Introduction and Need for FSM

Training on Faecal Sludge

Management, 3rd August 2018

Training By:

In association with:
What happens to the
wastewater generated
from households in
your respective towns?
 Domestic wastewater
Black water?

Grey water?
Snapshots of India

CURRENT SITUATION
 In India…
595 million people 1000 children die
do not use toilets and from unsanitary
resort to unsafe open defecation practices,
defecation every day

65,000 tons of 43% of children

excrement are openly suffer from disease
discharged, every day caused by open
defecation

One gram of feces has:

10,000,000 viruses
1,000,000 bacteria

Proof of toilet alone increasing the sanitation problem

Children in households with poor FSM had 3.78-10 times higher

prevalence of diseases (enteric infection) when compared with
children in other households, even those without toilets. CMC
Vellore Sources: World Health
Organization, UNICEF,
United Nations
 Policy Goals of Sanitation
One gram of feces
has:
1. Public Health : Especially Children 1 cr viruses
2. Environment : Especially lakes 10, Lac
Bacteria
3. Convenience : Visual and smell
250 children die
4. Safety : Especially for women every day in India

• Toilet (without treatment) addresses successfully the last

two problems but unintentionally increases the first two

• Sanitation problem doesn’t end, but starts after building

toilets + (urbanization)
 India 2011
Reuse/
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
Disposal
Effectively Treated
(5.2%)
5.2%
Centralized
System (11.9%) Not Effectively
13.9% Leakage includes Treated (3.08%)
DEWATS
WC (3.6%+ 0.2%) Effectively Treated
Decentralized (1.4%) 1.4%
systems (2%)
Not Effectively
Treated (0.45%)

Legally dumped (9.3%) Not Effectively

6.7%
Safely
Treated (9.21%)
Emptied
36.18% (31%) Illegally dumped (21.7%)
On-Site Safely Abandoned 0.1%
Facility (0.09%)
Un-Safely
Emptied (5.18%)

50%
OD /
Open
Discharg
e 93.3%

49.9% 5.2% 21.7% 12.7% 3.8%

Domestic Environment Agriculture field Receiving Waters
Data Source Census 2011
 India 2025
Reuse/
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
Disposal
Effectively Treated
(12%) 12%
Centralized
Not Effectively
26% System (20%) Leakage includes Treated (3%)
DEWATS (5%
WC +0.6%)
Effectively Treated
Decentralized (4.6%) 5%
systems
(6%) Not Effectively
Treated (0.81%)

Legally dumped (26.0%) Not Effectively

19.5%
Safely Treated (26. %)
Emptied Illegally dumped (19.2%)
(48%)
59% Safely Abandoned 3%
On-Site (2.88%)

Facility

Un-Safely
Emptied (11%)

15%
OD /
Open 80.5%
Dischar
ge
15% 11% 19% 30% 6%
Domestic Environment Agriculture field Receiving Waters
CDD Society projections based on Census 2011
Sanitation Value Chain
Toilet (user interface)

Urine diversion dry

Pedestal type toilet
toilet

Cistern flush toilet Pour flush toilet

Containment

Soak pit Twin pit

Septic tank Holding

tank
 Transportation

Honey Sewer
sucker system
 Treatment

Centralized Decentralized
treatment treatment
plant plant
 Disposal & Reuse

Farm land

Lake /river

Landscaping
What is Faecal Sludge?

It is raw, partially digested semi-solid slurry that has

been contained over a period of time, the source of
which is human excreta or black water.
 What is FSM?
On-site sanitation technology Faecal Sludge Management

User Containment Collection and Treatment Use or Disposal

interface Transport

Faecal sludge management is a systems approach towards building a

sustainable and environmentally safe infrastructure for all components
across the sanitation value chain of non networked households.
Faecal Sludge and Septage
Solid or settled contents of pit
latrines and septic tanks. Differs
from household to household, from
city to city and country to country

Faecal Sludge

Septage

Settled solid matter in a semi-solid condition at

Fresh faeces from
the bottom of septic tank; mixture of solids and
public toilets
water with offensive odor
 Why FSM?

Immediate surroundings

Safe Disposal
?

Toilets without proper collection/treatment system

will INCREASE sanitation problem
 Budget for wastewater
Description Total Budget Wastewater
USD INR % INR/capita
AMRUT 0.63 B 41 B 31% 10
State and City 0.20 B 13 B 100% 10
Smart City 0.50 B 32 B 25% 6
National River Conser 0.06 B 4B 50% 1
SPM Rurban Mission 0.04 B 3B 30% 1
Namami Gange 0.35 B 23 B 60% 10
External Assistance 3.38 B 220 B 5% 8
Total 46
 Cost and budget for sewer system

Cost Budget per

INR
20,000
year

IN R 4 6

INR INR 46
20,000
 Goals of FSM
To ensure all To ensure faecal sludge
is collected safely and
feaces is collected scientifically and
safely and transported to place of
scientifically treatment

To ensure faecal To ensure

sludge is treated to reusable products
safe reusable sustain the value
products chain
What is the key Learning?
 Economic comparison – Case of Trichy

FSM
All costs are per capita
Life cycle cost of conveyance Rs.1505
and treatment of Faecal
Sludge
Sewerage Cost
Life cycle cost for Rs.13965
sewerage and STP
Grey water management
Conveyance as % of 66%
life cycle cost
Life cycle cost for Grey water Rs. 4700
management

Rs. 13965 Rs. 6205

 Thank you!!

CDD Society
Survey No.205 (Opp. Beedi Workers Colony)
Follow CDD Society India on:
Kommaghatta Road
Bandemath Kengeri Satellite Town
Bangalore 560 060, India
Tel/Fax: +91-(0) 80 – 28486700
Website:
bangalore@cddindia.org www.cddindia.org