0 ¢ Mechanics of Materials ‘Torsional strength of solid shaft = Torsional strength of hollow shaft (given) ie, (4), = Z) wn n (a3 -a?) ie, d? = — ads a,(i-e)" Area x length x specific weight of the ma Weight = Volume x specific weight of the material = Axtxw weight ofhollow shaft Ay Xl XWin _ AU Cassume same material weight of solid shaft Agxigmwe © Agel nd length of shaft] For the given material, length and torsional strength, weight of hollow shaft is less than that of solid shaft. olumns and Struts .12 Introduction to columns Vertical structural member subjected to axial compre: 2 relatively long compared to their cross-sectional dimension, Normally in columns both end are ced, ‘The term strut is used for compression member in a roof uss. It may be in vertical or clined position. Normally in struts both ends are hinged or pin jointed. Similarly in a crane the incipal compression member is called aboom and ina building the compression memberis called stanchion, In a truss bridge girder end compression members are called end posts. ive load is known as column. Columns. Columns are classified into three groups. They are short, medium and long, Ina short column e ratio of effective length of column to its least lateral dimension (cross-sectional dimension) is 5s than 15 or Ina short column the ratio of effective length of column to its Ieast radius of gyration , slenderness ratio is less than 50. Short column fails due to plastic deformation or crushing Ina long column the ratio of effective length of column to its least lateral dimension is more an 15 or Ina long column the ratio of effective length of column to its least radius of gyration i.e., ratio is more than 50, Long column fails due to buckling. endernTorsion of Circular Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns 444 If the value of slenderness ratio or the ratio of effective length of column to its least lateral dimension is in between short and long column values, then the column is known as medium column, Medium column fails due to the combined effect of crushing and buckling, Slenderness ratio ‘The ratio of effective length of column to its least radius of gyration is known as slenderness ratio, [tis a non-dimensionless number. The load carrying capacity of long columns depends on this ratio. Radius of gyration 1 is defined as the distance from an axis of reference Radius of gyration of a body or ar where the whole mass or area of the body is assumed (0 be concentrated. ie,, If the moment of inertia of an area A about the x-axis is denoted by /,, then the radius of gyration & is defined by, fle Vex a Similarly, the radius of gyration with respect to the y-axis is given by. k= 8.13 Euler's column theory To study the elastic stability of long slender columns an atempt was first made by a swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, He derived an expression for the buckling load of long stender columns based on buckling orbending. The effect of direct compression is neglected while deriving the expression. Hence Euler's formula is suitable for long slender columns only and cannot be used for short columns. 