TNCT Q4 Module1-7

Quarter 4: Module 1: Democratic Interventions
What’s In
Task 1. Picture Analysis

Instruction: Look and analyze the pictures below and answer the following
questions. Write your answer in your notebook.
https://www.bigstockphoto.com https://www.pxfuel.com/en/search/q=imprisoned
1. What is being shown in the pictures above?

2. Give a word that is opposite to what is depicted in the picture.
3. Is freedom an essential element of democracy? Support your answer.
4. “I can do anything that I want” is the true essence of democracy. Do you
agree with this? Support your answer.
Task 2. Word Map

When you hear the word democracy, what comes into your mind? Write
at least four words that you may associate with the word DEMOCRACY on
your notebook.
Democracy
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What’s New
Directions:
A. Match the democratic practices listed in column A with the pictures in
column B. Write the letter of the correct answer in your notebook.
A B
1. Suffrage A.
https://www.newshepherdorie
ntation.com
2. Public assembly
and consultation
B. www.wordplandit.com
3. Majority
rule/minority right
C.
https://www.localgov.co.uk/Brexit-
deadlock-reveals-need-for-fairer-
voting-system-campaigners-say-
4. Conduct of /47260
plebiscite
D.
https://www.democratica
udit.com
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B. Read and understand the given situation. Then answer the question
briefly.
United Nation celebration is coming. One of the highlights of the event
is the search for Miss UN 2020. Mrs. Ramos has chosen Cathy Brown to be
the representative of her class. But Cathy wanted her classmates to put it into
proper motion first to know whether they really agree with their adviser’s
decision or not since many of her classmates also possess undeniable beauty
and wit. Do you think she did the right thing? Support your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
What is It
What is Democracy?
Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is
vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents
under free electoral system or a state of society characterized by formal
equality of rights and privileges. It originates from the Greek word demos,
which means “people”, and kratos, which means ‘strength or power.”
What is Democratic Practice?
Democratic Practice is a set of principles and practices that guide how
people interact and work together every day to improve their community and
to create a more just society.
What are some democratic practices?
A. Suffrage or the right to vote. It gives the people the opportunity to
exercise sovereignty by choosing the candidates who will govern and serve
them. Eligible voters have the right to elect the government of his/her country
by secret vote. It is only fair that they have a direct hand in choosing the
officials.
B. Public assembly and consultation. “The Public Assembly Act of
1985,” makes sure that the people’s exercise their right to a peaceful
assembly. Citizens have a set of rights and responsibilities, including the right
to participate in decisions that affect public welfare. This act stipulates that
rallies, demonstrations, marches, public meetings, processions, or parades
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(collectively referred to as public assembly) can be held in public places to
express opinion, to protest against, or to air grievances on certain issues.
C. Majority rule and minority rights. It is the making of binding
decisions by a vote of more than one-half of all persons who participate in an
election. Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, expressed
the concept of democracy in 1801 in his first Inaugural Address. He said
All…will bear in mind this sacred principle. That though the will
of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be
reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal
law must protect and to violate would be oppression.
D. Conduct of plebiscite to amend a constitutional provision. The
Constitution embodies the fundamental laws of the land from which all other
laws should be in accord with. The change in a provision of the constitution,
such as increasing the number of years of term of office of the president,
cannot be carried without the approval of the people or general constituencies
in a process called plebiscite. A plebiscite is an electoral process for
approving or rejecting a change or amendment in the Constitution. It is in the
process of direct vote-say yes or no; accept or reject.
Democratic participation is the involvement or engagement with

something which is freely done, without coercion, and without threat or fear.
Importance of Participation in Democracy
1. Democracy provides equality and admission to opportunities for all
its citizen in the government;
2. checks and balances the government to prevent possible abuse of
political power from the officials;
3. allows citizens to influence and suggest policies and laws through
plebiscite in selecting delegates or representatives.
4. allows the popular majority to oust a representative or a politician
who hold too much power and abuses it;
5. promotes freedom where citizen enjoy human rights, allows people to
engage the business and innovations;
6. becomes competent, firm, and stable when the state is ruled with
leaders who have dedication and transparency;
7. provides political education to the people telling them of the state
affairs; and
8. upholds change since the citizens have the opportunity to participate
in the involvement in the government.
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Representative and Participatory Democracies
Democracy has several forms. Two of the most popular types are
representative democracy and participatory democracy.
Representative Democracy
In the modern period where large populations usually form societies,
Representative Democracy (also called indirect democracy) is observed to be
more popularly exercised. It is a political system where the qualified citizens
exercise their political power through representatives. The sovereign power
remains on the citizens but its exercise is delegated to the representatives
they elect. By extension, the citizens, through their votes, allow these
representatives to make choices and decisions on their behalf.
Participatory Democracy
Quite similar to representative democracy is participatory democracy
which also encourages a more active and wider involvement of citizens. While
representative democracy motivates individual citizens to contribute to policy
making, participatory democracy offers more opportunities for members of the
population to contribute to decision-making through popular assemblies. It
has variants. In a direct democracy, all eligible citizens and qualified voters
directly or personally involve themselves in making political decisions. In the
Philippines, one popular demonstration of participatory democracy was the
EDSA People Power of 1986. Through the people’s direct involvement in a
series of protests, the dictatorial rule of President Ferdinand Marcos was
toppled down.
What’s More
Task 3
1. Based on the discussion, differentiate representative democracy and
participatory democracy using a VENN Diagram as shown below.
Representative Similarities Participatory
Democracy Democracy
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Task 4
Directions: Choose one of the various significance/importance of democratic
participation and write a two-stanza poem, rap or song. Each stanza must
have four lines. Your output will be graded based on the rubrics provided
below. Do it in your notebook.
Rubric
Criteria Excellent Average Poor
5 points 3 points 1 point
Cohesiveness The piece goes perfectly The piece somewhat The piece does not
together. There is unity goes together but go together. The
between lines and needs cohesiveness. lines and stanzas
stanzas, which connect The lines and sway from the topic
with the topic. stanzas sometimes
sway from the topic.
Rhythm The piece uses rhythm The piece sometimes The piece does not
throughout, which uses rhythm but have any noticeable
benefits the poetic may waver in a way rhythm.
tone. that distracts the
reader and
negatively affects
the tone.
Creativity The piece uses 3 or The piece uses 1 or The poem does not
more unique 2 unique use unique
metaphors and similes metaphors and metaphors and
to describe situations, similes to describe similes.
objects and people. situations, objects
and people.
Adapted from: Hess, G.R. (2015). Retrieved from http;//garyrhess.blogspot.com
What I Have Learned
Task 5
Directions: In your notebook/answer sheet, complete the following
statements.
I have learned that____________________________________________
I have realized that____________________________________________
I will apply what I have learned___________________________________
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What I Can Do
Task 6
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answer in your
notebook.
1. As a student or citizen of this country, give one situation where democratic

participation benefits you
a) in school; and
b) at home.
2. Based from your experience, what will commonly happen if somebody

manipulates a discussion in a group?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Assessment
General Directions: Read and understand each item carefully.

A. Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer in your
notebook.
1. It is an electoral process for approving or rejecting a change or amendment

in the Constitution.
A. Public assembly and consultation C. Plebiscite
B. Majority rule D. Suffrage
2. Allows people to engage in business and innovations
A. democratic practice
B. importance of participation in democracy
C. participatory democracy
D. representative democracy
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3. The sovereign power remains on the citizens but its exercise is delegated to
the representatives they elect.
4. One of the most popular demonstrations of this practice was the EDSA
People Power of 1986.
5. Rina is 18 years old. This coming election, she will already be eligible to
cast her votes. What democratic practice is she going to enjoy?
A. Public assembly and consultation C. Plebiscite
B. Majority rule D. Suffrage
B. TRUE or FALSE
Write TRUE if the statement is correct; FALSE if it’s erroneous. Write your
answer in your notebook.
6. Democracy provides equality and admission to opportunities for selected
citizen in the government.
7. Being allowed to participate and contribute ideas in any ways is an example
of an undemocratic practice.
8. In a democratic country, problems in the society will be easily solved if
there would be no manipulation and abuses by an individual or group.
9. Participatory democracy is quite similar with representative democracy
which also encourages a more active and wider involvement of citizens.
10. Choosing who or what we want to become is a democratic practice.
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Additional Activities
CUT AND GET IT!

Directions: Find a newspaper or any magazine and cut a photo that projects
democratic practice or shows the importance of democratic participation.
Then, write a brief paragraph of not more than 10 sentences to explain what
the picture is all about.
Glossary
The following terms in this module are defined as follows:

✓ Suffrage – right to vote
✓ Coercion- (noun)force; pressure
✓ Plebiscite- is an electoral process for approving or rejecting a change
or amendment in the Constitution
✓ Amendment- the process of altering or amending a law or document
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Quarter 4: Module 2A: Assessing Political and Social Institutions
What I Know
I. True or False: Write True if the statement is correct and False if

not. Write the answer in your activity notebook.
1. Political institutions can also be called “organization.”

2. Family is a form of political institution.
3. Society cannot survive without social institutions.
4. Social institutions create laws.
5. Institutions are not so important in a democratic country.
II. Identify each item as “Political” or “Social Institution.”
1. Political parties
2. Trade unions
3. Congress
4. Legal courts
5. Non-government organization
6. Family
7. Education
8. Religion
9. Community
10.Tribe
What’s In
Task 1: Arrange the jumbled letters for every item to come up with the correct
answer. Write your answer in your notebook.
1. LACITILOP TUTIONINSTI= _______________________
2.CIALSO TUINSTITION= __________________________

3.MUNICOMTY= __________________________________
4.CIESOTY= ______________________________________
5.FMLYAI=________________________________________
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Task 2: Analyze and discuss the difference between political and social
institution based on the pictures given below.
POLITICAL INSTITUTION SOCIAL INSTITUTION
https://www.google.com/search?q=duterte https://www.google.com/search?q=family+in+
+and+cabinet+members&tbm=isch&ved=2a the+philippines&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjd6s
hUKEwitvqee4vvrAhUTA6YKHQwjD1AQ2 mR4_vrAhVVzIsBHclpB0EQ2-
Your insights:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What’s New
Task 2: Given the pictures above, what are the roles of:
a. Political Institution in the society?
b. Social Institution in the society?
What is It
Democracy as a form of government comes in many forms. Even

though supported by most citizens in democratic states, what they cherish
are widely different systems. This plurality is crucial when the quality of
democratic governance is to be evaluated. However, variations not only
concern strict political systems as such but also the relationship between
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political institutions and the social institutions that are not directly part of
political processes.
Political institutions are organizations which create, enforce, and

apply laws. They often mediate conflict, make (governmental) policies with
regards to the economy and social systems, and otherwise provide
representation for the populous.
The quality as well as the stability of democratic governance is

integrated in the large set of social institutions indirectly related to politics.
Political institutions in a narrow sense are complemented by voluntary
organizations and social movements. Moreover, other social fields which are
permanently present in the lives of the people, such as education, health care
and others, may be equally important to the quality of democracy. Even if
shaped by democratic processes, they in turn give input to and shape the
functioning of democracy. Hence, the quality of democracy refers both to the
functioning of political institutions and to the extension of democratic ideals
to other social institutions.
What is the difference between political structures and political

institutions? Political institutions are generic, while structures are specific.
Structures pertain to the executive branch of government, while institutions
pertain to the legislative branch.
Democracy works well when its political institutions perform functions

assigned to them. The Constitution of any country lays down basic rules on
the powers and functions of each institution. The Prime Minister and the
Cabinet are institutions that take all important policy decisions. A democracy
in a more traditional sense is a political system that allows for each individual
to participate.
Institutions are important in a democratic government because they

ensure that the system runs according to the rule of law and not according to
whims and fancies of a ruler. It ensures justice and fairness in the system as
the powers and jurisdiction of every institutions is clearly defined by the
constitution. A social institution consists of a group of people who have
come together for a common purpose. These institutions are a part of the
social order of society and they govern behavior and expectations of
individuals.
Social institutions are systems of behavioral and relationship patterns

that are densely interwoven and enduring, and function across an entire
society. They order and structure the behavior of individuals by means of their
normative character. Family is very important in Germany both from social
and legal viewpoints. A family creates a stable and often unbreakable
relationship.
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From Political Philosophy to Sociological Analysis
Institutions, as they are understood in the present context, constitute

common frameworks regulating social behavior of individuals and
organizations, as well as basic social conflict. As such, they reflect viable
social compromises, in some cases even consensus. Yet, even if conflicts are
mitigated, they do not disappear. They take several forms, not only as conflicts
over divergent interests but as normative dilemmas, as goal conflicts, and as
competing interpretations of how institutions are supposed to work. Thus,
institutions become arenas for the exertion of power given that institutions
emerge and change by processes of differentiation and innovation; they are
widely divergent in their modes of functioning. Thus, the relationship between
them reflects complementarity and tensions at the same time. The prevalence
of dilemmas, tensions and conflicts within institutions points to the salience
of democratic deliberation and conflict resolution.
Democratizing the Economy
The economy is dominated by an overarching ambivalence between

autonomy and hierarchy – at the most general level, between the roles of
producers and consumers and the roles of managers and workers. In the role
of consumers, citizens are basically in an autonomous position; in the role of
producers, they are placed into drastic hierarchical systems. The relationship
between management and employees is less clear-cut: employees are
subordinate to management prerogatives while at the same time enjoying
political autonomy as citizens. When prospective democratic elements in the
economy are discussed, old notions of ‘economic democracy’ inevitably come
up. This is not so much a concept as a generic term to cover the expansion of
political democracy into the economy.
Welfare State Institutions in Democracy
The basic task of the welfare state is the inclusion of citizens in regular
participation in society. The welfare state is composed of several basic
institutions; here the discussion is mostly limited to institutions for health
care and social security. Welfare state measures in these fields aim at
maintaining or restoring – as far as practically possible – the ability of citizens
to act as free and productive individuals. This is obtained by public agencies
distributing rights-based provisions. An underlying norm of the welfare state
is that of social solidarity, which takes two forms. In addition to meeting
immediate needs in the population, it serves as an insurance system for those
who are not needy at present but may be so in the future.
Democracy in the Media Institution
Systems of information, shaped by ruling groups, have always been a

precondition for keeping together societies larger than local communities. In
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modern times, the media are institutionalized as a main source of the
communal imagination by their diffusion to the general public. Their
institutional character and practical separation from ruling groups are not
sufficient conditions for the media being democratic. In large parts of the
world political censorship, directly or indirectly, plays a key role in the
production and diffusion of information. To be democratic, the media must
have freedom of information and of expression as their normative bases.
In democratic societies, the media are exposed to two basic dilemmas.

