Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant

at Devanahalli
Presented by
Amresh Sinha
CDD Society Bangalore
CDD Society Bangalore
Date: December 23rd & 24th 2016
Place: Lucknow

Under Sanitation Capacity Platform

(SCBP)
Sanitation Capacity Building Platform

What is it?
Collaborative effort by NIUA for Mainstreaming Fecal Sludge Management
at the state level and national sanitation agenda. Working with Expert
Partner organsiations for FSM solutions, upscaling of capacity building
and national level advoacy with the NFSSM group.

We can
We have help you!
sanitation
challenges!

ULB
WASHi

2
 CDD : Introduction

• Est. 2002
• 90 Professionals
• 21 Partner Orgs.

1.Technical Training • 350+ DEWATS designed

2.Consulting Services • Labs, Classrooms, Models
3.Wastewater Treatment • 500+ Engineers Trained
4.Faecal Sludge Mgmt • Resource Center, MDWSS
5.Research and Knowledge • Presented @250+conferences
3
 Shit Flow Diagram : Today
Reuse/
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
Disposal
Effectively Treated
(5.2%)
5.2%
Centralized System
(11.9%) Not Effectively
13.9% Leakage includes Treated (3.08%)
DEWATS
WC (3.6%+ 0.2%) Effectively Treated
Decentralized (1.4%) 1.4%
systems (2%)
Not Effectively
Treated (0.45%)

Legally dumped (9.3%) Not Effectively

6.7%
Safely Emptied Treated (9.21%)
36.18% (31%) Illegally dumped (21.7%)
On-Site Safely Abandoned 0.1%
Facility (0.09%)
Un-Safely Emptied
(5.18%)

50%
OD /
Open
Discharg
e 93.3%

49.9% 5.2% 21.7% 12.7% 3.8%

Domestic Environment Agriculture field Receiving Waters
Data Source Census 2011 4
 SFD : Urban India, 2020
Reuse/
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
Disposal
Effectively Treated
(12%) 12%
Centralized System
Not Effectively
26% (20%) Treated (3%)
Leakage includes
WC DEWATS (5%+0.6%)
Effectively Treated
Decentralized
(4.6%) 5%
systems (6%) Not Effectively
Treated (0.81%)

Legally dumped (26.0%) Not Effectively

19.5%
Safely Treated (26. %)
Emptied Illegally dumped (19.2%)
(48%)
59% Safely Abandoned 3%
On-Site (2.88%)

Facility

Un-Safely Emptied
(11%)

15%
OD /
Open
80.5%
Discharge
15% 11% 19% 30% 6%
Domestic Environment Agriculture field Receiving Waters
 Scale of challenge Facing India
In Urban India…

40 billion liters of 93% is untreated, 4 Lakh Crores, the World

human waste is causing severe water Bank estimates as the cost
produced every day pollution and disease of poor sanitation
More than Black Money

In the next 15 years, Urban India is expected to grow by 50% to 60 Crores

people

How do you deliver sustainable sanitation solutions to 60 Crores people?

 The Sanitation Value Chain India
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers

• 50% OD
• Urban: ~10% OD (40% of slums)
• Terrible community toilets

Actions:
• Swachh Bharat Mission
• CSR
7
 The Sanitation Value Chain
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers

• 35% toilets have on-site storage:

70% by 2020
• Standards not followed, poor
construction, no lining
• Septage seeping into the ground

Actions: Virtually None 8

 The Sanitation Value Chain
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers

• Unorganized sector, mostly private

• Decent service levels to client
• Poor operating conditions (employees)
• Profitable businesses

Actions:
• Better trucks now available
9
 The Sanitation Value Chain
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers

• Almost none—some STPs allow sludge dumping but very little,

~0 (tech issues)
• Transporters dump in fields, drains, water bodies, open land

Actions:
• FSTP in Devanahalli
• Strong demand
10
 The Sanitation Value Chain
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers

• Small fraction is used directly in fields

• Farmers fear health hazard, smells, inconvenient
• No testing, No standards, No widespread safety measures