8.14 Assumptions in Euler's column theory Jer’s column theory are ‘The assumptions made in Bi () The (ii) Flexural rigidity £/ is uniform, column material is perfectly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic. Gii) ‘The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length (iv): The column is initially straight and the load applied is truly axial ble (v) ‘The sell weight of the column is neglig (vi) The failure of the column is due to buckling alone (vii) The length of column is very large when compared to its Tateral dimension: (viii When compared to the bending stress, the direct compressive stress is very small and hence itis neglected. {ix) The column material obeys Hooke's law. 8.15 Sign conventions for bending moment () Column bending is such a way that convexity towards its initial central Hine as shown in Fig 8.6 (a) is tiken as positive.442 Mechanics of Materials (ii) Column bending in such a way that coneavity towards its initial central line as shown in 1g. 8.6 (b) is taken as negative Convexity nS | \ \ \ V \ ~ Concavit Concavity (a) Positive (b) Negative Fig. 8.6 B.16 Types of End Conditions The most commonly used end conditions are, (i) Both ends hinged or pinned (ii) Both ends fixed (iii) One end fixed and the other is hinged or pinned (iv) One end free and the other is fixed. 8.17 Derivation of Euler's load for various end conditions B.17.1Euler's crippling load for a column when both of its ends are hinged or pinned (VTU, Model Question) 2. 8.7 shows a long column AB of length ‘hinged at both ends A and B carrying a critical F It of this load, let the column be deflect into a curved form A X B. Consider load 'P’ at B. As are any section X - X at a distance x from A Let P = Critical load on the column Deflection of the column at X - X Bending moment at section X - X, M =~ Py [-ve, since concavity towards the initial centre line] a : Fa Y= py: ie, EL % + Py=0 ae d’y + 0 dx”Torsion of Circular Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns 443 Fig. 8.7 ‘The general solution for this differential equation is, , = Asn f2 as of) at where A and B are constants of integration and can be found by using the boundary conditions, Boundary conditions (i) When x = O59 Substituting these values in equation 8.16 0 = Acos0+Bsin0; . A=0 (i) When x=! y= 0, Le., At the end B, deflection = 0 0, ie., At the end A, deflection = 0 Substituting these values in equation 8.16 P 0 = 0+Bsint [P ie. Bsin # If B =0, then there is no deflection (i.e., if both the constants are zero then the column cannot deflect at all.) (2 A=0) = 0; tither B=0 or sin i wn = 0; ie, yy 0, m, 2m, 31, etc.144 Mechanics of Materials lp P Considering the least significant (non-zero) value, Waa ie, f oe WEL -, Euler's crippling load when both ends are hinged or pinned P=" 5 = (8.19) 3.17.2 Euler's crippling load for a column when both ends are fixed [VTU, DEC 06/JAN 07] Fig, 8.8 shows a long column AB of length "I fixed at both endsA and B carrying a critical load P' at B, As a result of this load let the column be deflect into a curved form ¢ X B. Consider ection X - X at distance x from A. The fixed ends are subjected (o reactive Moments and reactive forces, Let P Critical load on the column: y Deflection of the column at X- " M, = Reactive moment at fixed ends Bending moment at section X - X, M = M,~ Py ae The general solution for this di ferential equation is, ye Aol ; easil E} as --- (8.18) ‘ation which can where A and B are constants of i be found by using the boundary conditions. Fig. 8.8 Boundary conditions (i) At the fixed ends, slope = 0 P sid Be Y == (8.19) ° FL PI a when x = 0;Torsion of Circular Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns 445 Substituting these values in equation 8.19 0 = -aj sino+ 8 | coso El P ie, b= BE ; EI ‘As P cannot be zero, B = 0 (ii) When x = 0, y = 0, ice., At the end A, deflection = 0 Substituting these values in equation 8.18 ic, 0 = Acos0+0+ Mp A=, Substituting the values of A and B in equation 8.18, y=- oo x zh ae (2 B=0) -~- (8.20) (iii) When x =1; y= Qi.e., At the end B, deflection = 0 