang mahigpit na
panunumpas, upang sa pagkakaisang ito'y
magkalakas na iwasan ang masinsing
tabing na nakabubulag sa kaisipan at
Katuwiran at Kaliwanagan.
(*) Sa salitang tagalog katutura'y ang lahat
nang tumubo sa Sangkapuluang ito; sa
makatuid, bisaya man, iloko man kapangpa
ngan man, etc., ay tagalog din.
Dito'y isa sa mga kauna-unahang utos, ang
tunay na pag-ibig sa bayang tinubuan at
lubos na pagdadamayan ng isa't isa.
Liwanag at Dilim
" Ang alinmang katipunan at pagkakaisa ay
nangangailanagn ng isang pinakaulo, ng
isang kapangyarihang makapagbibigay ng
ayos, makapagpapanatili ng tunay na
pagkakaisa at makapag-aakay sa
hangganang ninanais, katulad ng
sasakyang itinutugpa ng bihasang piloto,
na kung ito'y mawawala ay nanganganib na
maligaw at abutin ng kakila-kilabot na
kamatayan sa laot ng dagat, na di na
makaaasang makaduduong sa pampang
ng maligaya at payapang kabuhayang
hinahanap. Ang pinakaulong ito ay
tinatawag na pamahalaan.
" Ang kadahilanan nga ng mga pinuno ay
ang byan, at ang kagalingan at
kaginhawaan nito ay siyang tanging dapat
tunguhin ng lahat nilang gawa at kautusan.
tungkol nila ang umakay sa bayan sa
ikagiginhawa, kailan pa ma't maghirap at
maligaw ay kasalanaan nila.
" Ang alinmang kaangyarihan upang
maging tunay at matuwid ay sa Bayan
lamang at sa kanyang mga tunay na
pinakakatawan dapat na manggaling. Sa
madaling salita, di dapat nating kilalanin
ang pagkatao ng mga pinuno na mataas
kaysa madla. Ang pagsunod at pagkilala sa
kanila ay dahil sa kapangyarihang
ipinagkaloob ng bayan, samakatuwid, ang
kabuuan ng kapangyarihan ng bawat isa.
Sa bagay na ito, ang sumusunod sa
pinunong inilagay ng bayan ay dito
sumusunod at sa paraaang ito'y nakikipag
isa sa kalahatan."
Summary
The concepts of nation and nationhood, as
well as state and nation-state, are:
A nation is a group of people that share a
common culture, history, language, and
other practices like religion, affinity to a
place, etc. A nation-state is a state
governing a nation. A state is a political • Important Issuances Relative to the
entity that wields sovereignty over a defined Implementation of Rizal Law
territory. • Rizal: A Legislated and Mandated Course

Module 1 Summary The Making of Rizal Law

It is necessary to understand the context ⮚ In 1956, Senator Jose P. Laurel filed

of the Rizal Bill as to how a bill becomes a Senate Bill 448 or the Rizal Bill. Its
law by a legislative process which involves: passage was rough due to several
persons who tried to block its approval.
Filing a Bill in the Senate Office of the
Secretary Notable Persons Who Tried To
Block Its Approval:
1. First Reading
2. Committee Hearings Sen. Decoroso Rosales – brother of
3. Second Reading Archbishop
4. Voting on Second Reading (Cardinal) Rosales
5. Voting on Third Reading Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo – President of
6. Consolidation of Version from the House Catholic Action of the Philippines
7. Transmittal of the Final Version to Sen. Mariano Cuenco – brother of
Malacanan Archbishop Cuenco
Jesus Paredes – radio commentator
The Rizal Bill was turned to the Rizal Law Fr. Jesus Cavana – member of the Paulist
when: Order who wrote a pastoral letter
The Friars
1. Senate Bill No. 438 was filed by the
Senate Committee on Education Intentions/Reasons of Persons Who
2. Jose P. Laurel sponsored the bill Blocked the Approval of Rizal Bill
3. Legislators and Senators debated on
the Rizal Bill ⮚ The Noli Me Tangere and El
4. Legislators and Senators amended Filibusterismo are
versions of the bill very damaging to the clerics.
5. Malacanang approved the final version ⮚ The novels were written when Dr. Jose
6. Malacanang issued Republic Act 1425 Rizal,
aka Rizal Law estranged from Catholic faith and
religion and
The concepts of nation and nationhood as contradict many of the Christian beliefs.
well as state and nation-state are:
⮚ To compel Catholic students to read a
Nation is a group of people that shares a book
common culture, history, language and which contains passages contradicting
other practices like religion, affinity to a their
place, etc. Nation-state is a state governing faith constitutes a violation of a
a nation. State is a political entity that Philippine
wields sovereignty over a defined territory. constitutional provision (Art. 3, Sec. 1,
Par. 7).
Republic Act 1425: ⮚ The novels do contain teachings
The Rizal Law contrary to
The Making of Rizal Law Catholic faith and so, the Church is
opposed to
• Notable Persons Who Tried To Block Its the proposed compulsory reading in
Approval their
• Intentions/Reasons of Persons Who entirety of such books in any school in
Blocked the
the Approval of Rizal Bill Philippines where Catholic students
• Notable Persons Who Fought For Its may be
Approval affected.
• Intentions/Reasons of Persons Who
Pushed Notable Persons Who Fought For Its
for the Approval of Rizal Bill Approval:
• Salient Points of Rizal Law
• Teaching of Rizal Course in College ⮚ Sen. Jose P. Laurel
⮚ Claro M. Recto
⮚ Other Illustrious Nationalists
Intentions/Reasons of Persons Who Pushed
for the Approval of Rizal Bill
⮚ There is a need for a rededication to
the ideals
of freedom and nationalism for which
our heroes lived and died.
⮚ There is a need to remember with
special
fondness and devotion the lives and
works of our heroes who shaped the
national character.
⮚ The life, works and writings of Dr.Jose
Rizal
particularly, his novels Noli Me Tangere
and El
Filibusterismo are constant and
inspiring source of patriotism with
which the minds of the youth, especially
during their formative and decisive
years in school, should be suffused.
⮚ There is a need to develop moral
character,
personal discipline, civic conscience
and to
teach the duties of citizenship.
Congress passed the Rizal Bill (Senate Bill
448) and was signed into Rizal Law
(Republic Act 1425) by President Ramon
Magsaysay on June 12, 1956.
Salient Points of Rizal Law
⮚ Courses on the life, works and writings
of Dr. Jose Rizal, particularly the novels
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
shall be included in the curricula of all
schools, colleges and universities,
public and private.
⮚ It obliged all schools, colleges and
universities to keep in their libraries
adequate number of copies of the
original or unexpurgated editions of the
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
as
as well as Rizal's other works and
biography.
⮚ It authorized and directed the Board of
National Education to work for the
translation of Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo as well as other writings
of Dr. Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog
and other principal dialects and their
printing in cheap or popular editions
and their circulation.
Teaching of Rizal Course in College
⮚ Rizal as a course has been taught in
College generally as a supplementary
course by teachers of different
specializations.
⮚ In most cases, the focus of the course is
on Rizal's biography and trivial matters,
compounded by the varying
interpretations of the spirit and the
letter of Rizal law through the years.
Important Issuances Relative to the
Implementation of Rizal Law
⮚ Approval of R.A. 1425 on June 12, 1956
⮚ Presidential Memorandum Order 247
dated Dec. 26, 1994 – President Ramos
directed the DECS and CHED to
immediately and fully implement R.A.
1425.
⮚ CHED Memorandum Order 6 dated
February 15, 1996 – CHED ordered all
colleges and universities to offer Rizal
course as a separate three-unit course
fully and immediately.
Rizal: A Legislated and Mandated Course
⮚ Legislated – it is founded on Republic
Act 1425 (Rizal Law)
⮚ Mandated – it is ordered by Presidential
Memorandum Order 247 and CHED
Memorandum Order 6.
Filipino Nationalism
What is your idea of the word
“NATIONALISM?”
How is nationalism manifested?
⮚ Filipino Nationalism patriotic
sentiments and nationalistic ideals in
the Philippines in 19th century
⮚ a result of more than two centuries of
Spanish rule, an immediate outcome of
the Filipino Propaganda Movement
(mostly in Europe) from 1872 to 1892.
⮚ served as the backbone of the first
nationalist revolution in Asia, the
Philippine Revolution of 1896.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO
NATIONALISM:
1. The revolutions in Europe and in Latin
America (opened the Philippines to
international trade.)
2. The rise of a Middle Class from which
came the ilustrado elites that soon
became the main agitators against the
Spanish
Regime.
3. The bureaucratic centralized
government established in Manila had
caused widespread discontent in the
entire archipelago.
4. The execution of the Gomburza became
a spark among the educated ilustrados.
5. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1892)
called for the assimilation of the
Philippines as a province of Spain so
that the same laws will be applied in the
Philippines and that the inhabitants of
the Philippines will experience the same
civil liberties and rights as that of a
Spanish citizen.
Rizal is the Father of Filipino
Nationalism
How did Rizal show his nationalistic
views as a Filipino?
Rizal and Filipino Nationalism
Rizal is the Father of Filipino Nationalism.
✔ Rizal showed interest in, and exerted
enough efforts to ignite Filipinos’
interest in History.
✔ Rizal's novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo became the bibles of
Philippine nationalism.
✔ Rizal created La Liga Filipina
The Propaganda Movement
- Why did Rizal involved himself in the
Propaganda Movement?
- What was his and his compatriots goal?
- What were the objectives of the
movement?
The Propaganda Movement
Prime Movers:
1. Graciano Lopez Jaena
2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
3. Mariano Ponce
4. Jose Rizal
It was a literary and cultural organization
formed in 1872 by Filipino émigrés who had
settled in Europe. Composed of Filipino
liberals exiled in 1872 and students
attending Europe's universities, the
organization aimed to increase Spanish
awareness of the needs of its colony, the
Philippines and to propagate a closer
relationship between the colony and Spain.
Objectives of Propaganda Movement:
1. Representation of the Philippines in the
Cortes Generales, the Spanish
parliament;
2. Secularization of the clergy;
3. Legalization of Spanish and Filipino
equality;
4. Creation of a public school system
independent of the friars;
5. Abolition of the polo (labor service) and
vandala (forced sale of local products
to the government);
6. Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech
and association;
7. Equal opportunity for Filipinos and
Spanish to enter government service.
8. Recognition of the Philippines as a
province of Spain
9. Secularization of Philippine parishes.
10. Recognition of human rights
11.
La Solidaridad - the vehicle of expression
of the Propaganda Movement.
For more than five years of existence, it
became the principal organ of the
movement.
It existed from Feb 15, 1889 to Nov 15, 1895.
Graciano Lopez-Jaena
Founder and first editor of La Solidaridad.
Together with Jose Rizal and Marcelo H.
Del Pilar, he undertook propaganda
campaigns in Spain. But he was soon
succeeded by Marcelo H. del Pilar.
Rizal and The Development of Filipino
Nationalism
The most outstanding Propagandist was
José Rizal, a physician, scholar, scientist,
and writer.
Rizal's career spanned two worlds:
✔ Among small communities of Filipino
students in Madrid and other European
cities, he became a leader and eloquent
spokesman.
✔ In the wider world of European science
and scholarship--particularly in
Germany--he formed close relationships
with prominent natural and social
scientists.
His greatest impact on the development of
a Filipino national consciousness, however,
was his publication of two novels--Noli Me
Tangere (Touch me not) in 1886 and El
Filibusterismo (The reign of greed) in 1891.
Rizal drew on his personal experiences and
depicted the conditions of Spanish rule in
the islands, particularly the abuses of the
friars. Although the friars had Rizal's books
banned, they were smuggled into the
Philippines and rapidly gained a wide
readership.
Rizal’s thoughts in His Literary Works
1. Love for Country
2. Song of Maria Clara
3. Hymn of Labor
4. On the Indolence of the Filipinos
5. Letter to the Women of Malolos
6. The Philippines: A Century Hence
NATION AND NATIONALISM
NATION, STATE, NATION-STATE
To better understand nationalism, one
must learn first the concepts of nation and
nationhood as well as state and
nation-state. Social scientists have fleshed
out the nuances of nation, state and
nation-state.
NATION
✔ A community of people that are
believed to share a link with one
another based on cultural
practices, language, religion or belief
system, and historical experience.
✔ Simply put:
A group of people that shares a
common culture, history, language, and
other practices like religion, affinity to a
place, etc.
STATE
✔ A state is a community of persons more
or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of territory,
having a government of their own to
which a great body of inhabitants
render obedience, and enjoying
freedom from external control.
NATION-STATE
✔ A territorially bounded sovereign
polity—i.e.,a state- that is ruled in the
name of a community of citizens who
identify themselves as a nation.
✔ The legitimacy of a nation-state’s rule
over a territory and over the population
inhabiting it stems from the right of a
core national group within the state
(which may include all or only some of
its citizens) to self-determination.
DEVELOPMENT OF NATION-STATES
✔ The origins and early history of
nation-states are disputed. Two major
theoretical questions have been
debated. First, “Which came first, the
nation or the nation-state?” Second, “Is
nation-state a modern or an ancient
idea?”
✔ Some scholars have advanced the
hypothesis that the nation-state was an
inadvertent byproduct of 15th century
intellectual discoveries in political
economy, capitalism, mercantilism,
political geography, and geography
combined together with cartography
and advances in map-making
technologies.
✔ For others, the nation existed first, then
nationalist movements arose for
sovereignty, and the nation-state was
created to meet that demand. Some
“modernization theories” of nationalism
see it as a product of government
policies to unify and modernize an
already existing state.
✔ Most theories see the nation-state as a
modern European phenomenon,
facilitated by developments such as
state- mandated education, mass
literacy, and mass media (including
print). However, others look for the roots
of nation-states in ancient times.
✔ Most commonly, the idea of a
nation-state was and is associated with
the rise of the modern system of states,
often called the “Westphalian system” in
reference to the Treaty of Westphalia
(1648).
✔ The balance of power that
characterized that system depended on
its effectiveness upon clearly defined,
centrally controlled, independent
entities, whether empires or
 nation-states, that recognized each
other’s sovereignty and territory.The
Westphalian system did not create the
nation- state, but the nation-state
meets the criteria for its component
states.
NATIONALISM
✔ Nationalism is an ideology by people
who believe their nation is superior to
all others. This sense of superiority
often has its roots in a shared ethnicity.
✔ In other situations, nationalism is built
around a shared language, religion,
culture, or set of social values. The
nation emphasizes shared symbols,
folklore, and mythology. Shared music,
literature, and sports may further
strengthen nationalism.
NATIONALISM EXPLAINED
✔ How does nationalism work?
Nationalists demand to be independent
of other countries.They don't join global
organizations or collaborate with other
countries on joint efforts. If the people
are part of another nation, then they
will want freedom and their own state.
✔ Because they believe in the superiority
of their shared attribute, nationalists
often stereotype different ethnic,
religious, or cultural groups. The
resultant prejudice keeps their nation
unified.
NATIONALISM VS. PATRIOTISM
✔ Nationalists believe their shared
interests supersede all other individual
or group interests. They oppose
globalism and empires.
✔ They also rally against any philosophy,
such as
religion, that supersedes national
loyalties.
✔ They are not necessarily militaristic, but
they may quickly become so if
threatened.
✔ Nationalists' feeling of superiority
differentiates their nationalism from
patriotism. Patriotism equates to pride
in one's country and a willingness to
defend it.
✔ Nationalism, on the other hand, extends
that to arrogance and potential military
aggression.
✔ Nationalists believe they have a right to
dominate another nation because of
their superiority. They feel they are
doing the conquered a favor. This
encourages militarism.
NATION AND NATIONALISM
✔ As mentioned, one major component of
the nation-state is the nation. This
concept assumes assumes that there is
a bond that connects a group of people
together to form a community.
Three theories about the roots of the
nation are presented:
o Primordialism
o Modernity
o Constructivist Approach
PRIMORDIALISM
✔ This theory traces the root of the nation
and national identity to existing and
deep-rooted features of a group of
people like race, language, religion and
others.
✔ Proponents of this theory argued that a
national identity has always existed and
nations have ethnic cores, whereas
division among citizens was determined
through dichotomizing 'us' and "them".
MODERNITY
✔ Nationalism and national identity are
products of social structure and culture
brought by capitalism, urbanization,
secularization, bureaucratization.
✔ It further posits that in pre-modern
societies, the rigid social hierarchies
could accommodate
diversity in language and culture.
✔ Thus, in the modernist explanation,
nationalism is a political project.
CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH
✔ The constructivist theory states that
national
identity is forged in response to social
and historical circumstances in which
nationalism is a method of finding
replacements for the loss of some
cultural concepts.
✔ It maintains that nationalism is socially
constructed and imagined by people
who identify with a group.
IMAGINED COMMUNITIES (BENEDICT
ANDERSON
✔ Theorized the condition that led to the
development of nationalism in the 18th
and 19th centuries, particularly in the
Americas, and famously defined the
nation as an “imagined community.”
✔ The nation is imagined, according to
Anderson,
because it entails a sense of
communion or “horizontal comradeship”
between people who often do not know
each other or have not even met.
✔ Despite their differences, they imagine
belonging to the same collectivity, and
they attribute to the latter a common
history, traits, beliefs, and attitudes.
✔ Anderson further defined this imagined
community as limited and sovereign:
limited, because even the largest
nations recognize some boundaries
and the existence of other nations
beyond them; sovereign, because the
nation replaced traditional kinship ties
as the foundation of the state.
✔ The fact that the nation is an imaginary
construct does not, however, mean that
its political effect is any less real.
✔ On the contrary, Anderson argued, this
imagined community creates a deep
horizontal comradeship, for which
countless people have willingly
sacrificed themselves.
✔ Anderson also puts forward the
important role of mass media in the
construction of nation during that time
and underscores the following:
- Fostered unified fields of communication
which allowed the millions of people within
a territory to “know” each other through
printed outputs and become aware that
many others identified with the same
community.
- Standardized languages that enhanced
feelings of nationalism and community; and
- Maintained communication through a few
languages widely used in the printing press
which endured through time.
NATION AND BAYAN
✔ In the Philippines, many argue that the
project of nation-building is a Commissions of 1901. A Rizal monument was
continuing struggle up to the present.
Considering the country’s history,
historians posit that the 19 th century
brought a tremendous change in the
lives of the Filipinos, including actual
articulations of nation and nationhood
that culminated in the first anti-
colonial revolution in Asia led by Andres
Bonifacio and the Katipunan.
✔ Throughout Philippine history, the
challenge of
building the Filipino nation has
persisted, impacted by colonialism,
violent invasion during World War II, a
dictatorship, and the perennial struggle
for development.
✔ In the succeeding lessons, we will look
into the
life and works of Rizal and try to map
how the historical events shaped the of
national hero’s understanding of nation
and nationalism.
2.1 Remembering Rizal
Vocabulary:
Millenarian groups- socio-political
movements who generally believe in the
coming of a major social transformation
with the establishment of the Kingdom of
God .
Rizalista - a religious movement that
believes in the divinity of Jose Rizal.
Jove Rex Al- the Latin name of Jose Rizal
according to Rizalistas; Jove means GOD;
Rex means KING; and Al means ALL ( thus ,
GOD KING of ALL).
Colorum - a term used to refer to secret
societies that fought against the colonial
government in the Philippines
Canonization- the act of declaring a dead
person as a saint
Introduction
Rizal execution on December 30, 1896
became an important turning point in the
history of Philippine revolution. His death
activated the full-scale revolution that
resulted in the declaration of Philippine
independence by 1898. Under the American
colonial government, Rizal was considered
as one of the most important Filipino
heroes of the revolution and was even
declared as the National Hero by the Taft
built every town and December 30, was
declared as a nation holiday to
commemorate his death and heroism. In
some provinces, men-most of whom were
professionals -organized and became
members of Caballeros de Rizal , now known
as the Knights of Rizal.
Rizal as the Tagalog Christ
In late 1898 and early 1899, revolutionary
newspapers La Independencia and El
Heraldo de la Revolucion reported about
Filipinos commemorating Rizal's death in
various towns in the country . In Batangas ,
for example, people were said to have
gathered " tearfully wailing before a portrait
of Rizal " ( Ileto 1998) while remembering how
Christ went through the same struggles.
After Rizal execution, peasants in Laguna
were reported to have regarded Rizal as
"lord of a kind of paradise in the heart of
Mt. Makiling". In 1907, Miguel de Unamuno
gave Rizal the title "Tagalog Christ" as a
religious organization venerating him had
been formed in different parts of the
Philippines. Rizalistas believe that Rizal, just
like Jesus Christ or reincarnation of Jesus
Christ would eventually return to life and
save mankind. In history Apolinario dela
Cruz ( 1815-1841) who founded the religious
confraternity Cofradia de san Jose was
also considered as the " Tagalog Christ" by
his followers. More over , Filipino
revolutionary Felipe Salvador ( 1870-1912) ,
also known as Apo Ipe , who founded the
messianic society Santa Iglesia ( Holy
Church) was called bu his followers as the "
Filipino Christ and the " King of the
Philippines.
● Parallelism between Jesus Christ and
Jose Rizal
o Both Jesus (J) and Jose (J) fulfilled a
purpose/ call or mission. Jesus is for
the redemption of mankind from sin
while Jose is for the redemption of
his people from oppression.
o Both J&J were Asians, had brilliant
mind, extra ordinary talents.
o Both J&J were reformers, healers,
non violent revolutionaries, have
followers.
o Both died at young age and at the
hands of their enemies.
The Canonization of Rizal: Tracing the
Roots of Rizalistas
● The Philippine Independent Church (PIC)
canonized Jose Rizal as saint and
published in the "acta de Canonization
de los Grandes Martires de la Patria Dr.
