Solid State Technology

Volume: 63 Issue:6
Publication Year: 2020

Personal Protective Equipment In Construction,

Accidents Involved In Construction Infrastructure
Projects
Syed Ammad1, Wesam Salah Alaloul2, Syed Saad3, Abdul Hannan Qureshi4,
Nadeem Sheikh5, Mujahid Ali6, Muhammad Altaf7
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University Technology Petronas,
Persiaran UTP, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
1
syed_18003311@utp.edu.my, 2wesam.alaloul@utp.edu.my,
3
syed_19000314@utp.edu.my,4syed_19000314@utp.edu.my, 5nadeem_18000052@utp.edu.my,
6
mujahid_19001704@utp.edu.my,7muhammad_20000250@utp.edu.my

Abstract- The construction industry is considered as being risky with frequent and high accident
rates and health problems. It is dynamic and changeable due to the advancement and complexity in
the field of infrastructure projects related to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Safety and health
at any given infrastructure site are associated with both the physical as well as psychological
dimensions of committed stakeholders during the construction lifecycle. Thus, this aspect has
become a primary concern for any organization affiliated with the day by day tasks assigned to the
site workers. Safety and health at this moment are crucial for the project objectives and achievements
as well as a charitable concern which involves proper management. The main purpose of this paper
is to measure the impacts of accidents frequency and consequences in the infrastructure projects, to
determine whether the PPE is properly practiced according to the health and safety (HSE) standards,
after extracting the critical factors from the various case studies. The critical factors (CF) highlighted
in this paper are reflected in the critical success factor (CSF) to narrow down the frequent accidents
and associated factors to mitigate the rate of inflations. The CSF clusters are further classified and
studied in-depth for further studies of parameters related to accidental impacts.
In order to do a critical literature review, a broad range of studies from 2004-2019 were followed,
based on the global statistics, it had been estimated that more than 2 000 000 people worldwide were
considered as disabled because of work-related injuries annually. Furthermore, it was also studied
that 25% or more accidents caused because of sudden injuries, including heads, eyes, arms, and legs.
The study reviewed that significant problems in infrastructure projects were permanent disabilities,
non-permanent disabilities, and sudden deaths. This paper will help to access the findings towards
reducing the number of CF at the workplace that causes sudden accidents, as reported in this paper.
Keywords: Construction Infrastructure, Hazard and Safety, Personal Protective Equipment

I. INTRODUCTION
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PPE (Personal protective equipment) has several types of aspects, and each of them has its roles
[1], which involves safety related to hearing, protection for eyes, respiratory safety, skin protection,

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and essential protection in the form of clothing that can reduce the impact, safety impact helmets,
rescue belts, and lifelines which could save a life [2]. Personal protective equipment possesses
limitations, and it does not eliminate all the hazards [3] in infrastructure projects. Therefore,
equipment must be chosen according to the need bestowing to the conditions of use. Before using any
safety equipment, workers must be trained and educated [4]. Head protective hats, which are one of
the oldest and very frequently used PPE in construction projects, provide protection against impact
blows, to withstand penetration, and engross the shock of a blow. Respiratory protection is essential
PPE giving US information on respirator requirements to control the occupational diseases being
developed caused by harmful dust, fumes, fog, gases, smoke, sprays, and vapours [2]. Arm and hand
protection include safety gloves which prevent from Blisters, wounds, electrical shock, amputation,
and engagement of chemicals are examples of hazards associated with arm and hand injuries [5]. Ear
Safety is used to prevent contact from high noise levels [3], Which may cause hearing loss or
weakening. There is no treatment for noise-induced hearing loss. Eye and face protection ears one of
the most essential PPE considered in construction [2]; precise eye protection must be provided when
the eyes or face of the worker is exposed, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or corrosive liquids,
chemical gases or vapours can be damaged, potentially damaging the eye[5]. Table 1 demonstrates
some of the related studies describing the safety problems that occurred on the construction site and
the critical success factors that revolve around any construction infrastructure's success.

Table 1: Papers related to Critical Success Factors (CSF) of health and safety in Infrastructure

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II. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

At the beginning of the 1800s, the solidification of hats can be done by building workers in a way
that they would paint their hats in tar and left them under the sun. As a result, it hardened enough to
protect their heads from being struck by falling objects. At present, the necessity of hard hats cannot
be denied in all the operational sites. The certification of hard hats has been made necessary in Canada
and the Canadian Safety Association (CSA). The idea behind this is to make sure the PPE meets the
minimum standards. When there is work in the mining industry or a work-related to the construction
site, hard hats are mandatory in North America. The foremost causes of the hazards are the direct
striking of the foreign objects onto the head, such as debris, dropping equipment, and moving
mechanical machinery.
Furthermore, head injuries can also cause slips, trips, and falls. The correct use of PPE is another
way of saving occupational accidents on sites. The main objective is to attain optimal safety when
operating in dangerous or hazardous areas. As per discussion, there are numerous kinds of PPE, and
respectively all of them have various purposes [2]. Accordingly, PPE has a restriction. It does not
eliminate a threat if the PPE fails, and the failure is not spotted. Therefore, the PPE must be selected
accordingly and adequately to its use, and its ailment must be monitored. Workers should be imposed
to be trained before using any type of safety gear [4]. For daily workers and skilled workers, health is
an unsolved problem. Accidents in construction projects often occur every year, often because of
PPE's lack or when not wearing adequate PPE [6]. PPE is equipment that protects workers against
safety risks at work. The PPE's main aim is to minimize the exposure of workers when the
engineering and administrative control measures are not possible or effective to reduce the risk to the
level. The risk of this hazard can be anything from slippery floors to falling debris and everything in
between. Accidents in the construction industry are extremely noticeable as no (PPE) is available.
PPE includes helmets, eye protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear, safety belts, and
sometimes respiratory protective equipment. Security is a big concern for all laborers. There is no
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denying that construction infrastructure projects pose a great deal of danger.

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III. SAFETY ISSUES AROUND THE GLOBE

Countries are facing issues related to safety [7], PPE is compulsory for a variety of industries such
as construction and mining [8], PPE can change according to the wearer’s working conditions. The
use of PPE is discussed in one of the studies in which it has been discussed why It is important to use
PPE to ensure that the workplace is as safe as possible in accordance with health and safety.
Instructions and policies must be followed, and staff must be adequately trained and supervised [9].
But some hazards remain even after these safe work systems have been introduced. [10]. A safety
management system in the industry is that part of the organization that includes the workers' health
and safety. According to the company rules and regulations and in case of an accident, the planning
for the individual's prevention and safety affected. Safety equipment Contains products that support a
user from any uncertainty. It is needed to reduce the risk of being affected by different conditions in
the workplace. The main causes of hazards in the workplace may include physical, mechanical,
electrical, and chemical.

IV. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS IN CONSTRUCTION INFRASTRUCTURE

The cause of injuries has been researched and divided into two main human and physical factors in
the construction industry. The leading problems in safety awareness, lack of educational training,
absence of company assurance and practical advice, unregulated activity and lack of safety
investments, non-trained skills and insufficient equipment cause accidents to happen [11]. The lack of
first aid, the absence of severe implementation of regulations for safety, the deficiency of PPE, the
absence of protection in transport and storage materials, the non-existence of team spirits, the
improper management on safety management, the absence of new technology and a poor flow of
information. Table 2 elaborate on the papers related to safety in infrastructure projects.

Table 2: Papers related to safety in construction.

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V. HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES BY OCCUPATION AND INCIDENT KIND

Some of the main causes of the delay in the project are the accidents that occur on-site. Either they
are counted as major or minor accidents in intensity but somehow affect the project's time frame.
According to the society of labours Great Britain, they categorized the fields in different parts and
showed us the number of accidents that are responsible for accidents, 179 number by count in Figure
1 the fatal injuries to the workers by main industries. The maximum portion occupied by the
Construction made it the 38 figure of the main industry incidents.

Figure 1: Fatal injuries to workers by the main industry in 2018 in Great Britain (HSE, 2017-2018)
There are many kinds of cases in occupational accidents that lead to permanent and non-permanent
injuries. But the most common accident-related to a construction site with 35 deaths occurring rate is
falling from a heightened place that can be seen in Figure 2 due to negligence and not following the
proper PPE.

Figure 2: Main kinds of fatal accident for workers in Great Britain 2017-2018
The main kind of fatal accidents for workers in Figure 3, fatal falls, strips, and trips were at the
peak level in the 26-year antiquity of the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), accounting
for 887 worker deaths in 2017 and 849 in 2016. Transportation incidents remained the most frequent
fatal event in 2017, with 2,077 occupational fatalities. As well as contact with objects and equipment
incidents were 695 in 2017 from 761 in 2016.
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Figure 3: Fatal occupation injuries by major events 2016-2017 BLS US (Labour, 2018)
The latest report from the department of occupational Health and Safety, Ministry of Human
Resources, investigated that the main occupational accidents number in Table 3, the manufacturing
industries main concentration are the Non-permanent disabilities (NPD) and a small fraction is the
fatalities, but as we can observe in the construction industry the part of NPD and PD is either less.
However, regardless of the main focus on the number of deaths on the worksite, the ratio is maximum
in all the occupational accidents. The number of deaths spotted in the construction site is the largest of
about 81 deaths until October 2018. The least number of fatalities can be seen by the commonly
operated sectors such as Utilities, Wholesale and hotels, and restaurants. The highest number of PD
cases can be observed in the manufacturing sector, that is 90.
Table 3: Occupational Accident statistics by sector until October 2018 Malaysia

VI. POSSIBLE CAUSES OF POOR SAFETY

Health threats, poor safety practices and strategies to improve site protection in this section look at
health threats and building risk factors as described in previous studies. Therefore, the reasons for and
possible methods for enhanced security practices. Table 4, Critical factors related to work accidents
due to which many incidents happened, either these factors are neglected or not properly followed.
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Table 4: Critical factor

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VII. CONCLUSION
This review study attempted to identify present patterns in occupational safety and wellness studies
in the construction infrastructure. This evaluation aims to understand accident security issues, causes
of accidents, and site injuries. The reasons for building sector accidents such as workers ' neglect,
workers ' inability to follow the job processes, high-level work, non-safe working facilities, bad site
management, rough work, bad skill level for employees, and the attitude to the security of the
employees conducting real building on-site should be active in all organizations and people engaged
in an Infrastructure project. The building companies face the challenge of keeping a close eye on the
management of their labour safety systems to minimize occupational risk. In this way, the complexity
of the activities is increasing. Construction is hazardous without the knowledge, and deadly injury
occurs due to no safety measures. Generally, a difficult, complicated, and lengthy process in
manufacturing buildings. If no proper personal protective equipment is followed, it may cost a delay
in projects and loss of human power in construction, leading to loss of time and project delay.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would wish to acknowledge Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) for providing
all necessary facilities to support this research.
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