Substituting these values in equation 8.20 ie, ~cos{ J |+1 El P P Considering the least significant (non-zero) value, Qn; ie,I?. 5 sae ) 4° EL + Buler's crippling load when both ends are fixed P= ~~) —- (8.21) 8.17.3 Euler's crippling load for a column when one end of the columnis fixed and other end free ‘ig. 8.9 shows a long column AB of length ‘' fixed at end A and free at the end B, carrying a critical load P at the end B. Under the action of this load, let the maximum deflection at the end B be ‘a’ Consider a section X - X at distance ‘x' from A.46 Mechanics of Materials Critical load on the column = Deflection of the column at X - X @ = Maximum deflection at the free end B Bending moment at X - X, = P(a-y) [#ve, because convexity towards the initial central line] A Fig. 8.9 ‘The general solution for this differential equation is where A and B are constants of integration and which can be found by using the boundary ynditions, joundary conditions dy (i) At the fixed end A, slope = 0 ie, = 0 dy Pe eA Foi /E i Fla fE cof x7) == (8.23) dx EL EI El El When x = ic, Atend A, slope = 0 Substituting these values in equation 8.23 -af? sind-+B,|~ cos0 EL El 0 ie, O= As P cannot be zero, B = 0 e., Atend A, deflection = 0 8.22 (ii) When x = 0, y= Substituting these values in equationTorsion of Circular Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns 447 O=Acos0+04a;, A= -a Substituting the values of A and B in equation 8.22 [Pp — a cos (: F) +a a7 (8.24) .. Atthe free end B, deflection = a (iii) When x=, y =a, Substituting these values in equation 8.24 acos} U. ee + = ~acos| LL|— |+a “ Et i i.e, ac0s WZ =0; ie, este =0 [Asa cannot be zero] El El m 3n Sm Tm 2 aoe +. Buler’s crippling load when one end of the column is fixed and other end free pe --- (8.25) 4t 8.17.4 Euler's crippling load for a column when one end of the column is fixed and other end hinged or pinned Fig. 8.10 shows a long column ABof length’ fixed at end A and hinged or pinned at the end B, carrying a crippling load P at the pinned end B. The supports are subjected to reactive force R and reactive moment M, as shown in Fig 8.10. Let P= Critical load on the column y = Deflection of the colun X-X R = Reactive force at the supports A and B x Reactive moment at the fixed end A For the equilibrium of column, M, = RI Bending moment at X - X, = Py = RI- Rx ~ Py18 Mechanics of Materials RU-x)- Py The general solution for this differential equation is, y = Acos 2 aso He El OVE iy (i) Atthe fixed end A, slope=0 — ie., = =0 dx dy P P / P fe z “A s + Bl—e See de Zool afz Va lp eM dy When x = 03 Bo 0. i.e. Atthe end A, slope = 0 dx oundary conditions Substituting these values in equation 8.27 P noe eos0—% El B f |e B= PVP (ii) When x =0, y=0, ie., At the end A, deflection = 0 Substituting these values in equation 8.26 R RU-0 o=acmo+ 4 SS ) RL =A+04-> P RL A Pp Substituting the values of A and B in equation 8.26Torsion of Circular Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns 449 RL P) R [EL Ri y = Cos. += /= sin x,|— 4 iB al) PNP EL = 0i.e., At the hinged end deflection = 0 Substituting these values in equation 8.28 Ri x R SEL Pe R(l=1) o = Banff] 4 a fo Pp ee += /— sin] } PvP (iii) when Es) z ic, 0 £ Blogs| 1} P ie. = of ie ie. ei L [es ye 8.29) bey tan > Veg == (8 e the solution of equation 8.29 is, 0 = 4.4935 radians Equation 8.29 is of the form tan 8 = 0. Hen > P biti, fe = 44935 ;ie, | Ee = 20.1915 ~ 2n? © Euler's crippling load when one end of column is fixed and other end free 2n? EL Pe --- (8.30) Crippling load or Buckling load Buckling load or critical load or crippling Ic in stable equilibrium condition and any further incr P. isthe load at which the column is no longer ise in load, forces the column to collapse. 