First, they are supposed to take an idealistic, liberal stance by bringing forth
information for discussion among citizens about all kinds of social prospects
and problems. Inclusive social deliberation presupposes that media reach out
to a large number of readers or listeners. The other side of the coin is that
most media are private enterprises with a commercial component, and they
are expected to bring profit to their shareholders When reaching out to a large
audience is not only a democratic but also a commercial requirement, it also
unduly invites selection from and trivialization of the news panorama based
on public appeal.
Generalizing Institutional Norms and Conflicts
The main social institutions are heterogeneous; they comprise, and are
even built around deep social dilemmas or conflicts that cannot be solved
once and for all but rather necessitate compromises. Thus, if social struggles
over compromises and reformulations of compromises are unavoidable, they
are by nature changeable. For this reason democratic deliberation becomes
crucial.
Democratic norms across institutional fields may equally be subsumed

under a set of common terms. In a general sense, the criterion of social
membership concerns various forms of exclusion from basic social
institutions. In working life this refers to the citizens’ general access to decent
positions in the labour market. In the welfare state, social membership is
expressed by the degree of access to health care and social services. In the
media sector, social membership is a function of access to socially relevant
information via the media or otherwise. All of these cases represent different
types and degrees of dualization. The degree to which dualization is a
consequence of institutional preconditions may serve as a measure of the
quality of democracy.
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What’s More
Task 1: Direction: Discuss the essence of political and social institutions as

depicted in the pictures provided below.
POLITICAL INSTITUTION SOCIAL INSTITUTION
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/20 https://www.slideshare.net/AchesJolieto/socia
18/07/23/1836090/live-house- l-institution-70995118
representatives-changes-leadership
Your insights:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What I Have Learned
Task 2: Write your personal reflection regarding the topics in this module.
Have this in your activity notebook.
I have learned that_____________________________________________

I have realized that______________________________________________
I will apply what I have learned___________________________________
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What I Can Do
Task 3: Application
As a student, give instances or personal experiences where you became

part of a particular institution. Example: being a student of an educational
institution (your present school)
• What are your roles in that particular institution?
• Are you performing those roles/ responsibilities well?
Assessment
I. True or False: Write True if the statement is correct and False if

not. Write your answer in your notebook.
1. Political institutions can also be called “organization.”
2. Family is a political institution.
3. Society cannot survive without social institutions.
4. Social institutions create laws.
5. Institutions are not so important in a democratic country.
II. Identify each item as Political or Social Institutions.

1. Political parties
2. Trade unions
3. Congress
4. Legal courts
5. Non-government organization
6. Family
7. Education
8. Religion
9. Community
10. Big Family
8
Direction: Make a sketch showing the “Social Institutions” existing in your

own locality. Have this in a short bond paper.
Rubrics:
Creativity 15
Content and Relevance 15
Overall Presentation 10
Total Score 40
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Glossary
The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:
1. Community - a group of people living in the same place or having a

particular characteristic in common.
2. Constitution - the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social
group that determine the powers and duties of the government
3. Democracy - a government in which the supreme power is vested in
the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a
system of representation
4. Family - the basic unit in society traditionally consisting of two
parents rearing their children
5. Institutions - a facility or establishment in which people (such as the
sick or needy) live and receive care
6. Law - a binding custom or practice of a community : a rule of conduct
or action prescribed
7. Organization - an administrative and functional structure (such as a
business or a political party)
8. Policy - a definite course or method of action selected from among
alternatives and in light of given conditions to guide and determine
present and future decisions
9. Political institutions - are organizations which create, enforce, and
apply laws; that mediate conflict; make (governmental) policy on the
economy and social systems;
10.Social institutions - are mechanisms or patterns of social order focused
on meeting social needs, such as government, economy, education,
family, healthcare, and religion.
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Quarter 4 – Module 2b: Analyzing Democratic and Undemocratic Practices
What I Know
Direction: Analyze each item carefully and write your answers in your notebook.
Identify which pictures below show Democratic and Undemocratic practices.
https://www.upi.com/Top_News/Wo
https://www.rappler.com/nati https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/16/
rld-News/2019/12/27/Philippines-
on/philippine-democracy- senators-to-digong-senate-has-
bars-entry-for-2-US-senators-over-
quality-participation say-in-vfa/
Congress-ban/3421577452885/
https://www.philstar.com/other- https://r3.rappler.com/nation/146 https://www.rappler.com/nation/u

sections/news- 882-human-rights-watch-house- n-report-philippines-local-system-
feature/2018/05/25/1818558/co probe-bilibid-drugs not-enough-exact-accountability-
mmentary-how-democracy-dies drug-war-killings
https://www.organiser.org/Encyc/2
https://www.rappler.com/nat 020/4/29/The-ground-zero-of- https://www.philnews.xyz/2019/
ion/pnp-war-on-drugs-phase- Jihadism-in-the-Philippines.html 10/author-reveals-reasons-why-
2-targets corruption-endemic-ph.html
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/201
9/12/08/1975218/1-million-families-out-
poverty-under-duterte-admin
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What’s In
Instruction: Complete the web map by filling up the remaining slots with other
examples of undemocratic practices. (Note: An example is already provided for you). Do
this in your notebook.
Vote
Buying
What’s New
Briefly answer the questions provided below. Let’s do this!
1. Based on the activity, why do you think vote buying is becoming rampant
during every election period in the Philippines?
2. Do you consider vote buying as a democratic practice? Explain your

answer.
What is It
Introduction
The democratic practices in the country are meant to benefit the people. If only
its resources, work force and funds were never exploited by several individuals, finding
solutions for the country’s multitude of economic and political problems would never
be impossible. Some democratic laws, however, are on the border of being removed
such as the Freedom of Information Act which is now being abolished in some countries
like the UK as its government already issued some restrictions on information present
3
in the web. Since the Philippines tend to follow most of the principles of the 1st world
countries, this country may also do the same in the near future.
On the other hand, undemocratic practices are practices that affect the society
and government in many different ways, usually denying the people’s rights for freedom
of expression, property ownership, religious practices, etc. These practices include
corruption, martial law, and any other ordinances that restrict freedom among its
citizens. Although these were common trends in the country in the past, they were
eventually overshadowed by corruption and poverty, which are main problems of most
3rd world countries today. Furthermore, undemocratic practices are still severe
problems in the country but there are already few ways in order to deal with such
problems to prevent any further troubles in the government and the society. And one
of those effective ways in dealing with societal problems is the education of the young
people.
Keep In Mind
An undemocratic practice is a doctrine that is against or in disagreement with

democracy. Democracy is a political system for choosing and replacing the government
and its leaders. Electoral fraud can occur in advance of voting if the composition of the
electorate is altered. The legality of this type of manipulation varies across jurisdictions.
Deliberate manipulation of election outcomes is widely considered a violation of the
principles of democracy (Wayback Machine, 2007).
Public funding is money that comes from the government, often through taxes,
that is used to help the public through goods and services. The funds are gathered and
distributed in different levels such as the federal level, state level, and even local level.
While taxes are a primary resource, funding can also come from fines and fees.
Public funding helps provide health programs, community services, restoration

programs, public service programs, and even environmental programs. These programs
benefit the members of the community in which the funds are used. So, Chase learns
that when taxpayers pay taxes, the government uses that money to help maintain and
improve communities through programs and services (Brianna Whiting).
In general, corruption is a form of dishonesty or criminal activity undertaken by

a person or organization entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire illicit
benefit (Wikipedia).
An undemocratic practice is a doctrine that is against or in disagreement with

democracy. Democracy is a political system for choosing and replacing the government
in which everybody should participate. Democracy is a great way of choosing our
leaders, but it proves to be hard to make rules that every citizen will follow. Also, in
democracy, the majority wins, but this isn’t always a good thing. The other side will be
upset, creating violence and corruption.
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What’s More
https://www.rappler.com/nation/philippine- https://www.philnews.xyz/2019/10/author-reveals-
democracy-quality-participation reasons-why-corruption-endemic-ph.html
Let’s link the ideas!

ESSAY WRITING: Link the ideas/issues presented in the pictures above by composing an essay
of not more than 100 words. Note: Don’t forget to incorporate your thoughts with the topic on
democratic and undemocratic practices. Write your answer in your notebook.
Rubrics:
Relevance/ Content 20
Mechanics and Organization 10
Penmanship and Neatness 10
Total 40 Points
What I Have Learned
I have learned that_____________________________________________

I have realized that______________________________________________
I will apply _____________________________________________________
5
What I Can Do
GOING DEEPER: As a student, give five (5) instances where you experienced or
witnessed undemocratic practices. What do you think are the consequences of these
undemocratic practices? Write your answer in your notebook.
1. _____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________
Assessment
I. True or False: Write True if the statement is correct and False if not. Write your
answer in your notebook.
1. Undemocratic practices are legal in a democratic country.

2. Democracy is a great way to choose one’s leaders during elections.
3. Vote buying is okay if the price is right.
4. Democracy is the rule of the government but the decision of the citizens.
5. In democracy, the minority wins.
II. Identify if its Democratic or Undemocratic practices. Write your answer in

your notebook.
_____________________1. EJK
_____________________2. President Duterte administration
_____________________3. Vote buying
_____________________4. Corruption of public funds
_____________________5. Class discrimination
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SLOGAN MAKING: Create your own slogan promoting democratic practices.

Use short bondpaper.
Rubrics:
Content and Relevance 20
Creativity and Uniqueness 15
Neatness 15
Total 50
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Glossary
1. Administration - relating to the management of a company, school, or

other organization
2. Democratic - government by the people; a form of government in which
the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by
them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.
3. Electoral Fraud - election manipulation or vote rigging, is illegal
interference with the process of an election
4. Extra Judicial Killing - the killing of persons by governmental
authorities without the sanction any judicial proceedings or legal
process.
5. Undemocratic - not in agreement with or according to democratic
doctrine or practice or ideals
6. Democracy - a system of government by the whole population or all the
eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
7. Corruption - is a form of dishonesty or criminal offense undertaken by
a person or organization entrusted with a position of authority, to
acquire illicit benefit or abuse power for one's private gain.
8. Political System - the process for making official government decisions.
A much more complex system of categories involving the questions of
who should have authority and what the government influence on its
people and economy
9. Tax - a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the
government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the
cost of some goods, services, and transactions.
10. Jurisdiction - it is used to refer to the geographical area to which
such authority applies.
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Quarter 4 – Module 3ab: Enabling and Inhibiting Dimensions of Technology
What’s In
Task 1: PICTURE ANALYSIS: Answer the questions by analyzing the content

of the picture provided below. Write your answers in your notebook.
https://medium.com/@OECD/the-digital-world-we-want-6095423e804d
1. What can you say about the picture?

2. What is it all about?
3. Does the picture have something to do with technology? Support your
answer.
What’s New
Briefly answer the following questions: Write your answers in your notebook.
1. What do you think are the positive contribution of Technology in today’s
modern world?
2. Do you think technology is now a necessity?
3. Can you compare the technology in the past with the ones that we have
now? Please elaborate.
4. How was Information Technology able to help you with your studies?
What Is It
INTRODUCTION
Twenty-first century learning has been defined by application and

advancement in information technology or IT. Information technology has
become an essential part of education. According to Information Technology
3
Association of America, information technology is defined as “the study,
design, development, application, implementation, support or management of
computer-based information systems” which serves as a big help both for the
teachers and learners.
Integrating technology in education is imperative for it is one way to

encourage the learners to be more interested in the subject they are studying.
It can encourage a more active participation in the learning process which can
be hard to achieve through a traditional lecture environment and hence,
provides different opportunities to make learning more fun, interactive and
enriching.
Emerging technologies show many challenges to the traditional system.