Jose Rizal y PP. Burgos, Gomez y Zamora'
that the council of Bishops headed by
Gregorio Aglipay met in Manila on
September 24, 1903.
● PIC observed that Rizal's followers is
increasing after his canonization as
saint and influential in molding the
socio-religious belief of mankind.
● Jose Rizal was revered as saint or god
o A colorum sect in Tayabas Quezon
o Rizalina in Barrio Caluluan
Conception Tarlac
o Banal in many towns of Leyte (Dulag,
Barauen and Limon)
o Pantay-pantay Society in Legaspi
city whose members are called
Rizalinos.
o Some 'colorum' sects also venerated
Rizal as god.
Major Groups Venerating Jose Rizal
1. Adarnista
1. Founder: Candida Balantac
(engkantada/Inang Adarna) in 1901
2. Branches: La Union, Pangasinan
and Tarlac, Zambales, Nueva Ecija,
Nueva Vizcaya, Baguio city and
Manila
3. Members: 10,000
4. Teachings: Rizal is a god of the
Filipino people, Rizal is true god and
man....
5. They believe in the following
1. Rizal is a god of the Filipino People 2.
Rizal is true god and a true man 3. Rizal
was not executed as has been
mentioned by historians. 4. Man is
endowed with a soul; as such, man is
capable of good deeds 5. Heaven and
hell exist but are, nevertheless, " within
us" 6. The abode of the members of the
sect in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija is the
New Jerusalem or Paradise 7. The caves
in Bongabon are dwelling place in
Jehovah or God.
2. Sambahang Rizal (Rizal Church)
1. Founder: Basilio Aromin in 1918
2. Branches: Nueva Ecija and
Pangasinan
3. Members: 7,000
4. Teachings: Bible (Noli and El Fili)
shows the doctrine and teachings of
Rizal.
5. The Sambahang Rizal conducts
sacraments like baptism ,
 confirmation , marriage , and
ceremonies for the dead.
2. Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi (Factions:
Watawat ng Lahi, Iglesia ng Watawat ng
Lahi, Inc. and Iglesia ng Lipi ni Gat Dr.
Jose P. Rizal, Inc.)
1. Founder: Philippine National Heroes
(PNH) and Arsenio de Guzman in 1911
2. Branches: Nationwide
3. Members: 100,000
4. Teachings: Rizal was the Christ and
the "Messenger of God".RizalRizal
5. The aims of the organization are as
follows (Foronda , 2011) 1. To love God
above all things 2. To love one's
fellowman as one loves himself 3. To
love the motherland and to respect
and venerate the heroes of the race
especially the martyr of
Bagumbayan, Dr. Rizal , to follow , to
spread, and to support their right
teachings ; and to serve the country
with one's whole hearth towards its
order, progress and peace.
2. Suprema de la Iglesia de Cuidad Mistica
de Dios Inc. (Supreme Church of the
Mystical City of God)
1. Founder: Naria Bernarda Balitaan
(MBB) in 1920s
2. Branches: Foot of Mt. Banahaw Sta.
Lucia Dolores, Quezon (Main) and
other provinces in Luzon Island
3. Members: 100,000
4. Teachings: Jesus Christ's works was
continued by Jose Rizal and the
twelve lights (12 apostles) in 19th
century.
5. The Ciudad Mistica shares many
elements with the Catholic Church .
They hold masses (every Saturday),
and have prayers and chants. They
commemorate the birth and death
anniversaries of the twelve lights
with Rizal death (December 30) as the
mostimportant celebration.
Summary
This topic showed that Rizal is not only
regarded as the Philippine national hero
but also venerated as the " Filipino Jesus
Christ" or the Jove Rex Al ( God,King of All)
by most Rizalista groups. The Canonization
of Rizal by L Iglesia Filipina Independiente
and the eventual emergence of Rizalista
groups in different parts of the country
could be associated with the long struggle
of the Filipino s for freedom and
independence . Syncretism is also evident
among the Rizalista groups as the
nationalism visions are included in their
religious beliefs and texts.
2.2 The Life of Jose Rizal and Travels
Vocabulary:
Chinese mestizo - a person of mixed
Chinese and Filipino ancestry
Principalia - the ruling and usually
educated upper class in Spanish colonial
Philippines
Bachiller en Artes - Bachelor of Arts degree
bestowed by colleges or universities
Spanish Cortes - Spain's lawmaking or
legislative body
Ilustrado - a term which literally means "
enlighten ones" or the Filipinos educated in
Europe
Masonry - fraternal organization which
strives for moral betterment
Introduction
A biography narrates how a person has
lived during a certain period of time . It
presents not only the life of an individual
and hos he/she has influenced the society
but also how an individual and his/her have
been shaped by historical events . Jose
Rizal lived in the nineteenth century, a
period in Philippines history when changes
in public consciousness were already being
felt and progressive ideas were being
realized . Studying Rizal's biography ,
therefore , will lead to a better
understanding of how Rizal devoted his life
in shaping the Filipino character.
Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in the
town of Calamba, Laguna
JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL ALONZO
Y REALONDA
● Doctor - completed his medical course
in Spain and was conferred the degree
of Licentiate in Medicine by the
Universidad Central de Madrid
● Jose- was chosen by his mother who
was a devotee of the Christian saint San
Jose (St. Joseph)
● Protacio - from Gervacio P. which come
from a Christian calendar
● Mercado - adopted in 1731 by Domigo
Lamco (the paternal great-great-
grandfather of Jose Rizal) which the
Spanish term mercado means ‘market’ in
English
● Rizal- from the word ‘Ricial’ in Spanish
means a field where wheat, cut while still
green, sprouts again
● Alonzo - old surname of his mother
● Y- and
● Realonda - it was used by Doña Teodora
from the surname of her godmother
based on the culture by that time
● June 19, 1861- moonlit of Wednesday
between eleven and midnight Jose Rizal
was born in the lakeshore town of
Calamba, Laguna
● June 22, 1861- aged three days old, Rizal
was baptized in the Catholic church
● Father Rufino Collantes - a Batangueño,
the parish priest who baptized Rizal
● Father Pedro Casanas - Rizal’s
godfather, native of Calamba and close
friend of the Rizal family
● Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery- the
governor general of the Philippines
when Rizal was born
Rizal's Parents
Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)
-born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818
-studied Latin and Philosophy at the
College of San Jose in Manila
-became a tenant
-farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda
-a hardy and independent-minded man,
who talked less and worked more, and was
strong in body
and valiant in spirit
-died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at the
age of 80
-Rizal affectionately called him “a model of
fathers”
Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)
-born in Manila on November 8, 1826
-educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a
well-known college for girls in the city
-a remarkable woman, possessing refined
culture, literary talent, business ability, and
the fortitude of Spartan women
-is a woman of more than ordinary culture:
she knows literature and speaks Spanish
(according to Rizal)
-died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at the age
of 85
Rizal's Ancestry
Fathers' Side -Domingo Lamco Ines de la
Rosa (a Chinese immigrant from (Well-to-do
Chinese the Fukien city arrived in Christian
girl of Changchow Manila about 1690)
Francisco Mercado Cirila Bernacha Juan
Mercado (Rizal’s grandfather) Cirila
Alejandro . Had thirteen children, the
youngest being Francisco Mercado (Rizal’s
father)
Mother's Side - Lakandula (The last native
king of Tondo) Eugenio Ursua (Rizal’s
maternal Benigna Great-great Grandfather
of (a Filipina) Japanese Ancestry) Manuel
de Quintos Regina (a Filipino from
Pangasinan) Lorenzo Alberto Alonso
Brigida (a prominent Spanish Filipino
mestizo of Biñan) Narcisa, Teodora (Rizal’s
mother), Gregorio, Manuel at Jose
Childhood years in Calamba
-Calamba was named after a big native jar
-Calamba was a hacienda town which
belonged to the Dominican Order, which
also owned all the lands around it
● Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of
My Town)
● a poem about Rizal’s beloved town
written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15
years old and was student in the Ateneo
de Manila
● The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy,
was his happy days in the family garden
when he was three years old
● Another childhood memory was the
daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal
related, his mother gathered all the
children at the house to pray the
Angelus
● Another memory of Rizal’s infancy was
the nocturnal walk in the town,
especially when there was a moon
● The death of little Concha brought Rizal
his first sorrow
● At the age of three, Rizal began to take a
part in the family prayers
● When Rizal was five years old, he was
able to read haltingly the Spanish family
bible
● The Story of the Moth- made the
profoundest impression on Rizal -“died a
martyr to its illusions”
● At the age of five, Rizal began to make
sketches with his pencil and to mould in
clay and wax objects which attracted his
fancy
● Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow
Children)- Rizal’s first poem in native
language at the age of eight -reveals
Rizal’s earliest nationalist sentiment
● At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first
dramatic work which was a Tagalog
comedy
Influences on the Hero's Boyhood
(1) hereditary influence
(2) environmental influence
(3) aid of Divine Providence
Tio Jose Alberto
● studied for eleven years in British school
in Calcutta, India and had traveled in
Europe inspired Rizal to develop his
artistic ability
Tio Manuel
● a husky and athletic man, encouraged
Rizal to develop his frail body by means
of physical exercises
Tio Gregorio
● a book lover, intensified Rizal’s voracious
reading of good book
Father Leoncio Lopez
● the old and learned parish priest of
Calamba, fostered Rizal’s love for
scholarship and intellectual honesty
Early Education in Calamba and Binan
● The first teacher of Rizal was his mother,
who was remarkable woman of good
character and fine culture —her mother
Maestro Celestino
● Rizal’s first private tutor
Maestro Lucas Padua
● Rizal’s second tutor
Leon Monroy
● a former classmate of Rizal’s father
became Rizal’s tutor that instructed
Jose in Spanish and Latin.
Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
Rizal’s teacher in a private school in Biñan
-Rizal described his teacher as follows: He
was thin, long-necked, with a sharp nose
and a body slightly bentforward
● Pedro- the teacher’s son which Rizal
challenged to a fight
● Andres Salandanan - challenged Rizal
to an arm-wrestling match
● Juancho-an old painter who was the
father-in-law of the school teacher;
freely give Rizal lessons in drawing and
painting
● Jose Guevara- Rizal’s classmate who
also loved painting, became apprentices
of the old painter
● “the favorite painters of the class”-
because of his artistic talent
● Christmas in 1870
-Rizal received a letter from his sister
Saturnina, informing him of the arrival of
the steamer Talim which would take him
from Biñan to Calamba
Daily Life in Binan
-Heard the four o’ clock mass then at ten o’
clock went home at once and went at
school at two and came out at five -The day
was unusual when Rizal was not laid out on
a bench and given five or six blows because
of fighting
Martyrdom of Gom-bur-za
● Night of January 20, 1872- about 200
Filipino soldiers and workmen of the
Cavite arsenal under the leadership of
Lamadrid, Filipino sergeant, rose in
violent mutiny because of the abolition
of their usual privileges
● Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos
and Jacinto Zamora- were executed at
 sunrise of February 17, 1872, by order of
Governor General Izquierdo
● The martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za in 1872
truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of
Spanish tyranny and redeem his
oppressed people
● Rizal dedicated his second novel, El
Filibusterismo, to Gom-Bur-Za
Injustice to Hero's Mother
● Before June, 1872 - Doña Teodora was
suddenly arrested on a malicious
charge that she and her brother, Jose
Alberto, tried to poison the latter’s
perfidious wife
● Antonio Vivencio del Rosario
● Calamba’s gobernadorcillo, help arrest
Doña Teodora
● After arresting Doña Teodora, the
sadistic Spanish lieutenant forced her
to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz
(capital of Laguna province), a distance
of 50 kilometers
● Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the
provincial prison, where she languished
for two years and a half
● Messrs. Francisco de Marcaida and
Manuel Marzan - the most famous
lawyers of Manila that defend Doña
Teodora
Escuela Pia/Ateneo Municipal
● a college under the supervision of the
Spanish Jesuits
● Escuela Pia (Charity School)
● formerly name of Ateneo, a school for
poor boys in Manila which was
established by the city government in
1817
● Escuela Pia----à Ateneo
Municipal---à Ateneo de Manila
● June 10, 1872 - Rizal accompanied by
Paciano went to Manila
● Father Magin Ferrando- was the college
registrar, refused to admit Rizal in
Ateneo for two reasons:
(1) he was late for registration
(2) he was sickly and undersized for his age
● Manuel Xerez Burgos-because of his
intercession, nephew of Father Burgos,
Rizal was reluctantly admitted at the
Ateneo
● Jose was the first of his family to adopt
the surname “Rizal”. He registered under
this name at Ateneo because their
family name “Mercado” had come under
the suspicion of the Spanish authorities
Jesuits Sytem of Education
-it trained the character of the student by
rigid discipline and religious instructions
-Students were divided into two groups:
Roman Empire - consisting of internos
(boarders); red banner
Carthaginian Empire - composed of the
externos (non-boarders); blue banner
Emperor- the best student in each
“empire”
Tribune-the second best
Decurion - the third best
Centurion-the fourth best
Stand-bearer- the fifth best
● The Ateneo students in Rizal’s time wore
a uniform which consisted of
“hemp-fabric trousers” and “striped
cotton coat” The coat material was
called rayadillo
Ateneo
● Father Jose Bech - Rizal’s first professor
in Ateneo whom he described as a “tall
thin man, with a body slightly bent
forward, a harried walk, an ascetic face,
severe and inspired, small deep-sunken
eyes, a sharp nose that was almost
Greek, and thin lips forming an arc
whose ends fell toward the chin
● A Religious picture- Rizal’s first prize for
being the brightest pupil in the whole
class
*Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel
College during the noon recesses. He paid
three pesos for those extra Spanish lessons
● The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander
Dumas - the first favorite novel of Rizal
which made a deep impression on him
● Universal History by Cesar Cantu- Rizal
persuaded his father to buy him this set
of historical work that was a great aid in
his studies
● Dr. Feodor Jagor- a German
scientist-traveler who visited the
Philippines in 1859-1860 who wrote
Travels in the Philippines
-Rizal was impressed in this book because
of (1) Jagor’s keen observations of the
defects of Spanish colonization (2) his
prophecy that someday Spain would lose
the Philippines and that America would
come to succeed her as colonizer
● Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez- a
great educator and scholar, one of
Rizal’s professors who inspired him to
study harder and to write poetry -Rizal
described this Jesuiot professor as
“model of uprightness, earnestness, and
love for the advancement of his pupils”
● Rizal topped all his classmates in all
subjects and won five medals at the end
of the school term
● The most brilliant Atenean of histime, he
was truly “the pride of the Jesuits”
● March 23, 1877- Commencement Day,
Rizal, who was 16 years old, received from
his Alma Mater, Ateneo Municipal, the
degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest
honors
● Marian Congregation - a religious
society wherein Rizal was an active
member and later became the secretary
● Rizal cultivated his literary talent under
the guidance of Father Sanchez
● Father Jose Vilaclara- advised Rizal to
stop communing with the Muse and pay
more attention to more practical studies
● Rizal studied painting under the famous
Spanish painter, Agustin Saez, and
sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus,
noted Filipino sculptor
● Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary
on a piece of batikuling (Philippine
hardwood) with his pocket- knife
● Father Lleonart- impressed by Rizal’s
sculptural talent, requested him to carve
for him an image of Sacred Heart of
Jesus
Poems Written in Ateneo
● Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First
Inspiration), 1874- the first poem Rizal
probably wrote during his days in
Ateneo which was dedicated to his
mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote it
before he was 14 years old -In 1876, Rizal
wrote poems on various topics-religion,
education, childhood memories and war.
They were as follows:
● Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of
My Town) - a tender poem in honor of
Calamba, the hero’s natal town
*Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena
Educacion (Intimate Alliance Between
Religion and Good Education) - Rizal
showed the importance of religion in
education
*Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria
(Through Education the Country Receives
Light)- Rizal believed in the significant role
which education plays in the progress and
welfare of a nation
Studies at the University of Sto Tomas
(1887-1882)
● After finishing the first year of a course
in Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878),
Rizal transferred to the medical
course-“Don’t send him to Manila again;
he knows enough. If he gets to know
more, the Spaniards will cut off his
head.”
● Doña Teodora, vigorously opposed the
idea that Rizal pursue higher learning in
the university
● April 1877- Rizal who was then nearly 16
years old, matriculated in the University
of Santo Tomas, taking the course on
Philosophy and Letters because (1) his
father like it (2) he was “still uncertain as
to what career to pursue”
● Father Pablo Ramon-Rector of
Ateneo, who had been good to him
during his student days in that college,
asking for advice on the choice of a
career but unfortunately he was in
Mindanao
● It was during the following term
(1878-1879) that Rizal, having received the
Ateneo Rector’s advice to study
medicine
● During Rizal’s first school term in the
University of Santo Tomas (1877-1878),
Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the
vocational course leading to the title
of perito agrimensor (expert surveyor)
● Rizal excelled in all subjects in the
surveying course in Ateneo, obtaining
 gold medals in agriculture and
topography
● Liceo Artistico-Literario
(Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of Manila- a
society of literary men and artists, held
a literary contest in the year 1879
o A La Juventud Filipina (To the
Filipino Youth) - Rizal, who was then
18 years old, submitted thi- is an
inspiring poem of flawless form. Rizal
beseeches the Filipino youth to rise
from lethargy, to let genius fly swifter
than the wind and descend with art
and science to break the chains that
have long bound the spirit of the
people -this winning poem of Rizal is
a classic in Philippine literature for
two reasons:
(1) it was the great poem in Spanish written
by a Filipino, whose merit was recognized
by Spanish literary authorities
(2) it expressed for the first time the
nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and
not the foreigners, were the “fair hope of the
Fatherland”
● The Board of Judges, composed of
Spaniards, was impressed by Rizal’s
poem and gave it the first prize which
consisted of a silver pen,
feather-shaped and decorated with a
gold ribbon
● El Consejo de los Dioses (The Councils
of the Gods) - an allegorical drama
written by Rizal which he entered in the
literary contest of Artistic-Literary
Lyceum in 1880 to commemorate the
fourth centennial of the death of
Cervantes -was a literary masterpiece
based on the Greek classics
● The prize was awarded to Rizal, a gold
ring on which was engraved the bust of
Cervantes
● D.N. del Puzo- a Spanish writer, who won
the second prize
● Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) - a
zarzuela which was staged by the
Ateneans on December 8, 1880, on the
occasion of the annual celebration of
the Feats Day of the Immaculate
Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo -
Rizal wrote it as President of the
Academy of Spanish Literature in
Ateneo
● Compañerismo (Comradeship)- Rizal
founded a secret society of Filipino
students in University of Santo Tomas in
1880
Unhappy days at the UST
-Rizal found the atmosphere at the
University of Santo Tomas suffocating to
his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this
Dominican institution of higher learning
because
(1) the Dominican professors were hostile to
him
(2) the Filipino students were racially
discriminated against by the Spaniards
(3) the method of instruction was obsolete
and repressive-In Rizal’s novel, El
Filibusterismo, he described how the
Filipino students were humiliated and
insulted by their Dominican professors and
how backward the method of instruction
was, especially in the teaching of the
natural sciences.He related in Chapter XIII,
“The Class in Physics”
Sunny Spain (1882-1885)
-After finishing the 4th year of the medical
course in the University of Santo Tomas,
Rizal decided to complete his studies in
Spain
-Aside from completing his studies in Spain,
Rizal has his “secret mission”—was to
observe keenly the life and
culture,languages and customs, industries
and commerce, and government and laws
of the European nations in order to
prepare himself in the mighty task of
liberating his oppressed people from
Spanish tyranny
-This Rizalian secret mission was likewise
disclosed by Paciano in his letter to his
younger brother dated Manila, May 20,1892
-Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret
to avoid detection by the Spanish
authorities and the friars
• Jose Mercado- Rizal used this name; a
cousin from Biñan
● May 3, 1882- Rizal departed on board the
Spanish streamer Salvadora bound for
Singapore
Naples and Marseilles
● Rizal visited the famous Chateau
d’If, where Dantes, hero of the Count of
Monte Cristo, was imprisoned
● Rizal stayed two and a half days in
Marseilles
Barcelona
● Rizal’s first impression of Barcelona, the
greatest city of Cataluña and Spain’s
second largest city, was unfavorable
● Las Ramblas- the most famous street in
Barcelona
● Amor Patrio (Love of
Country)- nationalistic essay, Rizal’s first
article written on Spain’s soil -under
his pen-name Laong Laan, appeared in
print in Diariong Tagalog on August 20,
1882 -it was published in two
texts—Spanish and Tagalog—the
Spanish text was the one originally
written by Rizal in Barcelona, the
tagalog text was a Tagalog translation
made by M.H. del Pilar
● Basilio Teodoro Moran- a friend of Rizal
in Manila and the publisher of Diariong
Tagalog where Rizal sent this article
● Diariong Tagalog- the first Manila
bilingual newspaper (Spanish and
Tagalog)
● Los Viajes (Travels)- Rizal’s second
article for Diariong Tagalog
● Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)-
Rizal’s third article written in Madrid on
November 29, 1882 but returned to him
because the Diariong Tagalog had
ceased publication for lack of funds
● Rizal received sad news about the
cholera that was ravaging Manila and
the provinces according to Paciano’s
letter, dated September 15, 1882
● Another sad news from the Philippines
was the chatty letter of Chengoy
recounting the unhappiness of Leonor
Rivera
● In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882),
Paciano advised his younger brother to
finish the medical course in Madrid
● Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and
established himself in Madrid, the
capital of Spain
Life in Madrid
● Circulo Hispano-Filipino
(Hispano-Philippine Circle) - a society of
Spaniards and Filipinos which Rizal
joined shortly after his arrival in Madrid
in 1882
● Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me For
Verses)- upon the request of the
members of this society, Rizal’s wrote
this poem which he personally
declaimed during the New Year’s Eve
reception of the Madrid Filipinos held in
the evening of December 31, 1882 -in this
sad poem, Rizal poured out the cry of
his agonizing heart
● Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and
Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew- these
two books aroused Rizal’s sympathy for
the oppressed and unfortunate people
First Visit to Paris (1883)
● March 1883- Rizal joined the Masonic
lodge called Acacia in Madrid
● Rizal’s reason for becoming a mason
was to secure Freemansory’s aid in his
fight against the friars in the Philippines
● Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) – Rizal
transferred where he became a Master
Mason on November 15, 1890
● February 15, 1892- Rizal was awarded the
diploma as Master Mason by Le Grand
Orient de France in Paris
● Science, Virtue and Labor- Rizal’s only
Masonic writing; a lecture which he
delivered in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad,
Madrid
● After Rizal’s departure for Spain, things
turned from bad to worse in Calamba:
(1) harvests of rice and sugarcane failed on
account of drought and locusts
(2) the manager of the Dominican-owned
hacienda increased the rentals of the lands
(3) a dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys.