8.18 Equivalent length of acolumn All expressions for various end conditions can be generalised as EL ; where = Equivalent length of column --- (8.31)50 Mechanics of Materials 1 = Least moment of inertia about one of the principal axes of the column's section, P,, = Euler's Buckling load ‘The equivalent length of a given column with the given end conditions, js the length of an juivalent column of the same material and cross-section with hinged ends having the value of the ippling load equal to that of the given column. The equivalent length or effective Jength of various end conditions are given in Table 8.1 ‘Table 8.1 SLNo End condition Bucklingload P, Equivalent length 'L’ 1. Both ends hinged 2. Both ends fixed Lei 3 One end fixed and other end free 4. One end fixed and other end hinged [= Actual length of column L= Effective or Equivalent length of column P é Euler's crippling load 3.19 Limitations of Euler's theory "The general expression for Euler's crippling load is, P,= [ers aK EA Pes () . we Crippling stress 6,, = =~ where L/k is called slendemess ratio, (8.32) A (LIK)Torsion of Circular Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns 451 If the slenderness ratio : the variation of critical stress with respect to slenderness ratio. As L/k approaches zero the critical stress tends to infinity. But itis not possible because before this stage the column material will get crushed. Hence the Euler's formula is valid only if it gives a value of crippling stress 6, less than the proportional limit o, of the material. This stage is shown by the point Q in Fig. 8.11. Therefore Euler's formula is applicable only for the columns with larger values of slenderness ratio i.e., for long and slender columns. Hence the limiting value of crippling stress is the stress corresponding to the proportional limit small, then the crippling stress 6," will be high. Fig. 8.11 shows i \ e] 3 8 1 3 4 g | 0,=Stress corresponding 2 K to proportional limit = 5 Euler's curve = Slenderness ratio L/k Fig. 8.11 " a we S» rE For mild steel, let the stress at the proportional limit 6, be 330 N/mm* and Young's modulus E = 2.1.x 10° Nimm? mn = [sap =79.25 = 80 k 0 Slenderness ratio L/k452 Mechanics of Materials Hence if the slenderness ratio L/k is less than 80 Euler's formula for mild steel column is not valid, 3.20 Rankine's formula [Rankine - Gordon formula] Euler's formula holds good only for long slender columns. Moreover the effect of direct pression is neglected in Euler's formula. Long slender column fails due to buckling. Short ‘olumn fails due to crushing. Medium column fails due to the combined effect of buckling and ushing. Considering all this Rankine and Gordon developed a formula which is widely accepted ind suitable for columns of all slenderness ratios i.e., short, medium and long columns According to Rankine's investigations there is a well defined relationship bewween actual ippling load P,,, crushing load P, and Euler's buckling load P,. This relationship is given by 1 Py Bi 0 Cripping load by Rankine’s formula El iG where P., P,, = Buler’s crippling load = P " Crushing load = 6,.A Cross-sectional area of the column Effective or Equivalent length of a column Crushing stress Least radius of gyration Nt be u = Least moment of inertia about one of the principal axes of the column's section. 