Nanotechnology, biotechnology and robotics are not limited to an individual
organization like many older technologies such as motor vehicles,
pharmaceuticals and others but rather, to a multiple of industries and
application companies. These controlled sectors and applications create a
complication of regulatory efforts in determining the risks and control costs
of these technology – life cycles.
Emerging technologies further show an unprecedented vagueness
parallel to the risks they bring, advantages, and upcoming growth while
traditional technologies possess toxicity which may not be in the case of
nanomaterials. Some genetically altered food products can be risky to the
welfare of public health and the environment. Information technology has
served as a major catalyst of change and innovation in different aspect of
business and society. It has proven game changer in resolving economic and
social issues.
As the proliferation of technology in the classroom continues to

accelerate, schools that haven’t yet implemented some of the latest and
greatest devices such as computers in the classroom are starting to really feel
the pressure to cope with the fast changing world. Mobile devices can make
perfect learning tools and open up unlimited possibilities for educators and
students alike, but it’s not all daisies and roses. Sometimes the initial
infatuation with the shiny new technology turns into a love-hate relationship
as problems and issues arise.
POTENTIAL ISSUES TO LOOK OUT FOR WHEN BRINGING TECHNOLOGY

IN EDUCATION
Students Using Social Media
Of course, teachers are afraid that their students may just play around
on social media instead of using their devices for educational purposes.
Today’s kids spend quite a bit of time on Facebook, mobile games, other social
networking sites, etc.
4
Security Breach
Students are oftentimes more curious than they are malicious. They
want to push the boundaries just to see if they can. If you're network allows
them access to the admin servers, you can bet they're going to get on it.
Cheating
At one time a student had to pull a paper written “cheat sheet” out of
their pocket to have the ability to cheat. It certainly seems easier that they
can now cleverly pull up a “cheat sheet” on their device. The good news is,
with the ever-evolving change in technology, software companies are
developing ways to alleviate the cheating problem by for example, allowing
teachers and administrator’s access to students’ screens while in the
classroom.
Gaming
There are a ton of free gaming apps out there and people love them,
especially the learners. These addicting games can be quite the distraction
and take away from productivity in learning.
Information technologies have contributed to the increase in the

concentration of access to information, decision – making and control. They
have accelerated the crisis in employment through labor substitution and
have intensified the competitive processes in both economic and social
spheres. Their development has sustained the belief that the urban crisis can
be resolved through new information and communication infrastructures.
Technology has taken over the lives of many people who spend way too
much time on social media just trying to see how many likes and comments
they have on their Facebook or Instagram posts. People think of social media
when someone is looking at their phone, or when someone mentions
technology. They forget all the amazing things other than social media that
technology has brought to us. Technology has allowed parents not to be in
the dark when it comes to being aware as to where their children are. It has
allowed people away from their own countries to contact their loved ones and
even see them through video calls. But technology has enslaved us and has
controlled our lives in some other ways as well.
Technology has been lauded as a way to free up time for us, yet the
reality of all of these – consuming medium often does the reverse. New
innovations bring with them a host of unintended consequences, ranging from
the troubling to the downright depressing. Social media makes us lonely. Too
much screen – time makes teenagers fall behind their peers. And at the more
feeble end of the spectrum, many of us have walked into an obstacle while
texting. Tech innovators frequently profess aspirations to improve the lot of
mankind. Such aspirations are admirable, but we shouldn’t forget that there’s
one rather more concrete intention they share: to make money. They’re
vendors, we’re consumers: it’s simple as that.
5
But even if tech companies aren’t really trying to enslave us, or to make
us feel inadequate, that doesn’t mean that the current situation is a case of
good intentions gone awry. There’s no more reason to think that technology
is intrinsically good, but occasionally getting it wrong, than there is to think
that it’s a remarkably successful villain.
Technology can be used in various ways to facilitate business

organizations. For example, technology can be used to organize information.
It can be used to aid data transfer and information flow within an
organization. Technology can also be used to process, track and organize
business records. IT indeed has countless of advantages in the field of
business and commerce. It helps businesses automate most tasks and this
process results in increased production and efficiency. Business can
automate tasks in the accounting department by using accounting software
like QuickBooks.
Technology helps to speed up the learning process for students because

it creates a more efficient learning environment in many ways. Moreover,
technology can also be an important part of one’s life for many other reasons
aside from education.
Technology has important effects on business operations. Regardless of

the size of your enterprise, technology has both tangible and intangible
benefits that will help you make money and produce the results that your
customers demand. Technological infrastructures affect the culture, efficiency
and relationships within a business. Technology has the ability to enhance
relationships among teachers, students and even the community. When
teachers effectively integrate technology into varied subject areas, teachers
grow into roles of adviser, content expert, and coach.
Technology helps make teaching and learning more meaningful and

fun. Technology is in many ways like its own form of entertainment. However,
for people with disabilities, technology can be so much more than just
entertainment. It can change their lives. It can help them learn and enable
them to do things they wouldn't otherwise be able to do.
What’s More
Time to Explore: Perform the three (3) activities provided below to

enhance one’s knowledge and awareness about the dimensions of
Information Technology. Have this in your activity notebook.
6
I. Beyond the Walls
Choose one (1) current event and compare the information to different
news reports. This is good for 5 points. ( i.e., TV Patrol, Rappler, GMA
News, TV 5, etc.)
II. Cut Out

Cut pictures where you think technology helps a lot in improving the
quality of life. Paste it in a bond paper and put a caption/s for each
picture. (5 points)
III. Let’s Face It

How can we prevent ourselves from being enslaved by the internet?
What I Have Learned
I have learned that ____________________________________________
I have realized that ____________________________________________
I will apply ___________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Task 2: Share your Ideas
1. In your own point of view, what is the most important technological

advancement that man ever made? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
7
2. Share your views about SOCIAL MEDIA and how this affects human
beings in dealing with others.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Direction: Read each item carefully and write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Write your answers in your
notebook.
True or False
1. Information communication technology answers most of the problems
in communication dissemination faster.
2. Technology can solve urban crisis through new information and

communication infrastructures.
3. Information technologies have contributed to the increase in the

concentration of access to information, decision – making and control.
4. Information communication technology is the growing discovery in the

21st century that helps in the interaction of countries from one another.
5. Technology is a necessity.
6. Technology has taken over the lives of many people.
7. Social Media consumes all our time.
8. Likes and comments quantity will make a person contented for a day.
9. Technology can be used in various ways to facilitate business

organizations.
10. Technology helps to speed up the learning process for students.
8
“Interventor on the Making!”
If given the chance to invent something in the future, what would it be and
why? Have your drawing in your activity notebook and don’t forget to include a short
description of your intention with regards to your proposed invention.
Rubrics:
Creativity 15
Level of Innovation 25
Neatness 10
Total 50
Glossary
1. Culture - the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of

people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music
and arts.
2. Enabling - making something possible or easier
3. Global issue - a global issue is any issue (problem, risk) that adversely
affects the global community and environment, possibly in
a catastrophic way, including environmental issues, political
crisis, social issues and economic crisis
4. Information technology - the application of technology to solve

business or organizational problems on a broad scale; the use
9
Quarter 4 – Module 3c: ICT Tool Weaknesses
What I Know
Direction: Read each item carefully and write the answer in your activity
notebook.
Write Advantage if you agree and Disadvantage if you disagree

with the following statements:
1. My phone is the most important gadget that I have.

2. Internet connection makes me happy.
3. Facebook is a huge part of my daily activities.
4. Technology can be used in various ways to facilitate business
5. We cannot live without technology.
6. Students can use ICT in organizing their work.
7. ICT encourages collaborative work, so students can work together.
8. Internet can lead children to access unsuitable sites.
9. ICT tools have led to the creation of new and interesting jobs.
10. Video conferencing saves money especially when it comes to travel
expenses and accommodation.
What’s In
"It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our
humanity" (Albert Einstein)?
1. Do you think the statement holds true today?

___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Give at least 2 real life examples in connection to the statement given
by Albert Einstein.
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2
What’s New
Picture Analysis:
Direction: Study and analyze the pictures, then answer the questions below.
Write your answers in your notebook.
https://tinyurl.com/2tasu5h9 https://tinyurl.com/u9e2bbrd
1. What can you say about the pictures? Describe the two pictures above.
2. In your own point of view, do human beings really need these
technologies today?
What is It
School doors around the world have been closed for several months to
contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. During this crisis, we have
seen an incredible number of large-scale efforts to use technology in support
of remote learning. At the same time, this crisis has exposed the challenge in
integrating technology in education, including many inequalities starting with
the lack of access to computers and the internet. Because of its far-reaching
impact, the COVID-19 pandemic has given us massive insights into how the
role of technology can radically shift to reach the learners and how to adapt
new normal teaching strategies in these challenging times.
Digital technology in education enables us to find answers to existing
societal problems especially in these difficult times. On top of that, technology
can help boost the learners’ capacity in terms of answering their modules.
The new advancements brought by the emergence of technology remain
beneficial to human life in several domains, whether it’s in medical,
educational, or political aspect. As far as the medical field is concerned, this
last one remains a major factor in treating peoples’ lives and consequently
3
saving their lives through combating viruses and serious diseases. Not to
mention enhancing communication and making business transactions more
efficient. Also, connected with foreign investors is now becoming easier with
the aid of ICT. More tasks are now being accomplished efficiently with less
time and effort.
Technology has also increased productivity for almost all companies
worldwide. If we look at it closely, new innovations are emerging every day.
Let’s have “Smart Cities” as our example, making optimal use of all the
technologies available for better and more comfortable life in the cities along
with optimizing the use of limited resources. On the other hand, the fast
evolution of technology has certainly several disadvantages that are quite
alarming, especially when it comes to its rampant usage. Today, people no
longer need to think or even analyze that much because of the existence of
several devices/gadgets like the calculator, computer, smart phones, tablets,
etc. People no longer need to memorize stuffs because the machines and
devices can record things for their convenience. The major decline of human
capital remains an alarming topic to which attention should be seriously
directed.
Most technological discoveries focus more on saving time and money as
well as human efforts, which implies that more work is done by machines,
and that equates to more unemployment. Therefore, the use of technology,
without a doubt, needs to be regulated and needs to fall under new laws.
Among the means to regulate the behaviour of people in general and
companies in particular is to resort to consultancy which aims to dictate what
is right, when and how to apply technology in the most efficient and less costly
way possible.
Disadvantages and risks of technology

The evolution of modern technology has disadvantages. One example is
one’s excessive dependence on new technologies. Man no longer needs to
think. Even if the calculator is a good invention, man no longer makes mental
calculation and no longer harnesses his mathematical skills. The decline of
human capital implies an increase in unemployment. In some areas, devices
can replace the human mind.
General Benefits of ICT Usage in Teaching and Learning

One of the popular tools which is commonly adapted in the teaching of reading
and writing is the use of blogs. Blogging offers a real-world digital medium for
communication. It is multi-dimensional in that it does not just offer a ‘container’
for writing but has the possibility of multiple audiences and access points. In a research
conducted on the effectiveness of using the ‘online writing’ approach in teaching
4
writing, Kelly & Safford (2009) drew upon data from a research project undertaken
by studying learners in 6 classrooms within 2 years during the 2006 World Cup, to
analyze how children used complex sentence structures in their writing on a football web-
log. They explored how the conﬂuence of a temporary, popular, global event and
an online forum for communication created a moment of linguistic empowerment
where pupils began to use high-level forms of language. This research shows
positive findings in terms of the students’ interest in presenting ideas and
responding to their classmates’ ideas by commenting on blogs. Online blogs allow
students to get feedback from more than one person, and this type of peer feedback may
be more effective than traditional self-editing (Holder, 2006). It gives the implication
towards the positive interactivity for the teaching and learning of sentence grammar, by
using blogs in the teaching of writing.
The use of technology certainly needs rules and new laws. For example,
the use of internet also needs to be regulated as much as possible. However,
the invention of the atomic bomb is now becoming a country’s prerogative and
stopping its continuous production is becoming impossible. In fact,
regulations are difficult to implement when these technologies are introduced
– such as regulations surrounding the impending arrival of autonomous
vehicles.
RISKS AND CHALLENGES
#1: Distance learning will reinforce teaching and learning approaches

that we know do not work well.
Countries are shifting to distance learning approaches, whether
through distributing physical learning materials for students or through
using technology to facilitate online learning. And there are real risks because
many of these approaches can be very solitary and didactic when you’re just
asking students to sit and quietly watch videos, read documents online, or
click through presentations—that’s really dull. The worst form of learning is
to sit passively and listen, and this may be the form that most students will
receive during school closures. It serves no one well, especially those who are
the furthest behind.
#2: Educators will be unsupported in performing their jobs well.
Teachers had little or no notice about their schools closing and shifting
to online learning—this can be challenging for anybody. They’ve shared that
they are overwhelmed with all sorts of materials and products, and we are
seeing educators begin to push back and request help filtering through all the
resources to find those that are quality. At the same time, teachers are just
like the rest of us in that they are experiencing this strange new world as
mothers, fathers, aunts, uncles, and grandparents. They are trying to deal
5
with their individual lives and take care of their kids and find new ways to
make sure that learning continues.
#3: The protection and safety of children will be harder to safeguard.
Schools have safeguard measures in place to ensure that predators
toward children, such as pedophiles, can’t access young people. Now, once
you move to online learning in a home environment, you can’t safeguard
against this. People have to be mindful about the design of online learning so
that bad individuals don’t get to children outside of their home.
#4: This crisis will help us come together across boundaries.
We would be remiss if we take away a greater sense of empathy for each
other—the idea that we can work through anything together from this crisis.
It’s an opportunity for the education sector to unite, forge connections across
countries and continents, and truly share what works in a global way. Prior
to this crisis, we’ve been able to do well, and we will miss a big opportunity if
we don’t try to do that now.
Finally, as most technological discoveries aim to reduce human effort,
it would imply that more work is done by machines. This equates to less work
for people: the human is becoming ever so obsolete by the day, as processes
become automated and jobs are made redundant. The negative impact of the
influence of technology on children should not be underestimated as well.
Online teaching during COVID-19 school closure
The COVID-19 pandemic situation has posed unprecedented

challenges requiring teachers to adapt to teaching online. Until March 2020,
the typical teaching situation at school was characterized by students who
convened in classrooms according to their timetables and teachers who
covered their subjects’ standard content, frequently through formal lecturing.
Students were required to listen to their teachers, work individually or in
groups, and predominantly reproduce knowledge in assessments (e.g.,
Lipowsky 2015). By contrast, ICT use was limited (Fraillon et al. 2014, 2019;
GEW (Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft) 2020). The school
lockdown confronted teachers, students, and parents with an entirely new
situation (Huber and Helm 2020). Continued teaching and learning was only
possible through alternative means of schooling. Teachers had to change to
online teaching, requiring them to use various digital tools and resources to
solve problems and implement new approaches to teaching and learning
(Eickelmann and Gerick 2020). Beyond instructional goals, teachers were
also required to maintain contact with their students to account for the social
integration of their learning groups.
6
ICT Transformation Process in Educational Systems
Although the transition to online teaching was unexpected and rapid

due to COVID-19, it took place amid a wider ICT transformation process in
educational systems (Selwyn 2012; McFarlane 2019). Digitalization in schools
has recently attained prominence. A key argument relates to closing the ‘gap’
between students’ conventional learning and development at school and ‘the
experiences and skills that our youth need to enter the information economy’
(Kozma 2011, 106): the school curriculum should increasingly be interwoven
with ICT, and students should be given opportunities to use advanced
technological tools and digital resources for creative and innovative problem
solving (Kozma 2011, 115).
Digital technology has revolutionized almost every aspect of people's lives

in recent decades (Goodman, 2019). Office work, shopping, music, movies,
television, photography, travel, transport, and long-distance communications
are just some areas that have been transformed. It has become increasingly
rare to find an electronic device or large machine that doesn't incorporate
digital technology in some way.
What’s More
Task 1. Direction: Identify at least 3 disadvantages of ICT tools and suggest

possible solutions with regards to these problems. Have this in your activity
notebook.
Disadvantages of ICT Tools Possible Solutions for ICT-related
Problems
7
What I Have Learned
Task 2. Direction: Write your own reflection using the template provided below.
Have this in your activity notebook.
I have learned that ______________________________________________
I have realized that ______________________________________________
I will apply _____________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Task 3
Direction: Briefly answer the following:
1. As a student, give instances where you never used any of your gadgets
in one day.
2. What gadget would you like to have in this time of pandemic? Why?
3. What technology you see today you think is okay if not invented?
Assessment
Direction: Read each item carefully and write the answer in your activity
notebook.
Write Advantage if you agree and Disadvantage if you disagree

with the following statements:
1. My phone is the most important gadget that I have.