Due to hard times in Calamba, the monthly
allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in
arrival and there were times when they
never arrived
● Evening of June 25, 1884- a banquet was
sponsored by the Filipino community to
celebrate the double victory of the
Filipino artist in the National Exposition
of Fine Arts in Madrid—Luna’s
Spoliarium winning the first prize and
Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to
the Populace (Virgenes Cristianas
Expuestas al Populacho), second prize
● These student demonstrations were
caused by the address of Dr. Miguel
Morayta, professor of history, at the
opening ceremonies of the academic
year on November 20, in which he
proclaimed “the freedom of science and
the teacher”
● June 21, 1884- Rizal completed his
medical course in Spain; he was
conferred the degree of Licentiate in
Medicine by the Universidad Central de
Madrid • The next academic year
 (1884-1885), Rizal studied and passed all
subjects leading to the degree of Doctor
of Medicine but he did not present the
thesis required for graduation nor paid
the corresponding fees, he was not
awarded his Doctor’s diploma
● June 19, 1885- on his 24th birthday, Rizal
was awarded the degree of Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters by the
Universidad Central de Madrid with the
rating of “Excellent”: (Sobresaliente)
Paris to Berlin (1885-1887)
-Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order
to specialize in ophthalmology—Rizal chose
this branch of medicine because he wanted
to cure his mother’s eye ailment
In Gay Paris (1185-1886) Maximo Viola- a
medical student and a member of a rich
family of San Miguel, Bulacan, Rizal’s friend
● Señor Eusebio Corominas- editor of the
newspaper La Publicidad and made a
crayon sketch of Don Miguel Morayta,
owner of La Publicidad
● Rizal gave Editor Corominas an article
on the Carolines Question, then a
controversial issue, for publication
● Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906)- leading
French ophthalmologist wherein Rizal
worked as an assistant from November
1885 to February 1886
● Paz Pardo de Tavera- was a pretty girl,
who was engaged to Juan Luna
● At the studio of Luna, Rizal spent many
happy hours. Rizal helped Luna by
posing as model in several paintings
● In Luna’s canvas “The Death of
Cleopatra,“ Rizal posed as an Egyptian
priest. In another of Luna’s great
paintings, “The Blood Compact,” he
posed as Sikatuna, with Trinidad Pardo
de Tavera taking the role of Legazpi
● La Deportacion (Deportation)- a sad
danza which Rizal composed in Dapitan
during his exile
In Historic Heidelberg
● Dr. Otto Becker- distinguished German
ophthalmologist where Rizal
worked—University Eye Hospital
● April 22, 1886- Rizal wrote a fine poem “A
Las Flores de Heidelberg” (To the
Flowers of Heidelberg)
● In the spring of 1886, Rizal was
fascinated by the blooming flowers
along the cool banks of the Neckar River.
Among them was his favorite flower—the
light blue “forget-me-not”
● Wilhelmsfeld- a mountainous village
near Heidelberg where Rizal spent a
three-month summer vacation
● Dr. Karl Ullmer- a kind Protestant pastor
where Rizal stayed, who became his
good friend and admirer
In Leipzig and Dresden
● Dr. Hans Meyer- German anthropologist,
a friend of Rizal
● In Leipzig, Rizal translated Schiller’s
William Tell from German into Tagalog
so that Filipino might know the story of
that champion of Swiss independence
● Rizal also translated into Tagalog for his
nephews and niece Hans Andersen’s
Fairy Tales
● Rizal found out that the cost of living in
Leipzig was cheapest in Europe so that
he stayed two months and a half
● October 29, 1886- Rizal left Leipzig for
Dresden where he met Dr. Adolph B.
Meyer, Director of the Anthropological
and Ethnological Museum
Berlin
● Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because
of its scientific atmosphere and the
absence of race prejudice
● Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor
Jagor, celebrated German
scientist-traveler and author of Travels
in the Philippines, a book which Rizal
read and admired during his student
days in Manila
● Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal
by Dr. Jagor; famous German
anthropologist
● Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf
Virchow, professor of Descriptive
Anatomy
● Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)-
famous German ophthalmologist where
Rizal worked
● Rizal became a member of the
Anthropological Society, the
Ethnological Society, and the
Geographical Society of Berlin, upon the
recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr.
Meyer
● Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical
Art)- Rizal wrote this scholarly paper in
German which he read before the
society in April 1887 -this paper was
published by the society in the same
year, and elicited favorable comments
from all scientificquarters
● Rizal lived in Berlin, famous capital of
unified Germany for five reasons: (1) to
 gain further knowledge of
ophthalmology (2) to further his studies
of sciences and languages (3) to observe
the economic and political conditions of
the German nation (4) to associate with
famous German scientists and scholars
(5) to publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere
Lietmeritz
● Professor Blumentritt- a kind-hearted,
old Austrian professor
● May 13 to May 16, 1887- Rizal and Viola
stayed in Leitmeritz
● Tourist’s Club of Leitmeritz-which
Blumentritt was the secretary; Rizal
spoke extemporaneously in fluent
Germany to the officers and members
● Dr. Carlos Czepelak- renowned scientist
of Europe
● Professor Robert Klutschak- an eminent
naturalist
● May 16, 1887 at 9:45 AM- Rizal and Viola
left Leitmeritz by train
Rizal in Italy
● June 27, 1887- Rizal reached Rome, the
“Eternal City” and also called the “City of
the Caesars”
● Rizal was thrilled by the sights and
memories of the Eternal City. Describing
to Blumentritt, the “grandeur that was
Rome”, he wrote on June 27, 1887 16
● June 29, 1887- the Feast Day of St. Peter
and St. Paul, Rizal visited for the first
time the Vatican, the “City of the Popes”
and the capital of Christendom
● Every night, after sightseeing the whole
day, Rizal returned to his hotel, very
tired. “I am tired as a dog,” he wrote to
Blumentritt, “but I will sleep as a God”
Exile in Dapitan
* Rizal arrived in Dapitan on board the
steamer CEBU on July 17, 1892 ( now a city
within Zamboanga del Norte) was a remote
town in Mindanao which served as a
politico-military's outpost of the Spaniards
in the Philippines.
* It was headed by Captain Ricardo
Carnicero, who became a friend of Rizal
during his exile. He gave Rizal the
permission to explore the place and
required him to report once a week in his
office.
* He practiced medicine, pursued scientific
studies , and continued his artistic pursuits
in sculpture, painting, sketching, and
writing poetry.
* He established a school for boys and
promoted community development
projects. He also found time to study the
Malayan language and other Philippine
languages.
* He engaged himself in farming and
commerce and even invented a wooden
machine for making bricks.
* Rizal won the second prize in a lottery. A
portion of Rizal's winnings was used in
purchasing land approximately one
kilometer away from Dapitan in a place
known as Talisay.He built his house on the
seashore of Talisay as well as a school and
a hospital within the area.
*Rizal project is to improve and beautify
Dapitan, he made a big relief map of
Mindanao in the plaza and used it to teach
geography. Rizal also constructed a water
system to supply the town with water for
drinking and irrigation. he also helped the
people in putting up lamppost at every
corner of the town.
* Having heard of Rizal's fame as an
ophthalmologist, George Taufer who was
suffering from an eye ailment traveled from
Hong Kong to Dapitan He was
accompanied by his adopted daughter,
Josephine Bracken, who eventually fell in
love with Rizal. They lived as husband and
wife in Rizal's octagonal house after being
denied the sacrament of marriage by
Father Obach, the parish priest of Dapitan,
due to Rizal's refusal to retract his
statements against the Church and to
accept other conditions.
* Dr. Pio Valenzuela visited Rizal in Dapitan
and informed him about the founding of
Katipunan and planned revolution. Rizal
objected to it, citing the importance of a
well-planned movement with sufficient
arms.
* Rizal sending letters to Gov. General
Blanco. he ask for a review of his case. he
said that if his request would not be
granted, he would volunteer to serve as a
surgeon the Spanish army fighting in the
Cuban revolution.
* Rizal's request to go to Cuba was
approved. The next day, he left for Manila
on board the steamer Espana. He boarded
the steamer Isla de Panay which bring him
to Barcelona. Upon arriving at the fort,
however, Governor-General Despujol told
him that there was an order to ship him
back to Manila. Rizal arrived in Manila and
was immediately brought to Fort Santiago.
Trial and Execution
The preliminary investigation of Rizal's
case began on Nov. 20, 1896. He was
accused of being the main organizer of the
revolution by having proliferated the ideas
of rebellion and of founding illegal
organizations. Rizal pleaded not guilty and
even wrote a manifesto appealing to the
revolutionaries to discontinue the uprising.
* Rizal's lawyer, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade ,
tried his best to save Rizal. The trial ended
and the sentence was read. Jose Rizal was
found guilty and sentenced to death by
firing squad.
* On Dec. 28, 1896, Gov. General Camilo de
Polavieja signed the court decision. He later
decreed that Rizal be executed by firing
squad at 7:00 am of December 30.
* Rizal, on his last remaining days,
composed his longest poem, Mi Ultimo
Adios, which was about his farewell to the
Filipino people.
* Mother and sisters visited him om
December 29, 1896, rizal gave away his
remaining possessions. He handed his gas
lamp to his sister Trinindad and murmered
sofly in English, ' There is something inside."
Eventually, trining and her sister Maria
would extract from the lamp the copy of
Rizal's last poem.
* At 6:30 in the morning of December 30,
1896, Rizal , in black suit with his arms tied
behind his back, walked to Bagumbayan
(Luneta) The orders were given and shots
were fired. Consummatum est! ( It's
finished"!) Rizal died offering his life for his
for his country and its freedom .
Summary
This topic covered the important stages of
Rizal's life from his family history to his
memorable childhood in Calamba and his
first taste of education in the town of Binan
in Laguna. The narrative also showed hoe
Rizal's ideas and works were influenced by
his education in Manila and later in Europe.
His active participation in the Propaganda
Movement made him one of the most
known reformist . Rizal's writings and
alleged involvement in the Philippine
Revolution of 1896 were used by the Spanish
colonial government to justify his public
execution on December 30, 1896.
Module 2 Summary
This topic showed that Rizal is not only
regarded as the Philippine national hero
but also venerated as the " Filipino Jesus
Christ" or the Jove Rex Al ( God,King of All)
by most Rizalista groups. The Canonization
of Rizal by L Iglesia Filipina Independiente
and the eventual emergence of Rizalista
groups in different parts of the country
could be associated with the long struggle
of the Filipino s for freedom and
independence . Syncretism is also evident
among the Rizalista groups as the
nationalism visions are included in their
religious beliefs and texts.
This topic covered the important stages of
Rizal's life from his family history to his
memorable childhood in Calamba and his
first taste of education in the town of Binan
in Laguna. The narrative also showed hoe
Rizal's ideas and works were influenced by
his education in Manila and later in Europe.
His active participation in the Propaganda
Movement made him one of the most
known reformist . Rizal's writings and
alleged involvement in the Philippine
Revolution of 1896 were used by the Spanish
colonial government to justify his public
execution on December 30, 1896.
3.1 The Nineteenth Century Philippine
Economy, Society, and the Chinese
Mestizos
Vocabulary
cash crop - crops cultivated for export
decree- an order issued by a legal
authority; a policy pronouncement
Galleon trade- from 1565-1815, this was the
form of trade between the Philippines and
Mexico. The galleons would sail to Mexico
loaded with goods and return to the
Philippines carrying the payment in silver.
insulares - pure-blooded Spanish born in
the Philippines
mestizo- a person with mixed ancestry- one
parent is Chinese or Spanish and the other
is a native; an ipmortant sector of the
population in nineteenth century
Philippines
merchant houses- firms established in
MAnila and other cities by foreign traders
pacto de retroventa- an agreement that
allowed a landowner to sell his/her land
with the guarantee that he/she could by the
land back at the same price
Parian-Chinese enclave established in 1581
outside the walls of Intramuros. The
Chinese were forced to live in the Prian
peninsulares- pure-blooded Spanish born
in Spain
principalia- wealthy pure-blooded natives
said to have descended from the kadatoan
class
sangley- a term that proliferated in the
Spanish Philippines to refer tom people of
pure Chinese descent; came from the
Hokkien word " seng-li" meaning business
social stratification- a way by which people
in a society are categorized based on
socio-economic as well as political
standards
Introduction
To fully appreciate the details of Rizal's
life related in the previous module, one
needs to locate him within the wider
context of the Philippines in the nineteenth
century. This module will discuss the
changing landscape of and Philippine
economy in the nineteenth century and
describe how these developments had an
impact on the society in which Rizal grew
up, matured , and eventually was martyred.
It will begin by looking at the tremendous
economic development starting in the late
eighteen century as a product of multiple
factors. The module will then map the
effects of economic developments on
Spanish policies on education, social life,
and the people of the Philippines. The role
of an important population, the Chinese
mestizos, in Philippine life and economy will
also be noted. These Chinese mestizos will
be locked in the context of the changing
social stratification in the Philippines.
THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF
PHILIPPINE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
● Late eighteenth century, the monarchy
in Spain experienced a dynatic shift
from the Habsburg to the Bpurbons
● Spain recalibrated colonial policies that
would have an effect on the Philippines.
● With the goal of invigarating the
profatibility if the colonies like the
Philippines , Bourbon policies and
reforms were carried out.
● First governor -general to the
Philippines under the Bourbon mandate
was Jose de Basco y Varga
● Galleon Trade as main economic
institution existing in the Philippines is
already losing enterprises during the
time of Jose de Basco y Vargas.
● Basco established the Royal Philippine
company in 1785 to finance agricultural
projects and manage the new trade as
well as other Asian market.
● Some of the major investments came
from British and American traders.
● The first half of the nineteenth century ,
majority of the exports of the Philippines
came from cash crops like tobacco,
sugar, cotton, indigo, abaca, and coffee.
● The provinces shifted to cultivating
cash crops, land ownership and
management began to be a concern .
● Farmers felt the pressure of the
economy while the hacenderos grabbed
the opportunity. For example, when a
small landowner needed capital and
money, he would engage in a pacto de
retroventa, an agreement of sale
guaranteeing that he could buy the land
back at the same price at which it was
sold.
● They would forfeit the land and would
be forced to become tenant farmers , or
kasama
● As the growing economy required better
management of
lands, inquilinos emerged, renting land
to sublet it to smaller farmers.
● Pre-colonial times , the natives of the
Philippines had had trade relations with
the chinese.
● Height of the Galleon Trade- it was also
Chinese products that comprised most
the goods being traded.
● The influx of Chinese settlements in the
Philippines made the Spaniards
suspicious of the Chinese.
● Stringent state policies towards
the sangley ranging from higher taxes,
the restriction of movement with the
establishment of the Chinese enclave (
the Parian), to actual policies of
expulsion.
● Chinese , however, proved to be
"necessary outsiders" in Philippine
colonial economy and society.
● Spaniards were wary of the Chinese,
they realized the importance that the
latter played in sustaining the economy.
● The goods loaded on the galleons to
the development of retail trade, the
Chinese enlivened the economy.
● The Chinese became integrated into
colonial society , giving rise to
intermarriages with indios that gave
birth to Chinese mestizos.
● The Chinese mestizos assumed an
important role in the economy all
throughout the Spanish colonial period.
THE CHINES AND CHINESE MESTIZOS
● Pre-colonial times , the natives of the
Philippines had had trade relations with
the chinese.
● Height of the Galleon Trade- it was also
Chinese products that comprised most
the goods being traded.
● The influx of Chinese settlements in the
Philippines made the Spaniards
suspicious of the Chinese.
● Stringent state policies towards the
sangley ranging from higher taxes, the
restriction of movement with the
establishment of the Chinese enclave (
the Parian), to actual policies of
expulsion.
● Chinese , however, proved to be
"necessary outsiders" in Philippine
colonial economy and society
● Spaniards were wary of the Chinese,
they realized the importance that the
latter played in sustaining the economy.
● The goods loaded on the galleons to the
development of retail trade, the Chinese
enlivened the economy.
● The Chinese became integrated into
colonial society , giving rise to
intermarriages with indios that gave
birth to Chinese mestizos.
● The Chinese mestizos assumed an
important role in the economy all
throughout the Spanish colonial period.
IMPACT ON LIFE IN THE COLONY
● The new economy demanded a more
literate population to addess the rising
need for a more professionalized
workforce to man the trading activities
in Manila and other centers.
● This demand compelled the issuance of
the colonial government order in 1836
that required all towns to set up primary
schools to teach the population hoe to
read and write.
● The passage of an education decree in
1863 that mandated free primary
education.
● The nineteenth century also gave birth
to many schools that addressed the
growing demand established during this
time.
● Manila became a trading center, it
became a viable destination for people
seeking better opportunities or those
wanting to escape the worsening
conditions in the farmlands.
● Increased rate of internal migration
raised several concerns. 1, people
flocked the centers of trade like Manila .
Overcrowding implied issues in living
quarters, sanitation and public health,
and increase in criminality. 2. the
continuous movement of people made
tax collection extra difficult., in order to
mitigate these concerns, one measure
implemented was the 1849 decree of
Governor-General Narciso Claveria that
urged the people in the colony to adopt
surnames.
● Catalogo de apellidos drawn up, the
colonial government assigned surnames
to people and forbade changing names
at will.
● Policies like the registration and
possessions of a cedula personal
bearing one's name and residence, the
colonial government sought to have a
better surveillance mechanism.
● Guardia civil established.
RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
PENINSULAR - Pure blooded Spaniard born
in the Iberian Peninsula (i.e., Spain)
INSULAR- Pure-blooded Spaniard born in
the Philippines
MESTIZO- Born of mixed parentage, a
mestizo can be: 1. Spanish mestizo- one
parent is Spanish, the other is a native ;or
2. Chinese mestiz0- one parent is Chinese,
the other is a native
PRINCIPALIA- Wealthy pure-blooded native
supposedly descended from the kadatoan
class
INDIO- Pure-blooded native of the
Philippines
CHINO INFIEL- Non-Catholic pure blooded
Chinese
Summary
This module aimed to situate Rizal's within
the larger context of the nineteenth
century, It focused on the economic and
social developments in the century that
shaped the world in which Rizal lived. The
Philippines, being part of the wider Spanish
empire, underwent changes when the
Spanish Crown also had a dynastic shift in
the nineteenth century. With this came the
Bourbon reforms that brought new policies
of economic reorientation for the colonies.
With the development of the cash crop
economy and the opening of Manila and
other cities to world trade , the economy
boomed in the nineteenth century.
This development in the economy also
had a profound impact on the social and
political landscapes. The new economy
resulted in changes in policies about
education and heightened the surveillance
and regulatory mechanism of the state .
Furthermore , the nineteenth century saw
the ascendance of the mestizo and
principalia classes that would assert their
relevance in society.
Rizal
The Nineteenth Century Philippine
Economy, Society, and the Chinese Mestizo
vocabulary
cash crop - crops cultivated for export
decree- an order issued by a legal
authority; a policy pronouncement
Galleon trade- from 1565-1815, this was the
form of trade between the Philippines and
Mexico. The galleons would sail to Mexico
loaded with goods and return to the
Philippines carrying the payment in silver.
insulares - pure-blooded Spanish born in
the Philippines
mestizo- a person with mixed ancestry- one
parent is Chinese or Spanish and the other
is a native; an ipmortant sector of the
population in nineteenth century
Philippines
merchant houses- firms established in
MAnila and other cities by foreign traders
pacto de retroventa- an agreement that
allowed a landowner to sell his/her land
with the guarantee that he/she could by the
land back at the same price
Parian-Chinese enclave established in 1581
outside the walls of Intramuros. The
Chinese were forced to live in the Prian
peninsulares- pure-blooded Spanish born
in Spain
principalia- wealthy pure-blooded natives
said to have descended from the kadatoan
class
sangley- a term that proliferated in the
Spanish Philippines to refer tom people of
pure Chinese descent; came from the
Hokkien word " seng-li" meaning business
social stratification- a way by which people
in a society are categorized based on
socio-economic as well as political
standards
RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
PENINSULAR - Pure blooded Spaniard born
in the Iberian Peninsula (i.e., Spain)
INSULAR- Pure-blooded Spaniard born in
the Philippines
MESTIZO- Born of mixed parentage, a
mestizo can be: 1. Spanish mestizo- one
parent is Spanish, the other is a native ;or
2. Chinese mestiz0- one parent is Chinese,
the other is a native
PRINCIPALIA- Wealthy pure-blooded native
supposedly descended from the kadatoan
class
INDIO- Pure-blooded native of the
Philippines
CHINO INFIEL- Non-Catholic pure blooded
Chinese
Conquistador - a Spanish conqueror
caballero -a small tract of land included in
a land grant
canon - a measure equal to 75 liters
hacienda - large estates that were used for
raising livestock and agricultural
production
inquilino – a tenat who rented land from the
friars and subleased the land to
sharecroppers
principales - ruling elite class
sharecropper ( kasama) - an individual who
rented the land from an inquilino and
worked the land
sitio de ganado mayor - a large tract of
land included in a land grant
piscopal visitation- an official pastoral visit
conducted by the bishop on a diocese to
examine the conditions of a congregation;
often done once every three years
garrote- an apparatus used for capital
punishment in which an iron collar is
tightened around a condemned person’s
neck
polo- system of forced labor that required
Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old to
render service for a period of 40 days
regular clergy- priests who belong to
religious orders
secular clergy- priests who do not belong
to religious orders and are engaged in
pastoral work
tribute- system of taxation imposed by the
Spanish colonial government on the
Filipinos in order to generate resources for
the maintenance of the colony.