1 For long column, P,, is small and hence 7p” is large. Therefore p % % Il 1 —=—- ; ie, Ry Py For short column, P,, is very large and hence eglected 1 1 = } i, PSP, BOF, fing For medium column, the combined effect of buckling and crushing are to be considered 1. SBE RSPTorsion of Circular Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns 453 ie, P, where o = Rankin 's constant Rankine's formula P= --- (8.33) 0,:A tre] k For mild steel, Rankine's constant a= Fp and 320 Nim For cast iron, Rankine's constant 1 = Jeg and 9, = 550 N/mm? For timber, Rankine's constant 1 x Z a= 750 and =o = 50 N/mm? Find the Euler's crippling load for a hollow cylindri 4mm thick. The length of the column J steel columin of 40 mm external diameter and mand is hinged at both ends. Also compute the Rankine's ing constants 335 MPaand 14,9) . Take wz load [VTU, Model Question] 4mm; ts 5 m= 2500 mm = 335 MPa = 335 N/mm’; 7500 205 x 10° N/mm? ; Hinged at both ends154 Mechanics of Materials Solution : 0-24 =32mm 2500mm — (-- Bothends linged) Inner diameter d, = d,~2t Effective or Equivalent length of column L Area of cross-section of the column © (aj -d?) = in (4032) =452.4mm* 4 ® (4_a4)=® (agt 324 Lpiels oo (ai-a")- a 324) = 74.192x 10'mm* 74, O° Least Radius of gyration k = fx poe 19210" _ 19.806 mm 452.4 3 WEL _w x2 x205x10* x 74.192 x1 Euler's crippling load P, = 240176.66 N = 24.018 KN i 25007 ees cn 335x452.4 Rankine's crippling load P., = <= = 249205 N=24.92 KN 1+a(L/k) +t ame) 7500 (12.806 Design the section. of acircular cast iron column that can safely carry a load of 1000 KN. The length ofthe column is 6 metres, Rankine's constant is Yy »factor of safety is 3. One end of the column is fixed cal stress is 560 MPa. and other end is free. LVTU, JAN/FEB 2004] Data: Safe load = 1 a= —— ; FOS =3; 6,=560 MPa =560 N/mm; = 6m = 6000 mm; ‘one end fixed and other end 1600 free. Solution : Crippling load Safeload = Factor of safety 10 = ie, 10? = = ‘: Rankine's ctipplingload P., = 3x10°N = 0.78540 n Cross sectional area of the column A == 1 Least moment of inertia of the column! = <> d'= 0.0491 dTorsion of Circular Shatts and Elastic Stability of Columns 455 old Jaz 0,0491d* oy asq Least radius of gyration k 5 0.7854d? Effective length of column L, = 2f=2%6000= 12000 mmf: One end fixed and other end free] Sua Rankine’s crippling load P, = — 5 ¢ (4) Ito = k se, 3x 19’ = —300%0.7854 ais spall ( ) 14 44x10 1600\ 0.25d & 439.8240" 439,824d" ic, 3x10! = oo ne a? +144 108 +144 x 104 e jie, 3% 10° (+ 144 x 10) = 439.824 a! ; Le. 6899.3432 (P+ 144 10!) =a"; 1'— 68093432 £ ~993.5 x 107 =0 Let d = x 2. 6899,3432.x-993.5 x 10" = 0 x = 16899.3432+ ¥6899.3432? +4x993,5 107 2x1 king +ve valu x = 103183.82;i¢., f= 10318382 <. Diameter of the columnd = 321.2mm 19 A solid round bar of 60mm diameter and 2.5m is used as a strut. Find the safe compressive load for the strut if (i) Both ends are hinged (ii) Both ends are fixed Take E =2 x 108 N/mm? and factor of safety = 3 (VTU, JAN/FEB 2005] Data: 3; FO: d=60mm; 5 m= 2500 mm; E = 2x 10° Nin Solution : nt — d= — x 60'= 636172.5 mnt Giger) Least moment of inertia of column / 64 64 () Both endsare linged 250mm Effective length of column 2g1 _ nm? x2%10° x 636172.5 5 = 200920.7 N= 200.92 KN 2500’ Euler's crippling load P, =6 Mechanics of Materials 6.973 KN +. Safe compressive loud = ) Both endsare fixed Effective length of column ©. Euler's crippling load P, a 1250: 803.68 kN 803682,676 N. Euler's crippling load 03.68. 