Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 3
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY OR AVERAGES
3.13 (i) The decision is wrong, as an average does not reveal
the whole picture.
(ii) The conclusion is wrong, as there can be several
brilliant students in the class.
(iii) The conclusion is wrong, as the mean is highly
affected by abnormally large or small values.
(iv) The conclusion is absurd as few people walk in the
middle of the road.
(adding and sub-
tracting M )
= L[(xi-M) + (M-A)] 2
x = ~
nix1 + n~2 + naXa
n l + .n2 + na
where x 1 , %2 , x3 are the means and n 1 , n 2 , n 3 are the frequencies
of the 3 components respectively.
45(2) + 40(2.5) + 65(2 )
Hence x -
45 + 40 + 65
1 9 0.9542
2 12 1.0792
3 15 1.1761
4 15 1.1761
5 16 1.2041
'
6 18 1.2553
7 2 ,; 1. 3010
8 20 1.3010
9 25 1 .3979
10 30 ,l. 4771
L 180 12.3220
Hence (i) . -
M ean, 1.e. x = ~ Lx =-
180
lo= 1
8
16 + 18
- 17
2
( 1·1·1·) GM
. . = . l og
anti- [L log x]
n
85 1. 9294 0.0118
70 1.8451 0.0143
10 1.0000 0.1000
75 1.8751 0.0133
500 2.6990 0 .0020
8 0 .9031 0.1250
42 1.6232 0.0238
40 1.6022 0.0250
36 1.5563 0.0278
. v
Mean = -;;- = Rs.
1116
= Rs. 111.60
10
G.M. .
= anti-log [L log x]
. - -=--
n
- n 10
H.M. = L (.!.) = 0 _3470 = Rs. 28.82
x
Here C .M. is the best average.
-
x = nL.x =
15566
. - 1031.13 -
15
English 73 4 292
French 82 3 246
Maths 57 3 171
Science 62 1 62
History 60 1 60
Total --- 12 831
(ii)
. . h d
W e1g te average=-
uw
Lw - l.0308.29· = Rs .10.08 per metre .
1922
l
Diwi 15797.6
(b) Average age (weighted) = Lwi =
1143
= 13.82 years
The weighted average age is more nearly the real average
age, because the mean age of each and every age-group has been
multiplied by the corresponding frequency, z.e. properly
weighted .
3.24. Calculation of the arithmetic mean, the
geometric mean and · the harmonic mean of th~ (n + 1)
values 1, 2 4, 8, 16, ... , 2n which are in geometric
progression.
The sum of the values in G.P. is obtained by the formula
a (1 - ,.n)
where r < 1.
1 - r
1 (2n + 1 - 1)
Sum of the values = - - -- - -- ( ·. · a = 1.,, r = 2 )
2 - 1
- 2n + 1 - 1.
a (r'1 - 1)
S um = , where r > 1
r-1
a (1 - r")
where r < 1
1-r
1 1 1 1 1 1
Sum of reciprocals = -1 + -3 + -9 + -27 + -81 + ·· · + -· -
3n
1 ( 1 - 3n\ i) 3 1
- 1-1/3 =2 ( l-3n+l)
( ... a= I , r=-
l)
3
1
Sum of all values can+ 1 - 1)
2
Hence x=
No. of values
= -n-+-1- - '
G.M. z: (Product of the values] 1/Cn + 1)
= can en+ 1)/~] .1/(n + 1) = gn/2; an.d
H.M. = Numbe~
of v~lues =_ n + 1
Sum of their reciprocals 3
2
(i _ l )
3n+ 1
= 0.~ 5
2
H.M. = (l) ... 1 1 = 40 miles per hour
L; 30+6Q
(c) Calculation of the Harmonic mean which is the
correct average speed of the person in the question.
3
=-------
1 1 1
8+ 7.5 + 5.5
3
- 0.3917 == 7 .66 m.p.h.
( ii ) The rates of increase in population come out to be
1.20, 1.2s ·and 1.44. The average rate of increase· would b e
their G.M.