2. Internet connection makes me happy.
3. Facebook is a huge part of my daily activities.
8
4. Technology can be used in various ways to facilitate business.
5. We cannot live without technology.
6. Students can use ICT in organizing their work.
7. ICT encourages collaborative work, so students can work together.
8. Internet can lead children to access unsuitable sites.
9. ICT tools have led to the creation of new and interesting jobs.
10.Video conferencing saves money especially when it comes to travel
expenses and accommodation.
Direction: Write a 100-word composition on how mobile phones and other

gadgets shaped your relationship with your classmates and peers in this
pandemic time.
Rubrics:
Content/Relevance 20
Mechanics 15
Organization 15
Neatness 10
Total 60
9
Glossary
1. Information Communication Technology (ICT) - is an extensional term

for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified
communications and the integration
of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and
computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware,
storage and audio-visual systems, that enable users to access, store,
transmit, and manipulate information.
2. Electronic device - An electronic device
has transistors or silicon chips which control and change
the electric current passing through the device.
3. Human capital - Human capital is an intangible asset or quality not
listed on a company's balance sheet. It can be classified as
the economic value of a worker's experience and skills. This includes
assets like education, training, intelligence, skills, health, and other
things employers value such as loyalty and punctuality.
4. Blog - a blog was more of a personal diary that people shared online. In
this online journal, you could talk about your daily life or share about
things that you were doing. Then, people saw an opportunity to
communicate information in a new way online.
5. Humanity - is the human race, which includes everyone on Earth. It’s
also a word for the qualities that make us human, such as the ability
to love and have compassion, be creative, and not be a robot or alien.
6. Gadgets - an often small mechanical or electronic device with a
practical use but often thought of as a novelty
7. Smart City - In general, a smart city is a city that uses technology to
provide services and solve city problems. A smart city does things like
improve transportation and accessibility, improve social services,
promote sustainability, and give its citizens a voice.
8. Albert Einstein - was a German-born theoretical physicist who
developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern
physics
9. Digital Technology - Digital technologies are electronic tools, systems,
devices and resources that generate, store or process data. Well known
examples include social media, online games, multimedia and mobile
phones.
10. Video conferencing - Video conferencing is a technology that
allows users in different locations to hold face-to-face meetings without
having to move to a single location together. ... Uses for video
conferencing include holding routine meetings, negotiating business
deals, and interviewing job candidates
10
Quarter 4 – Module 4: Social Relationships and Political Movements
9. April gives her friend a website address. She recommends that her friend check
it out and possibly sign up. April explains that the website is for a group of friends
to use to connect with each other. Which of the following best describes the type
of website April is recommending?
a. Social network c. Online gaming
b. Collaborative group d. Wiki
10. When you are using social networking sites, which information should you never
post publicly?
a. Your favorite places to explore
b. Your high scores on popular games
c. Your address or phone number
d. Your favorite athletic teams
What’s In
Task 1. Name It!

Identify the social networking sites or terms represented by each icon.
3
What’s New
Task 2. My Relationship with Others and ICT

List the names of people whom you have relationship with and write the technology
to communicate with them.
NAME RELATIONSHIP MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
What is It
Smartphones and Internet connection have significantly contributed to the

transformation of collective action. Easy Internet access through smartphone has
given people from all classes equal opportunities to mobilize and spread information
and other services. People perceived as marginalized now find more courage in
reaching out to those in the mainstream by connecting with sociopolitical movements
with similar interests online.
Aside from the traditional sociopolitical movements or Social Movement

Organizations (SMO), Internet-based movements which are highly dependent on
online propagation and e-movements, arising entirely online have emerged. Their
operations somewhat differ from the traditional SMO in the sense that the former
possess a Collaborative Innovation Network (CoIN) which refers to a highly motivated
group with a collective vision and is aided by the Web in attaining a common goal
through fast information and work exchanges.
Impact of ICT in Various International Events
Arab Spring
This phenomenon in the Arab world was inadvertently sparked by Mohammad

Bouazazi, a street vendor in Tunisia who set himself on fire in 2010 to protest after
a council inspector confiscated his vegetable stall. News about this spread and others
4
saw this as an opportunity to protest against the larger socioeconomic ills of the
country. Soon, the ensuing riots overthrew the dictatorship of the president.
The Arab Spring, as what it is now known, brought about destabilization and
disturbed the order in some Arab authoritarian countries particularly Tunisia, Egypt,
Libya, and Yemen. Several awakenings, protests, and uprisings erupted in many
Arab countries in the years that followed. Syria, for one, is now in a bloody civil war
with rebels trying to oust the regime of Bashar al-Assad.
One of the factors perceived to have contributed to such political upheaval

was ICT. Through television, Internet, smartphones, Facebook, Twitter, blogs, and
other social media outlets, the world became aware of the protests which eventually
snowballed and gave people the courage to act against dictatorships. The causes of
protests varied: economic failure, rampant corruption, act against security forces,
and demand for more liberal and democratic way of governance. The unfolding events
in Tunisia were watched by its neighboring countries and seemed to have inspired
them. The use of Facebook, SMS (text messaging), and Twitter enabled users to
sustain interest and eventually moved them to action. Facebook allowed people to
express their political beliefs without fear of apprehension by state authorities. Like-
minded Facebook users established citizen networks with political objectives.
In Libya, the reporting about the civil war and subsequent NATO and UN
intervention was conducted using social media technology in the absence of
professional journalists who were banned in Libya. In Bahrain, the situation was
different. The government co-opted the media by asking for help in identifying some
leading protesters. It took the opportunity of political divisions which weakened the
protesters. Thus, no change of regime occurred in Bahrain.
A Pew Research Center article noted, “Social media indeed played a part in
the Arab uprisings. Networks formed online were crucial in organizing a core group
of activists, specifically in Egypt. Civil society leaders in Arab countries emphasized
the role of ‘the internet, mobile phones, and social media in the protests. Additionally,
digital media has been used by Arabs to exercise freedom of speech and as a space
for civic engagement.”
Since 2011, the goals of many Arab Spring protesters have been denied as
autocratic governments regain power and crack down on civil liberties. Nonetheless,
the uprisings have shown the power of mass demonstrations and peaceful protest,
as well as the ability of social media to both fuel protest and communicate its goals to
the outside world. The tumult of the Arab Spring also showed autocratic
governments—and the rest of the world—that millions of people living in Islamic
nations believe in free expression and democratic governance.
Occupy Wall Street
Twitter played a significant role in facilitating communications among the

participants of Occupy Wall Street, an anti-capitalism movement. Twitter became
a forum where the participants shared information and interacted with one another.
At the local level, Occupy protesters used Twitter to communicate sensitive
information about the protests and police actions. They used Twitter to pave the way
5
for interstate communication exchanges. Through Twitter, a group capable of
collective framing process which provided the social movement with shared
languages, purpose, and identity was formed. Other people around the world copied
the Occupy protest success and staged their own versions in what was later known
as the Occupy Movement.
Terrorism
Extremists and terrorist groups have also used ICT, especially websites,
Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter, to further illegal and destructive acts and recruit
members and adherents. Jihadist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the so-called Islamic
State (IS)
are two
notable
terror
groups that
have used
ICT.
The IS,
in
particular,
seems to
have
members Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-others/a-70-page-islamic-state-
who are terror-manual-found-online/
well-versed
in using ICT in their operations. They produce well-scripted and choreographed
videos and recorded executions. They also have an online presence through
Instagram, and they publish an online monthly magazine. In addition, they utilize
online messaging services, even launching a hashtag campaign, among others. An
article in Popular Science noted, “From its start, social media has been integral to
ISIS’s rise. It enables ISIS militants to raise its prestige among terror groups and
overtake older jihadist competitors like Al-Qaeda. It serves to coordinate troops and
win battles. And it allows the group to administer the territory under its control.”
Cyberterrorism, a term coined by Barry Collin in 1997, means “unlawful threats

of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored therein to
intimidate or coerce a government and its people in furtherance of political or social
objectives.” This premeditated and politically motivated violence is aimed at
noncombatant targets by clandestine agents. There are at least four elements which
characterize cyberterrorism:
1. Politically motivated attacks leading to death or physical injury;

2. Cyber-attacks causing fear and/or bodily harm from cyber-attack techniques;
3. Attacks against critical information infrastructures such as energy,
transportation, and financial and government operations, and;
4. Attacks primarily aimed at monetary profit.
6
However, attacks that focus on nonessential service are not considered
cyberterrorism. Terrorist groups use the Internet for hostile activities such as
hacking, disseminating negative propaganda, and promoting high-risk activities.
They likewise use the Internet for intergroup communication. Terrorist groups
manipulate cyber media to release their propaganda statements. A study on hosting
service providers such as Blogspot and Wordpress reveals that the virtual world is
damaged due to the promotion of terrorist activities. Videos of hostage-taking,
attacks, explosions, and bombing are even shown.
A study by Yulei Zhang et al. (2010) has come across 10,000 extremist websites
which developed technology to interpret the conversation and content of forums. The
cyberspace is said to have allowed asymmetric or unbalanced warfare between, on
the one hand, the perpetuators such as extremists, terrorist groups, and cyber
criminals having the capability to inflict damage; and, on the other hand, the
unsuspecting, naïve public. Terrorist groups can inflict damage or create difficult
conditions to nations. Several countries have established cybersecurity agencies to
protect their and other countries from cyberterrorism.
Keep In Mind
ICT has also been used to facilitate and inquire action against a regime, as what
happened in the Arab Spring and Occupy movements. It is also employed by terrorist
groups to create fear and destruction to lives and countries.
While some Internet-based movements and e-movements failed for reasons such
as lack of face-to-face interaction and inability to establish and sustain interpersonal
networks, others attained success. Jamie Friedland and Kenneth Rogerson (2009)
analyzed some of the successful Internet-based social movements and the Internet’s
role in their success. They see the Internet as having a passive nature which means
that “users discover only what they seek” and “normally find information that merely
reinforces their interests or beliefs.” Nevertheless, the Internet “streamlines the
process of political mobilization” as it allows easier interconnections among like-
minded individuals. It facilitates faster and wider spread of messages though online
sites.
The leadership structure of the traditional sociopolitical movements vary from

that of e-movements. While traditional movements possess a centralized, vertically
hierarchical command structure, e-movements have a horizontal and decentralized
structure. Leaders have more liberty to act and may not necessarily be politically
engaged. Many leaders of e-movements are computer experts responsible for starting
a full blown e-movement. They are computer-savvy individuals who are empowered
by ICT rather than political activists. These leaders are likewise unconstrained by
the limitations of traditional social movement organizations such as experiencing
pressure from members due to their unconventional leadership styles. On the
contrary, e-movements allow the leaders to practice their preferred styles, thus
providing various ways and methods if achieving the goals of the movement. The
leader may also be the member who made the best proposal as the course of action
to take. No central leadership exists in an e-movement due to its horizontal structure.
Without a traditionally rigid chain of command, members and leaders alike of online
groups of protesters connect, coordinate, and plan their actions together in a hazy
7
structure like that of modern terrorists cells (Weimann, 2006a in Friedland and
Rogerson, 2009). What binds them is a common political agenda rather than a
central leadership; hence, their flexibility and ability for evasive physical movement
and shifting strategies.
The Internet also enables SMOs to either access or bypass mainstream media.
Through low-cost, efficient, and direct communication from the SMO, the general
public and the media get to monitor its movements, which actually seek wider media
coverage. Most SMOs believe that media coverage is necessary in amplifying their
concerns to the public whose strong and sustained support can lead to the SMO’s
strength and success. They also seek to establish a well-designed and well-
maintained website where they post their messages, counter negative media
coverage, correct misconceptions, and refute criticisms. The site lends a sort of
legitimacy to the SMOs.
Information and communications technology enables groups and movements, big

and small alike, to prosper and attain success in promoting their causes even without
a centralized and hierarchical structure. The horizontal, decentralized, and flat
structure facilitates the development of sociopolitical movements whose
interconnections are based on common sociopolitical concerns, interests, and goals.
What’s More
Task 3. Memes to Movements.
Create a meme that characterizes an Internet-based movement on the current

situation of Philippine politics/society. The meme should reflect a call to action
where the audience will act to improve the situation.
MEME RUBRIC
CRITERION Limited (1) Emerging (2) Skilled (3) Accomplished (4)
Execution The meme is The meme is The meme is The meme is easy to
(Student unfinished or messy, neat and read. The graphics
created the unpublished. contains colorful and and text chosen to
memes errors, or is easy to read. enhance the message.
imaginatively) difficult to
read.
Cohesion The idea that The idea that The idea that The idea that you are
Between Ideas you are trying you are trying you are trying to represent
(Words, font to represent to represent trying to and the image that
size, and font and the image and the image represent you have chosen
type all create a that you have that you have and the work very well
cohesive chosen are chosen are not image that together. You have
message)
unclear. The completely you have chosen a solid visual
picture you clear. The chosen work representation for
have chosen picture you well together.
8
lacks any have chosen You have your idea. The meme
clear and the idea chosen a is funny and creative.
connection to do not fully solid visual
your ideas. connect. representatio
n for your
idea.
Creativity Student was Student was Student's voice is
not able to able to get Student was easily seen in the
show their their voice into able to get combination of photo
Student used voice, but the images but their voice image and word
their own ideas relied on pre- relied heavily into their selection
to share their existing ideas on others for work but
voice
ideas may have
needed a
prompt from
others to
begin
Grammar & Student had Student had at Student had Student had no
Spelling more than 2 least 2 errors only 1 error errors
Student has errors
utilized spell
and grammar
check to ensure
accuracy in
writing
Required Student did Student has Student has Student has all
Elements not use the used one or all required required images from
correct source more images images but the correct sources
Student for 2 or more from an may have
successfully of their incorrect used an
created finished required source incorrect
pieces that
images source
included all
requirements
Source: https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=HX37B6C&sp=yes&
What I Have Learned
Why is physical proximity becoming irrelevant in today’s movements for social

reforms in all fronts? Do you believe these movements can sustain their interest and
enthusiasm in pursuing their goals despite the physical distance? Explain your
answer. Write your answer in your notebook.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9
What I Can Do
Task 4. Apply It In Real Life!
You are a social worker in a coastal municipality where the main source of
livelihood is fishing. You learned that many fisherfolk practice dynamite fishing. To
stop this illegal practice, you coordinated with the mayor to hold an assembly of
fisherfolk and townsfolk.
You need to ask for support in terms of venue, public information, printing of
materials, and snacks for the attendees. The mayor instructs you to write a proposal
indicating the following details:
a. purpose of the assembly
b. benefits that the activity can give to the municipality and its people
c. target participants
d. date and time of the assembly
e. names and profiles of resource persons
f. budget
g. materials and services needed
h. draft of the handout
The mayor will evaluate the proposal and approve it based on content
(complete details, clear data presentation), reasonability of budget, and relevance to
the municipality. Use clean bonderpaper.
PROJECT PROPOSAL RUBRIC