67.893 KN ©. Safe compressive load = P Factor of safety e nis fixed in ‘safe load using, meter, Onc end of the coh actor of safety as 3, calculate th ir cross section of 5 free. Taking th (i) Rankine's formula taking yield stress 560 N/mm (ii) Euler's formula, taking F = 1.2 x 10° Nimm? 1.5 m= 1500 mm 5 d=5 cm =50mm; FOS = 356, =560 Nims c= 795 § ‘One end fixed and other end free ution : Cross-seetional area of the columnA = a d 1963.5 mm Effective length of column L = 2/=2x 1500=3000 mm tn Least moment of inertia ofthe column = (4 d= 6 %50'= 306.8% LO" mm (Lu. = fy) 300.8 10" Least radius of 12.5 1963 I oy 560 x 1963.5 (@ Rankine’s crippling load P i 2071784 N=29.72 kN “ {Ly 1 3000 io(£) + } a 100 12.5 Rankine’s safe load = 9,007 KNTorsion of Circular Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns 457 1.2 10° «306.8 x10* x = 40373.26 N=40.373 KN 30007 (ii) Euler’scrippling load P, _ 40373 37 IS.458KN A column has an '7' section with equal flanges of 200 mm x 10 mm and web 300 x 10 mm. When the column is.used asa simply supported beam with ud! of 24 KN/m, maximum deflection at the mid-span is 6mm. Determine the safe load the column can carry at its free end with its other end fixed, Take the factor of safety as 2.5 and Young's modulus as 210 GPa =24kN/m; 8=6mm; FOS= 210 GPa = 210 x 10° Nimm? 55 . 8.12 shows the cross ection of the given column, A 3 1 = 200X320" _ 190*300" = 119.633. 10mm! 12 12 10x20" | 300%10" | 10%200° See 2: 12 12 200mm, = 13.358 x 10' mm! 24kN/m 10 —— 300 10 Length of column For simply supported beam with udl, maximum deflection = __5x24xi* 384% 210 x10" x 118.633 10° + Length of column J = 4676,6mm=4.68 m ie, 6 = Safe load Equivalent or Effective length of column L= 2/ = 2x 4676.6 = 9353.2 mm. [+ One end fixed and other end free]Mechanics of Materials Least moment of inertia of thecolumn=/,,= 13.388 x10'mm* (Ty <1.) i.e, The column buckles about y-axis EL 12x 210%10° x13358x10° +, Buler’s crippling load P,, = oS es ee Euler's crippling load _ 316.5 pane = = 126.6! Factor of safety aguTeN Euler's safe load = xample : 8.22 Determine the cripplingload for aT" section of dimensions 100 mm x 100 mm x 20 mm and length column 12 m with both ends fixed. TakeE = 210GPa ata J=2m=12x10'mm; FE =210GPa=210x 10° N/mm’; jlution = Fig. 8.13 shows the given '7" section. Fig. 8.13 k = _ AY tye Distance of the eg of the section from the bottom face ¥ =~ q+ a ya (20x80 $+ 100% 20/0 a se A232 67.778mm (2080) + (10020) 3 Mof the section about an axis passing through its cg and parallel to X - X axis, 3 rhe (:20522") + nxz0,00-o1797 +Torsion of Circular Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns: 459 20.x80* ZOXEO’ + (20% 80}(67.778 - 40)” =3.1422« LO mm MToof the section abou sing through its eg and parallel to Y - Y axis 20x100° | 80x20° pes — 1.72x10'mm* a 12 12 i+o{4) k 320x807 ie., 10° = 1 al Teele 7500\- 4 ie, 39.0625 =Torsion of Circular Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns 463 ie, 39.0625 F +4987.5 pul? =x 39,0625x-4987.5 = 0 sie. -39,0625#-4987.5=0 +4.x 1x 4987.5 439.0625 2: ¥39.0625 9.63 mm " 92.8 mm; ie., 9.63 mm.~ 10mm xample ; 8.26 A hollow cireular section 4 m long column is fixed at both ends and carry at Joad of 500 KN. The inner diameter of the column is 0.8 times the external diameter. Take a = {qq 0, = 550 MPa and factor safety = 2.5 Data: Safe load = 500 KN ; d,=0.8d,; FO! 5s ida 36, = 550 MPa = 550 N/mm? [= 4m = 4000 mm ; Both ends fixed. "4 Solution = fd 2 Area of cross-section of column = d;—d?) = ql iE (4? - 0.8? a?) =0.283 a? mm? r Least M.Lof the column 1 =< (de ~d!) = (a3 -08%d?) =0.029 ¢4 mmr fr Fa = Ay] a 64 Least radius of gyration & Rankine’ s crippling load Rankine's safe load = or of safety Pew ie, 500 = 5 +. P= 1250KN = 1.25x10°N ' _ #4000 nt length of column = 5 =~, +02) 550x0.283d 412000 1600 0.32¢, Effective or Equiva = 2000 mm (:. Both ends fixed) Rankine's crippling load P= ie, 1.25% 10° =464 z Mechanics of Materials dy a xd, 14 24414.06 ~ G? 4 24414.06 ie, 8030.84 " I+ i... 8030.84 d? +1.96x 10" = dt ie., dt — 8030.84 d? - 1.96 10° = 0 put d? = 4 8030. 