Cortes - the legislative or lawmaking body
of the Spanish government
Creole - a Spaniard born in the Philippines
Mestizo - an individual born of mixed
ancestry; may refer to a Spanish mestizo or
a Chinese mestizo
Propaganda - information used to promote
or publicize a particular cause or point of
view
Restoration - refers to the Spanish
restoration; a period in Spanish history
spanning the years 1874 - 1931 the saw the
restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso
XII together with the establishment of a
bicameral legislature.
novel- a long written story most often about
fictional events and characters
setting ( in a novel) - the context in which
the events take place; covers geographical
areas in particular periods of time
plot - the flow of the narrative in a story
Introduction
To fully appreciate the details of Rizal's
life related in the previous module, one
needs to locate him within the wider
context of the Philippines in the nineteenth
century. This module will discuss the
changing landscape of and Philippine
economy in the nineteenth century and
describe how these developments had an
impact on the society in which Rizal grew
up, matured , and eventually was martyred.
It will begin by looking at the tremendous
economic development starting in the late
eighteen century as a product of multiple
factors. The module will then map the
effects of economic developments on
Spanish policies on education, social life,
and the people of the Philippines. The role
of an important population, the Chinese
mestizos, in Philippine life and economy will
also be noted. These Chinese mestizos will
be locked in the context of the changing
social stratification in the Philippines.
Presentation
THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF
PHILIPPINE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
· Late eighteenth century, the monarchy
in Spain experienced a dynatic shift
from the Habsburg to the Bpurbons
· Spain recalibrated colonial policies
that would have an effect on the
Philippines.
· With the goal of invigarating the
profatibility if the colonies like the
Philippines , Bourbon policies and
reforms were carried out.
· First governor -general to the
Philippines under the Bourbon
mandate was Jose de Basco y Varga
· Galleon Trade as main economic
institution existing in the Philippines
is already losing enterprises during
the time of Jose de Basco y Vargas.
· Basco established the Royal Philippine
company in 1785 to finance
agricultural projects and manage the
new trade as well as other Asian
market.
· Some of the major investments came
from British and American traders.
· The first half of the nineteenth century
, majority of the exports of the
Philippines came from cash crops
like tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo,
abaca, and coffee.
· The provinces shifted to cultivating
cash crops, land ownership and
management began to be a concern
.
· Farmers felt the pressure of the
economy while the hacenderos
grabbed the opportunity. For
example, when a small landowner
needed capital and money, he would
engage in a pacto de retroventa, an
agreement of sale guaranteeing that
 he could buy the land back at the
same price at which it was sold.
· They would forfeit the land and would
be forced to become tenant farmers ,
or kasama
· As the growing economy required
better management of lands,
inquilinos emerged, renting land to
sublet it to smaller farmers.
· Pre-colonial times , the natives of the
Philippines had had trade relations
with the chinese.
· Height of the Galleon Trade- it was also
Chinese products that comprised
most the goods being traded.
· The influx of Chinese settlements in the
Philippines made the Spaniards
suspicious of the Chinese.
· Stringent state policies towards the
sangley ranging from higher taxes,
the restriction of movement with the
establishment of the Chinese enclave
( the Parian), to actual policies of
expulsion.
· Chinese , however, proved to be
"necessary outsiders" in Philippine
colonial economy and society.
· Spaniards were wary of the Chinese,
they realized the importance that the
latter played in sustaining the
economy.
· The goods loaded on the galleons to
the development of retail trade, the
Chinese enlivened the economy.
· The Chinese became integrated into
colonial society , giving rise to
intermarriages with indios that gave
birth to Chinese mestizos.
· The Chinese mestizos assumed an
important role in the economy all
throughout the Spanish colonial
period.
THE CHINES AND CHINESE MESTIZOS
· Pre-colonial times , the natives of the
Philippines had had trade relations
with the chinese.
· Height of the Galleon Trade- it was also
Chinese products that comprised
most the goods being traded.
· The influx of Chinese settlements in the
Philippines made the Spaniards
suspicious of the Chinese.
· Stringent state policies towards the
sangley ranging from higher taxes,
the restriction of movement with the
establishment of the Chinese enclave
( the Parian), to actual policies of
expulsion.
· Chinese , however, proved to be
"necessary outsiders" in Philippine
colonial economy and society
· Spaniards were wary of the Chinese,
they realized the importance that the
latter played in sustaining the
economy.
· The goods loaded on the galleons to
the development of retail trade, the
Chinese enlivened the economy.
· The Chinese became integrated into
colonial society , giving rise to
intermarriages with indios that gave
birth to Chinese mestizos.
· The Chinese mestizos assumed an
important role in the economy all
throughout the Spanish colonial
period.
IMPACT ON LIFE IN THE COLONY
· The new economy demanded a more
literate population to addess the
rising need for a more
professionalized workforce to man
the trading activities in Manila and
other centers.
· This demand compelled the issuance
of the colonial government order in
1836 that required all towns to set up
primary schools to teach the
population hoe to read and write.
· The passage of an education decree in
1863 that mandated free primary
education.
· The nineteenth century also gave birth
to many schools that addressed the
growing demand established during
this time.
· Manila became a trading center, it
became a viable destination for
people seeking better opportunities
or those wanting to escape the
worsening conditions in the
farmlands.
· Increased rate of internal migration
raised several concerns. 1, people
flocked the centers of trade like
Manila . Overcrowding implied issues
in living quarters, sanitation and
public health, and increase in
criminality. 2. the continuous
movement of people made tax
collection extra difficult., in order to
mitigate these concerns, one
measure implemented was the 1849
 decree of Governor-General Narciso
Claveria that urged the people in the
colony to adopt surnames.
· Catalogo de apellidos drawn up, the
colonial government assigned
surnames to people and forbade
changing names at will.
· Policies like the registration and
possessions of a cedula personal
bearing one's name and residence,
the colonial government sought to
have a better surveillance
mechanism.
· Guardia civil established.
Summary
This module aimed to situate Rizal's within
the larger context of the nineteenth
century, It focused on the economic and
social developments in the century that
shaped the world in which Rizal lived. The
Philippines, being part of the wider Spanish
empire, underwent changes when the
Spanish Crown also had a dynastic shift in
the nineteenth century. With this came the
Bourbon reforms that brought new policies
of economic reorientation for the colonies.
With the development of the cash crop
economy and the opening of Manila and
other cities to world trade , the economy
boomed in the nineteenth century.
This development in the economy also
had a profound impact on the social and
political landscapes. The new economy
resulted in changes in policies about
education and heightened the surveillance
and regulatory mechanism of the state .
Furthermore , the nineteenth century saw
the ascendance of the mestizo and
principalia classes that would assert their
relevance in society.
Introduction
In 1891, Jose Rizal was in Hong Kong when
he received distressing news about his
family who are, at that time, embroiled in a
litigation case concerning the Hacienda de
Calamba . He heard that the Spanish
authorities were summoning his mother ,
Dona Teodora and two younger sisters
Josefa, and Trinidad, for further
investigation . In a show of support , he
wrote to his family, " I am following your
cavalry step by step. Do not be afraid , I am
doing all I can .... Patience , a little patience.
Courage!"
Scholars and students of history agree
that the conflict between his family and the
Dominicans over the hacienda greatly
affected Rizal.
Presentation
Jose Rizal was in Hongkong when he
received distressing news about his family
who were, at that time, embroiled in a
litigation case concerning the Hacienda de
Calamba. Scholars and students of history
agree that the conflict between his family
and the Dominicans over the hacienda
greatly affected Rizal.
BRIEF HISTORY OF FRIARS ESTATES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
· The origin of the friars estates can be
traced back to land grants awarded
to the early Spanish conquistadores
who arrived in the Philippines during
the late sixteenth and early
seventeenth centuries.
· 120 Spaniards were given grants that
were often composed of a large tract
of land known as sitio de ganado
mayor (measuring 1,742 hectares) and
smaller tracts of land known as
caballerias ( measuring 42.5
hectares).
· The Spaniards hacenderos failed to
develop their lands for three reasons:
1. The Spanish population in the
Philippines was transient. It was a
common practice for Spanish
administrator to return to Spain
after having served in the
country.
2. The market for livestock products,
which haciendas offered,
remained relatively small until the
latter parts of the Spanish
colonial period.
3. The Galleon Trade that was based
in Manila offered bigger
economic rewards and attracted
more Spaniards.
· Spanish hacenderos lacked the interest
and inclination to develop their
lands, the religious orders soon took
over the task.
· Land was acquired by the religious
orders through various means.
· The lands were donated by Spaniards
seeking spiritual benefits.
· There were cases, too, in which estates
that had been heavily mortgaged to
the ecclesiastics were eventually
 purchased by the religious orders
themselves.
· A number of Filipino principales also
contributed to the formation of the
friar estates through donations and
sales.
· Despite these methods , there persisted
a commonly held belief among the
Filipinos that the religious orders
had no titles to their lands and that
they had acquired these lands
through usurpation or other dubious
means.
· Religious estates in the Tagalog region
continued to grow that by the
nineteenth century, they constituted
approximately 40 percent of the
provinces of Bulacan ,Tondo
(presently Rizal), Cavite ,and Laguna.
· Agrarian relations in the haciendas
developed in the time.
· The sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries,the social structure found
in the haciendas was primarily
composed of lay brother
administrators were under the direct
authority of the heads of their
religious orders, they were relatively
free to make their own decisions on
administrative affairs.
· Tenants on the other hand, were
expected to work the land and pay
an annual rent, which was usually a
fixed amount of harvest and in later
centuries, money.
· Mid-eighteenth century, an expanding
economy based on exporting
agricultural crops ushered in change
and gradually put into place and
inquilino system.
· An individual rented land for a fixed
annual amount, known as canon.
· The inquilino or lessee was also
expected to render personal services
to his landlords.
· The inquilino failed to satisfy these
requirements, he could face
expulsion from the land.
· The inquilino,in turn would sub-lease
the land to a kasama or
sharecropper who could then take on
the task of cultivating the soil.
· A three - tiered system emerged with
the landlords at the top, the
inquilinos at the middle,and the
sharecroppers at the bottom.
· The religious hacenderos freed
themselves from the social
responsibilities borne from a direct
interactions with the kasama.
· The sharecroppers, on the other hand,
benefitted from the arrangement
because their labor obligations to
the religious estates allowed them to
be exempted from the
responsibilities of forced labor
demanded by the Spanish
government .
· The inquilino paid his rent to the
religious hacenderos and deducted
his own share, the remaining amount
of income would then be divided
among all the sharecroppers.
· Change in the social structure and
land tenure practices would
eventually render the haciendas as
sites of contestation among the
Spanish religious hacenderos ,the
inquilinos ,and the sharecroppers.
HACIENDA DE CALAMBA CONFLICT
· 1759- Hacienda de Calamba owned by
several Spanish laymen
· 1759, a destitute Spanish layman, Don
Manuel Jauregui, donated the lands
to the Jesuits on the condition that
he would be allowed to live in
the Jesuit monastery for the rest of his life.
· 1803 - the government sold the property
to a Spanish layman, Don Clemente
de Azansa, for 44,507 pesos.
· When Don Clemente died 1883 the
Hacienda de Azansa which measured
16,424 hectares was purchased by the
Dominicans for 52,000 pesos
· Many families from neighboring towns
had migrated to the hacienda in
search of economic opportunities
· Among the families that arrived at the
hacienda were Rizal’s ancestors, who
eventually became one of the
principal inquilinos in the hacienda.
· Rizal’s family rented one of the largest
leased lands, measuring
approximately 380 hectares.
· Sugar was a main commodity planted
in the hacienda as there was a
demand for the crop in the world
market.
· 1883- Paciano Rizal wrote that the friars
were collecting rents without issuing
the usual receipts.
· Two years later, the tenants failed to
pay their tenants because the rent
had supposedly increased while
sugar prices had remained low. To
punish the tenants for not paying the
rent, the Dominicans declared the
lands vacant and invited residents of
other towns to take over the
tenancies.
· Only few outsiders responded to the
Dominican’s invitation, the friars
weakened their positions.
· Most tenants, except for four or five,
were spared from eviction.
· Charges against the friars continued
with Rizal’s brother-in-law, Mariano
Herboso, specially complaining
about the yearly increase in rentals,
faulty irrigation systems, and failure
to issue receipts.
· Coupled with these problems was the
fact that at this time, the price of
sugar continued to decline in the
world market.
· Paciano at one point, considering
giving back his lands to the friars
and clearing land elsewhere
· Problem continued to escalate when in
1887, the colonial government
demanded from the tenants of the
hacienda a report on the income
and production of the state because
they suspected that the Dominicans
were evading payment of their taxes.
· The tenants complied and submitted a
report, but they also attached a
petition authored by Jose Rizal.
· The petition presented a list of
grievances against the hacienda
owners including a complaint on the
increasing amount of rent.
· Some of the tenant began to withhold
rents.
· As a form of retaliation, the friars
began to evict tenants who refused
to pay rent in 1891
· Those who persisted still in resisting
the friars were eventually expelled
· They were exiled to remote areas in the
country were Rizal’s parents, brother,
and sisters
· Rizal had worked on reversing the
decision of the Philippine courts, his
family’s exile would only be lifted
upon the issuance of a decree from
the another governor-general
· The experience affected Rizal deeply
and the increasing despair he felt
from the event would be reflected in
his second novel, El Filibusterismo
Summary
This module presented a brief history of
the hacienda from its beginnings a royal
land grant rewarded to Spaniards who had
rendered to Spaniards who had rendered
exemplary service to the Spanish Crown.
Later, these lands came into the
possession of the friars by way of purchase
or donation. Also pointed out this module
was the in landlord-tenant to a three-tiered
one with landlords, inquilinos, and
sharecroppers.
Introduction
When Rizal published El Filibusterismo in
1891, he dedicated the book to the three
martyred priest, Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora. In his
dedication, he wrote:
I have the right to dedicate my
work to you as victims of the evil which I
undertake to combat. And while we await
expectantly upon Spain someday to restore
your good name and cease to be
answerable for your death, let these pages
serve as a tardy wreath of dried leaves over
your unknown tombs, and let it be
understood that everyone who without
clear proofs attacks your memory stains his
hands in your blood!
Rizal was 10 years old when the three priest
were executed, the events of 1872 would play
a decisive role in shaping Rizal’s ideas and
decisions.
Presentation
The 1872 Cavite Mutiny
· One hundred and forty years ago, on
January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino
military personnel of Fort San Felipe
Arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, staged
a mutiny which in a way led to the
Philippine Revolution in 1896. The 1872
Cavite Mutiny was precipitated by the
removal of long-standing personal
benefits to the workers such as tax
(tribute) and forced labor exemptions
on order from the Governor General
Rafael de Izquierdo.
· Izquierdo replaced Governor General
Carlos Maria de la Torre some
months before in 1871 and
immediately rescinded Torre’s liberal
measures and imposed his iron-fist
rule. He was opposed to any hint of
reformist or nationalistic movements
in the Philippines. He was in office for
less than two years, but he will be
remembered for his cruelty to the
Filipinos and the barbaric execution
of the three martyr-priests blamed
for the mutiny: Fathers Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora, later collectively called
“Gomburza.”
· The mutineers were led by Sgt.
Fernando La Madrid; they seized the
Fort and killed the Spanish officers.
Fearing a general uprising, the
Spanish government in Manila sent a
regiment under General Felipe
Ginoves to recover the Fort. The
besieged mutiny was quelled, and
many mutineers including Sgt. La
Madrid were killed. Later, others were
sentenced to death or hard labor.
· Izquierdo used the mutiny to implicate
Gomburza and other notable
Filipinos known for their liberal
leanings. Prominent Filipinos such as
priests, professionals, and
businessmen were arrested on flimsy
and trumped-up charges and
sentenced to prison, death, or exile.
These include Joaquin Pardo de
Tavera, Jose Basa, and Antonio M.
Regidor. It was said that the Cavite
mutineers got their cue from Manila
when they saw and heard fireworks
across the Manila Bay which was
really a celebration of the feast of the
Lady of Loreto in Sampaloc.
· When the Archbishop of Manila, Rev.
Meliton Martinez, refused to
cooperate and defrock the priests,
the Spanish court-martial on
February 15 went ahead and
maliciously found Fathers Gomez,
Burgos, and Zamora guilty of treason
for instigating the Cavite mutiny. Two
days later, the three priests were put
to death by garrotte in Bagumbayan,
now known as Luneta. (Garrote was a
barbaric Spanish method of
execution in which an iron collar was
tightened around the prisoner’s neck
until death occurred.)
SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT
· Father Burgos was of Spanish descent,
born in the Philippines. He was a
parish priest of the Manila Cathedral
and had been known to be close to
the liberal Governor General de la
Torre. He was 35 years old at the time
and was active and outspoken in
advocating the Filipinization of the
clergy. He was quoted as saying,
“Why shall a young man strive to rise
in the profession of law or theology
when he can vision no future for
himself but obscurity?”
· Father Zamora, 37, was also Spanish,
born in the Philippines. He was the
parish priest of Marikina and was
known to be unfriendly to and would
not countenance any arrogance or
authoritative behavior from
Spaniards coming from Spain. He
once snubbed a Spanish governor
who came to visit Marikina.
· Father Gomez was an old man in his
mid-’70, Chinese-Filipino, born in
Cavite. He held the most senior
position of the three as Archbishop’s
Vicar in Cavite. He was truly
nationalistic and accepted the death
penalty calmly as though it were his
penance for being pro-Filipinos.
· The three priests were stripped of their
albs, and with chained hands and
feet were brought to their cells after
their sentence. They received
numerous visits from folks coming
from Cavite, Bulacan, and elsewhere.
Forty thousand Filipinos came to
Luneta to witness and quietly
condemn the execution, and
Gomburza became a rallying
catchword for the down-trodden
Filipinos seeking justice and freedom
from Spain.
· In the dedication page of his second
book, El Filibusterismo, published in
1891, Dr. Jose Rizal wrote, “I dedicate
my work to you as victims of the evil
which I undertake to combat…”
· It is well to remember that the seeds of
nationalism that was sown in Cavite
blossomed to the Philippine
Revolution and later to the
Declaration of Independence by
Emilio Aguinaldo which took place
also in Cavite. As for me, the 1872
Cavite Mutiny bolstered the
stereotypical belief that Caviteños
were the most courageous of my
fellow Filipinos.
· Two kinds of priests served the Catholic
Church in the Philippines. These were
the regulars and the seculars.
· Regular priests belonged to religious
orders. Their main task was to
spread Christianity. Examples were
the Augustinians, Discalced
Franciscans, Dominicans. Jesuits,
Augustinians Recollects,
· Secular priests did not belong to any
religious order. They were trained
specifically to run the parishes and
were under the supervision of the
bishops.
· Secular clergy, on the other hand, were
priests who “live in the world”. They
were under the authority of bishops
and not members of a religious
order. The primary task was the
management of the religious
communities and ideally, the
continuation of the work already laid
down by the regular clergy.
· In the Philippines, the regular clergy
remained administrators of the
parishes well into the nineteenth
century.
· Conflict began when the bishops
insisted on visiting the parishes that
were being run by regular priests. It
was their duty, they argued, to check
on the administration of these
parishes. But the regular priests
refused these visits, saying that they
were not under the bishop’s
jurisdiction. They threatened to
abandon their parishes if the
bishops persisted.
· In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa
decided to uphold the diocese’s
authority over the parishes and
accepted the resignations of the
regular priests. He assigned secular
priests to take their place. Since
there were not enough seculars to fill
all the vacancies the Archbishop
hastened the ordination of Filipino
seculars. A royal decree was also
issued on November 9, 1774, which
provided for the secularization of all
parishes or the transfer of parochial
administration from the regular friars
to the secular priests.
· The regulars resented the move
because they considered the
Filipinos unfit for the priesthood.
Among other reasons they cited the
Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of
education, and inadequate
experience.
· The controversy became more intense
when the Jesuits returned to the
Philippines. They had been exiled
from the country because of certain
policies of the order that the Spanish
authorities did not like.
· The issue soon took on a racial slant.
The Spaniards were clearly favouring
their own regular priest over Filipino
priests.
· Monsignor Pedro Pelaez, ecclesiastical
governor of the Church, sided with
the Filipinos. Unfortunately, he died
in an earthquake that destroyed the
Manila Cathedral in 1863. After his
death, other priests took his place in
fighting for the secularization
movement. Among them were Fathers
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and
Jacinto Zamora.
EXECUTION OF GOMEZ, BURGOS, AND
ZAMORA
· Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos
and Jacinto Zamora were prominent
figures in the secularization
movement. They were implicated as
leaders of the Cavite Mutiny. To instill
fear among Filipinos, they were
publicly executed in February 07, 1872
in the Bagumbayan.