(n -
integer, therefore median is the average value of 1
- :t.::.
·2
f
n
H ere 2, z.e. 191 is
. . h
not an integer, t . ere ore
2
Median =Size of ([ 1
~ 1] + 1}h p a ir
= Size of (95 + l)th, i.e. 96th pai ·· = 7
. n ,
Again i.e.
. not an .integer . Th, ere f ore
191 is
4 4
Q 1 = Size of ([1~ 1
] + 1}h pair,
= Size of (47 + l)th, i.e. 48th pair = 6i
Q3 - Sizeof([ 3
x~ 91
]+1}hpairs 3
: isalsonotaninteger
7n . 7 x 191 . . h f
Now , z.e. is not an integer, t ere ore
10 10
• ([ 7 X 1 91] )
- Size of · . + 1 th pair
10
- Size of (133 + l)th, i.e. 134th pair = 7 ~
P 6 -1 =
.
S ize o r .( [64x191] + 1 t pair as 6 4n is
100 100
. not. an integer
. )h.
= Size of (122 + l )th, i.e. 123th pair = 7 ~
1 26 26 26
2 113 226 139
3 120 360 259
4 95 380 354
5 60 300 414
6 42 252 456
7 21 147 477
8 14 112 491
9 5 45 496
10 4 40 500
Total 500 1888 ---
x -
LfX 1888
- 3 .78
Hence
n 500
y
Histo~am of The Frequency
200 D i st rib ution of Daily Wages
<J)
Q) 1 50
c:.>
>-
0
~
E 100
-
w
0
0
z
50 .
Daily Wages
y.
O~ ive and Location of Mee ian
500
I
425
375
30 0
22 5 -
"'J-L.... I
150
75 Mee ian
. ( =9 .1 ~ I l
10 or_ox )
I
0 )(
- . . . . s ........ . . . . 1 o _......12 - --14 ....... ---1 s· ............
~ ~
' ~ a~
.
... . t I
I I ,I
' '
4
- D a ily v. age of ~ th , i. - · 8.5 t h e mpl oyee
Median = l + h ( n -
2 r c) = 40 + IO (378 - 275 'l
122
= 40 + 8 .44 = 48 .44 years
h
- l + - -4
(n- .c 10
=30+ 1,...2 (189 - 123)
f ./ u . .
3 756
= Age of head of ( x }h, i.e. 567th household
4
which lies in the a.g e group 60 and under 65. Thus
Q3 = l + ; (3: - c)
5
= 60 + (567 - 538) = 60 + 1.45 = 61.45 years.
100
Graphical location is left as an exercise .
3.37. Calculation of the median and the quartiles.
-
Height Number Cumulative
(inches) ((> frequency
57.5 - 60.0 6 6
60.0 - 62.5 26 32
72.5 - 75 .0 38 1080
Total 1080 - --
Median = l + ~ (; - C)
1080
~ . h to f
II e1g .
t h , z.e. 270 t h person,
4
which lies in the group 65.0 - 67.5 . Thus
Qi-L+f h · 4~c (n )
- 65.0 + :s~ (270-222 - 65.0+ 0.43 = 65.43 inches.
Similarly Q 3 = l + ·{ - 4- )
h(3n C
= 6 7. 5 +
2.5 ( 810-503) = 6 7. 5 + 1 . 86 = 6 9 . 3 6 inc
. h es .
412
These results are checked on the following graph
y C umul t~ve Frequency Cur:_ve
~
I I I•
. -t- --r -
~
,_ .... _.
. ~
-f
,_ --
I ~
1000 --- · -+ - I
"
~ !
. ..rt I
I
-
I '
I I
I
I
I J
• '
I
'
-·-
.. ,_.
, .:. - - ~ 'f;. - - . .. -·- ,. •
'
) .. . ---
•I l - I•
.
!
I l
600 I
+1 I 'r
r ./2 m.. .. r -·
-- ~
~
r '
I
·
'
.-
,.
