PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

PLAIN AND
DEFORMED
STEEL BAR
GROUP MEMBERS:
BALCE, ELOISA MAE D.
BALTE, RICHARD
DOCTOR, JOHN PAUL A.
MAGDASOC, ANGELO
MATHEW
YABA, MARK ANTHONY
 OVERVIEW OF STEEL BARS

Discussion
TYPES OF STEEL BARS

points
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

PROPERTIES & PERFORMANCE

Key topics covered

in this presentation APPLICATION

QUALITY CONTROL & TESTING

STEEL BARS IN ENGINEERING
Steel bars play a pivotal role in engineering, serving as essential components in various
construction applications. Comprising primarily carbon and iron, these bars come in two
main types: Plain Steel Bars and Deformed Steel Bars.

Role in Construction: Importance in Engineering:

Foundational elements in
engineering
Essential for structural
reinforcement in various
applications
Composition:
Ensures integrity and longevity of
structures Mainly carbon and iron
Contributes to safety, efficiency, and
innovation in construction
Indispensable components in the
evolving landscape of structural
engineering.
TYPES OF
STEEL BARS
 TYPES OF STEEL BARS
PLAIN STEEL BAR
A PLAIN STEEL BAR IS AN UNTREATED STEEL
ROD, LACKING ANY COATINGS OR SURFACE
TREATMENTS. COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS A
PLAIN ROUND BAR. IT IS USED FOR
CONSTRUCTION THAT DOES NOT REQUEST
HIGH-STRENGTH REINFORCED CONCRETE
WORKS WIDELY USED ON BEAM AND COLUMN
STIRRUPS, PIPELINES, ROADS, SMALL AND
MEDIUM-SIZED PROJECTS
DEFORMED STEEL BAR
A DEFORMED STEEL BAR, ALSO KNOWN AS A
REINFORCING BAR OR REBAR, IS A STEEL ROD WITH
SURFACE DEFORMATIONS OR RIBS TO ENHANCE ITS
BONDING WITH CONCRETE. THESE DEFORMATIONS
PROVIDE BETTER ADHESION BETWEEN THE STEEL AND
CONCRETE, PREVENTING SLIPPAGE AND IMPROVING
THE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE ELEMENTS.
 TYPES OF STEEL BARS
PLAIN STEEL BAR DEFORMED STEEL BAR
SMOOTH ROUND SURFACE RIBBED OR DEFORMED
SURFACE

LOWER BOND STRENGTH HIGHER BOND STRENGTH

WITH CONCRETE WITH CONCRETE

LOW-STRESS HIGHER STRESS AND LOAD

APPLICATIONS CONDITIONS

SMALL-SCALE PROJECTS LARGER CONSTRUCTION

PROJECTS

LESS EXPENSIVE MORE EXPENSIVE

THE
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
PLAIN STEEL BARS
RAW MATERIALS & INITIAL PROCESSING
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE (BOF)
THE PIG IRON IS MELTED, AND
OXYGEN IS BLOWN INTO THE
MOLTEN METAL TO OXIDIZE
IRON ORE LIMESTONE COKE (DERIVED IMPURITIES, PRODUCING STEEL.
FROM COAL)
RAW MATERIALS REFINING (BOF/EAF)

BLAST FURNACE ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE (EAF)

IRON ORE IS MELTED SCRAP STEEL AND OTHER
IN A BLAST FURNACE ADDITIVES ARE MELTED
TO PRODUCE PIG USING AN ELECTRIC ARC.
IRON.
PLAIN STEEL BARS
FORMING & FINISHING
THE REFINED STEEL IS THE REHEATED STEEL IS
CAST INTO BILLETS OR PASSED THROUGH ROLLING
BLOOMS USING MILLS TO SHAPE IT INTO THE
CONTINUOUS OR DESIRED CYLINDRICAL FORM
INGOT CASTING FOR PLAIN STEEL BARS.
METHODS.
CASTING ROLLING MILL

