A GRI4

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.
Upgrade to PRO to remove watermark.

APMCs
APMCs, or Agricultural Produce Market Committees, are statutory bodies established by

state governments in India to regulate and facilitate the buying and selling of agricultural
produce. APMCs are responsible for ensuring fair trade practices, transparent pricing, and
the welfare of farmers and traders involved in agricultural marketing.
Characteristics of APMCs:
● Mandate: APMCs were established under the Agricultural Produce Market

Committee Act enacted by state governments. Their primary objective is to create
an organised and regulated marketplace for agricultural commodities, ensuring fair
prices and protecting farmers' interests.
● Market Infrastructure: APMCs oversee the establishment and management of
physical marketplaces or mandis. These mandis serve as platforms where farmers
bring their produce to sell and traders or commission agents purchase the
agricultural commodities.
● Licensing and Regulation: APMCs issue licences to traders, commission agents,
and market functionaries operating within the mandis. They regulate the activities of
these entities, ensuring adherence to market rules, fair trade practices, and quality
standards.
● Price Discovery and Auctions: APMCs facilitate price discovery through
transparent auction mechanisms. The agricultural produce brought by farmers is
graded, sorted, and sold through open auctions or negotiated sales. The prices are
determined through a competitive bidding process.
● Market Fee and Charges: APMCs collect market fees and charges from buyers and
sellers involved in agricultural trade within the mandis. The fees are used for
maintaining market infrastructure, implementing market reforms, and supporting
farmers' welfare programs.
● Market Committees: APMCs are governed by Market Committees comprising
representatives from farmers, traders, government officials, and other stakeholders.
These committees make decisions regarding market operations, fee structures, and
implementing policies for the betterment of agricultural marketing.
Problems with APMCs

GS-3 Mains Module by Dr. Shivin Chaudhary Click Here to Learn More
Government Initiatives in this Regard
● “Agriculture Index” by NITI Aayog : Help states measure impact of reforms
undertaken.
● Major Schemes: SAMPADA, Operation Greens, “TOP to TOTAL”, Promotion of
FPOs Scheme, E-NAM etc
○ E-NAM is a pan India electronic trading portal which networks the existing
APMC mandis to create a unified national market for agricultural
commodities.
○ It removes information asymmetry between buyers and sellers and promotes
real time price discovery.
○ Single market fee only at e-NAM portal to avoid multiple taxes and costs.
● Transport and Marketing Assistance Scheme by MOCI for faster export focused
movements.
● E-marketing Portal for Organic products.

● GrAMs : Establishing Gramin Agricultural Markets by upgrading existing 22,000 rural
haats.
● Setting up an Agriculture fund to boost infrastructure.
● Model Agriculture Produce and Livestock Marketing (Promotion and Facilitation) Act,
2017 : Deals with unification of markets, freedom to farmers to sell anywhere, private
market yards, Promotion of One Nation- One Market, E-Trading, Single point of fee
collection etc
● Integrated Scheme for Agri Marketing (ISAM) : Marketing and agri business
infrastructure, market linkages to farmers, market information dissemination, quality
certification etc to promote an integrated value chain.
● Kisan Rail services : Mobile cold storage.
● Krishi UDAN : Hub and Spoke model to create cargo terminals at airports.
● Agri Marketing Funds : funds to APMCs, FPOs, SHGs etc.
● Three Farm Laws:
○ Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act,
2020
○ Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and
Farm Services Act, 2020
○ Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020
Way Forward:
● Recommendation of Dalwai Committee to create mini-markets to bridge the
deficiency of APMCs.
● AgTech startups should be focused upon for a price discovery mechanism.
● Producer consolidation and contract farming : Consolidation of small and fragmented
farms into more viable holdings will improve producers’ access to finance and quality
inputs, besides enabling better price realisations.
● PPP model in Agri marketing and transport (Ex: Uberization of Agri transport)

Second Green revolution
Dimensions that might be asked:

● Failures and achievements of the first green revolution.
● Need and Way forward to a second green revolution.
Facts related to Second green revolution
Production increase in first green The production of cereal crops tripled with only a
revolution 30% increase in the land area cultivated
Income disparity from 1st green By 1970, Punjab was producing 70% of the country's
revolution total food grains,[21] and farmers' incomes were
increasing by over 70%.

question for class discussion
India?
taxing agricultural
need to start income in
Is there a

GM Crops

● Challenges to adoption of GM crops.
● Benefits and way forward.
Facts related to GM crops in India
Only commercially cultivated crop cotton remains the only transgenic crop that is being
commercially cultivated in India
Benefit of GM crops Biotechnology, around the world, has helped farmers

grow 311.8 million tonnes more food in the last 15
years
Area under BT cotton ● In 2002-03 Total cotton cultivation : 86.24

lakh ha, GM crops : 0.29 lakh ha, Yield : 191
kg/ha
● In 2020-21 Total cotton cultivation : 125.84
lakh ha, GM crops : 117.47 lakh ha, Yield :
436 kg/ha
GM crops, also known as Genetically Modified crops, are plants that have been genetically
altered through the use of biotechnology techniques. These crops have undergone specific
modifications at the genetic level, where specific genes are inserted, modified, or removed to
introduce desired traits or characteristics. The genetic modifications are made in a laboratory
by manipulating the plant's DNA, typically by incorporating genes from other organisms,
such as bacteria, viruses, or even different plant species.
Examples:
● Bt Cotton: Bt cotton is one of the most widely grown GM crops in India. It is
genetically modified to express a bacterial gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
that produces a protein toxic to certain insect pests, particularly bollworms. Bt cotton
has been cultivated in India since its approval in 2002 and has significantly reduced
the damage caused by bollworm pests, leading to increased cotton yield.
● Bt Brinjal: Bt brinjal, a genetically modified eggplant, was developed to resist certain
insect pests, specifically the fruit and shoot borer. It incorporates the same Bt gene
used in Bt cotton to produce the insecticidal protein. Bt brinjal was approved for
commercial cultivation in India in 2009 but has faced regulatory and public debates,
leading to limited adoption. -Barred later
● Bt Corn: Bt corn, also known as genetically modified maize, contains genes from
Bacillus thuringiensis that produce toxins harmful to specific corn pests, such as the
European corn borer. Although BT Bt corn hasallowed.
cotton been approved for commercial cultivation
Only
in India, its adoption and cultivation are limited compared to Bt cotton. ->
● Herbicide-Tolerant Cotton: Herbicide-tolerant cotton varieties have been genetically

modified to withstand the application of specific herbicides, such as glyphosate. This

allows farmers to control weed growth effectively without causing harm to the cotton
plants. Herbicide-tolerant cotton has been introduced in India to provide additional
weed management options for farmers.
Methods of Genetic Modification:

Regulatory Agencies in India Governing GM Crops:
● Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC): The MoEFCC is
responsible for the overall policy framework and environmental aspects related to
GM crops. It oversees the process of granting environmental clearances and
regulates the research, development, and commercial release of GM crops under the
Environment Protection Act, 1986.
● Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC): The GEAC is a statutory body
functioning under the MoEFCC. It is responsible for assessing and evaluating the
safety of GM crops from an environmental perspective. The GEAC reviews
applications for the environmental release of GM crops and makes recommendations
for their approval or rejection.
● Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM): The RCGM operates under the
Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and is responsible for the technical assessment
and monitoring of GM crop research and development. It provides guidelines and
monitors compliance with biosafety regulations throughout the different stages of GM
crop development.
● Department of Biotechnology (DBT): The DBT is involved in providing support and
funding for research and development activities related to biotechnology, including
GM crops. It collaborates with other agencies to facilitate the development of safe
and beneficial GM crop technologies.
● Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR): The ICAR plays a significant role in
agricultural research and development in India. It conducts research on GM crops
and provides technical support and expertise in evaluating their agronomic
performance and potential benefits.
● Laws related to GM Crops in India:
○ Environment Protection Act, 1986: Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change (MoEFCC) has the authority to regulate activities related to
GM crops to ensure environmental safety.
○ Rules for the Manufacture, Use/Import/Export, and Storage of
Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells,
1989: Formulated under the Environment Protection Act. They provide
guidelines and procedures for the safe handling, use, import, export, and
storage of genetically engineered organisms, including GM crops.
○ Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Foods Derived from
Genetically Engineered Plants, 2017: These guidelines were issued by the
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to ensure the safety
assessment of food products derived from GM crops. They outline the
requirements for the evaluation, approval, and labelling of genetically
modified foods in India.
○ Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order, 2003: This
order, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, regulates
the import of plant materials, including GM crops, to prevent the introduction
and spread of pests and diseases. It specifies the procedures and
requirements for the importation and quarantine of genetically modified plant
material. chan
ANB's
planeprogramme.
Benefits and Risks of GM Crops:
->
Export.
ES'17
·allow GM that:
crops
terminator
1) do not have
genedisease resistant
2) all
3) High shelf life.