· Fathers Gomez and Zamora served as
spiritual adviser of the soldiers and
workers who joined the mutiny.
· Their execution was witnessed by many
Filipinos and have left them a great
feeling of indignation and injustice.
They considered it as a way of
Spanish authorities to silence the
secularization movement. This has
also fueled the hatred of Filipinos for
the Spaniards which ignited
nationalistic sentiments of the
Filipinos.
· The execution of the GOMBURZA had
also inspired the Propaganda
movement and the Philippine
revolution. The Propaganda
Movement (1880- 1892)
· Due to abuses of Spanish authorities
and clergies and the curtailment of
freedom of expression, Filipinos,
specifically the IIustrados
campaigned for the assimilation of
the Philippines to Spain by becoming
a province of Spain so that the
Filipinos and Spaniards will be equal
 and Filipinos will enjoy the liberties
enjoyed by the Spaniards.
· The Ilustrados organized the
Propaganda movement which
exposed the condition of the
Philippines under the Spanish rule
and campaigned for reforms that the
country needed. They also
campaigned for representation to
Spanish Cortes (legislature), freedom
of the press, economic liberalization,
secularization and equality before
the law of Filipinos and Spaniards.
· The Propaganda movement expressed
their campaigns in the La
Solidaridad – the official newspaper
of the movement. The Propagandists
did not only expose the social
conditions of the Philippines and ask
for reforms but they also wrote about
Philippine history, culture and
identity.
A French writer-journalist named Edmund
Plauchut gave an account of the execution
· Late in the night of the 15th of
February 1872, a Spanish court
martial found three secular priests,
Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and
Jacinto Zamora, guilty of treason as
the instigators of a mutiny in the
Cavite navy-yard a month before,
and sentenced them to death. The
judgement of the court martial was
read to the priests in Fort Santiago
early in the next morning and they
were told it would be executed the
following day… Upon hearing the
sentence, Burgos broke into sobs,
Zamora lost his mind and never
recovered it, and only Gomez listened
impassively, an old man accustomed
to the thought of death.
· When dawn broke on the 17th of
February there were almost forty
thousand of Filipinos (who came from
as far as Bulacan, Pampanga, Cavite
and Laguna) surrounding the four
platforms where the three priests
and the man whose testimony had
convicted them, a former
artilleryman called Saldua, would die.
· The three priests followed Saldua:
Burgos ‘weeping like a child’, Zamora
with vacant eyes, and Gomez head
held high, blessing the Filipinos who
knelt at his feet, heads bared and
praying. He was next to die. When his
confessor, a Recollect friar , exhorted
him loudly to accept his fate, he
replied: “Father, I know that not a leaf
falls to the ground but by the will of
God. Since He wills that I should die
here, His holy will be done.”
· Zamora went up the scaffold without a
word and delivered his body to the
executioner; his mind had already left
it.
· Burgos was the last, a refinement of
cruelty that compelled him to watch
the death of his companions. He
seated himself on the iron rest and
then sprang up crying: “But what
crime have I committed? Is it possible
that I should die like this. My God, is
there no justice on earth?”
· A dozen friars surrounded him and
pressed him down again upon the
seat of the garrote, pleading with him
to die a Christian death. He obeyed
but, feeling his arms tied round the
fatal post, protested once again: “But
I am innocent!”
· “So was Jesus Christ,’ said one of the
friars.” At this Burgos resigned
himself. The executioner knelt at his
feet and asked his forgiveness. “I
forgive you, my son. Do your duty.”
And it was done.
Although the public execution of the three
priests was a meant to instill fear in the
Filipinos, it had the opposite effect. In his
work, La Revolucion Filipina, Apolinario
Mabini stated:
· The friars wanted to make an example
of Burgos and his companions so
that the Filipinos should be afraid to
go against them from then on. But
that patent injustice , that official
crime, aroused not fear but hatred of
the friars and the regime that
supported them, and a profound
sympathy and sorrow for the victims.
The sorrow worked a miracle: it made
the Filipinos realize their conditions
for the first time.
· Conscious of pain, and thus conscious
of life, they asked themselves what
kind of a life they lived. The
awakening was painful, and working
to stay alive more painful still, but
one must live. How? They did not
know, and the desire to know, the
anxiety to learn, overwhelmed and
 took possession of the youth of the
Philippines.The curtain of ignorance
woven diligently for centuries was
rent at last: fiat lux, let there be light,
would not be long in coming, the
dawn of a new day was nearing.
Summary
Zamora-marked 1872 as a significant year in
Philippine history. Although the clamor for
a more liberal administration during this
time was temporarily silenced , nationalism
was gradually awakened , culminating in
more decisive events towards the end of the
nineteenth century.

The Cavite Mutiny and the subsequent Ppt

execution of the three priests- Jose Burgos,
Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto The Changing Landscape of the
Zamora-marked 1872 as a significant year in Philippine Economy and Society
Philippine history. Although the clamor for
a more liberal administration during this
´ Late 18th century, the monarchy in Spain
time was temporarily silenced , nationalism
experienced a dynastic shift from the
was gradually awakened , culminating in
Habsburgs
more decisive events towards the end of the
to the Bourbons. Under the new leadership,
nineteenth century.
Spain
Module 3 Summary recalibrated colonial policies that would
have
This module aimed to situate Rizal's within an effect on the Philippines.
the larger context of the nineteenth ´ With the goal of invigorating the
century, It focused on the economic and profitability of
social developments in the century that the colonies, Bourbon policies and reforms
shaped the world in which Rizal lived. The were
Philippines, being part of the wider Spanish carried out.
empire, underwent changes when the ´ Jose de Basco Y Vargas – first
Spanish Crown also had a dynastic shift in governor-general
the nineteenth century. With this came the to the Philippines under the Bourbon
Bourbon reforms that brought new policies mandate
of economic reorientation for the colonies. arrived in the Philippines in 1778. The
With the development of the cash crop Galleon
economy and the opening of Manila and Trade, the main economic institution
other cities to world trade , the economy existing in
boomed in the nineteenth century. the Philippines, was already a losing
enterprise.
This development in the economy also
had a profound impact on the social and
political landscapes. The new economy
resulted in changes in policies about
education and heightened the surveillance
and regulatory mechanism of the state .
Furthermore , the nineteenth century saw
the ascendance of the mestizo and
principalia classes that would assert their
relevance in society.
This module presented a brief history of
the hacienda from its beginnings a royal
land grant rewarded to Spaniards who had
rendered to Spaniards who had rendered
exemplary service to the Spanish Crown.
Later, these lands came into the
possession of the friars by way of purchase
or donation. Also pointed out this module
was the in landlord-tenant to a three-tiered
one with landlords, inquilinos, and
sharecroppers.
The Cavite Mutiny and the subsequent
execution of the three priests- Jose Burgos,
Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto
 Restoration - refers to the Spanish
restoration; a period in Spanish history
spanning the years 1874 - 1931 the saw the
restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso
XII together with the establishment of a
bicameral legislature.
Introduction
Towards the end of the nineteenth century
economic conditions in the Philippines had
improved in such a way that it was possible
for many creole and mestizo families to
send their sons to school not only in
Manila, but also in Europe. The young
Filipino students' sojourn to the Peninsula
would awaken in their minds ideas about
progress and love for their motherland .
Presentation
At the end of the 19th century, economic
conditions had improved in the Philippines.
· Creole and Mestizo family can send
their children to Europe to study.
· Filipino students learned the virtue of
progress and love for their
motherland through their sojourn in
the Peninsula.
· In Europe, Filipino students learned
how to think, question, and imagine
what a nation is.
· Circulo Hispano-Filipino was the
earliest attempt to unite Filipinos
studying in Spain.
· It is an organization under the
leadership of a creole, Juan Atayde.
· It had the support of Spaniards who
were sympathetic towards the
Filipinos.
· It published a bi-weekly newspaper
titled Revista del Circulo
Hispano-Filipino in 1882.
Module 4
· The newspaper and organization
lasted until 1883.

Vocabulary: · In 1883, Los Dos Mundos came out with

Cortes - the legislative or lawmaking body
of the Spanish government
Creole - a Spaniard born in the Philippines
Mestizo - an individual born of mixed
ancestry; may refer to a Spanish mestizo or
a Chinese mestizo
Propaganda - information used to promote
or publicize a particular cause or point of
view
the intention of demanding for the
overseas Hispano Colonies equality
of rights and equal opportunities for
progress.
· Graciano Lopez Jaena and Pedro
Govantes y Azcarraga were staff
members.
· Rizal and Eduardo de Lete were article
contributors concerned with
socio-political and economic reforms
in the Philippines.
· Another newspaper titled Espana en
Filipinas started its publication
through the support of Filipinos,
creoles, and meztizos in Madrid.
· The newspaper was short-lived due to
glaring diffences and internal
feuding among its staff.
· La Solidaridad
· It released its first issue on February 15,
1889.
· The staff defined its program as:
· to combat all reactions;
· to impede all retrogression;
· to applaud and accept every liberal
idea;
· to defend all progress.
· Reforms sought:
· Philippine representation in the cortes
· Freedom of the press
· End of the practice of exiling residents
without due process.
· It ran articles dealing with Spanish
politics, attacks on friars, and
reforms for the Philippines.
· Article contributors:
· Jose Rizal
· Dominador Gomez
· Jose Maria Panganiban
· Antonio Luna
· Ferdinand Blumentritt
· Del Pilar gradually took on the active
role of running the paper.
· Lopez Jaena was the editor in name
and known to be incapable of
sustained work.
· Del Pilar decided to move to Madrid
and the paper went with him.
· The first issue printed in Madrid came
out on November 15, 1889.
· A month later, Del Pilar took the helm of
editorship.
· In 1890, Rizal and Del Pilar had
differences with regard to Philippines
affairs.
· Rizal believes that to serve the country
better, one had to bring the issues
closer to home.
· Del Pilar was a skillful politician who felt
that efforts at persuading the
Spanish leaders and officials needed
to be continued and that this was the
best way to achieve the reforms
Filipinos were seeking.
· At New Year’s Eve banquet in 1891,
Filipinos in Madrid proposed that
they elect a leader to unite their
community.
· Rizal agreed with the proposal while Del
Pilar expressed initial misgivings;
nevertheless, the voting took place.
· Rizal won the election, but upon
learning that he won due to the
manipulation of his friend, Mariano
Ponce, he felt a shallow triumph so
he left Madrid.
· The newspaper released its final issue
on November 15, 1895.
· Marcelo H. del Pilar wrote his final
editorial saying, ‘’We are persuaded
that no sacrifices are too little to win
the rights and the liberty of a nation
that is oppressed by slavery.’’
Summary
Early efforts to unite the Filipino
community in Spain began as early as 1882
and reached its height with the emergence
of the newspaper La Solidaridad in 1889.
Journalism became a means for Filipino to
engage the Spanish-reading public on
issues concerning the Philippines. Among
the reforms they sought were
representation in the Spanish Cortes,
freedom of the press, and the end of the
practice of exiling Filipino residents
without due process. By the mid-1890s,
internal feuding and lack of funds would
end the Propaganda Movement while a few
Filipinos, like Rizal, would bring the struggle
closer to home.
Vocabulary:
novel- a long written story most often about
fictional events and characters
setting ( in a novel) - the context in which
the events take place; covers geographical
areas in particular periods of time
plot - the flow of the narrative in a story
Introduction
Jose Rizal’s first novel, Noli Me Tangere, is
considered one of the most important
written outputs by the national hero at the
height of his intellectual endeavors in
Europe.
Rizal mustered his academic acumens as
he tapped his knowledge of various fields
and wove a narrative that aimed to
represent, if not expose, the realities of
nineteenth century colonial life in the
Philippines
Through the eyes of its characters, one
journey of love and deception, struggles
and triumphs; and in the process, presents
pressing questions about power and social
inequalities.
Presentation
The Publication of the Noli Me Tangere
· Rizal participated in the movement of
the ilustrados to utilized
propaganda to campaign for
reforms in the Philippines . Utilizing
their intellectual prowess, the
ilustrados released various written
outputs from news bits, to feature
articles, and commentaries.
· Rizal’s exemplary mastery of words was
clearly evident in one of his most
celebrated works, his first novel, Noli
Me Tangere
· The idea of publishing a book was not
alien to Rizal
· In a meeting with the ilustrados in 1884,
he proposed to write a book project
to be done collaboratively with his
fellow writers, the project did not
materialize
· He decided to write a novel on his own
· Rizal influenced in the writing of the
Noli: 1. Juan Luna’s painting
Spolarium which depicted the
sufferings faced by humanity in the
face of inequalities 2. Uncle Tom’s
Cabin, a novel by Harriet Beecher
Stowe that dealt with slavery in
America.
· Rizal finished the first half of the novel
in Spain, supposedly the other half in
France, then completed the draft in
1886. The novel was published the
following year in Germany. Luck of
funds delayed the book’s publication
until a fellow ilusrado, Maximo viola,
insisted on lending him 300 pesos for
the printing of the first 2,000m copies
· March 29, 1887- Rizal, in token of his
appreciation and gratitude, gave
Viola the galley proofs of the Noli
carefully rolled around the pen that
he used in writing it and a
complimentary copy, with the
following inscription: “To my dear
friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read
and appreciate my work—Jose Rizal”
Motivations behind Writing the Noli
· The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin
phrase which means “Touch Me Not”.
It is not originally conceived by Rizal,
for he admitted taking it from the
Bible
· Rizal, writing to Felix Hidalgo in French
on March 5, 1887, said: “Noli Me
Tangere, words taken from the Gospel
of St. Luke, signify “do not touch me”
but Rizal made a mistake, it should
be the Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20
Verses 13 to 17)
· Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to
the Philippines—“To My Fatherland”
· The cover of Noli Me Tangere was
designed by Rizal. It is a ketch of
explicit symbols. A woman’s head
atop a Maria Clara bodice
represents the nation and the
women, victims of the social cancer.
One of the causes of the cancer is
symbolized in the friar’s feet, outsized
in relation to the woman’s head. The
other aggravating causes of
oppression and discrimination are
shown in the guard’s helmet and the
iron chains, the teacher’s whip and
the alferez’s scourge. A slight cluster
of bamboo stands at the backdrop;
these are the people, forever in the
background of their own country’s
history. There are a cross, a maze,
flowers and thorny plants, a flame;
these are indicative of the religious
policy, the misdirected ardor, the
people strangled as a result of these
all
· The novel Noli Me Tangere contains 63
chapters and an epilogue
· Antonio Ma. Regidor- Filipino patriot
and lawyer who had been exiled due
to his complicity in the Cavite Mutiny
of 1872, read avidly the Noli and was
very much impressed by its author
Plot
· Having completed his studies in
Europe, young Juan Crisóstomo
Ibarra y Magsalin came back to the
Philippines after a 7-year absence. In
his honor, Don Santiago de los
Santos, a family friend commonly
known as Captain Tiago, threw a
 get-together party, which was
attended by friars and other
prominent figures. One of the guests,
former San Diego curate Fray
Dámaso Vardolagas belittled and
slandered Ibarra. Ibarra brushed off
the insults and took no offense; he
instead politely excused himself and
left the party because of an allegedly
important task.
· The next day, Ibarra visits María Clara,
his betrothed, the beautiful daughter
of Captain Tiago and affluent
resident of Binondo. Their
long-standing love was clearly
manifested in this meeting, and
María Clara cannot help but reread
the letters her sweetheart had written
her before he went to Europe. Before
Ibarra left for San Diego, Lieutenant
Guevara, a Civil Guard, reveals to him
the incidents preceding the death of
his father, Don Rafael Ibarra, a rich
hacendero of the town.
· According to Guevara, Don Rafael was
unjustly accused of being a heretic,
in addition to being a subservient —
an allegation brought forth by
Dámaso because of Don Rafael’s
non-participation in the Sacraments,
such as Confession and Mass.
Dámaso’s animosity against Ibarra’s
father is aggravated by another
incident when Don Rafael helped out
on a fight between a tax collector
and a child fighting, and the former’s
death was blamed on him, although
it was not deliberate. Suddenly, all of
those who thought ill of him surfaced
with additional complaints. He was
imprisoned, and just when the matter
was almost settled, he died of
sickness in jail. Still not content with
what he had done, Dámaso arranged
for Don Rafael’s corpse to be dug up
from the Catholic church and
brought to a Chinese cemetery,
because he thought it inappropriate
to allow a heretic a Catholic burial
ground. Unfortunately, it was raining
and because of the bothersome
weight of the body, the undertakers
decide to throw the corpse into a
nearby lake.
· Revenge was not in Ibarra’s plans,
instead he carried through his
father’s plan of putting up a school,
since he believed that education
would pave the way to his country’s
progress (all over the novel the
author refers to both Spain and the
Philippines as two different countries,
which form part of a same nation or
family, being Spain the mother and
the Philippines the daughter). During
the inauguration of the school,
Ibarra would have been killed in a
sabotage had Elías — a mysterious
man who had warned Ibarra earlier
of a plot to assassinate him — not
saved him. Instead the hired killer
met an unfortunate incident and
died. The sequence of events proved
to be too traumatic for María Clara
who got seriously ill but was luckily
cured by the medicine Ibarra sent.
· After the inauguration, Ibarra hosted a
luncheon during which Dámaso,
gate-crashing the luncheon, again
insulted him. Ibarra ignored the
priest’s insolence, but when the latter
slandered the memory of his dead
father, he was no longer able to
restrain himself and lunged at
Dámaso, prepared to stab him for his
impudence. As a consequence,
Dámaso excommunicated Ibarra,
taking this opportunity to persuade
the already-hesitant Tiago to forbid
his daughter from marrying Ibarra.
The friar wished María Clara to
marry Linares, a Peninsular who had
just arrived from Spain.
· With the help of the Governor-General,
Ibarra’s excommunication was
nullified and the Archbishop decided
to accept him as a member of the
Church once again. But, as fate
would have it, some incident of which
Ibarra had known nothing about was
blamed on him, and he is wrongly
arrested and imprisoned. The
accusation against him was then
overruled because during the
litigation that followed, nobody could
testify that he was indeed involved.
Unfortunately, his letter to María
Clara somehow got into the hands of
the jury and is manipulated such
that it then became evidence against
him by the parish priest, Fray Salví.
With Machiavellian precision, Salví
framed Ibarra and ruined his life just
so he could stop him from marrying
María Clara and making the latter
his concubine.
· Meanwhile, in Capitan Tiago’s
residence, a party was being held to
announce the upcoming wedding of
María Clara and Linares. Ibarra, with
the help of Elías, took this
opportunity to escape from prison.
 Before leaving, Ibarra spoke to María
Clara and accused her of betraying
him, thinking that she gave the letter
he wrote her to the jury. María Clara
explained that she would never
conspire against him, but that she
was forced to surrender Ibarra’s
letter to Father Salvi, in exchange for
the letters written by her mother even
before she, María Clara, was born.
The letters were from her mother, Pía
Alba, to Dámaso alluding to their
unborn child; and that María Clara
was therefore not Captain Tiago’s
biological daughter, but Dámaso’s.
· Afterwards, Ibarra and Elías fled by
boat. Elías instructed Ibarra to lie
down, covering him with grass to
conceal his presence. As luck would
have it, they were spotted by their
enemies. Elías, thinking he could
outsmart them, jumped into the
water. The guards rained shots on
him, all the while not knowing that
they were aiming at the wrong man.
· María Clara, thinking that Ibarra had
been killed in the shooting incident,
was greatly overcome with grief.
Robbed of hope and severely
disillusioned, she asked Dámaso to
confine her into a nunnery. Dámaso
reluctantly agreed when she
threatened to take her own life,
demanding, “the nunnery or
death!”[2] Unbeknownst to her, Ibarra
was still alive and able to escape. It
was Elías who had taken the shots.
· It was Christmas Eve when Elías woke
up in the forest fatally wounded, as it
is here where he instructed Ibarra to
meet him. Instead, Elías found the
altar boy Basilio cradling his
already-dead mother, Sisa. The latter
lost her mind when she learned that
her two sons, Crispín and Basilio,
were chased out of the convent by
the sacristan mayor on suspicions of
stealing sacred objects. (The truth is
that, it was the sacristan mayor who
stole the objects and only pinned the
blame on the two boys. The said
sacristan mayor actually killed
Crispín while interrogating him on
the supposed location of the sacred
objects. It was implied that the body
was never found and the incident
was covered-up by Salví).
· Elías, convinced that he would die
soon, instructs Basilio to build a
funeral pyre and burn his and Sisa’s
bodies to ashes. He tells Basilio that,
if nobody reaches the place, he come
back later on and dig for he will find
gold. He also tells him (Basilio) to take
the gold he finds and go to school. In
his dying breath, he instructed
Basilio to continue dreaming about
freedom for his motherland with the
words:
· “ I shall die without seeing the dawn
break upon my homeland. You, who
shall see it, salute it! Do not forget
those who have fallen during the
night.” ”
· Elías died thereafter. In the epilogue, it
was explained that Tiago became
addicted to opium and was seen to
frequent the opium house in Binondo
to satiate his addiction. María Clara
became a nun where Salví, who has
lusted over her from the beginning of
the novel, regularly used her to fulfill
his lust. One stormy evening, a
beautiful crazy woman was seen at
the top of the convent crying and
cursing the heavens for the fate it
has handed her. While the woman
was never identified, it is suggested
that the said woman was María
Clara.
MAJOR CHARACTERS
· IBARRA
Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin,
commonly referred to the novel as Ibarra or
Crisóstomo, is the protagonist in the story.