Actions:
• None
11
 The Sanitation Value Chain
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers

12
 Project Objectives
1
To establish a independent fecal sludge treatment Plant as Pilot

2
To ensure good O&M of sanitation infrastructure which leads to reduction
in risks to public health and environment

3
To treat the septage to prescribed reuse standards

4
To produce a hygienic and safe by-products for reuse
 Background

• Devanahalli is a Town located in

Bangalore Rural District

• The Devanahalli Town is located

39 km to the North-East of
Bangalore

• Population- 35000

• Area - 16 Sq.km

• Close proximity to Airport

14
 About Devanahalli TMC

• Households depend • No UGD connection

• 23 wards` • Faecal sludge is
on septic tanks and
• 6500 households
pits for waste disposal disposed at
• No of Septic tanks undesignated
/pits in TMC: 5,110 locations (farms,
drains, …..)
More than 5% of town residents use public toilets
or resort to open defecation

15
 Storage : Collection / Outlet

78% 10% 3% 6%

Single Pit Septic Tank Twin Pit Open drain

.

16
 The Data…

Septic
tank/Pit Septic tank/Pits
with without lining
lining

770 HH (35%) 1,446 HH (65%) >5 Yrs

Never 339
917 (16%)
(44%)

<5 Yrs
821 (40%)

Desludging Frequency
17
 Implying…
Never >5 Yrs
Septic 917 339 (16%)
Septic (44%)
tank/ Pit tank/Pits
with lining without lining
<5 Yrs
821 (40%)

Un-lined Containment Infrequent Desludging

Most sewage seeping into the ground untreated

Recommend : Retro-Fit Tanks + Planned Desludging

18
 Location of Septic Tank

Below Road Front of House

(10%) (41%)

Under Toilet (3%)

Next to Toilet
(7%)
Behind House
(39%)

19
 Transportation
• TMC desludging vehicle
(capacity 4,000L)

• 1 - 2 loads de-sludged
daily—dumped in fields

• Private Players too

• No sewer system planned in near future--limited water

• City is growing—need to act

20
Transportation

21
 Re-Use
• Private and ULB Truck
dump sludge in fields

• Potentially unsafe—
farmers don’t want to
handle it

• Farms not easily accessible—Peri-urban farms shrinking

• Need a better supply chain for safer, widespread re-use

22
 Our Solution: FSM
Challenge: improper Solution: low-tech fecal
dumping water treatment

Storage Transport Treatment Reuse

Collection at Contractors Proprietary Enriched waste

Status quo: improper designated transport waste treatment provided for
dumping causes septic locations waste to FSTP for local reuse agricultural use
pollution, disease and
environmental damage

1. Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant

 Selection criteria
• To meet the required discharge standards for safe disposal
• Social acceptability and people’s preference
• Ease in operation (simplicity) and maintenance of the treatment
unit
• Safe and hygienic operation for operators and mainatainace staff
• Affordable O&M cost for the TMC
• Minimization / No usage of electromechanical inputs for treatment
as well as disposal
• Reasonable capital cost and construction area requirement
• To meet the reuse standards of its by-products

24
 Treatment Process
Anaerobic Digestion based Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant
1 FSTP at Centre for Advanced Sanitation Solution (CASS)
Separation of solids
• Treatment
2 principles and
Sludge stabilization process adopted
based on the
3 experience of
Dewatering / Drying research unit
4 • Treatment
Sludge percolate
Capacity – max
treatment
3m3 of faecal
5 sludge / septage
Disinfection
• Feed frequency
6 – daily
Safe disposal / Reuse 25
 Design considerations
• Feed type – Faecal sludge/septage
• Feed frequency – Daily discharge
• Treatment capacity – max 8 cum/day
• Treatment approach – Gravity based biological treatment system
• Faecal sludge characteristics
Fresh Septage / Average value
Sample Parameters
Fecal Sludge mg/l mg/l
BOD, mg/l 10,000 - 30,000 20,000
COD, mg/l 20,000 - 60,000 40,000
Total Solids 30,000 - 80,000 50,000
pH 5.8- 7.8 7.2
Coliform 1 x 104 - 1 x 107 3 x 106