4) Now food crops.
Way Forward:
● Strengthen Regulatory Framework: Enhance the regulatory framework by ensuring
robust and science-based assessments of GM crops for safety, environmental
impact, and human health. This includes continued monitoring and evaluation of
approved GM crops and promoting transparency in the regulatory process.
● Promote Independent Research: Encourage independent research and
development of GM crops by public institutions and smaller-scale farmers to foster
innovation and address the specific needs and challenges of Indian agriculture. This
can help ensure diverse options and avoid excessive dependence on a few biotech
companies.
● Prioritise Biosafety Research: Invest in long-term biosafety research to assess
potential impacts of GM crops on the environment, non-target organisms, and human
health. This includes monitoring gene flow, impacts on biodiversity, and potential
allergenicity or toxicity of GM foods.
● Ensure Environmental Sustainability: Emphasise sustainable farming practices
alongside GM crop cultivation. Encourage integrated pest management strategies,
crop rotation, and diversification to mitigate the potential risks associated with GM
crops and promote agro-ecological approaches.
● Foster Dialogue and Stakeholder Engagement: Facilitate informed public debates
and engagement among scientists, farmers, consumers, policymakers, and civil
society organisations. This can promote transparency, understanding, and
participation in decision-making processes related to GM crops.
● Support Farmer Empowerment: Ensure that farmers have access to a wide range
of crop choices, including non-GM alternatives. Promote farmer-centric policies that
provide comprehensive information, training, and support systems for GM crop
cultivation, including proper stewardship practices and seed-saving options.
● Encourage Labelling and Traceability: Implement clear and accurate labeling
regulations for GM food products to empower consumers to make informed choices.
Establish mechanisms for traceability and segregation of GM crops throughout the
supply chain to maintain integrity and transparency.
● Foster International Collaboration: Engage in international collaborations and
share experiences and best practices with other countries in the field of GM crop
regulation, biosafety, and risk assessment. This can help leverage global expertise
and ensure harmonisation of standards.
·Right to know.
Precautionaly Principle. Cartagena protocol. Not in ensensitive zones.

·
Major Crops - Cropping Patterns in various parts of the country

● Monoculture and Rice Wheat Patterns
● Integrated Farming System
YEAR QUESTION MARKS

2017 What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in 15
the cropping system? How crop diversification is helpful to
stabilize the yield of the crop in the system?
How has the emphasis on certain crops brought about changes

2018 in cropping patterns in recent past? Elaborate the emphasis on 15
millets production and consumption.
2019 How far is the Integrated Farming System (IFS) helpful in 10

sustaining agricultural production?
2020 What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat 15
system a success? In spite of this success how has this system
become bane in India?
2022 What is Integrated Farming System ? How is it helpful to small

and marginal farmers in India ? 15
Facts related to Major Cropping pattern
Major Cropping Areas in India
Group Standards For Millets ● The Food Safety and Standards Authority of
India (FSSAI) has established a
comprehensive group standard for 15 types
of millets, defining 8 quality parameters.
● The aim is to ensure the availability of high-
quality, standardized millets in both domestic
and global markets.