Son of a Filipino businessman, Don Rafael
Ibarra, he studied in Europe for seven
years. Ibarra is also María Clara’s fiancé.
Several sources claim that Ibarra is also
Rizal’s reflection: both studied in Europe
and both persons believe in the same
ideas. Upon his return, Ibarra requested the
local government of San Diego to construct
a public school to promote education in
the town.
In the sequel of Noli, El filibusterismo,
Ibarra returned with different character
and name: he called himself as Simoun, the
English mestizo.
· MARÍA CLARA
María Clara de los Santos y Alba, commonly
referred to as María Clara, is Ibarra’s
fiancée. She was raised by Capitán Tiago,
Binundok’s cabeza de barangay and is the
most beautiful and widely celebrated girl in
San Diego. In the later parts of the novel,
María Clara’s identity was revealed as an
illegitimate daughter of Father Dámaso,
former parish curate of the town, and Doña
Pía Alba, wife of Capitán Tiago. In the end
she entered local covenant for nuns
Beaterio de Santa Clara. In the epilogue
dealing with the fate of the characters, Rizal
stated that it is unknown if María Clara is
still living within the walls of the covenant
or she is already dead.
The character of María Clara was
patterned after Leonor Rivera, Rizal’s first
cousin and childhood sweetheart.
· CAPITÁN TIAGO
Don Santiago de los Santos, known by his
nickname Tiago and political title Capitán
Tiago is a Filipino businessman and the
cabeza de barangay or head of barangay
of the town of Binundok. He is also the
known father of María Clara.
In the novel, it is said that Capitán Tiago is
the richest man in the region of Binondo
and he possessed real properties in
Pampanga and Laguna de Bay. He is also
said to be a good Catholic, friend of the
Spanish government and was considered
as a Spanish by colonialists. Capitán Tiago
never attended school, so he became a
domestic helper of a Dominican friar who
taught him informal education. He married
Pía Alba from Santa Cruz.
· PADRE DÁMASO
Dámaso Verdolagas, or Padre Dámaso is a
Franciscan friar and the former parish
curate of San Diego. He is best known as a
notorious character who speaks with harsh
words and has been a cruel priest during
his stay in the town. He is the real father of
María Clara and an enemy of Crisóstomo’s
father, Rafael Ibarra. Later, he and María
Clara had bitter arguments whether she
would marry Alfonso Linares or go to a
convent.[13] At the end of the novel, he is
again re-assigned to a distant town and is
found dead one day.
In popular culture, when a priest was said
to be like Padre Dámaso, it means that he is
a cruel but respectable individual. When
one says a child is “anak ni Padre Damaso”
(child of Padre Dámaso), it means that the
child’s father’s identity is unknown.
· ELÍAS
Elías is Ibarra’s mysterious friend and ally.
Elías made his first appearance as a pilot
during a picnic of Ibarra and María Clara
and her friends.[14] He wants to
revolutionize the country and to be freed
from Spanish oppression.
The 50th chapter of the novel explores the
past of Elías and history of his family. In the
past, Ibarra’s great-grandfather
condemned Elías’ grandfather of burning a
warehouse which led into misfortune for
Elías’ family. His father was refused to be
married by his mother because his father’s
past and family lineage was discovered by
his mother’s family. In the long run, Elías
and his twin sister was raised by their
maternal grandfather. When they were
teenagers, their distant relatives called
them hijos de bastardo or illegitimate
children. One day, his sister disappeared
which led him to search for her. His search
led him into different places, and finally, he
became a fugitive and subversive.
· PILOSOPO TACIO
Pilosopo Tacio, known by his Filipinized
name Pilosopo Tasyo is another major
character in the story. Seeking for reforms
from the government, he expresses his
ideals in paper written in a cryptographic
alphabet similar from hieroglyphs and
Coptic figures hoping “that the future
generations may be able to decipher it” and
realized the abuse and oppression done by
the conquerors.
His full name is only known as Don
Anastacio. The educated inhabitants of
San Diego labeled him as Filosofo Tacio
(Tacio the Sage) while others called him as
Tacio el Loco (Insane Tacio) due to his
exceptional talent for reasoning.
· DOÑA VICTORINA
Doña Victorina de Espadaña, commonly
known as Doña Victorina, is an ambitious
Filipina who classifies herself as a Spanish
and mimics Spanish ladies by putting on
heavy make-up.[12] The novel narrates Doña
Victorina’s younger days: she had lots of
admirers, but she didn’t choose any of them
because nobody was a Spaniard. Later on,
she met and married Don Tiburcio de
Espadaña, an official of the customs
bureau who is about ten years her junior.
However, their marriage is childless.
Her husband assumes the title of medical
doctor even though he never attended
medical school; using fake documents and
certificates, Tiburcio practices illegal
medicine. Tiburcio’s usage of the title Dr.
consequently makes Victorina assume the
title Dra. (doctora, female doctor).
Apparently, she uses the whole name Doña
Victorina de los Reyes de de Espadaña,
with double de to emphasize her marriage
surname. She seems to feel that this
awkward titling makes her more
“sophisticated.”
Summary
This module discussed Noli Me Tangere ,
tracing its publication and Rizal's
motivation behind its writing. Noli Me
Tangere was part of a publication agenda
conceived by Rizal in the hopes of
awakening his countrymen and the wourld
about the colonial conditions in the
Philippines. On the pages of the Noli Rizal's
genius shone through as he assembled
and harnessed his intellect to paint a
picture of nineteenth century Philippines.
The plot provided a story of hope and
struggle against the backdrop of an
elaborate setting filled with equally complex
characters . Through the novels' characters,
varied points of view were gleaned from
colonial life and through its plot, an
allegory of colonial society was created.
Module 4 Summary
Early efforts to unite the Filipino
community in Spain began as early as 1882
and reached its height with the emergence
of the newspaper La Solidaridad in 1889.
Journalism became a means for Filipino to
engage the Spanish-reading public on
issues concerning the Philippines. Among
the reforms they sought were
representation in the Spanish Cortes,
freedom of the press, and the end of the
practice of exiling Filipino residents
without due process. By the mid-1890s,
internal feuding and lack of funds would
end the Propaganda Movement while a few
Filipinos, like Rizal, would bring the struggle
closer to home.
This module discussed Noli Me Tangere ,
tracing its publication and Rizal's
motivation behind its writing. Noli Me
Tangere was part of a publication agenda
conceived by Rizal in the hopes of
awakening his countrymen and the wourld
about the colonial conditions in the
Philippines. On the pages of the Noli Rizal's
genius shone through as he assembled
and harnessed his intellect to paint a
picture of nineteenth century Philippines.
The plot provided a story of hope and
struggle against the backdrop of an
elaborate setting filled with equally complex
characters . Through the novels' characters,
varied points of view were gleaned from
colonial life and through its plot, an
allegory of colonial society was created.
Vocabulary:
Audencia - the Royal Audencia or the royal
court of justice in Spain and its colonies
Ecclesistics - the religious missionaries
secular - having ideas and attitudes not
determined by any religious bias
Introduction
During the Spanish colonial period,
Philippines history was primarily written by
the Spaniards. Early Spanish historians
took note of the native’s appearance and
the way of life. Jose Rizal annotation of
Antonio Morga’s work, Sucesos de las
Filipinas, was an attempt to redress this
biased view of the Filipinos. Although Rizal’s
annotations have been “ largely
disregarded.” His work has been credited as
the first Philippine history to be written
from the viewpoint of a Pilipino.
Presentation
· Auidencia- the Royal Audencia or the
royal court of justice in Spain and its
colonies
· Ecclesiastics- the religious missionaries
· Secular- having ideas and attitudes not
determined by any religious bias
________________________________________________
_____________________________________
· Antonio de Morga Sánchez Garay was
born in Seville. He graduated from
the University of Salamanca in 1574
and in 1578 received a doctorate in
canon law. He taught briefly in
Osuna, and then returned to
Salamanca to study civil law. In 1580
he joined the government service as
a lawyer. Among other positions in
Spain, he held that of auditor
general of the galleys. In 1582 he was
serving as mayor of Baracaldo in
Vizcaya when he first married, to
Juana de Briviesca de Munotones.
· In August 1593 he was notified that he
had been selected as Lieutenant to
the Governor-General of the
Philippines, starting what would
become 43 years of colonial service.
He traveled accompanied by his
family, 14 servants, three black slaves
and his collection of books. Following
 the route of that time, he sailed from
Cadiz in February 1594, arriving in
Mexico in May. During the following
period of preparation for the Pacific
voyage, he heard two important
cases, and supervised the supplying
of the two ships to be used. He also
recruited 200 soldiers for the
garrison in Manila. They departed
Acapulco on March 22, 1595, reaching
Manila on June 11, 1595. He had the
second-most powerful position in the
colony.
· He first served under Governor-General
Luis Pérez Dasmariñas, who was
interim after his father's death.
Francisco Tello de Guzmán soon
succeeded him, and Morga reported
to him during most of his time in the
colony. In his account of the colonial
Philippines published in 1609, Morga
noted the miserable condition
suffered by many of the
Spanish/Mexican soldiers, who were
young, ill-paid and suffered in that
unfamiliar environment. Few wanted
to settle in Manila, and higher-level
government officials also sought to
leave the colony in a few years. His
first two reports to the Crown covered
a wide variety of topics, mentioning
Japan, Mindanao, and China, in
addition to civil, military and
ecclesiastical activities within the
colony.
· He issued regulations for
administrative reform, known as the
Ordenzas. Among his reforms was to
restore the audencia. In 1598 he
resigned as lieutenant governor to
assume the office of oidor, or judge,
in the newly re-established Audiencia
of Manila. The position required his
removal from much public life.
SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS - An
account of Spanish observations about the
Filipinos and the Philippines.
· Background information/ Important
information about Sucesos de las
Islas Filipinas
· Antonio De Morga - Author of Sucesos
de las islas Filipinas
· This is one of the first books ever to
tackle Philippine history.
· Book that describes the events inside
and outside of the country from 1493
to 1603, including the history of the
Philippines.
· Consist of 8 Chapters
· Discuss the political, social and
economical aspects of a colonizer
and the colonized country.
· The content of the book is based on
documentary research, observation
and personal experience of Morga.
· Rizal is a secondary source of the book
due to his Annotations.
· Antonio de Morga Spanish lawyer and
official in the Philippines during the
17th century.
· The Philippines was named in honor of
King Philip II of Spain.
EVENTS, HAPPENINGS, OCCURRENCE
· The Sucesos is the work of an honest
observer, a versatile bureaucrat, who
knew the workings of the
administration from the inside.
· Rizal’s Objectives
1.To awaken the consciousness of the
Filipinos regarding their glorious ways of
the past
1. To correct what has been distorted
about the Philippines due to Spanish
conquest
2. To prove that Filipinos are civilized
even before the coming of the
Spaniards
· Blumentritt’s Influence on Rizal
Ferdinand Blumentritt has
encouraged Rizal to write about the
Philippines’ pre-colonial History.
ON RIZAL’s ANNOTATION
THE FIRST OBJECTIVE
· The Early Filipino Pride
Rizal strove to establish that the Filipinos
could be proud of their pre-conquest past.
THE SECOND OBJECTIVE
· History as a Propaganda Weapon
Rizal aimed to use history as a
propaganda weapon.
· EARLY GOVERNMENT
Our forefathers in the pre-colonial
Philippines already possessed a working
judicial and legislative system
· HIGH LITERACY RATE
The Spanish missionaries exploited the
baybayin for their own ends, learning and
using it to translate their goals
· EARLY ARTILLERY
Our ancestors were very proficient in the
art of war. Aside from wielding swords and
spears, they also knew how to make and fire
guns and cannons.
· SMOOTH FOREIGN RELATIONS
The pre-colonial Filipinos had already
established trading and diplomatic
relations with countries as far away as the
Middle East
· SELF- SUFFICIENT
In terms of food, our forefathers did not
suffer from any lack thereof. Blessed with
such a resource-rich country, they had
enough for themselves and their families
· ADVANCED CIVILIZATION
Our ancestors possessed a complex
working society and a culture replete with
works of arts and literature
IMPORTANT POINTS
· Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas is the
first book to tackle the Philippine
history.
· The book discusses the political, social
and economical aspects of a
colonizer and the colonized country.
· The book that describes the events
inside and outside of the country
from 1493 to 1603, including the
history of the
Philippines.
· The pre-colonial Philippines already
possessed a working judicial and
legislative system
· Spanish missionaries put an end to the
baybayin written system of the
Philippines to translate their goals
· Our ancestors possessed a complex
society and culture filled with arts
and literature
RIZAL’s Annotations
1. Philippines was NOT DESERTED and
was actually HABITABLE.
2. Spaniards, like any other nation, treat
food to which they are not
accustomed or is unknown to them
with disgust. This fish that Morga
mentions is bagoong (salted &
fermented fish)
Morga’s Sucesos
1. Philippines was DESERTED and
INHABITABLE.
2. Beef and fish they know it best when it
has started to rot and stink Rizal’s
Annotations vs. De Morga’s Sucesos
...
RIZAL’S 3 PROPOSITIONS
1. The people of the Philippines have a
culture on their own, before the
coming of the Spaniards
2. Filipinos were decimated, demoralized,
exploited, and ruined by the Spanish
colonization
3. The present state of the Philippines
was not necessarily superior to its
past
JOSE RIZAL AS PHILIPPINES’ NATIONAL
HERO
· Rizal gave us freedom by using
goodness.
· Jose Rizal became the Philippines’
National Hero because he fought for
freedom in a silent but powerful way.
· He expressed his love for the
Philippines through his novels,
essays and articles rather than
through the use of force or
aggression.
“To foretell the destiny of a nation, it is
necessary to open the books that tell of
her past.” - Rizal
IMPORTANCE OF RIZAL’S ANNOTATIONS
TO THE PRESENT GENERATION
1. To awaken in the Filipinos the
consciousness of our past
2. To devote ourselves to studying the
future
3. To first lay bare the past, in order to
better judge the present and to
survey the road trodden during three
centuries
4. To prove Filipinos had a culture of
their own, prior to colonization, that
the Filipinos were NOT inferior to the
white man
5. To shatter the myth of the so-called
“Indolence of the Filipinos”
 6. To reduce those Filipinos who denied
their native tongue into rotten fish
7. To seriously study Tagalog and
produce a comprehensive Tagalog
dictionary
8. To embrace the generic term “Indio”,
or in today’s case, Filipino, with all its
negative connotations, and turn it
into one of dignity and nobility
Summary
Rizal's annotations of Sucesos de Las Islas
Filipinas may be considered an attempt to
write Philippine history from the point of
view of a Filipino . With the publication of
this work, Rizal provided a linear view of
history with Noli Me Tangere showing a
view of the present, El Filibusterismo and
"The Philippines a Century Hence"
illustrating a view of the future, and the
annotations clarifying a view of the past.
In addition, Rizal's annotations should also
be understood within the context of
propaganda work that Filipinos in Spain
were engaged in. The annotations explored
the possibilities of creating a Filipino
identity anchored clearly on a pre-Spanish
past.
Introduction
In the opening scene of Noli Me
Tangere, a social gathering in the house of
Kapitan Tiago serves as a venue for guests
to mingle and converse. In one such
occasions, Father Damaso explicitly states
his opinion of the indio.While speaking to a
young man about the native Filipinos,
Damaso exclaims, “ As I believe in the
Gospel!The Indian is so indolent!” To this
young man poses the question, Does this
indolence actually, naturally, exist among
the natives or is there some truth in what a
foreign traveler says that with indolence we
excuse our own, as well backwardness and
our colonial system?” Indolence in the
natives was a view commonly held by
foreigners who came to the Philippines as
evident in the conversation narrated above.
Rizal and the other propagandists, however,
felt that this view was misguided and made
efforts for its rectification. One such
attempt was through Rizal’s essay, “ Sobre
la Indolencia de los Filipinas” ( On the
Indolence of the Filipinos), which will serve
as the topic of this chapter.
Presentation
indio- a term used by the Spaniards to refer
to the native Filipinos; occasionally used in
a derogatory manner
Moro piracy – a series of raids in several
Philippine towns committed by Muslims
from Mindanao during the seventeenth to
eighteenth centuries
________________________________________________
_____________________________________
· Indolence or Industry Sobre la
Indolencia de los Filipinos ("On the
Indolence of the Filipinos" in Spanish)
is a socio-political essay published in
La Solidaridad in Madrid in 1890. It
was written by José Rizal as a
response to the accusation of Indio
or Malay indolence. Before the
Spaniards came, we were active and
honest in trading; we use our abilities
and resources for our country’s
benefits, and we never corrupt.
Besides that, we are industrious and
passionate, independent, value
nature, and protective and defensive
of our territory. When the Spaniards
came we became gamblers,
dependent, powerless, corrupt,
amnesiacs (makakalimutin), disloyal
to our “identity”, and indolent. Being
discontent, having continual wars
and tolerance, due to slavery, getting
deceits from the Spaniards, allowing
pirates from the south (Mindanao
Muslim pirates), and lacking unity,
the Filipinos became indolent.
· CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY:
Rizal admits that indolence does exist
among the Filipinos, but it cannot be
attributed to the troubles and
backwardness of the country; rather it is
the effect of the backwardness and
troubles experienced by the country. Past
writings on indolence revolve only on either
denying or affirming, and never studying its
causes in depth. One must study the
causes of indolence, Rizal says, before
curing it. He therefore enumerates the
causes of indolence and elaborates on the
circumstances that have led to it. The hot
climate, he points out, is a reasonable
predisposition for indolence. Filipinos
cannot be compared to Europeans, who
live in cold countries and who must exert
much more effort at work. An hour's work
under the Philippine sun, he says, is
equivalent to a day's work in temperate
regions
 · CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY:
Rizal says that an illness will worsen if the
wrong treatment is given. The same applies
to indolence. People, however, should not
lose hope in fighting indolence. Even before
the Spaniards arrived, Rizal argues, the
early Filipinos were already carrying out
trade within provinces and with other
neighboring countries; they were also
engaged in agriculture and mining; some
natives even spoke Spanish. All this
disproves the notion that Filipinos are by
nature indolent. Rizal ends by asking what
then would have caused Filipinos to forget
their past.
· CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY:
Rizal enumerates several reasons that may
have caused the Filipinos' cultural and
economic decadence. The frequent wars,
insurrections, and invasions have brought
disorder to the communities. Chaos has
been widespread, and destruction rampant.
Many Filipinos have also been sent abroad
to fight wars for Spain or for expeditions.
Thus, the population has decreased in
number. Due to forced labor, many men
have been sent to shipyards to construct
vessels. Meanwhile, natives who have had
enough of abuse have gone to the
mountains. As a result, the farms have been
neglected. The so-called indolence of
Filipinos definitely has deeply rooted
causes.
· CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY:
Filipinos, according to Rizal, are not
responsible for their misfortunes, as they
are not their own masters. The Spanish
government has not encouraged labor and
trade, which ceased after the government
treated the country's neighboring trade
partners with great suspicion. Trade has
declined, furthermore, because of pirate
attacks and the many restrictions imposed
by the government, which gives no aid for
crops and farmers. This and the abuse
suffered under encomenderos have caused
many to abandon the fields. Businesses are
monopolized by many government officials,
red tape and bribery operate on a wide
scale, and rampant gambling is tolerated
by the government. This situation is
compounded by the Church's wrong
doctrine which holds that the rich will not
go to heaven, thus engendering a wrong
attitude toward work. There has also been
discrimination in education against natives.
These are some of the main reasons that
Rizal cites as causing the deterioration of
values among the Filipinos.
· CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY:
According to Rizal, all the causes of
indolence can be reduced to two factors.
The first factor is the limited training and
education Filipino natives receive.
Segregated from Spaniards, Filipinos do
not receive the same opportunities that are
available to the foreigners. They are taught
to be inferior. The second factor is the lack
of a national sentiment of unity among
them. Because Filipinos think they are
inferior, they submit to the foreign culture
and do everything to imitate it. The
solution, according to Rizal, would be
education and liberty.
· ISSUES AND CAUSES OF INDOLENCE:
First, the establishment of the Galleon
Trade cut off all previous associations of
the Philippines with other countries in Asia
and the Middle East. As a result, business
was only conducted with Spain through
Mexico. Because of this, the small
businesses and handicraft industries that
flourished during the pre-Spanish period
gradually disappeared.
Second, Spain also extinguished the
natives’ love of work because of the
implementation of forced labor. Because of
the wars between Spain and other
countries in Europe as well as the Muslims
in Mindanao, the Filipinos were compelled
to work in shipyards, roads, and other
public works, abandoning agriculture,
industry, and commerce.
Third, Spain did not protect the people
against foreign invaders and pirates. With
no arms to defend themselves, the natives
were killed, their houses burned, and their
lands destroyed. As a result of this, the
Filipinos were forced to become nomads,
lost interest in cultivating their lands or in
rebuilding the industries that were shut
down, and simply became submissive to the
mercy of God.
Fourth, there was a crooked system of
education, if it was to be considered an
education. What were being taught in the
schools were repetitive prayers and other
things that could not be used by the
students to lead the country to progress.
There were no courses in Agriculture,
Industry, etc., which were badly needed by
the Philippines during those times.
Fifth, the Spanish rulers were a bad
example to despise manual labor. The
officials reported to work at noon and left
early, all the while doing nothing in line with
their duties. The women were seen
constantly followed by servants who
dressed them and fanned them – personal
things which they ought to have done for
themselves.
Sixth, gambling was established and widely
propagated during those times. Almost
every day there were cockfights, and during
feast days, the government officials and
friars were the first to engage in all sorts of
bets and gambles.