REHEATING COOLING
THE FORMED BARS ARE THEN
THE CAST BILLETS ARE
COOLED TO ROOM TEMPERATURE
REHEATED IN A FURNACE TO A
SUITABLE TEMPERATURE FOR
ROLLING.
PLAIN STEEL BARS
FORMING & FINISHING
THE REFINED STEEL IS THE REHEATED STEEL IS
CAST INTO BILLETS OR PASSED THROUGH ROLLING
BLOOMS USING MILLS TO SHAPE IT INTO THE
CONTINUOUS OR DESIRED CYLINDRICAL FORM
INGOT CASTING FOR PLAIN STEEL BARS.
METHODS.
CASTING ROLLING MILL

REHEATING COOLING
THE FORMED BARS ARE THEN
THE CAST BILLETS ARE
COOLED TO ROOM TEMPERATURE
REHEATED IN A FURNACE TO A
SUITABLE TEMPERATURE FOR
ROLLING.
PLAIN STEEL BARS
FORMING & FINISHING
THE COOLED BARS ARE CUT INTO
SPECIFIC LENGTHS AND BUNDLED
FOR EASIER HANDLING AND
TRANSPORTATION.

CUTTING AND BUNDLING

QUALITY CONTROL
CONTINUOUS QUALITY CHECKS
ARE PERFORMED TO ENSURE
ADHERENCE TO SPECIFICATIONS.
DEFORMED STEEL BARS
INTRODUCTION OF DEFORMATIONS
AFTER THE INITIAL ROLLING PROCESS FOR PLAIN BARS, THE STEEL PASSES
THROUGH ADDITIONAL ROLLING MILLS WITH SPECIALLY DESIGNED GROOVES AND
RIBS.
THE GROOVES AND RIBS ON THE ROLLS DEFORM THE SURFACE OF THE STEEL,
INTRODUCING PATTERNS SUCH AS RIDGES AND BUMPS.

DEFORMATION ROLLS

OPTIONAL HEAT TREATMENT COOLING AND INSPECTION

SOME DEFORMED STEEL BARS MAY UNDERGO THE HEAT-TREATED BARS ARE COOLED
HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES LIKE AND UNDERGO THOROUGH INSPECTION
QUENCHING AND TEMPERING TO ACHIEVE FOR QUALITY CONTROL.
SPECIFIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.

HEAT TREATMENT & FINISHING

DEFORMED STEEL BARS
HEAT TREATMENT & FINISHING
DEFORMED BARS MAY
RIGOROUS QUALITY CONTROL
UNDERGO ADDITIONAL
CHECKS ARE PERFORMED TO
SURFACE TREATMENTS LIKE
ENSURE THE DEFORMED STEEL
SHOT BLASTING OR PICKLING
BARS MEET THE REQUIRED
TO IMPROVE SURFACE
STANDARDS.
QUALITY.

SURFACE FINISHING QUALITY CONTROL

CUTTING AND BUNDLING

SIMILAR TO PLAIN BARS, THE DEFORMED
BARS ARE CUT TO SPECIFIED LENGTHS
AND BUNDLED FOR PACKAGING AND
TRANSPORTATION.
 PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF STEEL BAR
Mechanical
Properties: PLAIN DEFORMED
Higher tensile strength compared to plain steel
Moderate tensile strength
bars
Suitable for applications with less demanding
Tensile Strength Ideal for applications requiring superior strength
structural requirements
and load-bearing capacity

Maintains good ductility despite surface

Exhibits good ductility
deformations
Allows for easy bending and shaping during
Ductility Allows for bending without compromising
construction
structural integrity

Moderate yield strength Higher yield strength

Capable of withstanding moderate loads Provides better resistance to deformation under
Yield Strength
without deformation load
 PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF STEEL BAR
Mechanical
Properties: PLAIN DEFORMED
Moderate to high elongation before fracture
Moderate elongation before fracture
Suitable for projects with dynamic loads and
Elongation Adequate for standard construction projects
stress requirements

Good weldability Good weldability

Facilitates ease of construction and fabrication Allows for efficient welding and fabrication
Weldability
processes processes

Commonly used in residential buildings and Widely used in high-stress projects such as
non-specialized structures bridges and high-rise buildings
Applications Suitable for projects where high tensile strength Preferred in applications where enhanced
is not a primary requirement bonding with concrete is crucial
APPLICATION