● The group standard applies to various millet
types such as barnyard millet, Amaranthus,
Buckwheat, Finger Millet, Foxtail Millet, Pearl
Millet, Fonio, Little Millet, and Sorghum.
● The 8 parameters include maximum limits for
moisture content, uric acid content,
extraneous matter, other edible grains,
defects, weevilled grains, and immature and
shrivelled grains.
Types of Cropping patterns
1. Monoculture: Monocropping,
also known as monoculture, is a
farming practice where only one
type of crop is grown on a
particular piece of land.
Case Study of Punjab:
● Wheat and paddy constitute

about 84.6% of the total area
planted to all crops compromising
on pulses, maize, bajra and
oilseeds cotton.
Issues with this system:

● Growing the same crops year after year on the
same land increases vulnerability to pest and
disease attacks. The more the crop and
genetic diversity, the more difficult it is for
insects and pathogens to devise a way to
pierce through plant resistance.
● Wheat and paddy cannot also, unlike pulses
and legumes, fix nitrogen from the
atmosphere. Their continuous cultivation
without any crop rotation, then, leads to
depletion of soil nutrients and growing
dependence on chemical fertilisers and
pesticides.

2. Crop rotation
Crop rotation is a farming practice that involves growing different crops in a specific order in
the same field over a period of several years. The purpose of crop rotation is to improve soil
health, control pests and diseases, and increase crop yields.
Crop rotation works by alternating different crops in a field over several years. For example,
one year a farmer might plant a crop that requires a lot of nitrogen, such as corn, followed by
a crop that fixes nitrogen, such as soybeans. The next year, the farmer might plant a crop that
doesn't use much nitrogen, such as wheat or oats, followed by a legume crop like clover or
alfalfa that will add nitrogen to the soil.
Factors to be considered during crop rotation:

1. Leguminous crops should be grown after non-leguminous crops.
2. Crops require less water (irrigation) should be grown after one that requires more
water.
3. Crops requiring less manure should be sown after one that requires more manure.
3. Crop Diversification
Crop diversification refers to the practice of growing multiple crops in the same field or on the
same farm. It is a strategy to reduce the risks associated with mono-cropping and to improve
the overall health and productivity of the farm. Crop diversification involves growing a variety
of crops with different growth habits, nutrient requirements, and market values.

The benefits of crop diversification include:
1. Risk management: Crop diversification helps to reduce the risks associated with
mono-cropping, such as crop failure due to pests or disease. If one crop fails, there
are other crops that can still provide income for the farmer.
2. Soil health: Growing a variety of crops can improve soil health by reducing soil
erosion, increasing soil organic matter, and improving soil structure.
3. Pest management: Diversifying crops can help to reduce pest and disease problems,
as pests and diseases tend to specialize in specific crops. By growing different crops,
pests and diseases are less likely to find a suitable host.
4. Income stability: Crop diversification can provide a more stable income for farmers,
as they can sell different crops throughout the year instead of relying on income from
a single crop.
5. Nutrient management: Different crops have different nutrient requirements, and by
growing a variety of crops, farmers can better manage soil fertility and reduce the need
for synthetic fertilizers.
6. Water management: Different crops have different water requirements, and by
diversifying crops, farmers can better manage water resources. For example, in dry
areas, farmers can grow drought-tolerant crops such as sorghum, millet, or legumes,
which require less water compared to water-intensive crops such as rice or sugarcane.
7. Biodiversity: Crop diversification can promote biodiversity by providing habitat and
food for beneficial insects, birds, and other wildlife. This can help to enhance
ecosystem services such as pollination and natural pest control.
8. Resilience: Crop diversification can improve the resilience of farming systems to
climate change and other environmental challenges. For example, in India, farmers in
drought-prone regions are using a diversified cropping system that includes drought-
resistant crops such as sorghum, pearl millet, and legumes. This system has helped
to improve soil health, reduce water use, and increase crop yields.
9. Market opportunities: Diversifying crops can provide new market opportunities for
farmers by tapping into niche markets for specialty crops. For example, in the United
States, some farmers have diversified their operations by growing fruits and vegetables
for local farmers' markets or by selling organic produce to health food stores.
10. Social benefits: Crop diversification can provide social benefits such as improved
nutrition and food security. For example, in Africa, farmers are using intercropping
systems that combine maize and beans to improve the nutritional value of their crops
and provide a more diverse diet.