I
.
I
-~
I
I
•
R -1- I
I l I .
++-r-1 ·- ~ -+ '.
! •
t+ .
4 0 · - H~ - +-~ · "t 1 •-t '
I '
>
. ·:r..t .~ ... Tr- l I
-- "'
\
.
I
I
t ~
I
~ I
. ... - i
J 14 -- ~
- -
'
·.::. -±1: ·-- ......+
f....4.
I
' +'I
I l
• I
:- --1
. --
..
. ..--·
. .-.00
:-ili---· r
mritf-t .·
F I
m : ±tt; A
I~
'2
.'
<
l
• ~Y1!+;
I I
__ ...,c;.:.
! I I
l:t ~ ' ~-
-
Ii
- r- ~ ~-c. ~
l '
.
•
'~ .,, - _,
-<I
tfH.:±;,-~
I
:...f-j H~ + r-o r-" - .· '
•j . 1
t ,. . ,.. ·t-- · I
-~
l-r
-~ . ·~
0
' .I
1 .••
"
• l
.,. -:_ r_-~
~
c
·
:.....
0
x
r- ~ ci ...
c.t :;::t'
~
;..... ...__
L "'l
"""
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lOMoARcPSD|28349400
100-104 99.5-104.5 4 4
105-109 104.5-109.5 14 18
Total -- - 3004 --
Median = l + ; G- C)
5
= 134.5 + 450 (1 502-1130 ) = 13 4. fi + 4. 13 = 138.63
93
= age of (
2
}h, i.e. 46.5th person which lies in
Median age = l + ~ G- C)
... 10 85
- 19.o + (46 .5-38 ) = 19.5 + = 23.36 years
22 22
3.40. (b) Calculation of the median, the lower and
the upper q" arti les.
Class Interval Class boundaries f F
Un d er 25 upto 24 .5 222 222
25-29 24.5- 29 .5 405 627
30-34 29.5-34 .5 508 1135
35-39 34 .5-39 .5 520 1655
40-44 39 .5-44. 5 525 2180
45-49 44 .5-49 .5 490 2670
50-54 49.5-54 .5 457 3127
55-59 54 .5-59 .5 41 6 3543
60 & over 59.5+ over 166 3709
Total -·- 3709 ---
= Size of
37 9
2
°
th , i.e .. 1854.5th observation, which
lies in the group 39.5 - 44.5. Thus
Median =l + ( (~ - C)
5
= 39.5 + 525 (1854.5 - 1655) = 39.5 + 1.9 = 41.4
Similarly, Q 1 = l + ~ (~ - C)
5
== 29.5 + (927 .25-627) = 29.5 + 2.96 = 32 .46; and
508
5
= 49'.5 + 457 (2781.75- 2670) = 49 .5 + 1.22 = 50.72
"'Lfx
Mean - ---'-- -
5967 5
· - 79.57 kilowatt hours
n 75
= Kilowatt hours of (7 2
5
)h i.e. 37.5th consumer
Median - l + jl - C) = 64.5 + ~ 3 7 .5 - 24
270
= 64 .5 + - - = 76. 77 kilowatt hours
22
= kilowstt hours of (7 5
4
}h i.e. 18. 75th consume ·.
h rn . 20 ,...,..
:::. l + - - -
f 4
c
/
= 44. 5. + l ·i
·-t
( 18. 'I -1 0
17-
- 44 . + - - = 57 .0 kilowatt hours
14
S imi arly Q , =l +
hf (~ n - C) :;: 84 .5 + ~-.t r:: .25 - 461
4
205
- 84.5 + - 99 . 14 kilowatt hours .
14
3.1--3.3 3.2 20 -4 - 80 39
3.3-3.5 3.4 47 -3 -141 86
I
5
= yield of ~ 0 h,t i.e. 250th plot, which lies in the
r (n - c)
0 2
Median =l + h = 3 9 + · ( 250 - 227 )
2 · 88
= 3.9 + 0.05 = 3.95 lb.