-PLAIN STEEL BARS

A PLAIN STEEL BAR IS A TYPE OF METAL BAR THAT IS MADE FROM PLAIN, UNCOATED STEEL. IT IS TYPICALLY A
SOLID CYLINDRICAL SHAPE, WITH A SMOOTH SURFACE AND NO VISIBLE MARKINGS OR TEXTURES. PLAIN STEEL
BARS ARE COMMONLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION, MANUFACTURING, AND OTHER INDUSTRIES WHERE STRENGTH
AND DURABILITY ARE REQUIRED

PLAIN STEEL BARS ARE USUALLY THE BASE MATERIAL USED IN CREATING A MULTITUDE OF IRON DESIGNS. USE THE
THICKER SOLID BARS FOR ESTATE GATE FRAMES. THE THINNER BARS CAN BE USED AS PLAIN PICKETS IN A RAILING,
FENCE OR GATE DESIGN. THESE THINNER BARS CAN EVEN BE FORGED AND SHAPED TO ANY DESIGN IMAGINABLE.
 WHAT IS DEFORMED BAR?

DEFORMED BARS ARE STEEL BARS THAT HAVE SURFACE

PROJECTIONS AND INDENTATIONS WITHIN THEM (SOMETIMES
REFERRED TO AS 'RIBS') THUS ENABLING THEM TO HAVE A
GREATER BOND STRENGTH AND OVERALL FRICTION IN
CONSTRUCTION WHEN COMPARED TO THE TRADITIONAL
SMOOTH AND ROUND REBARS

THESE DEFORMATIONS ARE PRESENT ON THE SURFACE AND ARE DONE AFTER AN ELONGATION
PROCESS, WHICH IMPARTS HIGHER YIELD STRENGTH TO STEEL AND THE SURFACE DEFORMATIONS
IMPART HIGHER BONDAGE WITH CONCRETE. BECAUSE OF THE DEFORMATIONS, THESE BARS
MINIMIZE SLIPPAGE IN CONCRETE AND INCREASES THE BOND BETWEEN THE TWO MATERIALS.
 WHY ARE REINFORCING BARS DEFORMED?

THE DEFORMATIONS BEING REFERRED TO ARE THE RIDGES, INDENTATIONS, OR

PROTRUSIONS THAT THEY FEATURE. THESE RIDGES OR INDENTATIONS ALLOW THE
CONCRETE TO GRIP THE BARS MORE EFFECTIVELY, MAKING IT LESS LIKELY FOR
THE BARS TO SLIP ONCE THEY HAVE BEEN SET IN THE CONCRETE.

DEFORMED STEEL BARS (REBARS). ALSO KNOWN AS REBARS, THESE ARE THE
MOST WIDELY USED TYPE OF REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE. THESE BARS HAVE
DEFORMATIONS ON THEIR SURFACE, PROVIDING BETTER ADHESION WITH THE
CONCRETE, RESULTING IN IMPROVED LOAD TRANSFER AND ENHANCED BOND
STRENGTH BETWEEN THE TWO MATERIALS.
WHAT IS PLAIN ROUND BAR AND DEFORMED BAR USED FOR? COMMON USES
INCLUDE

FOOTINGS DEFORMED BARS ARE USED FOR:

BEAMS REINFORCING CONCRETE COLUMNS.
WALLS REINFORCING CONCRETE BEAMS.
PARTITION PANELS BUILDING CONCRETE SLABS, SUCH AS FLOOR SLABS
AND ROOF SLABS.
TIES AND LIFTING
BUILDING CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS.
SLABS REINFORCING RETAINING WALLS.
COLUMNS BUILDING SUPERSTRUCTURES AND SUBSTRUCTURES
PRECAST PRODUCTS DURING BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION.
AND CONCRETE PIERS. CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.
COLUMNS PIERS
WALL FOOTING AND FOUNDATIONS
WALLS

JOINTS

SLABS
PRE-FABRICATRED
 WHICH IS BETTER?