Risks associated with Crop Diversification:
1. Initial investment: Diversifying crops may require an initial investment in terms of new
equipment, seeds, and knowledge. This can be a barrier for small-scale farmers who
may not have the resources to invest in new crops.
2. Marketing challenges: Diversifying crops can create marketing challenges as farmers
need to find new markets for their crops. This may require additional effort and
resources to build new relationships with buyers.
3. Labor costs: Diversifying crops may require more labor as different crops may have
different planting, harvesting, and processing requirements. This can increase labor
costs and may require additional skilled labor.
4. Technical expertise: Diversifying crops may require farmers to develop new technical
skills and knowledge. This may be a challenge for farmers who are used to growing
only one or two crops.

5. Risk: Diversifying crops can help to spread risk, but it can also increase the risk of
crop failure if farmers are not familiar with new crops or if the climate is unfavorable for
certain crops.
Case Studies:
● Cerrado region in Brazil: The Cerrado is a highly biodiverse area that has been
subject to deforestation and agricultural expansion in recent decades. To address
these challenges, farmers are using a crop rotation system that includes soybeans,
maize, cotton, and pasture. The system has helped to reduce soil erosion, increase
soil organic matter, and reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. As a
result, farmers have been able to maintain high crop yields while reducing their
environmental impact.
● United States: Farmers in the Midwest have been using a crop diversification strategy
to reduce the environmental impact of farming and improve soil health. The region is
known for monoculture corn and soybean production, which can lead to soil erosion,
nutrient depletion, and water pollution. To address these challenges, farmers have
been using a crop rotation system that includes cover crops such as clover, rye, and
oats. The cover crops help to prevent soil erosion, improve soil organic matter, and
reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. This system has helped to
improve soil health and reduce the environmental impact of farming in the region.
● Indonesia: Farmers in the Sunda region have been using a crop diversification
strategy to increase their income and improve soil health. The region is known for rice
production, which can lead to soil degradation and reduced yields over time. To
address these challenges, farmers have been using a diversified cropping system that
includes rice, vegetables, and fruits such as papaya and banana. The system has
helped to improve soil fertility, reduce pest and disease problems, and provide a more
diverse income for farmers. As a result, farmers have been able to increase their
income and improve their livelihoods.

Decline in Jute Production
● As per the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare, India’s jute economy declined to
1.77 million tonnes in 2021-22, from 2.03 million tonnes in 2011-12.
● Still the largest producer of jute in the world (WEst Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya,
Tripura), but India’s share is just 7 per cent of the global jute exports whereas
Bangladesh accounts for nearly 75 per cent.
● Average area under jute cultivation has also declined.
● Reasons:
○ Lack of market
○ Lack of government procurement and diversification, poor infrastructure as well
as the sorry state of Indian jute mills.
○ Market capture by Bangladesh: During the same period, production in
Bangladesh has shown significant rise. Bangladesh has a comparative
advantage in export of jute products because of its low cost of production driven
by lower wages, favourable power tariffs, cash subsidy for export, diversified
jute products market etc.

