Remigiusz Kurec dzieło listopad 2022

Reading exercises.
Scan the text and answer the questions.\

It can seem like an almost childish mistake, but a surprising number

of adults confuse left from right and scientists are only just starting
to understand why.

When British brain surgeon Henry Marsh sat down beside his patient's
bed following surgery, the bad news he was about to deliver stemmed
from his own mistake. The man had a trapped nerve in his arm that
required an operation – but after making a midline incision in his
neck, Marsh had drilled out the nerve on the wrong side of his
spinal column.
Preventable medical mistakes frequently involve wrong-sided
surgery: an injection to the wrong eye, for example, or a biopsy from
the wrong breast. These "never events" – serious and largely
preventable patient safety accidents – highlight that, while most of us
learn as children how to tell left from right, not everyone gets it right.
While for some people, telling left from right is as easy as telling up
from down, a significant minority – around one in six people,
according to a recent study – struggle with the distinction. Even for
those who believe they have no issues, distractions such as ambient
noise, or having to answer unrelated questions, can get in the way of
making the right choice.
"Nobody has difficulty in saying [something is] front and back, or top
and bottom," says Ineke van der Ham, assistant professor of
neuropsychology at Leiden University in the Netherlands. But telling
left from right is different, she says. "It's because of the symmetry, and
because when you turn around, it's the other way around, and that
makes it so confusing."
Left-right discrimination is actually quite a complex process, calling
upon memory, language, visual and spatial processing, and mental
rotation. In fact, researchers are only just beginning to get to the
bottom of exactly what's going on in our brains when we do it – and
why it's much easier for some people than others.

"Some individuals can tell right from left innately, just can do it
without thinking," says Gerard Gormley, a GP and clinical professor
at Queen's University Belfast in Northern Ireland. "But others have to
go through a process." In an effort to understand what happens in
wrong-sided medical errors, Gormley and his colleagues have
conducted research on medical students' experience of making left-
right decisions and examined the process.
"First of all, you have to orient right from left in yourself," he says.
When the answer doesn't come instantly, participants described
various techniques, from making an L shape with their thumb and
index finger, to thinking about which hand they use to write, or strum
a guitar. "For some people it's a tattoo on their body or a piercing,"
Gormley says.
Then, when figuring out which side is someone else's left or right, the
next step is mentally rotating yourself so you're facing in the same
direction as the other person. "If I'm facing you, my left hand will be
opposite your right hand," says Gormley. "That idea of mentally
rotating an object adds an extra degree of complexity." Other research
shows that people tend to find it easier to judge if an image shows a
left or right hand by imagining their own hand or body rotating.

1. Explain the highlighted phrases and use them to built your own sentences.

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Explain these words and phrases:

Wrong sided medical errors-

Wrongfully accused –

Termination of medical agreement

Medical procedures standards ;

Prepare a short presentation on the dangers of medical procedures on examples

such as tatoos, plastic surgery etc.