Sets

Mathematics in the Modern World

 Hello!
This is your Math instructor!

My name’s Princess Diana Coquia, LPT, M. Ed.

Please call me Mam Dian
I don’t like being called Princess
But please in every assignments, reports, or
any formal papers you will submit in my class,
address my whole name.

I hope you’ll be able to enjoy mathematics as I

enjoyed it before!
Good luck!
 In this lesson…
We’ll have…
🍂 Definition of sets
🍂Sets representation
🍂Types of sets
🍂Operations of Sets
🍂Formulas
🍂Properties
Definition of Sets
What is a set?
 Sets
- Are represented as a collection of well-defined objects or elements and it
does not change from person to person.
- A set is represented by a capital letter
- Are an organized collection of objects and can be represented in a set-
builder form or roster form.
- Usually, sets are represented in curly braces {}
- for example, A={1,2,3,4}
 Elements of a set
A={1,2,3,4,5}

Where A = is a set
1,2,3,4,5= are the elements of the set A

Can be written as:

1 ∈ A, 2 ∈A, 3 ∈A, 4 ∈A, 5 ∈ A

Cardinal numbers: 5
 Commonly used sets
N = set of all natural numbers
Z = set of all integers
Q = set of all rational numbers
R = set of all real numbers
 Order of Sets
- Defines the number of elements a set is having
- It describes the size of a set.
- Also known as the cardinality
Representation
of Sets
How can we represent sets?
 Statement Form
- The well-defined descriptions of a member of a set are written and
enclosed in the curly brackets
- Example:
- The set of even numbers less than 15

- {even numbers less than 15}

 Roster Form
- All the elements of a set is listed
- Example: The set of natural numbers less than 5
- N={1,2,3,4}
 Set-builder Form
- A = { x : property}
- Example:
- Write the following sets in set-builder form: A = { 2,4,6,8}
- A ={ x : x=2n, n ∈ N and 1<= n <= 4}
Types of Sets
 Empty Set
- Does not contain any element
- Also known as void set or null set
- Denoted by {} or ∅
- Example: A set of apples in the basket of grapes.
 Singleton Set
- A set which contains a single element
- Example:
- There is only one apple in a basket of grapes
 Finite set
- Consists of a define number of elements
- Example:
- A set of natural numbers up to 10.
- A = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
 Infinite set
- Not finite
- Example:
- A set of all natural numbers
- A = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8…}
- A = { x: x is a natural number}
 Equivalent Set
- The number of elements is the same for two different set
- The order of sets does not matter here
- n(A) = n(B) where A and B are two different sets with the same number of
elements
- Example :
- If A = {1,2,3,4 } and B = {Red, Blue, Green, Black}
- n(A) = n(B)
 Equal sets
- The two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same
elements, the order of elements do not matter.
- Example:
A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {4,3,2,1}
A=B
 Disjoint sets
- The two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if the set does not contain any
common element
- Example:
- Set A= {1,2,3,4} and set B = {5,6,7,8} are disjoint sets
 Subset
- A set ‘A’ is said to be a subset of B if every element of A is also an element
of B, denoted as A ⊆ B
- Even the null set is considered to be the subset of another set.
- In general, a subset is a part of another set.
- Example:
- A = {1,2,3}, then {1,2}⊆ A .
- A ={} {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,1},{2,3}, Note: The set is also a subset of
itself
- Formula: 2𝑛
 Proper Subset
- If A ⊆ B and A ≠ B, then A is called the proper subset of B and it can be
written as A ⊂ B
- Example:
If A = {2,5,7} is a subset of B={2,5,7} then it is not a proper subset of B =
{2,5,7}
But A = { 2,5} is a subset of B = {2,5,7} and is a proper subset
 Super set
- Set A is said to be the superset of B if all the elements of set B are the
elements of set A.
- It is represented as A ⊃ B
- Example
- If set A = {1,2,3,4} and set B = {1,3,4}, then set A is the superset of B
 Universal Set
- A set which contains all the sets relevant to a certain condition
- It is the set of all possible values
- Example:
- If A = {1,2,3} and B = {2,3,4,5}, then universal set here will be:
- U = {1,2,3,4,5}
Operations on Sets
 Union of sets
- If set A and set B are two sets, then A intersection B is the set that contains
only the common elements between set A and set B.
- Denoted by A ∪ B
- Example:
- Set A = { 1,2,3} and B = {4,5,6}; then the union of sets A and B is
- A ∪ B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
 Intersection of sets
- If set A and set B are two sets, then A intersection B is the set that contains
only the common elements between set A and set B.
- Denoted as A ∩ B
- Example:
- Set A = {1,2,3} and B = {4,5,6}, then A intersection B is
- A∩B={}
 Complement of sets
- The complement of any set, say P, is the set of all elements in the universal
set that are not in set P.
- Denoted by P’
 Cartesian Product
- If set A and set B are two sets then the cartesian product of set A and set B
is a set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a is an element of a is an element
of A and b is an element of B.
- It is denoted by A x B
 Difference of sets
- If set A and set B are two sets, then set A difference set B is a set which has
elements of A but no elements of B.
- Denoted as A – B
- Example
- A = {1,2,3} and B = {2,3,4}
- A – B = {1}
Formulas to
Remember
Some of the most important set of
formulas are
Properties of sets
Try this!
Try this!
 “Beware that, when fighting
monsters, you yourself do not
become a monster… for when you
gaze long into abyss. The abyss
gazes also into you”

― Friedrich W. Nietzsche
Thank you!
Do you have any questions?