26
 Treatment modules
Screening Solid-Liquid Separation Sludge Stabilization

Screen and Grit Chamber Equalisation/ Settling Tank Anaerobic Digestion

Reactor

Constructed Wetland Co-composting

Deep Row Entrenchment

Liquid Treatment Disinfection Dewatering

DEWATS Co-composting Unplanted Drying Bed

Cocopeat Lime Dosing Geotube Bags

Planted Drying Bed

Flow - Diagram

27
 Treatment Modules
Screen chamber / Settling tank Inlet pipe from
screen chamber

4000
Brick Wall
Stainless Steel flat
2cm opening (vertical) 200mm thk Overflow pipe to
liquid treatment
Brick Wall
(34" thick)

2100
unit

250
Supernatent outlet
RCC slab
PCC Bed Outlet pipe with valve
To Biogas Digester

Sludge outlet pipe

with valve
 Treatment Modules
Anaerobic Stabilisation Reactor

112" dia GI pipe

Pre-cast manhole for gas outlet
cover slab
EGL EGL EGL
800

4" dia PVC pipe

BGS Outlet
IL of Inlet
400
RCC top slab
8" dia PVC pipe
BGS Inlet +100.80

3000 3000

Inlet pipe Outlet Pipe

1350
Brick wall

RCC slab
RCC slab

Biogas Digester Stabilisation Tank

 Treatment Modules
Unplanted Drying Bed
11490
5500

5880
X X

2100

To Filterate btreatment

Plan: Sludge drying bed

SDB inlet
lvl +98.00
+98.30
200

100

+98.10
100
150
150

+98.00 SDB outlet

lvl +97.00
1000
700

+97.00

Section XX
 Treatment Modules
DEWATS / Composting
 O&M Requirements

Operation Requirements Maintenance Requirements

• Receive Faecal sludge • Cleaning of pipes

• Influent quality check • Desludging
• Cleaning of Screens • Cleaning of filter
• Operation of Valves materials in PGF
• Harvesting of Plants in • Cleaning of filter
PGF materials in SDB
• Removal of dried solids • Repair of pipes/valves
from SDB

32

Maximum Treatment Capacity – 8 Cum/day
• Total area – 650 Sqmt
• Treatment unit – 350sqmt
• Others – 300sqmt
• Cost of Treatment Unit
– INR 40 Lakhs
• Cost of other civil structure –
INR 20 Lakhs
• Cost of O&M – Estimated
INR 5-6 Lakhs
Construction Details
• Construction type
• Civil based
• FRP Prefabricated
• Construction period
• 6 months
• Plant commissioning
• November 2015
 Construction Layout /
ACCESS ROAD
Hydraulic Profile
3000

3000
4090
2540

630

2785
2155
2770

2250 2250

3515

3515
3400

1000
1500 1500
1800

3000

886
750

750
2000
4000 4000
To collection tank
Planted Gravel Filter

1810

6000

3000

3490
5636
6480

2800

2800
Anaerobic baffle reactor

To Filterate treatment

2100 2100

Mesh for screening

Screening chamber chamber (25 mm)
inlet lvl +101.30

5500

5500
150

Supernetant overflow
lvl +100.90

680
300

Feeding tank
inlet lvl +101.00 Supernetant outlet
lvl +100.35
800

FFL +100.30
950

Feeding tank Stabilization tank

1750 Biogas Settler
Road lvl +100.00 outlet lvl 99.95 Baffle wall
outlet lvl +99.70
overflow lvl +99.50

Biogas Settler
inlet lvl +99.80 FEACAL SLUDGE TREATMENT
2300

Stabilization tank

FACILITY
inlet lvl +99.60
Stabilization tank
1000

outlet lvl +98.50

+98.45 SDB inlet
1000 Sludge top

100
175
250
lvl +97.90
400

+98.00 +98.00 lvl +97.80

+98.00
450

+98.00
3000
+97.50 Section YY

150
Biogas digster PGF Inlet Planted Gravel Filter PGF outlet
lvl +98.30
lvl +97.70 +96.98
SDB outlet
lvl +97.00
Sludge drying bed
Treatment modules
 Performance Assessment
Sample Parameters Expected Effluent quality of
liquid fraction
BOD, mg/l < 30
COD, mg/l < 250
pH 7.5- 8.5
NH4-N mg/l < 50
PO4- P mg/l <5