CRITERION EXCEPTIONA VERY GOOD AVERAGE NEEDS POOR
L (8 PTS) (6 PTS) IMPROVEMEN (2 PTS)
(10 PTS) T
(4 PTS)
Project Description is Description The Description is It is unclear
Description clear, concise, is clear and description not clear. It what is being
and easy to generally is adequate may be proposed.
understand. easy to though the verbose or
understand need for utilize a lot of
with a few greater field-specific
exceptions clarity is jargon.
(i.e., uses apparent.
some Description
jargons). may not
explain
project
concisely or
with a clear
general
picture of
proposed
activities.
10
Adequacy & Processes and There is a Processes Processes and Processes and
feasibility of procedures are logical and and procedures procedures
design well-stated, thoughtful procedures outlined are are either
manageable, plan for for executing unclear, do not omitted, only
appropriate, manageable the project follow from vaguely
and execution of appear project stated,
comprehensive the project. manageable, objectives, unmanageabl
. but there is and/or do not e, or are
some seem entirely inappropriate
uncertainty. manageable. for the project
proposed.
Likelihood for Project has High Moderate Likelihood of The project as
success every likelihood of likelihood of success is designed as
reasonable success. success. questionable. little chance
expectation of of being
being successful.
completed.
Goals & The goals of The goals of The goals of The goals of The goals of
products the project are the project the project the project are the project
clearly stated. are clearly are not not clearly are not clearly
Significant stated. clearly stated. The stated or are
impact of the Moderate stated. The proposed inconsistent.
project are impact of the proposed products are of
properly project are products are minimal
described with described of moderate impact.
very with high impact.
reasonable community
community impact.
impact.
Budget Budget is Budget is Budget is Budget is not Budget is
(appropriaten comprehensive comprehensi comprehensi clearly unreasonable
ess & , clearly ve, clearly ve and explained and in all areas.
justification) explained, and explained, reasonable it is not Costs are not
appropriate for and but not appropriate for justified in
the activities reasonable. clearly the activities the budget
proposed. All Vast majority explained. proposed. narrative.
costs are of costs are Most costs Budget is not Many costs
justified, justified, are justified, comprehensive are not
relevant, and relevant, and relevant, and and relevant and
essential. essential to essential to reasonable. essential to
this project. this project. Some costs are this project.
not justified,
relevant, or
essential.
Timeline Timeline is Timeline may Timeline Timeline Timeline is
clearly not be meets most appears to not suitable
presented and clearly of the meet less than for the
is clearly presented activities half of the activities
suitable for but appears proposed. activities described.
and meets all to be Timeline may proposed. Not
the activities suitable for not be clearly
described. all the clearly presented.
activities presented.
described.
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/felixtbunagan/project-proposal-rubrics
11
Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully and use your notebook to write your answers.
Write only the letter of the correct answer.
1. Highly dependent on online propagation and e-movements arising entirely

online.
a. Social movement organization c. Collaborative Innovation Network
b. Classroom organization d. None of the above
2. Refers to a highly motivated group with a collective vision and is aided by the
Web in attaining a common goal through fast information and work exchanges.
a. Social movement organization c. Collaborative Innovation Network
b. Classroom organization d. None of the above
3. The Arab Spring was sparked by a street vendor named ___________________.

a. Osama bin Laden c. Mohammad Ali
b. Mohammad Bouazazi d. Unknown
4. The Arab Spring protest started in ________________________.

a. Libya b. Egypt c. Yemen d. Tunisia
5. This social media platform played a significant role in facilitating communications

among the participants of Occupy Wall Street.
a. Facebook b. Pinterest c. Twitter d. Instagram
6. Unlawful threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information

stored therein… to intimidate or coerce a government and its people in
furtherance of political or social objectives.1
a. Cyberterrorism b. Cyberspace c. Outer space d. Cyberattack
7. Allowed asymmetric or unbalanced warfare.

a. Cyberterrorism b. Cyberspace c. Outer space d. Cyberattack
8. Possess a centralized, vertically hierarchical command structure.

a. Traditional movements c. Full blown e-movement
b. E-movements d. Modern terrorist cells
9. Possess a horizontal and decentralized structure.

a. Traditional movements c. E-movements
b. Full blown e-movement d. Modern terrorist cells
10. The leaders of a movement are computer experts.

a. Traditional movements c. E-movements
b. Full blown e-movement d. Modern terrorist cells
12
POSTER MAKING: Create your own poster showing the significance of ICT towards
attaining a better quality of life.
RUBRICS
Creativity 15
Content/ Message 25
Total Presentation 10
Total 50
Glossary
✓ ICT Information and Communications Technology

✓ SMO Social movement organization
✓ CoIN Collaborative innovation network
✓ IS Islamic State
13
Quarter 4 – Module 5: Neural and Social Networks
9. A typical brain weighs how much?
a. 3 pounds (1.4 kilograms) c. 3 tons (2.7 metric tons)
b. 3 ounces (85 grams) d. 3 kilograms (6.6 pounds)
10. What is the biggest part of the brain?

a. Brain stem c. Cerebrum
b. Think tank d. Cerebellum
What’s In
Task 1: Connect Them All

Directions: Tick at least five item or concepts that emphasize good relationship.
Then think of situations when you applied or experienced such concepts in
your family, school, or neighborhood. Write your answer in your notebook.
CONCEPTS SITUATIONS APPLIED/EXPERIENCED

Understanding I had a fight with my sister/brother
Humility ______________________________________________
Jealousy ______________________________________________
Love ______________________________________________
Trust ______________________________________________
Greed ______________________________________________
Patience ______________________________________________
3
What’s New
Task 2: Relate Them All

Directions: From the concepts that you have ticked in Task 1, indicate what
network devices/technology you were able to use in maintaining good
relationships. Write your answer in your notebook.
CONCEPTS NETWORK USED

Understanding I called my sister using my cellular phone
e
___________ ___________________________________________________
___________ ___________________________________________________
___________ ___________________________________________________
___________ ___________________________________________________
___________ ___________________________________________________
What is It
INTRODUCTION
A network is a group of individuals who collaborates with each other to
be able to achieve a purpose and connection. It can be best described as work
team, meeting of learners of the same course and profession, or any group who
works together for a common cause. Establishing a network is important
because through pooling resources, the organization can be aware of potential
threats or problems that may arise during a project or event. Networking is
associated with participation since it builds support and allows empowerment
of its members. It also strengthens the work team to advocate issues, provide
credibility, attain outcomes, give accurate information, plan activities, support
project, and solve potential problems.
Networking allows people to be flexible as they adjust to the changing
environment. These individuals depend on different lifelong learning skills that
they use in their interaction with their peers and workmates. Networking
further connects and gathers people from a heterogeneous group of individuals
from across professions and classes to achieve their plans and goals. It pivots
innovations and awareness as people exchange knowledge and information.
Weak and strong networks provide learning that will give organizations and
4
people an idea of how links and connections work. Thus, an individual may
devise methods and ties to his or her learning needs and use technology to
enhance such skills.
Connection refers to something that joins two or more objects or
individuals. It also shows a situation wherein two or more objects or individuals
have a similar cause, goal, or origin. The participants of Occupy movements,
for instance, were connected together by a common goal of socioeconomic
justice. Connection also exists between two individuals (or among many),
events, and objects. Global warming is connected to frequent forest fires, just
as unemployment is connected to poverty.
Similarly, a relationship refers to the state or condition of being
connected; the way in which two or more individuals or groups regard and
behave toward one another; the manner by which two or more people,
associations, or countries deal with each. The annual Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC) meeting of heads of state demonstrates a relationship
between economies around the Pacific belt. A relationship always involves
dyadic or more levels of connection.
EXPLORE
Relationships have different meanings to different people. Such can be
with friends, with a special someone, with colleagues and co-workers, with co-
members of an association, and with family members, to name a few.
Establishing relationships is an important component of your life. As you pass
through the different life stages, you will meet a variety of people with whom
you’ll build relationships with, whether good or bad, some of which will leave
long-lasting impacts on your life.
Establishing good relationships with friends is essential. Doing things for

each other without expecting anything in return makes a good friendship.
Building good relationships with colleagues and coworkers can be an asset to
your work success. A promotion, a raise, or an appreciation from your company
may come out due to your low-quality work backed up by good relationships
with coworkers and the management. Love and respect for others are basic in
establishing good and inspiring relationships in your workplace.
Familial relationships are believed to be the most important of all types

of relationship. Good relationship between parents and children results in a
happy, wholesome home. Studies have shown that children who grew up with
good relationships with their parents acquired good attitudes, got better grades,
and became better decision makers. They also developed the tendency to listen
to the advice of their parents, thus, avoiding misdirection and costly mistakes
in life.
5
Quality matters in any relationship. Sincerity, depth, and mutual
understanding underlie a good relationship of any kind. Being a social actor,
you are always engaged in overlapping relationships. Relationships, therefore,
play a vital role in life.
NEURAL NETWORK
The human brain is the command center for the human nervous system.
It receives signals from the body's sensory organs and outputs information to
the muscles. The human brain has the same basic
structure as other mammal brains but is larger in
relation to body size than any other brains.4
The brain is an amazing three-pound organ that

controls all functions of the body, interprets information
from the outside world, and embodies the essence of the
mind and soul. Intelligence, creativity, emotion, and
memory are a few of the many things governed by the
brain. Protected within the skull, the brain is composed Figure 1. The brain has three
of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. main parts:the cerebrum,
cerebellum and brainstem.
The brain receives information through our five
senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing—often https://tinyurl.com/3wbr3d2n
many at one time. It assembles the messages in a way

that has meaning for us, and can store that information in our memory. The
brain controls our thoughts, memory and speech, movement of the arms and
legs, and the function of many organs within our body.
The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal
cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of spinal nerves that
branch from the spinal cord and cranial nerves that branch from the brain.
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem (Fig.

1).
Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and
left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision
and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control
of movement.
Cerebellum is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate

muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
6
Brainstem acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum
to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing,
heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing,
coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Right Brain–Left Brain

The cerebrum is divided into two
halves: the right and left hemispheres (Fig.
2) They are joined by a bundle of fibers
called the corpus callosum that transmits
messages from one side to the other. Each
hemisphere controls the opposite side of the
body. If a stroke occurs on the right side of
the brain, your left arm or leg may be weak
or paralyzed.
Not all functions of the hemispheres Figure 2. The cerebrum is divided into left and
are shared. In general, the left hemisphere right hemispheres. The two sides are
controls speech, comprehension, connected by the nerve fibers corpus
arithmetic, and writing. The right callosum.
hemisphere controls creativity, spatial https://tinyurl.com/3k78u5zr
ability, artistic, and musical skills. The left
hemisphere is dominant in hand use and language in about 92% of people.
Lobes of the Brain
The cerebral hemispheres have distinct fissures, which divide the brain
into lobes. Each hemisphere has 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and
occipital (Fig. 3). Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve
very specific functions. It is important to understand that each lobe of the brain
does not function alone. There are very
complex relationships between the lobes of
the brain and between the right and left
hemispheres.
Frontal lobe
• Personality, behavior, emotions
• Judgment, planning, problem solving
• Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s
area)
• Body movement (motor strip)
• Intelligence, concentration, self-
awareness
Parietal lobe
Figure 3. The cerebrum is divided into four • Interprets language, words
lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and • Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory
temporal. strip)
https://tinyurl.com/3k78u5zr
7
• Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory
• Spatial and visual perception
Occipital lobe
• Interprets vision (color, light, movement)
Temporal lobe
• Understanding language (Wernicke’s area)
• Memory
• Hearing
• Sequencing and organization
Language
In general, the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for language
and speech and is called the "dominant" hemisphere. The right hemisphere
plays a large part in interpreting visual information and spatial processing. In
about one third of people who are left-handed, speech function may be located
on the right side of the brain. Left-handed people may need special testing to
determine if their speech center is on the left or right side prior to any surgery
in that area.
Aphasia is a disturbance of language affecting speech production,
comprehension, reading or writing, due to brain injury—most commonly from
stroke or trauma. The type of aphasia depends on the brain area damaged.
Broca’s area lies in the left frontal lobe (Fig. 3). If this area is damaged,
one may have difficulty moving the tongue or facial muscles to produce the
sounds of speech. The person can still read and understand spoken language
but has difficulty in speaking and writing (i.e., forming letters and words,
doesn't write within lines)—called Broca's aphasia.
Wernicke's area lies in the left temporal lobe (Fig. 3). Damage to this area
causes Wernicke's aphasia. The individual may speak in long sentences that
have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new words. They
can make speech sounds, however they have difficulty understanding speech
and are therefore unaware of their mistakes.
Cortex
The surface of the cerebrum is
called the cortex. It has a folded
appearance with hills and valleys.
The cortex contains 16 billion
neurons (the cerebellum has 70
billion = 86 billion total) that are
arranged in specific layers. The nerve Figure 4. The cortex contains neurons (grey matter),
cell bodies color the cortex grey- which are interconnected to other brain areas by axons
brown giving it its name—gray matter (white matter). The cortex has a folded appearance. A
(Fig. 4). Beneath the cortex are long fold is called a gyrus and the valley between is a sulcus.
nerve fibers (axons) that connect https://tinyurl.com/3bahrcwk
8
brain areas to each other—called white matter.
The folding of the cortex increases the brain’s surface area allowing more
neurons to fit inside the skull and enabling higher functions. Each fold is called
a gyrus, and each groove between folds is called a sulcus. There are names for
the folds and grooves that help define specific brain regions.
Deep Structures
Pathways called white matter tracts connect