● Steps taken by the government:
○ Mandatory Packaging in Jute Materials: At present, 100% of food grains and a
minimum of 20% of sugar are to be compulsorily packed in jute sacking.
○ Golden Fibre Revolution
○ Jute Mark India Logo for authenticity of Jute Products.
○ JUTE – ICARE for using certified seeds, adopting scientific techniques.
Integrated Farming Systems
Integrated farming system is a sustainable agricultural system that integrates livestock, crop
production, fish, poultry, tree crops, plantation crops and other systems that benefit each other.
It is based on the concept that ‘there is no waste’ and ‘waste is only a misplaced resource’
which means waste from one component becomes an input for another part of the system.
This approach is considered to be the most powerful tool for enhancing profitability of farming
systems especially for small and marginal farmers to make them bountiful.
Models of Integrated Farming Systems
Horticulture + Piggery + ● Pig dung acts as excellent pond fertilizer and some
Fisheries + Plantation fishes feeds directly on the pig excreta.
Crops ● Pond water is used for cleaning pigsties and bathing the
pigs.
● Pond water is used for cleaning pigsties and bathing the
pigs
● Plantation trees as shade for the fishery pond or planted
as fodder production between orchard trees to prevent
soil erosion
Horticulture + Duckery + ● Vermicompost can be used either for commercial or

Fishery + manure for crop
Plantation crops + ● Apiary : Honey production and for pollination
Vermicomposting + ● Ducks excreta for pond fertilizer while they get their feeds
Apiary requirements from aquatic weeds etc.
● Duck houses are constructed on pond dikes; hence no
additional land is required

Initiatives for Integrated Farming Systems
National Mission for Sustainable promoting location specific integrated farming system
Agriculture (NMSA)
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas encourages farmers to shift from conventional chemical-

Yojana (PKVY) intensive agriculture to organic farming systems,
incorporating crop rotation, mixed cropping, and
livestock integration.
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana supports various agricultural development programs,

(RKVY) including the promotion of integrated farming systems.

Food Processing Industries
Dimensions:
● Scope and significance of the food processing industry
● Challenges and opportunities of food processing sector
● Supply chain management in Food Processing Industry
YEAR QUESTION MARKS
Elaborate the scope and significance of the food processing

2022 industry in India 10
What are the challenges and opportunities of food processing

sector in the country? How can income of the farmers be
2020 substantially increased by encouraging food processing? 10
2019 Elaborate on the policy taken by the government of India to

meet the challenges of the food processing sector. 15
2018 Examine the role of supermarkets in supply chain management 10

of fruits, vegetables and food items. How do they eliminate
number of intermediaries?
2017 What are the reasons for poor acceptance of cost effective
small processing units? How the food processing unit will be 10
helpful to uplift the socio-economic status of poor farmers?
Introduction:
The food processing industry serves as a vital link between agriculture and industry
worldwide. It plays a significant role in connecting these two pillars of the economy by
transforming raw agricultural products into value-added processed food products.
Key Facts
Annual Survey of As per the latest, 12.2 percent of persons in the registered
Industries (ASI) 2019-20 manufacturing sector were employed in the food processing
sector.
Economic Survey 2022- During the last five years ending FY21, the food processing
23 industries sector has been growing at an average annual growth
rate of around 8.3 per cent.
The value of agri-food exports, including processed food exports,

was about 10.9 per cent of India's total exports during 2021-22.

Government Policies
Pradhan Mantri ● To provide financial, technical and business support for

Formalisation Of Micro upgradation of existing micro food processing
Food Processing enterprises.
Enterprises (PMFME) ● To target 2,00,000 micro food processing units of existing
micro food processing enterprises (MFPE).
● Seed capital, Credit linked subsidy, Credit linked grant
support up to 35% for establishing common
infrastructure, Support for marketing & branding with
50% grant at State or regional level.
● Training of units, product development, appropriate
packaging and machinery for micro units by NIFTEM and
IIFPT under MOFPI along with State Level Technical
Institutions
Pradhan Mantri Kisan ● Creation of modern infrastructure for food processing,

Sampada Yojana effective backward and forward linkages, and create
(PMKSY) robust supply chain infrastructure for perishables.
● Components:
○ Mega Food Parks
○ Integrated Cold Chain, Value Addition and
Preservation Infrastructure
○ Creation/Expansion of Food
Processing/Preservation Capacities (CEFPPC)
○ Food Safety & Quality Assurance Infrastructure
○ Infrastructure for Agro Processing Clusters
○ Scheme for Creation of Backward and Forward
Linkages
○ Demand driven Research & Development (R&D)
Production Linked ● Support Food manufacturing entities for enhancing global