Seventh, there was a crooked system of
religion. The friars taught the naïve
Filipinos that it was easier for a poor man
to enter heaven, and so they preferred not
to work and remain poor so that they could
easily enter heaven after they died. Lastly,
the taxes were extremely high, so much so
that a huge portion of what they earned
went to the government or to the friars.
When the object of their labor was removed
and they were exploited, they were reduced
to inaction.
Summary
Rizal's essay, "On the Indolence of the
Filipinos," provided a compelling argument
about the trait foreigners criticized the
Filipinos for - laziness. Rather than accept
the view that indolence was an inherent
characteristics among Filipinos, Rizal
presented a persuasive view of the
circumstances that brought about the
Filipino's indolence and the factors that
might have maintained it. In the end, Rizal
contended that the Filipino's predisposition
through education and freedom.
Vocabulary:
filibustero - ( nineteenth century context)-
translated as " subversive", a patriot who
was usually associated with revolutionary
activities
guardia civil - police/military force
assigned by the colonial government to
maintain peace and order
cabeza de barangay - head of the
barangay
Introduction
Rizal's second novel, El Filibusterismo , is
a story set in twilight years of the Spanish
colonial government in the Philippines . It
was first translated into English by Charles
Derbyshire in 1912 under the title , Reign of
Greed. The book according to the
translator " represents Rizal's more mature
judgment on political and social conditions
in the islands , and in its graver and less
hopeful tone reflects the disappointments
and discouragements which he had
encountered in his efforts to lead the way
to reform.
Presentation
· El filibusterismo - Rizal second novel
sequel to the Noli Me Tangere.
· The Reign of Greed - traslated into
english by Charles Derbyshire in 1912.
· Filibustero - a patriot who was usually
associated with revolutionary
activities.
________________________________________________
_____________________________________
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
THE PRINTING
· February 1888 - rizal continued working
oh his novel and made some
revisions while he was in London.
· March 29, 1891 - complete the novel
after three years in biarittz france.
· September 18, 1891 - book published in
Ghent with the help of his friend
Valentin Ventura.
· Rizal sent 2 copies to Hongkong one for
Basa and the other to Sixto Lopez.
The original manuscript and a
printed copy gave to Valentin
Ventura with his autograph.
· El Fili - is dedicated to Gomburza, the
three priest accused of being
filibusters in 1872.
· Gomburza - Don Mariano Gomez - died
73 years old.- Don Jose Burgos - died
35 years old.-Don Jacinto Zamora -
died 37 years old.
· February 17, 1872 - gomburza publicly
executed by garrote in Bagumbayan
on the early morning.
NOLI
Themes that can be seen in the story "El Fili
begins where the Noli leaves off where:
-Love
-Romance
-Aspiration
-Heroism
-Mercy
-Idealism
EL FILI
Turns to :
-Hatred
-Pain
-Bitterness
-Anger
-Disillusionment
-Vengeance
· In 1890, Wenceslao Retana wrote about
the “ filibuster” and described the
term as “ the one who, eager for the
independence of the country, resorts
to various extralegal proceedings in
order to reach the objectives that he
pursues’ (Aguilar, 2011)
· By the end of the nineteenth century,
the Spanish colonial government
defined” filibuster: as “someone who
works for the separation of our
overseas provinces”
SYNOPSIS
Plot
· The story of El Filibusterismo revolved
around the main character, Simoun,
who was the rich jeweller. Simoun was
actually Crisostomo Ibarra of the
Noli whom everyone thought was
killed by the guardia civil at the
Laguna de Bay thirteen years ago.
He was able to escape and fled to
Cuba. He became wealthy and was
able to establish connections with
prominent Spaniards officials. Upon
his return to the Philippines, Simoun
became very influential being the
consultant of the governor general.
· Simoun came back with his grand plan
to exact revenge on Spanish officials
and to rescue Maria Clara who
entered the convent after learning
the news of Ibbara’s death. He
planned to launch a revolution.
Planting a bomb at the wedding
ceremony which he started by
smuggling arms and recruiting
followers, mainly from the exploited
and abused natives. One of his
recruits was Basilio, the son of Sisa.
With the help of Capitan Tiago,
Basilio was able to study medicine in
Manila. Simoun also began to
establish an alliance with Kabesang
Tales and his revolutionary group.
Kabesang Tales was a former cabeza
de barangay who was maltreated by
the friars. Using his position, Simoun
encouraged corruption and more
oppressive government policies to
enrage the people and thus provoke
them to revolt.
· Simoun’s plans of revolution failed
twice. In his first attempt, he decided
not to give signal for the outbreak of
the uprising upon hearing the news
of Maria Clara’s death. Basilio and
the other students were the arrested
for allegedly forming a seditious
organization. Simoun arranged the
release of Basilio who became bitter
and vengeful. However, he was very
grateful to Simoun and offered his
full support for the revolution. The
second attempt at starting a
revolution entailed the planting of a
bomb at wedding reception of
Paulita Gomez and Juanito Pelaez.
Illustrious guests at the mansion
included Padre Salvi and the
governor general. In Simouns’s plan,
the revolution would be triggered by
his gift to the couple, a kerosene
lamp with an explosive. When the
lamp starts flickering and someone
turns the wick, there would be an
explosion, signaling the
revolutionaries to attack all
government buildings in Manila.
· As planned, Simoun gave the lamp
during the reception. Before leaving
the venue, he left a note with a
message: “You will die tonight,” signed
by Crisostomo Ibarra. Meanwhile,
when Basilo saw all the people at the
venue, his conscience bothered him.
He saw his friend Isagani, who was
secretly watching his love, Paulita,
celebrating her wedding. Basilio told
Isagani about the explosive and
asked him to leave the place.
· When Padre Salvi confirmed Ibarra’s
handwriting, the guess began to
panic. The lamp flickered and Padre
Irene tried to turn the wick. But
Isagani, wanting to save Paulita, ran
into the house, grabbed the lamp,
and threw it into the river where it
exploded.
· Simoun took refuge in the house of a
kind Filipino preist, Padre Florentino.
The guardias civiles, however, learned
 about the whereabouts of the
fugitive, and informed the priest that
they would come in the evening to
arrest Simoun.
· Instead of surrending to the
authorities, Simoun poisoned himself.
As the poison started to take effect
on his body, he confessed to Padre
Florentino his true identity and his
plans for revenge. After the long and
redius confession, the priest told
Simoun that his plans might have
failed because of the unjust means
that were used. He assured Simoun
that there was still hope for the
freedom of the country.
· The story ended with Padre Florentino
throwing Simouns’s jewels into the
sea so that they would not be used
by the greedy. He also prayed that
when the right time comes, the
treasure would be recovered and
used for a noble purpose.
Summary
This topic traced the history of the term
filibustero and how the Filipinos defined the
concept during Rizal's time. For the
Spaniards, a filibustero was someone who
reveled against the government while for
the indios, he was a patriot who fought for
the country's freedom. Compared to Noli Me
Tangere, El Filibusterismo showed how Rizal
matured as a writer. This transformation
could be seen in the main character
Simoun who changed from being a
moderate ilustrado to a revolutionary
jeweler and planned to launch a revolution
against the colonial government. Through
this novel, one could see how a victim of
oppression and injustice could turn into an
influential revolutionary.
Module 5 Summary
Rizal's annotations of Sucesos de Las Islas
Filipinas may be considered an attempt to
write Philippine history from the point of
view of a Filipino . With the publication of
this work, rizal provided a liear view of
history with Noli Me Tangere showing a
view of the present, El Filibusterismo and
"The Philippines a Century Hence"
illustrating a view of the future, and the
annotations clarifying a view of the past.
In addition, Rizal's annotations should also
be understood within the context of
propaganda work that Filipinos in Spain
were engaged in. The annotations explored
the possibilities of creating a Filipino
identity anchored clearly on a pre-Spanish
past.
Rizal's essay, "On the Indolence of the
Filipinos," provided a compelling argument
about the trait foreigners criticized the
Filipinos for - laziness. Rather than accept
the view that indolence was an inherent
characteristics among Filipinos, Rizal
presented a persuasive view of the
circumstances that brought about the
Filipino's indolence and the factors that
might have maintained it. In the end, Rizal
contended that the Filipino's predisposition
through education and freedom.
This topic traced the history of the term
filibustero and how the Filipinos defined the
concept during Rizal's time. For the
Spaniards, a filibustero was someone who
reveled against the government while for
the indios, he was a patriot who fought for
the country's freedom. Compared to Noli Me
Tangere, El Filibusterismo showed how Rizal
matured as a writer. This transformation
could be seen in the main character
Simoun who changed from being a
moderate ilustrado to a revolutionary
jeweler and planned to launch a revolution
against the colonial government. Through
this novel, one could see how a victim of
oppression and injustice could turn into an
influential revolutionary.
Vocabulary:
Audencia - the Royal Audencia or the royal
court of justice in Spain and its colonies
Ecclesistics - the religious missionaries
secular - having ideas and attitudes not
determined by any religious bias
Introduction
During the Spanish colonial period,
Philippines history was primarily written by
the Spaniards. Early Spanish historians
took note of the native’s appearance and
the way of life. Jose Rizal annotation of
Antonio Morga’s work, Sucesos de las
Filipinas, was an attempt to redress this
biased view of the Filipinos. Although Rizal’s
annotations have been “ largely
disregarded.” His work has been credited as
the first Philippine history to be written
from the viewpoint of a Pilipino.
Presentation
· Auidencia- the Royal Audencia or the
royal court of justice in Spain and its
colonies
 · Ecclesiastics- the religious missionaries
· Secular- having ideas and attitudes not
determined by any religious bias
________________________________________________
_____________________________________
· Antonio de Morga Sánchez Garay was
born in Seville. He graduated from
the University of Salamanca in 1574
and in 1578 received a doctorate in
canon law. He taught briefly in
Osuna, and then returned to
Salamanca to study civil law. In 1580
he joined the government service as
a lawyer. Among other positions in
Spain, he held that of auditor
general of the galleys. In 1582 he was
serving as mayor of Baracaldo in
Vizcaya when he first married, to
Juana de Briviesca de Munotones.
· In August 1593 he was notified that he
had been selected as Lieutenant to
the Governor-General of the
Philippines, starting what would
become 43 years of colonial service.
He traveled accompanied by his
family, 14 servants, three black slaves
and his collection of books. Following
the route of that time, he sailed from
Cadiz in February 1594, arriving in
Mexico in May. During the following
period of preparation for the Pacific
voyage, he heard two important
cases, and supervised the supplying
of the two ships to be used. He also
recruited 200 soldiers for the
garrison in Manila. They departed
Acapulco on March 22, 1595, reaching
Manila on June 11, 1595. He had the
second-most powerful position in the
colony.
· He first served under Governor-General
Luis Pérez Dasmariñas, who was
interim after his father's death.
Francisco Tello de Guzmán soon
succeeded him, and Morga reported
to him during most of his time in the
colony. In his account of the colonial
Philippines published in 1609, Morga
noted the miserable condition
suffered by many of the
Spanish/Mexican soldiers, who were
young, ill-paid and suffered in that
unfamiliar environment. Few wanted
to settle in Manila, and higher-level
government officials also sought to
leave the colony in a few years. His
first two reports to the Crown covered
a wide variety of topics, mentioning
Japan, Mindanao, and China, in
addition to civil, military and
ecclesiastical activities within the
colony.
· He issued regulations for
administrative reform, known as the
Ordenzas. Among his reforms was to
restore the audencia. In 1598 he
resigned as lieutenant governor to
assume the office of oidor, or judge,
in the newly re-established Audiencia
of Manila. The position required his
removal from much public life.
SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS - An
account of Spanish observations about the
Filipinos and the Philippines.
· Background information/ Important
information about Sucesos de las
Islas Filipinas
· Antonio De Morga - Author of Sucesos
de las islas Filipinas
· This is one of the first books ever to
tackle Philippine history.
· Book that describes the events inside
and outside of the country from 1493
to 1603, including the history of the
Philippines.
· Consist of 8 Chapters
· Discuss the political, social and
economical aspects of a colonizer
and the colonized country.
· The content of the book is based on
documentary research, observation
and personal experience of Morga.
· Rizal is a secondary source of the book
due to his Annotations.
· Antonio de Morga Spanish lawyer and
official in the Philippines during the
17th century.
· The Philippines was named in honor of
King Philip II of Spain.
EVENTS, HAPPENINGS, OCCURRENCE
· The Sucesos is the work of an honest
observer, a versatile bureaucrat, who
knew the workings of the
administration from the inside.
· Rizal’s Objectives
1.To awaken the consciousness of the
Filipinos regarding their glorious ways of
the past
1. To correct what has been distorted
about the Philippines due to Spanish
conquest
 2. To prove that Filipinos are civilized
even before the coming of the
Spaniards
· Blumentritt’s Influence on Rizal
Ferdinand Blumentritt has
encouraged Rizal to write about the
Philippines’ pre-colonial History.
ON RIZAL’s ANNOTATION
THE FIRST OBJECTIVE
· The Early Filipino Pride
Rizal strove to establish that the Filipinos
could be proud of their pre-conquest past.
THE SECOND OBJECTIVE
· History as a Propaganda Weapon
Rizal aimed to use history as
propaganda weapon.
· EARLY GOVERNMENT
Our forefathers in the pre-colonial
Philippines already possessed a working
judicial and legislative system
· HIGH LITERACY RATE
The Spanish missionaries exploited the
baybayin for their own ends, learning and
using it to translate their goals
· EARLY ARTILLERY
Our ancestors were very proficient in the
art of war. Aside from wielding swords and
spears, they also knew how to make and fire
guns and cannons.
· SMOOTH FOREIGN RELATIONS
The pre-colonial Filipinos had already
established trading and diplomatic
relations with countries as far away as the
Middle East
· SELF- SUFFICIENT
In terms of food, our forefathers did not
suffer from any lack thereof. Blessed with
such a resource-rich country, they had
enough for themselves and their families
· ADVANCED CIVILIZATION
Our ancestors possessed a complex
working society and a culture replete with
works of arts and literature
IMPORTANT POINTS
· Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas is the
first book to tackle the Philippine
history.
· The book discusses the political, social
and economical aspects of a
colonizer and the colonized country.
· The book that describes the events
inside and outside of the country
from 1493 to 1603, including the
history of the
Philippines.
· The pre-colonial Philippines already
possessed a working judicial and
legislative system
· Spanish missionaries put an end to the
baybayin written system of the
Philippines to translate their goals
a
· Our ancestors possessed a complex
society and culture filled with arts
and literature
RIZAL’s Annotations
1. Philippines was NOT DESERTED and
was actually HABITABLE.
2. Spaniards, like any other nation, treat
food to which they are not
accustomed or is unknown to them
with disgust. This fish that Morga
mentions is bagoong (salted &
fermented fish)
Morga’s Sucesos
1. Philippines was DESERTED and
INHABITABLE.
2. Beef and fish they know it best when it
has started to rot and stink Rizal’s
Annotations vs. De Morga’s Sucesos
...
RIZAL’S 3 PROPOSITIONS
1. The people of the Philippines have a
culture on their own, before the
coming of the Spaniards
2. Filipinos were decimated, demoralized,
exploited, and ruined by the Spanish
colonization
3. The present state of the Philippines
was not necessarily superior to its
past
JOSE RIZAL AS PHILIPPINES’ NATIONAL
HERO
· Rizal gave us freedom by using
goodness.
 · Jose Rizal became the Philippines’
National Hero because he fought for
freedom in a silent but powerful way.
· He expressed his love for the
Philippines through his novels,
essays and articles rather than
through the use of force or
aggression.
“To foretell the destiny of a nation, it is
necessary to open the books that tell of
her past.” - Rizal
IMPORTANCE OF RIZAL’S ANNOTATIONS
TO THE PRESENT GENERATION
1. To awaken in the Filipinos the
consciousness of our past
2. To devote ourselves to studying the
future
3. To first lay bare the past, in order to
better judge the present and to
survey the road trodden during three
centuries
4. To prove Filipinos had a culture of
their own, prior to colonization, that
the Filipinos were NOT inferior to the
white man
5. To shatter the myth of the so-called
“Indolence of the Filipinos”
6. To reduce those Filipinos who denied
their native tongue into rotten fish
7. To seriously study Tagalog and
produce a comprehensive Tagalog
dictionary
8. To embrace the generic term “Indio”,
or in today’s case, Filipino, with all its
negative connotations, and turn it
into one of dignity and nobility
Summary
Rizal's annotations of Sucesos de Las Islas
Filipinas may be considered an attempt to
write Philippine history from the point of
view of a Filipino . With the publication of
this work, Rizal provided a linear view of
history with Noli Me Tangere showing a
view of the present, El Filibusterismo and
"The Philippines a Century Hence"
illustrating a view of the future, and the
annotations clarifying a view of the past.
In addition, Rizal's annotations should also
be understood within the context of
propaganda work that Filipinos in Spain
were engaged in. The annotations explored
the possibilities of creating a Filipino
identity anchored clearly on a pre-Spanish
past.
Introduction
In the opening scene of Noli Me
Tangere, a social gathering in the house of
Kapitan Tiago serves as a venue for guests
to mingle and converse. In one such
occasions, Father Damaso explicitly states
his opinion of the indio.While speaking to a
young man about the native Filipinos,
Damaso exclaims, “ As I believe in the
Gospel!The Indian is so indolent!” To this
young man poses the question, Does this
indolence actually, naturally, exist among
the natives or is there some truth in what a
foreign traveler says that with indolence we
excuse our own, as well backwardness and
our colonial system?” Indolence in the
natives was a view commonly held by
foreigners who came to the Philippines as
evident in the conversation narrated above.
Rizal and the other propagandists, however,
felt that this view was misguided and made
efforts for its rectification. One such
attempt was through Rizal’s essay, “ Sobre
la Indolencia de los Filipinas” ( On the
Indolence of the Filipinos), which will serve
as the topic of this chapter.
Presentation
indio- a term used by the Spaniards to refer
to the native Filipinos; occasionally used in
a derogatory manner
Moro piracy – a series of raids in several
Philippine towns committed by Muslims
from Mindanao during the seventeenth to
eighteenth centuries
________________________________________________
_____________________________________
· Indolence or Industry Sobre la
Indolencia de los Filipinos ("On the
Indolence of the Filipinos" in Spanish)
is a socio-political essay published in
La Solidaridad in Madrid in 1890. It
was written by José Rizal as a
response to the accusation of Indio
or Malay indolence. Before the
Spaniards came, we were active and
honest in trading; we use our abilities
and resources for our country’s
benefits, and we never corrupt.
Besides that, we are industrious and
passionate, independent, value
nature, and protective and defensive
of our territory. When the Spaniards
came we became gamblers,
dependent, powerless, corrupt,
amnesiacs (makakalimutin), disloyal
to our “identity”, and indolent. Being
 discontent, having continual wars
and tolerance, due to slavery, getting
deceits from the Spaniards, allowing
pirates from the south (Mindanao
Muslim pirates), and lacking unity,
the Filipinos became indolent.
· CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY:
Rizal admits that indolence does exist
among the Filipinos, but it cannot be
attributed to the troubles and
backwardness of the country; rather it is
the effect of the backwardness and
troubles experienced by the country. Past
writings on indolence revolve only on either
denying or affirming, and never studying its
causes in depth. One must study the
causes of indolence, Rizal says, before
curing it. He therefore enumerates the
causes of indolence and elaborates on the
circumstances that have led to it. The hot
climate, he points out, is a reasonable
predisposition for indolence. Filipinos
cannot be compared to Europeans, who
live in cold countries and who must exert
much more effort at work. An hour's work
under the Philippine sun, he says, is
equivalent to a day's work in temperate
regions
· CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY:
Rizal says that an illness will worsen if the
wrong treatment is given. The same applies
to indolence. People, however, should not
lose hope in fighting indolence. Even before
the Spaniards arrived, Rizal argues, the
early Filipinos were already carrying out
trade within provinces and with other
neighboring countries; they were also
engaged in agriculture and mining; some
natives even spoke Spanish. All this
disproves the notion that Filipinos are by
nature indolent. Rizal ends by asking what
then would have caused Filipinos to forget
their past.
· CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY:
Rizal enumerates several reasons that may
have caused the Filipinos' cultural and
economic decadence. The frequent wars,
insurrections, and invasions have brought
disorder to the communities. Chaos has
been widespread, and destruction rampant.
Many Filipinos have also been sent abroad
to fight wars for Spain or for expeditions.
Thus, the population has decreased in
number. Due to forced labor, many men
have been sent to shipyards to construct
vessels. Meanwhile, natives who have had
enough of abuse have gone to the
mountains. As a result, the farms have been
neglected. The so-called indolence of
Filipinos definitely has deeply rooted
causes.
· CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY:
Filipinos, according to Rizal, are not
responsible for their misfortunes, as they
are not their own masters. The Spanish
government has not encouraged labor and
trade, which ceased after the government
treated the country's neighboring trade
partners with great suspicion. Trade has
declined, furthermore, because of pirate
attacks and the many restrictions imposed
by the government, which gives no aid for
crops and farmers. This and the abuse
suffered under encomenderos have caused
many to abandon the fields. Businesses are
monopolized by many government officials,
red tape and bribery operate on a wide
scale, and rampant gambling is tolerated
by the government. This situation is
compounded by the Church's wrong
doctrine which holds that the rich will not
go to heaven, thus engendering a wrong
attitude toward work. There has also been
discrimination in education against natives.
These are some of the main reasons that
Rizal cites as causing the deterioration of
values among the Filipinos.
· CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY:
According to Rizal, all the causes of
indolence can be reduced to two factors.
The first factor is the limited training and
education Filipino natives receive.