areas of the cortex to each other. Messages can
travel from one gyrus to another, from one lobe to
another, from one side of the brain to the other, and
to structures deep in the brain (Fig. 5).
Hypothalamus is located in the floor of the third
ventricle and is the master control of the autonomic
system. It plays a role in controlling behaviors such
as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual response. It also
regulates body temperature, blood pressure, Figure 5. Coronal cross-section
emotions, and secretion of hormones. showing the basal ganglia.
Pituitary gland lies in a small pocket of bone https://tinyurl.com/zfeapj4c
at the skull base called the sella turcica. The
pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by the pituitary
stalk. Known as the “master gland,” it controls other endocrine glands in the
body. It secretes hormones that control sexual development, promote bone and
muscle growth, and respond to stress.
Pineal gland is located behind the third ventricle. It helps regulate the
body’s internal clock and circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin. It has
some role in sexual development.
Thalamus serves as a relay station for almost all information that comes
and goes to the cortex. It plays a role in pain sensation, attention, alertness
and memory. Basal ganglia includes the caudate, putamen and globus
pallidus. These nuclei work with the cerebellum to coordinate fine motions,
such as fingertip movements.
Limbic system is the center of our emotions, learning, and memory.
Included in this system are the cingulate gyri, hypothalamus, amygdala
(emotional reactions) and hippocampus (memory).
9
Memory
Memory is a complex process that includes three
phases: encoding (deciding what information is
important), storing, and recalling. Different areas of
the brain are involved in different types of memory
(Fig. 6). Your brain has to pay attention and
rehearse in order for an event to move from short-
term to long-term memory—called encoding.
• Short-term memory, also called working
memory, occurs in the prefrontal cortex. It
stores information for about one minute and
its capacity is limited to about 7 items. For
example, it enables you to dial a phone
Figure 6. Structures of the limbic
number someone just told you. It also system involved in memory
intervenes during reading, to memorize the formation. The prefrontal cortex
sentence you have just read, so that the next holds recent events briefly in
one makes sense. short-term memory. The
• Long-term memory is processed in the hippocampus is responsible for
hippocampus of the temporal lobe and is encoding long-term memory.
activated when you want to memorize https://tinyurl.com/xnc38ymz
something for a longer time. This memory has
unlimited content and duration capacity. It contains personal memories
as well as facts and figures.
• Skill memory is processed in the cerebellum, which relays information to
the basal ganglia. It stores automatic learned memories like tying a shoe,
playing an instrument, or riding a bike.
Ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid

The brain has hollow fluid-filled cavities
called ventricles (Fig. 7). Inside the ventricles is
a ribbon-like structure called the choroid
plexus that makes clear colorless
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF flows within and
around the brain and spinal cord to help
cushion it from injury. This circulating fluid is
constantly being absorbed and replenished.
There are two ventricles deep within the
cerebral hemispheres called the lateral
ventricles. They both connect with the third
ventricle through a separate opening called
Figure 7. CSF is produced inside the the foramen of Monro. The third ventricle
ventricles deep within the brain. CSF
fluid circulates inside the brain and connects with the fourth ventricle through a
spinal cord and then outside to the long narrow tube called the aqueduct of
subarachnoid space. Common sites of Sylvius. From the fourth ventricle, CSF flows
obstruction: (1) foramen of Monro, (2)
aqueduct of Sylvius, and (3) obex. into the subarachnoid space where it bathes
https://tinyurl.com/2yyhs39w and cushions the brain. CSF is recycled (or
10
absorbed) by special structures in the superior sagittal sinus called arachnoid
villi.
A balance is maintained between the
amount of CSF that is absorbed and the amount
that is produced. A disruption or blockage in the
system can cause a build up of CSF, which can
cause enlargement of the ventricles
(hydrocephalus) or cause a collection of fluid in the
spinal cord (syringomyelia).
Skull
The purpose of the bony skull is to protect
the brain from injury. The skull is formed from
eight bones that fuse together along suture lines.
These bones include the frontal, parietal (2),
temporal (2), sphenoid, occipital, and ethmoid Figure 8. The brain is protected inside
(Fig. 8). The face is formed from 14 paired bones the skull. The skull is formed from
including the maxilla, zygoma, nasal, palatine, eight bones.
lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae, mandible, and
https://tinyurl.com/2p7jcy2c
vomer.
Inside the skull are three distinct areas: anterior fossa, middle fossa, and
posterior fossa (Fig. 9). Doctors sometimes refer to a tumor’s location by these
terms, e.g., middle fossa meningioma.
Similar to cables coming out the
back of a computer, all the arteries, veins
and nerves exit the base of the skull
through holes, called foramina. The big
hole in the middle (foramen magnum) is
where the spinal cord exits.
Cranial nerves
The brain communicates with the
body through the spinal cord and twelve
Figure 9. A view of the cranial nerves at the base
pairs of cranial nerves (Fig. 9). Ten of the
of the skull with the brain removed. Cranial nerves
twelve pairs of cranial nerves that control
originate from the brainstem, exit the skull
hearing, eye movement, facial sensations, through holes called foramina, and travel to the
taste, swallowing and movement of the parts of the body they innervate. The brainstem
face, neck, shoulder and tongue muscles exits the skull through the foramen magnum. The
originate in the brainstem. The cranial base of the skull is divided into 3 regions: anterior,
nerves for smell and vision originate in middle and posterior fossae.
thcerebrum.The Roman numeral, name, https://tinyurl.com/rns88p
and main function of the twelve cranial
nerves:
11
Number Name Function
I Olfactory Smell
II Optic Sight
III Oculomotor Moves eye, pupil
IV Trochlear Moves eye
V Trigeminal Face sensation
VI Abducens Moves eye
VII Facial Moves face, salivate
VIII Vestibulocochlear Hearing, balance
IX Glossopharyngeal Taste, swallow
X Vagus Heart rate, digestion
XI Accessory Moves head
XII Hypoglossal Moves tongue
Meninges
The brain and spinal cord are covered and protected by three layers of
tissue called meninges. From the outermost layer inward they are: the dura
mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
Dura mater is a strong, thick membrane that closely lines the inside of
the skull; its two layers, the periosteal and meningeal dura, are fused and
separate only to form venous sinuses. The dura creates little folds or
compartments. There are two special dural folds, the falx and the tentorium.
The falx separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain and the tentorium
separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
Arachnoid mater is a thin, web-like membrane that covers the entire
brain. The arachnoid is made of elastic tissue. The space between the dura and
arachnoid membranes is called the
subdural space.
Pia mater hugs the surface of the
brain following its folds and grooves. The
pia mater has many blood vessels that
reach deep into the brain. The space
between the arachnoid and pia is called the
subarachnoid space. It is here where the
cerebrospinal fluid bathes and cushions the
brain.
Blood supply
Blood is carried to the brain by two Figure 10. The common carotid artery courses
paired arteries, the internal carotid arteries up the neck and divides into the internal and
and the vertebral arteries (Fig. 10). The external carotid arteries. The brain’s anterior
internal carotid arteries supply most of the circulation is fed by the internal carotid
cerebrum. arteries (ICA) and the posterior circulation is
fed by the vertebral arteries (VA). The two
The vertebral arteries supply the systems connect at the Circle of Willis (green
cerebellum, brainstem, and the underside circle).
of the cerebrum. After passing through
https://tinyurl.com/rns88p
the skull, the right and left vertebral
12
arteries join together to form the basilar artery. The basilar artery and the
internal carotid arteries “communicate” with each other at the base of the brain
called the Circle of Willis (Fig. 11). The communication between the internal
carotid and vertebral-basilar systems is an important safety feature of the
brain. If one of the major vessels becomes blocked, it is possible for collateral
blood flow to come across the Circle of Willis and prevent brain damage.
The venous circulation of the brain is very different from that of the rest
of the body. Usually arteries and veins run together as they supply and drain
specific areas of the body. So one would think there would be a pair of vertebral
veins and internal carotid veins. However, this is not the case in the brain. The
major vein collectors are integrated into the dura to form venous sinuses — not
to be confused with the air sinuses in the face and nasal region. The venous
sinuses collect the blood from the brain and pass it to the internal jugular
veins. The superior and inferior sagittal sinuses drain the cerebrum, the
cavernous sinuses drains the anterior skull
base. All sinuses eventually drain to the sigmoid
sinuses, which exit the skull and form the
jugular veins. These two jugular veins are
essentially the only drainage of the brain.
Cells of the brain

The brain is made up of two types of
cells: nerve cells (neurons) and glia cells.
Nerve cells
There are many sizes and shapes of neurons, but
all consist of a cell body, dendrites and an axon.
The neuron conveys information through
electrical and chemical signals. Try to picture Figure 11. Top view of the Circle of Willis.
electrical wiring in your home. An electrical The internal carotid and vertebral-basilar
circuit is made up of numerous wires connected systems are joined by the anterior
in such a way that when a light switch is turned communicating (Acom) and posterior
on, a light bulb will beam. A neuron that is communicating (Pcom) arteries.
excited will transmit its energy to neurons within https://tinyurl.com/3h9ymhvv
its vicinity.
Neurons transmit their energy, or “talk”, to each other across a tiny gap called
a synapse (Fig. 12). A neuron has many arms called dendrites, which act like
antennae picking up messages from other nerve cells. These messages are
passed to the cell body, which determines if the message should be passed
along. Important messages are passed to the end of the axon where sacs
containing neurotransmitters open into the synapse. The neurotransmitter
molecules cross the synapse and fit into special receptors on the receiving nerve
cell, which stimulates that cell to pass on the message.
Glia Cells
Glia (Greek word meaning glue) are the cells of the brain that provide
neurons with nourishment, protection, and structural support. There are about
13
10 to 50 times more glia than nerve cells and are the most common type of cells
involved in brain tumors.
• stroglia or astrocytes are the caretakers— they
regulate the blood brain barrier, allowing nutrients
and molecules to interact with neurons. They control
homeostasis, neuronal defense and repair, scar
formation, and also affect electrical impulses.
• Oligodendroglia cells create a fatty substance
called myelin that insulates axons – allowing
electrical messages to travel faster.
• Ependymal cells line the ventricles and secrete
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
• Microglia are the brain’s immune cells, protecting
it from invaders and cleaning up debris. They also
prune synapses.
Figure 12. Nerve cells consist

of a cell body, endrites and Facts about the human brain
axon. Neurons communicate • The human brain is the largest brain of all
with each other by exchanging vertebrates relative to body size
neurotransmitters across a • It weighs about 3.3 lbs. (1.5 kilograms)
tiny gap called a synapse. • The average male has a brain volume of 1,275
https://tinyurl.com/d5mdmk6esss cubic centimeters
• The average female has a brain volume of 1,131
cubic centimeters
• The brain makes up about 2% of a human’s body weight
• The cerebrum makes up 85% of the brain’s weight
• It contains about 86 billion nerve cells (neurons)—the “gray matter”
• It contains billions of nerve fibers (axons and dendrites)—the “white
matter”
• These neurons are connected by trillions of connections or synapses. 4
Comparison between neural network and social network 2

Neural Network Social Network
Links Nerve cells People
• To keep proper physical • To maintain
Purpose and mental functioning kinship ties
of the body • To show common
• To keep the body alive interests
Location Human head Community
Source of message Brain Person
Receiver of message Specific part of the body Individual members
Neuron connections • Verbal and
Transmission of nonverbal
message • Use of technology
14
Time frame of Within seconds; fast speed Varying speed
transmission and
reception of message
Reaction or feedback Normally an action specific Varied reactions
or appropriate to the body
part
Boundary Human body Group, association,
club
What’s More
Task 3: Why, oh, why?

Imagine how the feeling of joy or anger, as a message, is transmitted from
the stimulus to the spinal cord, the brain, and other concerned parts of the
body. Show the facial expression of joy (draw an emoji with your perception of
the face of joy). Why is the facial expression of joy different from that of anger?
(Explain in 3–5 sentences.). Write your answer in your notebook.
What I Have Learned
I have learned that the brain is____________________________

__________________________________________________________
I have realized that I will always use my brain because

__________________________________________________________
15
What I Can Do
Task 4: Sketching It Out

You are a freelance illustrator and comic artist. You want to apply as a
regular contributor for a popular comics publication. They are in need of a
comic strip about Filipino kinship relations covering the nuclear family and
relatives. They asked you to submit a six-page, colored illustrated story
showing the following features: good traits and values that the family members
possess; dealing with conflicts and settling differences; and methods they
employ in decision-making. It is up to you to select the issue in which the story
would revolve on.
The editorial board of the publication will evaluate your work based on
the following criteria:
• content (specified features, sequence of story, grammar and spelling, and
relevant scenarios) ….10 points
• creativity (well-designed characters, simple and witty text) ….10 points
Assessment
Direction: Read each item carefully and write the letter of the best answer in
your activity notebook.
1. The command center for the human nervous system

a. heart b. eyes c. human brain d. internal organs
2. The brain receives information through the ___________ senses.

a. 10 b. 7 c. 6 d. 5
3. The largest part of the brain.

a. Cerebellum b. Cerebrum c. Brain stem d. Neurons
4. The coordinates muscle movements and maintains posture and balance.