Incentive Scheme For footprint and employment generation
Food Processing ● Incentivising manufacturing of four major food product
Industry (PLISFPI) segments
● Support for branding and marketing abroad to incentivise
emergence of strong Indian brands
Scheme of Cold Chain, ● To reduce post-harvest losses of horticulture and non-

Value Addition & horticulture agri-produce
Preservation ● Integrated cold chain and preservation infrastructure
Infrastructure facilities, without any break, from the farm gate to the
consumer

Location of Food Processing Industries
real ppl love making terricaly gud coffee but govt loves
CHAI
raw material agflomeration

power industrial inertia
law
market
transport
geography
climate
govt
capital
This PDF document was edited historical
with Icecream PDF Editor.
Modified Interest ● On short term agriculture loans to 1.5% to all financial
Subvention Scheme institutions for FY 2022-23 to 2024-25 for lending
(MISS) short term agri-loans up to ₹3 lakh to farmers.

● Previously, Centre’s support to banks for Interest
Subvention Scheme (ISS) was stopped in 2020 as
banks were able to provide short term agriculture
loans at 7% by themselves.
● An additional 3% subvention (Prompt Repayment
Incentive) is also given to farmers for prompt and
timely repayment of loans.
● 100% funded by Centre and is being implemented by
NABARD and RBI.
MPEDA (MARINE ● MPEDA celebrated its 50th years

PRODUCTS EXPORT ● On the occasion, Union Commerce Minister made
DEVELOPMENT four proposals for the comprehensive development of
AUTHORITY ) the country’s marine resources:
○ Identify 20 markets for items that contribute to
90% of the exports.
○ Prepare state-wise export development plans
in consultation with state administrations.
○ Aim at exports worth $20 billion in the next
five years, and
○ Raise the livelihood of fishermen by reducing
their risk, creating awareness among them,
increasing their income and shielding them
against middlemen.
Jute Production ● As per MoA&FW India’s jute economy declined to

1.77 million tonnes in 2021-22, from 2.03 million
tonnes in 2011-1
● Average area under jute cultivation has also declined.
●
Water Trading ● NITI Aayog - draft policy regarding trading in water

(buying, selling or leasing water access rights) on
commodity exchanges like gold, silver and crude oil.
● Demand supply reflected in prices.
● Already practised in Australia, Chile, USA etc.
● In 2020, the first tradable water price futures index
was launched on Chicago Stock Exchange.
Asian Palm Oil alliance ● Formed by apex edible oil industry associations of
five major palm oil importing countries, includingIndia,
Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal, to gain
collective bargaining power while safeguarding
economic and business interests of palm oil
consuming countries and increase its consumption.
● Solvent Extractors’ Association (SEA) of India will
manage its secretariat.
● Asia accounts for 40% of global palm oil demand with
India as the largest importer accounting for nearly
15%.
Agriculture ● Launched in 2020 with a corpus of 1 lakh crore.

Infrastructure Fund (AIF) ● Improving agriculture infrastructure by securing a
medium to long-term debt financing arrangement to