Influent Effluent
 Operations

• Detailed daily monitoring at every step

• Daily MIS circulated to all parties:
• Volume of Sludge Received (liters)6,65,800
• Volume of Water Treated (liters) 3,31,290
• Volume of Solids Treated (liters) 3,34,510
• Sludge Produced (kg) 17 T
• Visitors 1000+

37
 Financials
• Treatment capacity Max 6 m3/day
• Can serve 2,800-4,000 households (cleaning every 2-3 yrs)

Total Per Household

CapEx Rs 60 Lakhs Rs 200

OpEx
Rs 6 Lakhs Rs 20
(annual)

38
 Operating Model

• Private and ULB trucks can bring Sludge here : Free

• TMC agreed to pay O&M costs

• Grant covered CapEx; TMC provided land and services

• Land sold for Advertisement Space

• Integrated O & M Contract for Truck and Plant operations

39
 Closing the loop- Environment Sustainability

Closing of nutrient cycle by ensuring the reuse of by products

Sludge as soil conditioner Biogas for heating Water for irrigation

 Integrating Food Security

• Treated wastewater is nutrient-rich

• Reduces chemical fertilizer by 40-70%

• Ideal for urban farming—global trend

• Can connect to community toilets or local sewer system

• Immediate impact on nutrition and farming livelihoods

41
 Social Impact of FSM
Sanitation spend has one of the highest ROI

For every Rs 1 spent on sanitation, Rs 4.6 of benefits are generated

Economy Total Benefit Quality of Life

2.45x 4.6x 13%

CAPEX aggregate of total benefit
multiplier* multiplier*
1 Crores 1 Crores CAPEX/FSTP 1 crores
CAPEX/FSTP CAPEX/FSTP

Rs 2.5 Crores in 2.5 Crores in aggregate Rs 60 Lakhs in health care

economic value for benefits for local savings for local
local community, community, per plant community, per plant
per plant constructed constructed constructed
1. Return on Investment, 2. According to World Health Organization: 2012 sanitation report
 Buy in Generated till now…
Raj. CM requested
presentation;
Doing 3-day training +
exposure visit to ADB and
State Govt. team
Sandvik Asia
(CSR): exploring
FSM for 1 town
near Pune
Robertsonpet: $2.3Mn for
FSM under AMRUT; Gulbarga:
$150,000 sanctioned for 2
FSTPs; O&M oversight
UP/Bihar: SupportAMRUT/NIUA
Nepal: 1 FSTP commissioned, 1 in
process
B’desh: ADB 4 cities
sanitation projects
Orissa: Supporting for 9 AMRUT
cities + 101 other towns
AP: MoU signed with CM for
comprehensive tech support
Rs 3Cr for technical
advisory to Govt. of TN
43
 Wastewater Infrastructure
• 7,000 towns with 400 Million people (600Mn by 2030)
• All cities need combination of approaches to solve challenge:

Approach Notes Cap Ex per Capita

Rs 20,000
1. Centralized • Difficult and disruptive
Sewerage Systems [pop 200,000=
• Many failed / partial treatment Rs 400Cr]

2. De-centralized • Implement in phased manner Rs 4,000 – 6,000

Wastewater • Local re-cycling of water
Treatment Systems • Regulations—bulk generators invest [Rs 100Cr]

3. Faecal Sludge • Very simple, quick and low cost Rs 750

Management • Need good logistics operations [Rs 15Cr]
• Technical skills not easily available
Thank You

www.niua.org

National Institute of Urban Affairs

Core 4B, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road
New Delhi 110003

011- 24617517

agupta@niua.org, jdash@niua.org