Segregated from Spaniards, Filipinos do
not receive the same opportunities that are
available to the foreigners. They are taught
to be inferior. The second factor is the lack
of a national sentiment of unity among
them. Because Filipinos think they are
inferior, they submit to the foreign culture
and do everything to imitate it. The
solution, according to Rizal, would be
education and liberty.
· ISSUES AND CAUSES OF INDOLENCE:
First, the establishment of the Galleon
Trade cut off all previous associations of
the Philippines with other countries in Asia
and the Middle East. As a result, business
was only conducted with Spain through
Mexico. Because of this, the small
businesses and handicraft industries that
flourished during the pre-Spanish period
gradually disappeared.
Second, Spain also extinguished the
natives’ love of work because of the
implementation of forced labor. Because of
the wars between Spain and other
countries in Europe as well as the Muslims
in Mindanao, the Filipinos were compelled
to work in shipyards, roads, and other
public works, abandoning agriculture,
industry, and commerce.
Third, Spain did not protect the people
against foreign invaders and pirates. With
no arms to defend themselves, the natives
were killed, their houses burned, and their
lands destroyed. As a result of this, the
Filipinos were forced to become nomads,
lost interest in cultivating their lands or in
rebuilding the industries that were shut
down, and simply became submissive to the
mercy of God.
Fourth, there was a crooked system of
education, if it was to be considered an
education. What were being taught in the
schools were repetitive prayers and other
things that could not be used by the
students to lead the country to progress.
There were no courses in Agriculture,
Industry, etc., which were badly needed by
the Philippines during those times.
Fifth, the Spanish rulers were a bad
example to despise manual labor. The
officials reported to work at noon and left
early, all the while doing nothing in line with
their duties. The women were seen
constantly followed by servants who
dressed them and fanned them – personal
things which they ought to have done for
themselves.
Sixth, gambling was established and widely
propagated during those times. Almost
every day there were cockfights, and during
feast days, the government officials and
friars were the first to engage in all sorts of
bets and gambles.
Seventh, there was a crooked system of
religion. The friars taught the naïve
Filipinos that it was easier for a poor man
to enter heaven, and so they preferred not
to work and remain poor so that they could
easily enter heaven after they died. Lastly,
the taxes were extremely high, so much so
that a huge portion of what they earned
went to the government or to the friars.
When the object of their labor was removed
and they were exploited, they were reduced
to inaction.
Summary
Rizal's essay, "On the Indolence of the
Filipinos," provided a compelling argument
about the trait foreigners criticized the
Filipinos for - laziness. Rather than accept
the view that indolence was an inherent
characteristics among Filipinos, Rizal
presented a persuasive view of the
circumstances that brought about the
Filipino's indolence and the factors that
might have maintained it. In the end, Rizal
contended that the Filipino's predisposition
through education and freedom.
Vocabulary:
filibustero - ( nineteenth century context)-
translated as " subversive", a patriot who
was usually associated with revolutionary
activities
guardia civil - police/military force
assigned by the colonial government to
maintain peace and order
cabeza de barangay - head of the
barangay
Introduction
Rizal's second novel, El Filibusterismo , is
a story set in twilight years of the Spanish
colonial government in the Philippines . It
was first translated into English by Charles
Derbyshire in 1912 under the title , Reign of
Greed. The book according to the
translator " represents Rizal's more mature
judgment on political and social conditions
in the islands , and in its graver and less
hopeful tone reflects the disappointments
and discouragements which he had
encountered in his efforts to lead the way
to reform.
Presentation
· El filibusterismo - Rizal second novel
sequel to the Noli Me Tangere.
· The Reign of Greed - traslated into
english by Charles Derbyshire in 1912.
· Filibustero - a patriot who was usually
associated with revolutionary
activities.
________________________________________________
_____________________________________
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
THE PRINTING
 · February 1888 - rizal continued working
oh his novel and made some
revisions while he was in London.
· March 29, 1891 - complete the novel
after three years in biarittz france.
· September 18, 1891 - book published in
Ghent with the help of his friend
Valentin Ventura.
· Rizal sent 2 copies to Hongkong one for
Basa and the other to Sixto Lopez.
The original manuscript and a
printed copy gave to Valentin
Ventura with his autograph.
· El Fili - is dedicated to Gomburza, the
three priest accused of being
filibusters in 1872.
· Gomburza - Don Mariano Gomez - died
73 years old.- Don Jose Burgos - died
35 years old.-Don Jacinto Zamora -
died 37 years old.
· February 17, 1872 - gomburza publicly
executed by garrote in Bagumbayan
on the early morning.
NOLI
Themes that can be seen in the story "El Fili
begins where the Noli leaves off where:
-Love
-Romance
-Aspiration
-Heroism
-Mercy
-Idealism
EL FILI
Turns to :
-Hatred
-Pain
-Bitterness
-Anger
-Disillusionment
-Vengeance
· In 1890, Wenceslao Retana wrote about
the “ filibuster” and described the
term as “ the one who, eager for the
independence of the country, resorts
to various extralegal proceedings in
order to reach the objectives that he
pursues’ (Aguilar, 2011)
· By the end of the nineteenth century,
the Spanish colonial government
defined” filibuster: as “someone who
works for the separation of our
overseas provinces”
SYNOPSIS
Plot
· The story of El Filibusterismo revolved
around the main character, Simoun,
who was the rich jeweller. Simoun was
actually Crisostomo Ibarra of the
Noli whom everyone thought was
killed by the guardia civil at the
Laguna de Bay thirteen years ago.
He was able to escape and fled to
Cuba. He became wealthy and was
able to establish connections with
prominent Spaniards officials. Upon
his return to the Philippines, Simoun
became very influential being the
consultant of the governor general.
· Simoun came back with his grand plan
to exact revenge on Spanish officials
and to rescue Maria Clara who
entered the convent after learning
the news of Ibbara’s death. He
planned to launch a revolution.
Planting a bomb at the wedding
ceremony which he started by
smuggling arms and recruiting
followers, mainly from the exploited
and abused natives. One of his
recruits was Basilio, the son of Sisa.
With the help of Capitan Tiago,
Basilio was able to study medicine in
Manila. Simoun also began to
establish an alliance with Kabesang
Tales and his revolutionary group.
Kabesang Tales was a former cabeza
de barangay who was maltreated by
the friars. Using his position, Simoun
encouraged corruption and more
oppressive government policies to
enrage the people and thus provoke
them to revolt.
· Simoun’s plans of revolution failed
twice. In his first attempt, he decided
not to give signal for the outbreak of
the uprising upon hearing the news
of Maria Clara’s death. Basilio and
the other students were the arrested
for allegedly forming a seditious
organization. Simoun arranged the
release of Basilio who became bitter
and vengeful. However, he was very
grateful to Simoun and offered his
full support for the revolution. The
second attempt at starting a
revolution entailed the planting of a
 bomb at wedding reception of
Paulita Gomez and Juanito Pelaez.
Illustrious guests at the mansion
included Padre Salvi and the
governor general. In Simouns’s plan,
the revolution would be triggered by
his gift to the couple, a kerosene
lamp with an explosive. When the
lamp starts flickering and someone
turns the wick, there would be an
explosion, signaling the
revolutionaries to attack all
government buildings in Manila.
· As planned, Simoun gave the lamp
during the reception. Before leaving
the venue, he left a note with a
message: “You will die tonight,” signed
by Crisostomo Ibarra. Meanwhile,
when Basilo saw all the people at the
venue, his conscience bothered him.
He saw his friend Isagani, who was
secretly watching his love, Paulita,
celebrating her wedding. Basilio told
Isagani about the explosive and
asked him to leave the place.
· When Padre Salvi confirmed Ibarra’s
handwriting, the guess began to
panic. The lamp flickered and Padre
Irene tried to turn the wick. But
Isagani, wanting to save Paulita, ran
into the house, grabbed the lamp,
and threw it into the river where it
exploded.
· Simoun took refuge in the house of a
kind Filipino preist, Padre Florentino.
The guardias civiles, however, learned
about the whereabouts of the
fugitive, and informed the priest that
they would come in the evening to
arrest Simoun.
· Instead of surrending to the
authorities, Simoun poisoned himself.
As the poison started to take effect
on his body, he confessed to Padre
Florentino his true identity and his
plans for revenge. After the long and
redius confession, the priest told
Simoun that his plans might have
failed because of the unjust means
that were used. He assured Simoun
that there was still hope for the
freedom of the country.
· The story ended with Padre Florentino
throwing Simouns’s jewels into the
sea so that they would not be used
by the greedy. He also prayed that
when the right time comes, the
treasure would be recovered and
used for a noble purpose.
Summary
This topic traced the history of the term
filibustero and how the Filipinos defined the
concept during Rizal's time. For the
Spaniards, a filibustero was someone who
reveled against the government while for
the indios, he was a patriot who fought for
the country's freedom. Compared to Noli Me
Tangere, El Filibusterismo showed how Rizal
matured as a writer. This transformation
could be seen in the main character
Simoun who changed from being a
moderate ilustrado to a revolutionary
jeweler and planned to launch a revolution
against the colonial government. Through
this novel, one could see how a victim of
oppression and injustice could turn into an
influential revolutionary.
Module 5 Summary Copy
Rizal's annotations of Sucesos de Las Islas
Filipinas may be considered an attempt to
write Philippine history from the point of
view of a Filipino . With the publication of
this work, rizal provided a liear view of
history with Noli Me Tangere showing a
view of the present, El Filibusterismo and
"The Philippines a Century Hence"
illustrating a view of the future, and the
annotations clarifying a view of the past.
In addition, Rizal's annotations should also
be understood within the context of
propaganda work that Filipinos in Spain
were engaged in. The annotations explored
the possibilities of creating a Filipino
identity anchored clearly on a pre-Spanish
past.
Rizal's essay, "On the Indolence of the
Filipinos," provided a compelling argument
about the trait foreigners criticized the
Filipinos for - laziness. Rather than accept
the view that indolence was an inherent
characteristics among Filipinos, Rizal
presented a persuasive view of the
circumstances that brought about the
Filipino's indolence and the factors that
might have maintained it. In the end, Rizal
contended that the Filipino's predisposition
through education and freedom.
This topic traced the history of the term
filibustero and how the Filipinos defined the
concept during Rizal's time. For the
Spaniards, a filibustero was someone who
reveled against the government while for
the indios, he was a patriot who fought for
the country's freedom. Compared to Noli Me
Tangere, El Filibusterismo showed how Rizal
matured as a writer. This transformation
could be seen in the main character
Simoun who changed from being a
moderate ilustrado to a revolutionary
jeweler and planned to launch a revolution
against the colonial government. Through
this novel, one could see how a victim of
oppression and injustice could turn into an
influential revolutionary.
Vocabulary
reform- improvement or change to better
state (social, economic, and political
institutions)
revolution – a violent attempt to overthrow
a government
principalia class- the ruling and usually
educated upper class in the nineteenth
century Philippines
Introduction
This topic will focus on the important
themes tackled by Rizal in his second novel.
Through these themes , the national hero'
views and ideas about the different aspects
of society can be examined .
Presentation
· One hundred twenty years after Rizal’s
execution, his writings remain socially
relevant. The ills that he rallied
against inept leadership, corruption,
abuse of women, and the influence of
the Catholic Church over political
and social affairs- are still persisting
in the Philippine society today.
· Rizal’s main objective in writing El
filibusterismo is to expose the
Philippine situation as he witnessed
during his time.
· The importance of Rizal’s ideas for our
generation has a twofold basis first
the applicability to present –day
problems, and second ,their
inspirational value. Rizal holds a
mirror to our face and we see
ourselves our vices our defects ,our
meanness, because the conditions
he describes are the very conditions
we see around us,and the characters
he portrays are people we continue
to meet. One hand holds a mirror to
shame us and the other points the
way to our regeneration.Yet the truth
is that the mirror was not meant to
reveal our image, but the image of
the people and the society of Rizal
time Renato Constantino relevance
of Rizal’s teachings
· Council to stay in Madrid and write
there is very benevolent; but I can not
and I must not accept it. I can not
stand life in Madrid; there we are all
"vox clamantis in deserto"; my
relatives want to see me and I want to
see them too; Nowhere is life as
pleasant to me as in my homeland,
next to my family. I am still not
Europeanized as the Filipinos of
Madrid say; I always want to return to
the country of my aborigines. "The
goat always throws the bush," they
told me. Rizal responded to
Blumentritt. In a letter dated 19 June
1887, the patriot wrote: Revolution as
a Means of Social Change
· Rizal himself was admired as a good
leader.His colleagues in the
Propaganda Moverment repected
him because he showed a kind of
leadership that was not motived by
personal interest.The call for a good
leadership could leadership could be
gleaned from El Fili when he stressed
the importance of National
sentiment to guard the society
against all kinds of injustices and
oppression On leadership and
Governance
· At the time that Simoun was planning
to launch the revolution,students
including Basilio were also fighting
for the establishment of a school
that would allow natives to learn the
Spanish language.Simoun strongly
reated against the project advocated
by the students.For him ,it would
mean the death of national identity
and the institutionalization of
Tyranny.In Chapters 6 (Basilio) AND 7
( Simoun), Simoun expressed his
disapproval of the students’program
,convincing Basilio to join him in his
plan of revolution instead. On
Education and Language
· Jose Rizal through the character of
Padre Florentino, a patriotic Filipino
priest in El Fili.Rizal saw the youth as
future of the country because this
generation would one day lead the
nation. Their actions today would
shape the path of tomorrow. Ñ Rizal
stressed the important role of the
youth in challenging the government
as seen in the efforts of students like
Basilio and Isagani to organize
themselves and unite to call for
reforms. On the Filipino Youth
CHARACTER:
Kabesang Tales
Cabeza Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former
cabeza de barangay (barangay head) of
Sagpang, a barangay in San Diego's
neighboring town Tiani, who resurfaced as
the feared Luzón bandit Matanglawin. He is
the son of Tandang Selo, and father of Juli
and Tano.
Placido Penitente
A student of the University of Santo Tomas
who was very intelligent and wise but did
not want, if not only by his mother's plea, to
pursue his studies. He also controls his
temper against Padre Millon, his physics
teacher. During his High School days, he
was an honor student hailing from
Batangas.
Padre Camorra
The lustful parish priest of Tiani, San
Diego's adjacent town who has longtime
desires for young women. He nearly raped
Juli causing the latter to commit suicide.
Hermana Penchang
Sagpang's rich pusakal (gambler). She
offers Juli to be her maid so the latter can
obtain money to free Kabesang Tales.
Disbelieving of Juli and her close friends,
she considers herself as an ally of the
friars.
Juli
Huli - Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of
Basilio, and the youngest daughter of
Kabesang Tales. To claim her father from
the bandits, she had to work as a maid
under the supervision of Hermana
Penchang. Eventually, she was freed but
committed suicide after Father Camorra
attempted to rape her.
Summary
This topic showed hoe El filibusterismo
could be used in examining the Philippine
conditions during Rizal's time. through his
novel, readers got a glimpse of the kind of
society where Rizal had lived. The
characters might be fictional but most of
the situations in the story were actual or
portrayals of similar events that happened
in the past.
Vocabulary:
Spanish Cortes - the government body in
charge of drafting laws pertaining to Spain
and its colonies
Introduction
Rizal’s work, The Philippines a Century
Hence: was serialized in La Solidaridad in
four installments from September 30, 1889
to January 31, 1890. In this essay, Rizal
attempts to answer the basic question of
whether the Philippines will remain a
Spanish colony or not. Rizal’s essay titled “
The Philippines a Century Hence” presents
compelling arguments on what the state of
the country will be like in the future.
Presentation
· The first part of Rizal’s essay does this
by illustrating that with the arrival of
the Spaniards, the Filipinos were
forced to accept the subject
themselves to a new and foreign
culture.
· By the nineteenth century, economic
conditions had become better in the
Philippines and Rizal recognizes this.
However, beyond the material
prosperity, he points out that the
Filipinos remain brutalized and
oppressed. Since advancement or
progress is clearly inevitable, Rizal
poses the question on whether the
Philippines will remain a colony of
Spain despite all the changes.
· He states that the Philippines will
remain a colony of Spain if the
mother country implements reforms
such as freedom of the press and
representation in the Rizal also
concedes that if Spain does not
grant these reforms, the Filipino will
likely become independent after a
violent and bloody revolution.
· The final part of Rizal’s work presents
another interesting point of
discussion since he attempts to look
into the future of the country. He
argues that if the Philippines
becomes free in the future, this
independence will be short-lived
since the United States of America
will probably acquire and colonize
the country as one of their own
territories.
· In the end, Rizal makes a strong
assertion that it is imperative for
Spain to grant the Filipinos reform,
 for as he eloquently states, “It is
better to keep pace with the desire of
a people that to give way before
them; the former begets sympathy
and love, the latter contempt and
anger.”
Summary
The essay " The Philippine a Century
Hence" was Rizal 's attempt to answer the
question of whether or not the Philippines
would continue to remain a colony of Spain.
By presenting sound arguments, Rizal made
a compelling case that the Philippines
would only remain a colony of Spain if the
Filipinos were granted reforms , particularly
the freedom of the press and
representation in the Spanish Cortes,
Without these reforms , Rizal foresaw the
eventual the independence of the
Philippines resulting from a violent
revolution.
Vocabulary
biography – the story of one’s life written by
someone else
national history- the study of a nation’s
past events
social context- physical and social setting
in which people live
Introduction
In the previous topics , you have seen how
Rizal's biography has been incorporated in
the context of Philippine history and
society. You have learned that the story of
an individual is best understood within a
historical setting which can help you chart
the major turning points of his/her life. Rizal
, as a product of his time, cannot be fully
understood without looking at the period in
which he lived. Such factors are important
in the study of his life and works.
Presentation
Biography in Philippine History
· The Philippines history noted the
publication of the considered first
biographies focusing on the life of
the missionaries who worked in the
evangelization of the natives.
· These Spanish-written narratives can
be read in religious chronicles and
histories citing the missionaries ‘
important roles in building churches
or even bridges and fortresses.
· Filipino biographies can only be found
in the accounts of the Spanish
priests who reported on how they
defended the Spain and the Catholic
faith against the Filipino “enemies”.
· Early colonial Filipino biographies,
therefore, are narratives of Filipino
fighters who were seen as “enemies of
the state.”
· The study on biographies broadened.
One monumental work in the history
of life-writing in the country is that of
E. Arsenio Manuel in 1955, a
four-volume compilation entitled
Dictionary of Philippine Biography.
· Two years after, D. H. Soriano and Isidro
L. Retizos published The Philippines
Who’s Who, a book about the lives of
400 Filipinos and their achievements.
· Historian and biographer Gregorio
Zaide also published his Great
Filipinos in history in 1970.
· He and his daughter revised the book
in 1988 with the title Rizal and Other
Great Filipinos, featuring the
biographies of forty heroes, foremost
of which is Rizal. The purpose of the
revised book, as summed up by
Sonia Zaide was “to inspire the
younger generations of Filipinos to
love and serve their country.
· Today, many Filipino biographies have
been written. Undoubtedly, Jose
Rizal’s life and works have always
been the favorite subject of writers
and biographers. Among the most
known biographies of Rizal include
the books of Austin Craig (1913);
Carlos Quirino (1940); Rafael Palma
(1949); Leon Ma. Guerrero (1963)
;Gregorio Zaide (1981); and Austin
Coates (1992).
· Historical biographies, therefore, serve
as means or tools to study the lives
and experiences of Filipinos,
Particularly of Philippines heroes
from which one can learn and be
inspired to serve the country.
Biography and National History
· In history,it is always important to
connect the individual’s life story with
the historical situation he/she was in.
 Remember that the goal of studying question of whether or not the Philippines
a biographer is to “read a society would continue to remain a colony of Spain.
through an individual’s story”( By presenting sound arguments, Rizal made
Ferratori, 1983) a compelling case that the Philippines
· Understanding Rizal, therefore, means would only remain a colony of Spain if the
comprehending the context of his Filipinos were granted reforms , particularly
time. Rizal’s biography, for example, is the freedom of the press and
not complete without mentioning the representation in the Spanish Cortes,
Industrial Revolution and the Without these reforms , Rizal foresaw the
American revolution which happened eventual the independence of the
years before he was born. Philippines resulting from a violent
revolution.
· The social impact of these events
shaped the society in which Rizal had Biography could be a tool in
lived. Moreover, Rizal’s life covers the understanding a particular period of
period from 1861 to 1896; therefore, it history. the life of an individual could not
is inevitable to look into the events in be detached from the milieu that shaped
the Philippines during the nineteenth his/her views and ideas. this chapter
century. showed how the study of biography could
be an integral factor in understanding the
· Specific episodes in Philippine history ,
broader context of national history.
like the rise in power of the Catholic
Church called by the reformists as
frailocracy; the opening of the Suez
Canal and the Philippines to free
trade; the liberal rule of Carlos Ma.
Dela Torre; the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
that resulted in the execution of
Gomburza; and the founding of the
Propaganda Movement in the 1880s,
were all significant in shaping Rizal’s
views and ideas.
· Rizal was born and grew up in a period
of massive changes not just in
Europe but also in Spain and the
Philippines.

Summary
Biography could be a tool in understanding
a particular period of history. the life of an
individual could not be detached from the
milieu that shaped his/her views and ideas.
this chapter showed how the study of
biography could be an integral factor in
understanding the broader context of
national history.

Module 6 Summary

This topic showed hoe El filibusterismo

could be used in examining the Philippine
conditions during Rizal's time. through his
novel, readers got a glimpse of the kind of
society where Rizal had lived. The
characters might be fictional but most of
the situations in the story were actual or
portrayals of similar events that happened
in the past.
The essay " The Philippine a Century
Hence" was Rizal 's attempt to answer the