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lOMoARcPSD|28349400
5
= y ield of ~ 0 ht i.e. !25th plot, which lies in
the gro JP 3 .5 - 3 . 7
f (n- c) =
0 2
= l + h 3 5 + · ( 125-86
4 . 63
= 4 .1 + 0 .1 7 = 4 .2 7 lb
3.43. Calculation of the average w-eight, the median
weight, the mode, etc.
Class Boundries No . of Seeds x fx F
((>
9 .95- 24.95 16 17.45 279.20 16
24.95- 39.95 68 32 .45 2206.60 84
39.95-54.95 204 4 7 .45 9679 .80 28 8
54.95- 69.95 233 62 .45 14550.85 52 1
. 240 77.45 18588.00 76 1
69.95-84.95
84.95- 99.95 655 92 .45 60554. 75 141 6
(a)
. h
Average we1g t =
L nfx. = 2a1sas . 10
= 9 1. 27 . .
m1 11 igrams
2538
25 38
= weight of ( 2
)h, i.e. 1269th seed which lies
((m - f1)
Mode = l + -------- x h
(fm - f 1) + <fm - f 2)
= 99. 95 + _ _ _( 8 - 0- 3- - -6-5-5-)- - - x 15
(80.3 - 655) + (803 - 294)
148 148
= 99.95 + 148 + 509 x 15 = 99.95 + 657 15
25 38
= weight of ( }h, i.e. 634.5th seed which lies
4
in the group 69.95-84.95. Thus
Ql =l + ~ (: - c) = 69.95 1
+ 2 :0 (634.5- 521)
Q3 =l 3
+ h ( n -
f 4
c) = 99 95 + ~ . 803
(1903 5-1416)
.
= 99.95 + 9.11 = 109.06 milligrams;
3
D3 = l + h ( n -
f 10 c) = 84 .95 + _!§__
655
(761 4 - 761)
.
= 84.95 + 0.01 = 84.96 milligrams; and
p ·t~ \) =l + h(
f
45
100
n - c) = 84 95 + ~
. 655
(1142 10-761)
.
Mean =a+
'Lfu x h
n
- 149 + (- ~o 9
C l = 149 - 2. 025 = 146. 975
= Weight of (~
0
} h , i.e. 20t h stude nt, whi c h lies
in the group 144.5- 153 .5 (class .boundaries )
Median =
'
l + h
f 2.
(n - c) = 144 5 .
+ ~ 12 (20- 17)
666 0
Now x = Lfx = · = 11.10 short tons
n 60
Median= l + h (n -
f 2 c) = 5
10 75 + 0. (30 - 19>
. 17
fm - f1 x h
~!ode =l +
(fm - f 1) + (fm - r2)
(17 - 12)
- 10.75 + - - - - - -- - - . 0.5
(17-12)+ (17 - 14
- 1 0. 7 5 + 0. 31 = 11 .0 6 short tons.
3.47. Calculations needed to find the modal and the
median wages are given in the table below:
Daily Wages Class No. of Employees F
(Rs.) Boundries ({)
22 21 - 23 3 3
24 23 - 25 13 16
26 25 - 27 43 59
28 27 - 29 102 161
30 29 - 31 175 3:36
32 31 - 33 220 556
34 33 - 35 204 760
36 35 - 37 139 899
38 37 - 39 69 968
40 39 - 41 25 993
42 41 - 43 6 999
44 43 - 45 1 1000
Total --- 1000 --
Mode wage =l + rm - f 1 x h
({m - r] ) + ({m - f 2)
= 31 + (220 - 175) x 2
(220 - 175) + (220 - 204)
45
= 31 + + 2 = 31 + 1.48 = Rs . 32.48
45 16
Median wage= l + ~ G- C) = 31 +
2~0 (500 - 336)
328
= 31 + 220 = 31 + 1.49 == Rs. 32.49
•••••••••