-DEFORMED STEEL BAR -PAIL STEEL BARS

DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT BAR ROUND REBAR IS
IS STRONGER, AS THEY HAVE A USUALLY MORE
HIGHER TENSILE STRENGTH. THIS COST-EFFECTIVE
MAKES IT THE PREFERRED AND ECONOMICAL,
MATERIAL FOR PROJECTS SUCH AND ARE ALSO
AS BUILDING FREEWAY EASIER TO USE AND
OVERPASSES, PARKING ACQUIRE.
GARAGES, BRIDGES, OR HIGH-
RISE BUILDINGS
 Importance of Quality Control in Steel Bars

The quality of TMT steel bars used in construction is crucial, as it

directly affects the safety and durability of the structure. Poor
quality TMT steel bars can compromise the structural integrity of
the building, leading to potential safety hazards and significant
repair costs. Quality control ensures that the TMT steel bars meet
the required standards, ensuring the safety and longevity of the
building.
 Testing Methods for Plain Steel Bars

Tensile Test
The tensile test process is one of the crucial tests of steel bars. A
tension test of steel materials is a damaging procedure that gives
data about the elasticity, tensile strength, and yield strength of the
sample. This tensile test is done to decide how the material
responds when you apply a force to it. Generally, by pulling the
metal, one has to recognize the material's rigidity and yield quality,
just as the amount will extend. Tension test is the essential criterion
where one presents a steel bar test to tension, which is under
control until the failure stage.
 Testing Methods for Plain Steel Bars

Compression Test

The compressive quality is the most extreme compressive stress a

material is equipped for withstanding without crack. Brittle materials
crack during testing and have a definite compressive strength value.
Their level of bending during testing dictates the compressive
strength of flexible materials. Compressive quality test, mechanical
test estimating the most considerable measure of compressive
burden a material can tolerate before breaking.
 Testing Methods for Plain Steel Bars

Bending Test

Bend testing on steel bars takes into consideration that materials

resistance to fracture, ductility, fracture strength, and bend strength.
These qualities can be utilized to decide if a piece of equipment will
fail under pressure and are essential in any construction procedure,
including plastic materials loaded with bending forces. If an article
starts to break or cracks during a bend test, it is valid to accept that
the content will fail under a similar in any application, which may
prompt to catastrophic failure.
 Testing Methods for Plain Steel Bars

Brinell Hardness Test

The Brinell test was the first broadly utilized standardized steel
hardness test. It requires a large test piece and leaves a
considerable space; hence, it is constrained in its usefulness.
Brinelling has come to mean the permanent indentation of any hard
surface. This Brinell hardness test involves a large, heavy ball, which
is pushed against steel at a predetermined level of force.
 Testing Methods for Plain Steel Bars

Rockwell Hardness Test

The Rockwell test is commonly simpler to perform, and more exact

than different kinds of hardness testing techniques. The Rockwell
steel bars test strategy is utilized on all sorts of metals, except for in
conditions where the test metal structure or surface conditions
would present an excessive amount of varieties; where the
indentations would be unreasonably enormous for the application; or
where the sample size or test shape forbids using.
 Testing Methods for Plain Steel Bars

Impact Test

The impact test decides the amount of energy consumed by a material during the
crack. This absorbed energy is a measure of a given material's strength and goes
about as a device to consider temperature-dependent weak, flexible progress. It
is to decide if the content is fragile or malleable. Impact Testing of steel bars is
performed to determine the durability of materials by figuring the measure of
energy absorbed during fracture. The impact test is performed at different
temperatures to reveal any consequences on impact energy. These services give
test results that can help evaluate the suitability of a material for a specific
application and predict its expected service life.
 Testing Methods for Plain Steel Bars

Torsion Test

The reason for a torsion test is to decide the behavior a material or analysis
shows when turned or under torsional forces because of applied moments that
cause shear stress about the axis. Measurable values include the modulus of
ductility, ultimate shear strength, elasticity in shear modulus of rupture in
shear, yield shear strength, and tensional fatigue life. These values are similar
but not the same as those measured by a tensile test. They are significant in
assembling as they might be utilized to simulate the service conditions, check
the item's quality and structure, and guarantee that it was made expertly.