84x~ 1.96% 10" = 0 +803084 + V803084" +4 1% 196% 10° 2x1 taking +vesign,x = 18580ie.,d) = 18580; -. d,=136.3mm +. Outer diameter of the hollow column d, = 136.3 mm Inner diameter of the hollow column, = 109.05 mm ‘xample : 8.27 ‘Acolumn of timber section is 200 mm x 300 mm and 5 m long. One end of the column is fixed and the f the young's modulus of timber is 17.5 kN/mm’, determit other end free. () Crippling load (ii) Safe load if the factor of safety is 2.5 Data: Column section = 200 mm x 300 mm 5 E= 17.5 kNimnr = 17.5 «10° Nim? ; FOS= =5m=5000 mm; ; One end fixed and other end free. Solution : () Euler's cripplingload ‘The column section is as shown in Fig. 8.15 Vv |=-b = 200mm! 300mm d= 3 00? = BdL _ 2002300" _ 450 5 106 mm! = 12 12Torsion of Circular Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns 465 dy _ 300% 200% re SESE = 200% 10° mnt if 12 12 ¢- Least M Lof the colum / 200% 10°mm* (4 fy < Iie) For one end fixed and other end free, Effective or Equivalent length of colu 2.x 9000 = 10,000 mm - x17.5 10° x20 10° ©. Euler's crippling load P, = = (10,000)? (ii) Euler's safe load = A hollow Cl circular section column is 7.5m long andis pi the column is 160 mim and the thickness of the wall is 20 mm. using a factor of safely of 5. Also find the slender O Nimm?, = Keun ied at its both ends. The inner diameter of ind the safi by Rankine's formula, ess ratio and ratio of Euler's and Renkine's critical loads. J B= 8 x 10‘ N/mm? For cast iron take , Solution = Outer diameter of column d, | +21 = 160+ 2 x A T Area of cross-section of column = D0? — 1607) = 1309.73 mm? Ein i ayt gene eastM.I 1 = —(d) -d;') =—(200"- 160") =4.637 Least M1 7 raul fp tt) vi ) =4.637 x 10' mm Least radius of gyrationk = YZ = 64.03 cal Effective length L. 7.5m=7500mM (° Both ends pinned) soe 17338 eee mm ( Slendemess ratio= A 5501 1309.73 G@)—_Rankine’seritieal loud p, = —224 = i ~ = 649613. N = 640.64 kN Ly 14 117133 t rol f ) 1600" ) Rankine’ s critical load — 649.64 = = 129.928) Factor of safety Smee ee i) Rankine's safe loa WEL _ 1 x8x10" 4.637% 10 (iv) Euler's critical load P, = —5— eu = 650885 N= 650.885 kN166 Mechanics of Materials _ Buler's critical toad Rankine! s critical load ~ 649.64 1.002 Example : 8.29 Determine the Kuler ong with both ends pinned. and 10m section column 400 mim x 200mm x 10 mm crippling load for an 'T" ke B= 2x 10° N/mm? ‘olution : ‘The given’ section is as shown in __ 200 mm } | 816 y* 190% 380° we 80" = 19786 10'mm* 3 ~ = 1336.5 x 10! mn 10x 2008 | 38010" | 10200) * 12 12 2. Least moment of inertia? = 1336.5%10'mm* B 7= 10000 mm_ (+: Both ends pinned) tive length £ a x2 x 10° x1336.5%10" (10,000) 263814.5N=263.8kN 2. Euler's crippling load P,Torsion of Circutar Shafts and Elastic Stability of Columns 467 EXERCISES 5, 6 9: s the hollow shaft of the same A solid shaft of 250 mm diameter has the same cross-sectional are material with inside diameter of 200 mm. Determine (i) Ratio of power transmitted by the hallow shaftand the solid shaft for the same speed, (ii) Ratio of angle of wist by the hollow shaft and the solid shaft for the same maximum stress, Ants: 1,78, 1.2806 Show that a hollow citcular shait whose inner diameter is halt the outer diameter has a torsional strength equal to 15/16 of that of a solid shafl of same outside diameter A solid shaft is required to transmit 300 kW at 100 rpm. ‘The shear stress of the material must not execed 80 MPu, (i) Determine the diameter