16
5. Performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body
temperature, wake and wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing,
coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
6. Plays a role in controlling behaviors such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual
response. It also regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions, and
secretion of hormones.
a. Hypothalamus b. Pineal gland c. Pituitary gland d. Thalamus
7. Plays a role in pain sensation, attention, alertness and memory.

a. Hypothalamus b. Pineal gland c. Pituitary gland d. Thalamus
8. It helps regulate the body’s internal clock and circadian rhythms by secreting
melatonin.
a. Hypothalamus b. Pineal gland c. Basal ganglia d. Limbic system
9. The center of our emotions, learning, and memory

10. It works with the cerebellum to coordinate fine motions, such as fingertip
movements.
17
Module 6: Parallelism between Neural and Social Networks
What’s In
Activity 2
Instructions. In your activity notebook, create a social map showing your

own social network. Follow the sample map of AJ in Figure 1.
Johnlou jenny Ma’am Cynth

Ton
Ma’am
Shelly
Ma’am
Char
Ma’am
Nestor Sheila
Mae
Ann
AJ
Kyla
Neriss
Janice Leah
Erlin
John
Nikki
Nonoy
Cheng
James
Pastor
Figure 1. A sample illustration of Social Network of a High School Student

whose mother is a teacher
3
What’s New
Activity 3.
Instructions: Refer to Figure 1 in answering the following:
1. Identify at least three (3) people from your network who have similar
interests with one another.
2. Are some of those interests beneficial for the society? Support your
answer.
What is It
NEURAL NETWORK
Neural networks referred to as connectionist systems (Garson, 2018) are

a computational approach, which is based on a large collection of neural units
(AKA artificial neurons), loosely modeling how the brain of a human solves
problems with a large clusters of biological neurons connected by axons
(Garson, 2018).
Each neural unit is linked with many others, and links can be enforcing
or inhibitory in their effect on the activation state of connected neural units.
Each individual neural unit may have a summation function which combines
the values of all its inputs together. There may be a threshold function or
limiting function on each connection and on the unit itself; such that the
signal must surpass the limit before propagating to other neurons. These
systems are self-learning and trained, rather than explicitly programmed, and
excel in areas where the solution or feature detection is difficult to express in
a traditional computer program.
Neural networks typically consist of multiple layers or a cube design, and

the signal path traverses from front to back. Back propagation is where the
forward stimulation is used to reset weights on the "front" neural units and
this is sometimes done in combination with training where the correct result
is known. More modern networks are a bit freer flowing in terms of stimulation
and inhibition with connections interacting in a much more chaotic and
complex fashion. Dynamic neural networks are the most advanced in that they
dynamically can, based on rules, form new connections and even new neural
units while disabling others.
4
The goal of the neural network is to solve problems in the same way that
the human brain would, although several neural networks are more abstract.
Modern neural network projects typically work with a few thousand to a few
million neural units and millions of connections, which is still several orders
of magnitude less complex than the human brain and closer to the computing
power of a worm.
NEURAL NETWORK
https://tinyurl.com/yxhuhh8p
SOCIAL NETWORK
A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors

(such as individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social
interactions between actors. The social network perspective provides a set of
methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities as well as a variety
of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures. The study of
these structures uses social network analysis to identify local and global
patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics.
Social networks and the analysis of them is an inherently

interdisciplinary academic field which emerged from social psychology,
sociology, statistics, and graph theory. Georg Simmel authored early
structural theories in sociology emphasizing the dynamics of triads and "web
of group affiliations". Jacob Moreno is credited with developing the first
sociograms in the 1930s to study interpersonal relationships. These
approaches were mathematically formalized in the 1950s and theories and
methods of social networks became pervasive in the social and behavioral
sciences by the 1980s. Social network analysis is now one of the major
5
paradigms in contemporary sociology, and is also employed in a number of
other social and formal sciences. Together with other complex networks, it
forms part of the nascent field of network science.
What’s More
Activity 4
Instructions: Give the difference in terms of network in the given illustrations

below. Write your comparison in your Activity Notebook.
https://tinyurl.com/yxhuhh8p
vs https://tinyurl.com/2sf76v9a
What I Have Learned
Activity 5.
Instructions: Answer the following questions in your activity notebook.
1. What have you learned from this module?
I learned that ____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
2. For you, what is the most challenging part in this module?
The most challenging part is ______________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
6
3. Is there anything you want to say to your teacher for him/her to know
about your experience in answering the activities in this module?
I would like to tell my teacher that _________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Activity 6.
Instructions. Name one person in your community that you wish to imitate
or make as your inspiration in the near future. Give a few details on the
process on how you are going to achieve or achieve more of what he/she has
achieved in life. Include in your brief essay the social networks that you would
be most likely to tap with.
Assessment
Activity 7.
Instructions. Give what is asked for in each item. Write your answers in your
notebook.
1. ______________________ is referred to as connectionist systems.
2. Each _________________is linked with many others, and links can be

enforcing or inhibitory in their effect on the activation state of connected
neural.
3. _______________________are the most advanced- in that they

dynamically can, based on rules, form new connections and even new
neural units while disabling others.
7
4. The goal of the neural network is to _______________in the same way
that the human brain would.
5. A ___________________is a social structure made up of a set of social

actors (such as individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and
other social interactions between actors.
6-10. Compare the neural networks with social networks. (5 POINTS).
Activity 8.
Instructions: Provide a brief discussion on how COVID-19 affected your community,
the country and the world as a whole. Use your activity notebook to write your
answer.
8
Quarter 4 – Module 7: Shaping the Mind through Social Relationships
_____12. They may work together to organize L. Behavior

social life within a particular place, or
they may be bound by a sense of
belonging sustained across time and
space.
______13. It is the way in which two or more M. Mind
concepts, objects, or people are
connected, or the state of being
connected.
_____14. It is an option to identify households N. Multiple
based on predefined ... there is a clear Roles
cluster of scores in order to define your
target group.
_____15. It is the messenger of information from O. Social Role
different parts of the body and external
stimuli to the brain and vice versa.
What’s In
Directions: Using your understanding on socialization, answer and

accomplish the following items on your activity notebook.
1. Briefly discuss the different roles that you perform on the following:
a) family
b) school
c) barangay / community
2. Get a news clip about the brain functions according to Stephen Hawking.
Note: The same rubrics for “What’s New” will apply in this activity.
3
What’s New
Activity 1
Read and analyze the following situations and briefly answer the
question that follows. Write your answer in your notebook.
1. Daniel has shown musical inclination since childhood. Composing songs
was an easy thing for him. He could notice right away if someone is out of
tune. He already loved to swing his hands holding a stick, like a conductor.
He dreamt of becoming a choir director someday. But when he was in grade
9, his parents and an economist uncle convinced him to take up Economics
for a better chance of employment after graduation. He chose the
Accountancy and Business Management strand in senior high school and
eventually took up economics in a university. He was convinced that being
an economist would be a more lucrative career than being a musician.
While studying, he did not forget his passion for music. Composing and
playing the piano were his forms of relaxation.
After four years, Daniel graduated with an economics degree to the

delight of his parents. He also felt proud of himself for finishing something
not close to his heart. Soon after, he landed a good-paying job at a
company. But he could not feel satisfaction in his work after working for
two years. He confided this to his office manager, thinking his problem was
work-related. He later revealed his passion for music and was advised to
enroll in a music school as a second course. He continued working while
studying. Soon, he had to choose being a full-time musician working in the
entertainment industry, producing and composing songs. Sometimes he
teaches music theories in school. Never did Daniel feel so fulfilled in life.
(Adapted from Urgel, 2017)
If you were Daniel, will you do the same decision he made? How
important is our relationship with other people?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Carlo and his family lived in a depressed area. He was the third of five
siblings. His father did not have a permanent job and his mother accepted
laundry services. His eldest brother, a high school graduate, worked in a
construction site. At 18, Carlo was still in high school. Carlo preferred to be
out with his barkada than finish his studies. He did not develop a close
relationship with his family. Financial difficulties led Carlo to work as part-
4
time pusher and occasional user. Almost all of his barkada were also into
drug pushing.
One night, the police apprehended Carlo and Aga, one of his friends, for
illegal drug possession. They were brought to a minimum-security area and
were required to do work such as cleaning comfort rooms, scrubbing the
pavement, and pulling the grass in the prison yard. There were also days for
planting vegetables in the prison’s garden.
Carlo and Aga wondered why the “old” inmates were good to them.
There were prayer meetings held in the prison by various religious groups
every week. Carlo and Aga were told they can attend one. One day, Aga
persuaded Carlo to attend a prayer meeting. Carlo enjoyed listening to the
choir and got interested with the cajon instrument. He also became attentive
to the spiritual talks given by the leader of the group, called kuya. He came
to understand attitudinal transformation of the self, the importance of good
family relationships, establishing and maintaining smooth relationships with
others, anger management, developing a positive outlook, and more. Not long
after, Carlo joined the choir as a cajon player and Aga also joined as a singer.
Carlo was seldom visited by his family while Aga’s parents and two
sisters frequently came to visit him. In one-on-one dialogue sessions, Carlo
revealed that he would rather stay in prison than to go back to his residence.
He expressed fear of returning to his old self and illegal livelihood due to the
bad influences that might still surround him. On the other hand, Aga
expressed his desire to go home and be with his family. He promised to listen
more to his family than to his barkada when released from prison. (Adapted
from Urgel, 2017)
Is having a poor family a reason for you to abandon them and be with
your influential friends? If you were Carlo, what are you going to do?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5
RUBRIC in Essay Output
Intended Learning Outcome: Analyze how social relationships shaped the

thinking process.
Above Meets Approaching Below
Expectations Expectations Expectations Expectations
4 3 2 1
Reflective The reflection The reflection The reflection The reflection

explains the explains the attempts to does not
Thinking student’s own student’s demonstrate address the
thinking and thinking thinking about student’s
learning about his/her learning but is thinking
processes, as own learning vague and/or and/or
well as processes. unclear about learning
implications for the personal
future learning. learning
process.
Analysis The reflection The reflection The reflection The reflection
is in-depth is an analysis attempts to does not
analysis of the of the learning analyze the move
learning experience learning beyond a
experiences, the and the value experience but descriptive of
value of the of the derived the value the learning
derived learning learning to self of the learning experience.
to self or others, or others to the student
and theenhance- or others is
ment of the vague and/or
student’s unclear.
appreciation
for the discipline
Making The reflection The reflection The reflection The reflection
Connections articulates articulates attempts to does not
multiple connections articulates articulate any
connections between this connections connection to
between this learning between this other
learning experience learning learning or
experience and and content experience experiences
content from other and content
from other courses, past from other
courses, past learning courses, past
learning, life experiences, learning
experiences and/or future experiences, or
and/or goal personal goals,
future goals. but the
connection is
vague and/or
unclear.
6
What is It
Lesson
Shaping the mind through
1 Social Relationships
Your mind, which is part of the person’s self, is shaped and influenced
by the relationships that the person has with other people. Your thinking is
affected by the ideas, beliefs, pieces of advice, and actions of your parents,
teachers, friends, and relatives. In other words, the mind passes through a
variety of social networks as it matures.
Social relationships do affect or influence every individual thinking

process. As we interact with every individual around us, we use our thinking
skills on how we are going to be able to socialize and fit with their different
characteristics and deal with their different attitudes (Shinize,2018). We
individually undergo a process of thinking first as we socialize and interact
with other people around us.
In sociology, the process of shaping and influencing the mind and
behavior of a person by way of orientation to the norms and values of society
is called socialization. Socialization, which starts from early childhood, is an
unending process wherein an individual creates a personal identity as he or
she learns the norms, behavior, values, and social skills based on his or her
social position. The parents are the first social actors to socialize with in the
family. The child is oriented on family values, customs, appropriate behavior,
dos and don’ts, and kinship relations. As a person grows older, he or she
learns about responsibilities, how to behave in certain situations, and has to
follow norms through interactions in the community and society. (Urgel,2017)
Socialization implies social relationship. Therefore, relationship does

what socialization impacts on the mind and the person.
According to Urgel (2017), a person is a social actor. He possesses
physical, spiritual, and mental faculties which are utilized in dealing with the
self, other people, and the surroundings.
Below are some recognized personalities having physical disabilities

thus, could relate well with society:
7
Stephen Hawking – A theoretical
physicist who has a degenerative
neuromuscular disease which has
paralyzed him personally. However,
he has been celebrated on his theory
on black holes based on general
relativity and quantum mechanics.
He has been using a computer-based
communication system which allows
him to use a screen keyboard
https://tinyurl.com/5ezp8vmp through movements in his cheek. He
can “speak” sentences through a
speech synthesizer. With this assisting computer, he can write lectures and
even deliver them. Hawking has been an influence and an inspiration to many
by expanding the horizon of knowledge despite his physical disabilities.
Apolinario Mabini – A political leader who

used his brilliance and wisdom to guide the
government by giving advice to President
Emilio Aguinaldo and writing the
constitutional program of the early
republic. His great personal achievements
transcended his physical disability.
https://tinyurl.com/4w3p8hpd
Significant Social Roles
Students: Wearing Varying Hats in the Community
There are multiple roles that a person can play in the community:
as a child, a brother or sister, a friend or foe, a leader, a security officer,
a fireman, a nurse, a painter, an educator, a priest, a vendor, a street
sweeper, an accountant, a baker, and a student, among others. Each
role has corresponding functions performed in appropriate situations.
These functions are dictated by norms which vary according to the
community and practitioners. The efficient performance of these roles
and functions can pave the path for a person’s recognition and
appreciation by the community. The recognized person is also
considered worthy of emulation by the youth and adults alike in the
community.
8
In School
They perform the functions of learners: studying lessons and coming to
school prepared; reviewing for examinations, participating in class
discussions; joining school organizations to hone their talents and interests;
running as an officer of school councils, organizations, clubs, and guilds;
getting involved in intra school and interschool competitions; and engaging in
extracurricular activities. The school is a venue for training the students
physically, mentally, attitudinally, emotionally and in some cases, spiritually.
The students are being prepared to facing life’s challenges, to make decisions,
and to choose the better options.
In the Family
The home or family is the first social agency with which the child comes
into contact. Interactions with other members of the family, parents, siblings
and others, have a lasting influence on the personality of the child and his
social behavior.
In the family, the student plays the roles of an elder brother or sister, a
house helper, a babysitter, or an animal keeper. Usually, the student helps in
looking after the younger siblings, prepare food, clean the house and
accompany the younger siblings. The role of the family, particularly the
parents, in shaping the social behavioral pattern of the child was highlighted
for the first time by Freud.
Using the formulations of psychoanalytic theory, Freud attempted to
explain the impact of parental behavior, parental attitudes and early
childhood experiences on the development of the personality and social
behavior of the child. “The family is the society in miniature”, observed Freud.
The above statement highlights the crucial role of the family in the
socialization process.
Studies on normal children, by Sears, Baldwin and others, have brought
out evidence to show that extreme shades of child rearing attitudes and
practices on the part of the parents have a definite influence in shaping the
social behavior of children. Some of the behavioral patterns which have been
investigated in this direction are authoritarianism, aggressiveness and
dependency.
https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/behaviour/top-6-agencies-of-socialization-
behaviorpsychology/2861
Outside of the Home

