SET

- A well-defined collection of objects

- Objects – are called members or elements.

SET THEORY
- By George Cantor

A. WEL- DEFINED SETS - a group of objects, called elements that should be specific and share common characteristics
- Roster Method – listing
- Rule Method – rules
Ex. Well-defined Set or Not well-defined Set.
a. A set of boys in Grade 7 – Not well-defined set
b. A set of junior high school students at GIS – Well-defined

B. UNIVERSAL SET - simply the universe (all or totality), denoted by U, is the set that contains objects under consideration.
Ex. the universal set contains the digit 1 through 9. Ans. U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}

C. SUBSET – Set A is a subset of set B, written as A ⊂ B, if and only if every element in A is also an element in B. – a part of a
larger group. The symbol for subset, ⊂. * We all know that every set is a subset of itself: Thus {1, 2} is a subset. We also know
that the empty set is the subset of all sets, so we have { }.
Ex. Determine all the possible subsets of set.
a. {1, 2} – Ans. {1, 2} is { },{1},{ 2},{1, 2} b. {1, 2, 3} – Ans. { },{1},{ 2},{3},{1,2 },{1,3},{ 2,3},{1,2,3}

E. INTERSECTION OF SETS – The intersection of sets A and B, written as AႶB, is a set of elements that are members of both
A and B. Common elements, Ⴖ
Ex: Given: A={1,2,3,4,5,6}, B={2,4,6},and C={1,3,5,…}
Find: a. AႶB – Ans. The elements in A that are also in B are 2, 4, and 6. Hence, AႶB={2,4,6}
b. AႶC – Ans. The elements of A that are also in C are 1,3, and 5. Hence, AႶC={1,3,5}

F. UNION OF SETS – The union of sets A and B, written as AUB, is the set of elements that are members of A, or members of
B, or members of both A and B. NOTE: Combine elements and list each only once, U as a symbol
Ex: Given: A= {a, e, i, o, u} and B= {a, b, c, d, e}
Find: a. AUB – Ans. AUB= {a, e, i, o, u, b, c, d}

G. DIFFERENCE OF SETS – The difference of sets A and B, written as A-B, is a set of elements in A that are not in B.
Ex. Given: A={r, o, y, g, v, I, b} and B={r, y, b }
Find: A – B. – Ans. Taking A and subtracting B means elements in A that are not B. Thus, A-B= {o, g, v, I }

H. COMPLEMENT OF A SET – The complement of sets A, written AI, is the set of all elements in the universal set (U) that
are not in set A. The complement of A is the set of elements in U but not in A. NOTE: Universal set (U), is the set that contains
objects under consideration.
Ex. Given: U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A= {1, 2, 3}, B= {1, 5}, and C= { }
Find: a. AI – Ans. AI = {4, 5} b. BI – Ans. BI = {2, 3, 4}

I. CARDINALITY - The number of elements in a given set is called the Cardinality of a set.
Ex: Give the cardinality of each set.
a. A= {1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6} – Ans. A= {1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6} ans. n(A)=6
b. B= {vowels of the word “Mathematics”} – Ans. B={a, e, i} ans. n(B)=3

VENN DIAGRAM
relationships among things or finite groups of things
• John Venn – 1880
• help to visually represent the similarities and differences between two concepts