of solid shaft (ii) If the shalt is replaced by a hollow one with diameter ratio 3:5 and maximum shear stress remaining unchanged, calculate the percentage saving in weight of the material Ans :121.8mm 29.55% A hollow shat has to transmit 600 kW powerat 80 rpm. The maximum twisting moment may exceed the mean by 40%, Design a suitable section, if the permissible stress is 90 N/mny and the diameter ratio is tobe 0.8. What will be the angular twist measured overa length of 2m, if the modulus of rigidity is 84 GPa Ans : 212.6 mm, 170.08 mm, 0,02 rad {wo shafts of the same material and of same lengths are subjected to the sume torque, if the first shaft is of a solid circular section and the second shai is of hollow circular section, whose internal diameter is 0.7 times the outside diameter and the maximum stress developed in each shaft is the same, compare the weights of the shafts. Aas: 1.633 Define polar modulus. Find the expression for polar modulus of « solid shalt LVTU, JAN/FEB 2006] What are the assumptions made in the theory of pure torsion [VTU, JAN/FEB 2004] Derive the relation for a circular shaft when subjected to torsion as given below T 1.0 tp Define the terms, torsional rigidity and torsional strength. ‘A 2 meters long column with hollow circular section of outer diameter 180 mnvis subjected to a load of 212.5 KN. Yield stress for the column material is 340 N/mm’. One end of the column is fixed and the other end is free. Determine the inner diame 210 GPaand FOS =4 [VTU, MARCH 2001] Ans: 164.2mm the flange width being 100mm, overall depth 80 mm 3m long and is hinged at both ends E= 200 GNim* Ans: 184,05 kN Determine the buckling load fora strut o and both flange and web LO mm thick. The strut i58 12. Mechanics of Materials ned at its ends, Youngs modulus for the column material Pa, Determine the site of colump to support a loud of 200 A column of squire section is 2m long and p is 12 GPa and the allowable stress being 12 KN safely, using a factor of safely of 3. Hint : According, to Euler's critical load 1 Py = ATpo P= 2x 108% IN side of square 4 = 124.9 mm According to direct compression, oA = 200% 1 key ea 200 x 10) a= 129.) mm 29,1 mm select the bigger value] side of square « Find the Euler's erippling load for hollow cylindrical steel column of 38 mm external diameterand 2. mm wall thickness. Length of column is 2.3 m and is hinged at both the ends. Also estimate Rankine’s N/mm? and 1 7500 [VTU, JULY 2007/ AUG/SEP 2000] mm x 25 mm which ean be used as a compression member with Joad for this column, Rankine's parameters are 3. Find the length of a mild stee! rod Joad of 40 KN, Given BS = 4, @ = one end fixed and the other end free to carry a worki i 7500 o, = 320 N/mm? [BU, FEB/MARCH 2002] Acastiron column 140 mm external diameter and 70 mm internal diameter is 3.5 m long, Calculate the I Ta ind Fa Ton0 and Factorof safe axial load the column can ce: if both ends are fixed. Take 6, = 600 MPa ;0 safety =3 use Rankine's formula. [BU, JAN/FEB 2005} What are the assumptions and limitations of Buler’s formula [BU, JAN/FEB 2005 VTU, AUG: Define slenderness ratio and discuss the importance of slenderness ratio on the compres of columns 2000) strength [BU, FEB/MARCH 2002] What are columns, post, strut and a boom IVTU, Model Question] Derive the expression for Buler's critical load for a long column with both ends fixed. [VTU, DE 06, JAN' 07] What is the difference between short and Jong columns ‘ [VTU, AUG/SEP 2000), What is meant by the effective length of a column? State the values of effective length for various column end conditions: IVTU, AUG 2001]