Apart from one’s own parents, adults in the neighborhood also exert an
influence in the shaping of the social behavior of the growing children.
Students can also perform many roles and functions as they relate and
interact with other people, units and organizations. They can serve as
9
volunteers in feeding program, reforestation project, or anti-child labor
movement.
Another role that students can perform is being a member of
Sangguniang Kabataan (SK). The SK intends to train the youth for public
service, particularly in governance.
Simultaneous membership in various groups or communities

• Member of the learning community
• Cyberspace community
• Spiritual community
• Recreational community
• Health community
• Work community
• Disability community
• Volunteer community
Hierarchy of Roles in the Community

A role is a window to a person’s personality and behavior, and it
indicates what people can expect from him or her. How a person performs the
functions corresponding to his or her will show if the person is responsible,
trustworthy, efficient, negligent, or unreliable. Roles also indicate how others
should relate with one another.
Adam Kmiec (2013) identifies five types of roles that a community
should have in order to attain success in its existence.
1. The host is someone who entertains the guests, organizes an event,
maintains peace and order, sets some rules and enforces them, pulling
some people out when called for.
Examples: Community leaders or those occupying such as statuses as

mayor, barangay chairman, school principal, company head and
administrator and police chief, to name a few.
2. The facilitator is focused on carrying out enjoyable and pleasant

conversation with guests, encouraging people to meet and mingle with one
another and introducing guests to each other.
Examples: media practitioners who work in newspapers, magazines,

radio, and television. They occupy such positions as editor, writer,
broadcaster and newscaster.
3. The popular one is rather self-centered but has the ability to make people
gravitate toward him or her and to attract people’s attention.
10
Examples: top community leaders, political kingmakers (also called political
godfathers, big business people, top entertainers and show business talents,
and leading society personalities belong to this category).
4. The instigator makes community life more interesting by airing criticisms,

writing negative comments, and starting controversies. The instigator serves
as the devil’s advocate mostly for entertainment.
Examples: Opinion writers, critics, and columnists.
5. The voyeur lends support to the host through his or her mere physical
presence.
Examples: community folks, the followers, supporters, and the public who
attend every event organized by the host belong to this category.
Ranking the Roles
The various roles are ranked in the order of prestige, value, and
importance accorded by the community. Prestige is the respect and
admiration that an occupation or role holds in a community.
The social role valorization (SRV) accords valued roles for all members
of the community. A community gives its members a sense of purpose and a
feeling of belongingness. They tend to stay inactive and eventually fall out.
This is where SRV plays a crucial role. Giving valued roles to all members
motivates them to get involved actively in community activities, realize the
importance of their participation, and relate with each other more frequently.
It appears that SRV is more important in a community of interests for its
maintenance and survival than in a geographic community, which can exist
almost forever until a political decision declares otherwise.
In both geographic community and community of interests, the social

roles of persons are ranked in the order of importance accorded by the
community.
Highest rank Leaders, decision makers, influential personalities

High rank Educators, police and other peace order keepers, big
business people and employers, religious leaders,
lawyers, judges, medical doctors
Low rank Construction workers, maintenance crew, sales and
office clerks, auto mechanics
Lower rank Street vendors, garbage collectors, street sweepers
Lowest rank Beggars, criminals, street hawkers, addicts
11
In the Philippines, the ranking of occupations is made according to
popularity. The popularity is based on two views – the view of the worker and
the view of the employer. There may be no claim that these jobs were seen as
prestigious, but their popularity can be considered as a stamp of prestige or
of being the most desired occupations.
Below are the top 10 job vacancies in Metro Manila as identified by the
Department of Labor and Employment in the year 2011.
1.call center agents
2.sales representatives
3.computer professionals
4.clerks (accounting, bookkeeping, etc.)
5.shop salespersons
6.protective services workers
7.engineers
8.cashiers and ticket clerks
9.accountants and auditors
10.debt collectors
What about the students?

The rank given to their role depends on the aspect being looked at. They
are perceived as the hope of the community for a better and brighter future,
thereby encouraging the parents, an adult community, and the government
to provide them all the support they could.
Below are the ranking compiled by the Commission on Higher

Education (CHED) in terms of the number of graduates in academic year 2014
-2015, and the number of enrolment in academic year 2015-2016 both in
universities and colleges:
Rank Higher Education Graduates Higher Education Enrolment

by Discipline Group by Discipline Group
(2014-2015) (2015-2016)
1 Business Business
2 Education Education
3 Information Technology Engineering and Technology
4 Engineering and Technology Information Technology
5 Medical and Allied Disciplines Other Disciplines
6 Other Disciplines Medical and Allied Disciplines
7 Maritime Maritime
8 Social and Behavioral Sciences Fisheries, Veterinary Medicine,
Agricultural, Forestry
9 Fisheries, Veterinary Medicine, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Agricultural, Forestry
10 Service trades Service trades
11 Mass Communication Humanities
12 Humanities Architecture
12
13 Natural Science Natural Science
14 Architecture Mass Communication
15 Law and Jurisprudence Fine and Applied Arts
16 Mathematics Law and Jurisprudence
17 Religion and Theology Mathematics
18 General Religion and Theology
19 Fine and Applied Arts General
20 Home Economics Home Economics
21 Trade, Crafts, and Industry Trade, Crafts, and Industry
Sources:
http://www.ched.gov.ph/central/page/higher-education-graduates-by-discipline-group-ay-2014-15
http://www.ched.gov.ph/central/page/higher-education-enrollment-by-discipline-group-ay-2015-16
These degree courses may indicate the kind of jobs that are popular to
students once they join the country’s labor force. There is no guarantee,
however, that these equate to available jobs by the time the students
graduate. Demands in the job market change from time to time.
What’s More
Modified True or False. Write T if the statement is true. If the statement is

false, write F and change the word that made the statement erroneous.
Answer this on your activity notebook.
_____1. A person considered as host in one occasion maybe a voyeur in

another event, and may take on some roles in other situations.
_____2. Changing the role of a person most likely changes the manner of
treatment by other people and their expectations from the person.
_____3. The role or the position itself commands respect and admiration
regardless of the occupant or player.
_____4. The oppositionists belong under instigator.
_____5. The facilitator is confused for the host as he or she wants everybody
to enjoy the occasion.
_____ 6. The popular one makes the community alive and exciting.
_____ 7. The social role valorization (SRV) accords valued roles for selected
members of the community.
13
_____ 8. The various roles are ranked in the order of prestige, value and
importance instructed by the community.
_____ 9. The popular is someone that everyone knows and can trust.
_____10. The facilitator is someone who entertains the guests.
What I Have Learned
Write your personal insights of what you have learned from the lesson on
your activity notebook.
1. I have learned that _________________________________________.
2. I have realized that _________________________________________.
3. I will apply _________________________________________________.
14
What I Can Do
Direction: Identify the people you interact with and the various groups you
are involved in (family, religious affiliation, musical band, school
organizations etc.) and your position in each group. Also enumerate your
functions in each position. From these, draw a social map of your
relationships. (Use 1/8 illustration board)
RUBRIC in Creating a Map of Relationships

(Refer to What I Can Do Activity)
Intended Learning Outcome: Identify the people you are involved in and
create a map of your relationships.
Direction: Make sure to follow the criteria to earn high points in your
output.
Excellent Very Good Needs Total
CRITERIA Good Improvement
4 3 2 1
Creativity
Has neatness,
graphics, and ease
of layout.
Organization
Provides
sequencing,
categorization,
connection, correct
grammar and
spelling)
Overall quality
presentation
Content accuracy
Total …………………………………………………………………………… _______
15
Assessment
A. Directions: Identify what is being asked in each item. Choose your

answer from the box below. Write your answer on your activity
notebook.
Socialization role prestige

Human mind occupations rank
_________ 1. Commands respect and admiration regardless of the occupant or

player.
_________ 2. These are perceived as highly important and valued in the
community.
_________ 3. A position involves dealing with important people and making
important decisions.
_________ 4. Maybe shaped by external forces and relationships.
_________ 5. It is learning to behave in which society accepts.
B. Enumeration (In any order)
6- 8 Enumerate the reasons why SRV plays a crucial role in the

community
9 – 10 List down the two ranking of occupations according to popularity
16
Directions: Supply the missing letters in the following roles or occupations.
Identify which of the following listed roles you can play. Then, design a
creative presentation in a form of a video with whom you relate and the role
you play in such a relationship.
1. ____ ____ U____ A T ____ ____S - who molds the minds of the youth
2. P ____ ____ S I ____ ____ ____ N - gives healing and comfort to the sick.
3. ____ ____ L ____ C _____ - order keepers
4. V _____ L U _____ _____ E ____ R - works without compensation
5. ____ ____ D___ G ____ S - who interpret the laws in the community
RUBRIC in Designing a Creative Presentation

(Refer to Additional Activities)
Intended Learning Outcome: Design a creative presentation on how

thinking processes are shaped by social relationships.
Direction: Make sure to follow the criteria to earn high points in your video
presentation.
4 3 2 1 Total
CRITERIA
Convincing Competent Adequate Limited
Presentation communication communication communication communication
of character’s of character’s of character’s of character’s
feelings, feelings, feelings, feelings,
situation and situations and situation and situation and
motives. motives. motives. motives.
Achievement Purpose is Purpose is Purpose is Purpose is
of clearly clearly established but vaguely
Purpose established established and may not be established
and generally sustained. and
effectively sustained. may not be
sustained. sustained.
Language use Impressive Good variety of Satisfactory Limited variety
(voice, variety of non- non-verbal cues variety of non- of non-verbal
gestures, eye verbal cues are used in a verbal cues used cues are used
contact, are used in an competent way. in an acceptable in a developing
props, exemplary way. way. way.
costumes)
Imagination Choices Choices Choices Choices

and demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate
Creativity insight and thoughtfulness awareness and little
powerfully and completely developing awareness and
enhance role enhance role acceptably do
play. play. enhance role little to
play. enhance
role play.
17
GLOSSARY
Human mind – has an innate power or capability to think on its own

Socialization – shapes and guides the mind and behavior of a person
according to his or her family’s and society’s norms.
Social relationships – interactions between two or more people, groups or
organizations.
Thinking – it makes use of symbols, percept, images either sensory or verbal,
and concepts
Role – a window to a person’s personality and how others relates with the
person
Multiple roles – a person may have two or more roles in the community
Prestige – respect and admiration that an occupation or role holds in a
community
Social role valorization (SRV) – valued roles for all members of the community.
Social roles – our responsibilities, expectations and behaviors we adopt in the
community.
Hierarchy of roles – order/ sequence of roles played in the community.
Rank – is associated with the role on the aspect being looked at.
18

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Quarter 4: Module 1: Democratic Interventions

Task 1. Picture Analysis

1. What is being shown in the pictures above?

Task 2. Word Map

Democratic participation is the involvement or engagement with

Representative Similarities Participatory

What I Have Learned

I have learned that____________________________________________

I have realized that____________________________________________

I will apply what I have learned___________________________________

1. As a student or citizen of this country, give one situation where democratic

2. Based from your experience, what will commonly happen if somebody

General Directions: Read and understand each item carefully.

1. It is an electoral process for approving or rejecting a change or amendment

CUT AND GET IT!

The following terms in this module are defined as follows:

I. True or False: Write True if the statement is correct and False if

1. Political institutions can also be called “organization.”

II. Identify each item as “Political” or “Social Institution.”

1. LACITILOP TUTIONINSTI= _______________________

2.CIALSO TUINSTITION= __________________________

POLITICAL INSTITUTION SOCIAL INSTITUTION

Democracy as a form of government comes in many forms. Even

Political institutions are organizations which create, enforce, and

The quality as well as the stability of democratic governance is

What is the difference between political structures and political

Democracy works well when its political institutions perform functions

Institutions are important in a democratic government because they

Social institutions are systems of behavioral and relationship patterns

Institutions, as they are understood in the present context, constitute

Democratizing the Economy

The economy is dominated by an overarching ambivalence between

Welfare State Institutions in Democracy

Democracy in the Media Institution

Systems of information, shaped by ruling groups, have always been a

In democratic societies, the media are exposed to two basic dilemmas.

Generalizing Institutional Norms and Conflicts

Democratic norms across institutional fields may equally be subsumed

Task 1: Direction: Discuss the essence of political and social institutions as

POLITICAL INSTITUTION SOCIAL INSTITUTION

What I Have Learned

I have learned that_____________________________________________

As a student, give instances or personal experiences where you became

I. True or False: Write True if the statement is correct and False if

II. Identify each item as Political or Social Institutions.

Direction: Make a sketch showing the “Social Institutions” existing in your

The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:

1. Community - a group of people living in the same place or having a

Identify which pictures below show Democratic and Undemocratic practices.

https://www.philstar.com/other- https://r3.rappler.com/nation/146 https://www.rappler.com/nation/u

Briefly answer the questions provided below. Let’s do this!

2. Do you consider vote buying as a democratic practice? Explain your

An undemocratic practice is a doctrine that is against or in disagreement with

Public funding helps provide health programs, community services, restoration

In general, corruption is a form of dishonesty or criminal activity undertaken by

An undemocratic practice is a doctrine that is against or in disagreement with

Let’s link the ideas!

What I Have Learned

I have learned that_____________________________________________

1. Undemocratic practices are legal in a democratic country.

II. Identify if its Democratic or Undemocratic practices. Write your answer in

SLOGAN MAKING: Create your own slogan promoting democratic practices.

The following terms used in this module are defined as follows: