(Assignment # 1 Semester Fall 2022)

By
Sheeza Ali 22011587-008
Introduction To Computer Application
IT-101

BS-IR 3rd
Submitted To: Miss Tooba Rashid
Department of Political Science And IR
Internet Introduction:
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet protocol suite (TCP/ IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks
that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of
local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical
networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and
services, such as the interlinked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the
infrastructure to support electronic mail.

Basic Internet Terms:

some basic internet terms are as follow:
World Wide Web (WWW):
The World Wide Web, often referred to as the web, is an information system that
is accessible through the internet. It consists of interconnected documents and
resources, such as webpages, images, videos, and other multimedia content.
Website:
A website is a collection of related webpages that are hosted on a web server. It can
contain text, images, videos, and interactive elements. Websites are accessed through
web browsers like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari.
URL:
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the address used to access a specific
webpage or resource on the internet. It typically starts with "http://" or "https://" followed
by the domain name (e.g., www.example.com) and the specific path to the webpage.
Browser:
A web browser is a software application used to access and display webpages on the
internet. Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari.
Browsers allow users to enter URLs, navigate between webpages, and interact with
various online services.
Router:
A router is a hardware device that connects multiple devices to a local area network
(LAN) and allows them to communicate with each other and access the internet.
Routers assign unique IP addresses to devices and manage network traffic.
Internet Evolution and History (1G, 2G, 3G, 4G):
The internet's evolution can be traced from its origins in the 1960s with ARPANET and
the development of TCP/IP protocols. The invention of the World Wide Web in the late
1980s brought user-friendly browsing and link-based navigation. The 1990s saw the
commercialization of the internet, leading to the dot-com boom and widespread
adoption. The deployment of broadband and high-speed connections enabled
bandwidth-intensive applications. The rise of smartphones and mobile networks brought
about mobile internet access. The internet of things connected devices beyond
computers, while cloud computing revolutionized resource provisioning. Ongoing
advancements continue to shape the internet's future, including emerging technologies
like AI, blockchain, and virtual reality.

History:
The internet history can be traced through generations, from 1G to the current 4G
networks.These generations represent significant advancements in wireless technology
and internet connectivity. Here's a brief explanation of each generation.
1G (First Generation):
1G refers to the first commercially available mobile communication systems. It was
introduced in the early 1980s and used analog signals for voice communication. 1G
networks had low data transfer rates and limited coverage. The primary purpose of 1G
was to provide basic voice calling capabilities.
2G (Second Generation):
2G networks emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. They introduced digital
signaling, which improved call quality, reduced interference, and enabled more efficient
use of the radio spectrum. 2G networks also introduced services like SMS (Short
Message Service) and basic data transfer capabilities, although at slow speeds. The
most widely used 2G technology was the GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications).
3G (Third Generation):
3G networks were introduced in the early 2000s and represented a significant leap in
mobile communication technology. They offered higher data transfer rates, enabling
multimedia services like video calling, mobile internet browsing, and faster data
downloads. 3G networks were based on a variety of different technologies, including
CDMA2000, UMTS, and WCDMA. These networks provided a better user experience
for mobile data services.
4G (Fourth Generation):

4G networks were introduced in the late 2000s and early 2010s. They brought
significant improvements in data transfer speeds, capacity, and overall network
performance. 4G networks utilized technologies like LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and
WiMAX, offering much faster internet speeds, seamless streaming of high-definition
content, and support for advanced applications like video conferencing, online gaming,
and cloud services.

Website Types:
There are several types of websites
Informational Websites:
These sites provide information about a particular topic or subject. They can be
educational, news portals, or reference websites.
E-commerce Websites:
These online platforms facilitate buying and selling of products or services. They
typically include product catalogs, shopping carts, and secure payment options.
Blogging Websites:
These platforms are used to publish and share written content, such as personal
journals, articles, or professional insights.
Social Networking Websites:
These sites enable users to connect and interact with others online. Examples include
Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.

Ethical Issues on Internet:

Ethical issues on the internet encompass a range of concerns. Privacy is a significant
issue, as internet users' personal data is often collected and stored without their explicit
consent. Cyberbullying and online harassment are prevalent problems that can have
severe emotional and psychological impacts. The dissemination of fake news and
misinformation poses challenges in maintaining accurate and reliable information online.
Copyright infringement and online piracy affect artists, creators, and intellectual property
rights. Additionally, online scams and frauds target unsuspecting individuals, leading to
financial losses. Lastly, the ethical dilemmas surrounding AI, such as biased algorithms
and job displacement, prompt questions about accountability and social implications.
Ensuring safe, fair, and responsible internet use requires constant attention and efforts
to mitigate these ethical concerns.
Browsers:
Browsers are software applications that allow users to access and navigate the World
Wide Web. They act as an interface between the user and the internet by interpreting
and displaying webpages. Here are some key points about browsers:
Function:
Browsers retrieve webpages through internet connections and render them in a user-
friendly format. They interpret HTML, CSS, and other web languages to display text,
images, multimedia, and hyperlinks.
User Interface:
Browsers typically have a user-friendly interface with features like address bar (to enter
web addresses), back and forward buttons (to navigate between pages), bookmarks (to
save frequently visited sites), and tabs (to open multiple webpages simultaneously).
Compatibility:
Browsers should be compatible with various operating systems like Windows, macOS,
iOS, Android, etc. Different browsers may have different capabilities and performance
characteristics.
Popular Browsers:
Microsoft Edge, and Opera. Each browser may have its own unique features,
performance, and compatibility with web technologies There are several popular
browsers available, including Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari.

Search Engines:
Search engines are powerful online tools that help users find specific information on the
internet. They employ complex algorithms to scan and index vast amounts of
webpages, making it easier for users to locate relevant content. Here are some key
points about search engines:
Indexing:
Search engines use automated programs called crawlers or spiders to discover
webpages. These programs follow links on websites and gather information, which is
then stored in a massive index. This index allows search engines to quickly retrieve
relevant results.
Query Processing:
 When a user enters a search term or query, the search engine processes it through its
algorithms to find the most relevant webpages. The algorithms consider various factors,
such as keyword relevance, page quality, user location, and user preferences, to deliver
the most appropriate results.
Ranking:
Search engines rank the search results based on their perceived relevance and quality.
The specific ranking factors may vary between search engines, but they generally
consider factors like webpage content, backlinks, user engagement, and other credibility
indicators.
Organic Search Results:
Search engines provide organic search results, which are the unpaid, natural results
deemed relevant to the user's query. These results are generated based on the search
engine's algorithms and are not influenced by advertising.

Hands on Internet Surfing:

"Hands-on Internet surfing" refers to actively exploring and navigating the internet with
the use of a computer, smartphone, or other digital device. It involves using various web
browsers, search engines, and online tools to access websites, search for information,
communicate, and engage in a wide range of online activities.
When engaging in hands-on internet surfing, users can perform tasks such as:
Web Browsing:
Using a web browser (such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari) to visit
websites by typing in URLs or clicking on links. Users can explore different pages, read
articles, watch videos, and interact with content.
Online Searching:
Utilizing search engines (like Google, Bing, or Yahoo!) to find specific information, such
as news articles, research papers, products, or answers to questions. Users type
keywords or phrases related to their search topic, and the search engine provides a list
of relevant results.
Connecting and Communicating:
Engaging in online communication through email, social media platforms (such as
Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram), instant messaging apps, or video conferencing tools.
Users can send messages, interact with others, share updates, and foster connections
worldwide.
Online Shopping:
Exploring e-commerce platforms (such as Amazon, eBay, or Alibaba) to browse and
purchase products or services. Users can compare prices, read product reviews, make
secure payments, and track their orders
Online Entertainment:
Accessing websites, streaming services (like Netflix or YouTube), or online gaming
platforms to enjoy movies, TV shows, music, videos, or interactive games.