fund investments in feasible projects aimed at
improving infrastructure and community farming
assets related to postharvest management.
● Implemented by NABARD.
● Interest Subvention and Credit Guarantee to
Farmers, Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
(PACS), Farmer Producers Organisations (FPOs),
Self Help Groups (SHG) and State Agencies/APMCs
for post-harvest agriculture infrastructure and
community farming assets.
Formation And ● To form and promote 10,000 new FPOs till 2027-28.
Promotion Of 10,000 ● Training & skill development of FPOs with a minimum
New Farmer Producer farmer members' size of 300 (in plains) and 100 in
Organisations (North-Eastern and Hilly areas)
● Cluster Based Business Organizations (CBBOs) will
be involved in the process of collecting, registering,
and offering professional support for a duration of five
years.
● Formation and promotion of FPO is based on
Produce Cluster Area approach and specialised
commodity based approach
● Focus on “One District One Product”
● Implemented by SFAC, NCDC, NABARD, NAFED,
etc
● A National Project Management Agency (NPMA) for
guidance and coordination.
● District Level Monitoring Committee (D-MC) for
coordination and monitoring in a district.
Pradhan Mantri Fasal ● Voluntary for all farmers including sharecroppers and
Bima Yojana (PMFBY) tenant farmers
● Comprehensive crop insurance from pre-sowing to
post-harvest period.
● Providing financial assistance to farmers
experiencing crop loss or damage and ensuring
stability in their income and Encouraging the adoption
of innovative and modern agricultural practices as
well as diversifying crops.
● Crops covered under rabi and kharif: All cereals,
millets, pulses and Oilseeds.
● Premium is paid as % of sum assured or Actuarial
Premium Rate (APR), whichever is less, which is the
premium rate set by insurance companies.
● Use of Smartphones and Remote sensing.
Pradhan Mantri Kisan ● ₹6,000 per year in three equal instalments of ₹ 2,000
Samman Nidhi (PM- each, every 4 months to all landholding farmers
KISAN) families with some exclusion criteria.
● To fulfil the financial requirements of families of
landholding farmers in acquiring different agricultural
inputs.
● Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) to All beneficiaries.

Pradhan Mantri Kisan ● Old age protection and social security of Small and
Maandhan Yojana (PM- Marginal Farmers (SMF) having land upto 2 ha and
KMY) aged between 18 to 40 years through LIC.
● Assured pension: Rs. 3000/- month on attaining the
age of 60 years.
● In the event of the subscriber's death, the spouse will
be eligible to receive only half (50%) of the pension
received by the subscriber.
Pradhan Mantri Krishi ● Improve the availability of water on farms and

Sinchayee Yojana increase the cultivable land area with assured
(PMKSY) irrigation by utilising the Long Term Irrigation Fund
(LTIF) and Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF) established in
collaboration with NABARD.
● 4 Components:
○ Per Drop More Crop (PDMC):Ministry of
Agriculture
○ On Farm Water Management (OFWM)
component of Accelerated Irrigation Benefit
Programme (AIBP) : Ministry of Jal Shakti
○ Har Khet Ko Pani (HKKP): Ministry of Jal
Shakti
○ Integrated Watershed Management
Programme (IWMP): MoRD
National Mission On ● Enhance the edible oilseeds production by

Edible Oils – Oil Palm harnessing Oil Palm area expansion with special
(NMEO-OP) focus on North east and Andaman and Nicobar
Islands.
● Reduce dependence on edible oil imports.
● Promoting micro irrigation and water conservation in
oil palm.
● Targets:
○ Area: 10 lakh hectares (adding additional
6.50 lakh ha- of which 3.28 lakh ha in North
Eastern states)
○ Crude Palm Oil production: 11.20 lakh tonnes
○ Health component: maintain consumption
level of 19.00 kg/person/ annum
● Provisions for Planting material, Inputs for
intercropping, Establishment of seed gardens,
nurseries, Setting up borewell/pump set/water
harvesting structure.
Mission For Integrated ● For Holistic development of horticulture.

Development Of ● HORTNET: Web enabled workflow-based system for
Horticulture (MIDH) providing financial assistance under MIDH
● CHAMAN (Coordinated Horticulture Assessment
using Management using geoiNformatic) : Area
assessment and production forecasting of 7 major
horticultural crops.
○ Area assessment and production forecasting
of 7 major horticultural crops.

Kisan Credit Card (KCC) ● Addressing the immediate credit needs for crop
cultivation, post-harvest expenses, meeting the
consumption requirements of farmer households, and
providing working capital for the maintenance of farm
assets.
● Collateral free loan up to Rs 1.6 lakh without any
processing fee.
● 3% p.a. interest subvention for prompt borrowers up
to Rs. 3.00 lakhs.
● Premium borne by both the bank and borrower (in 2:1
ratio respectively)
● Covers Farmers - individual/joint borrowers who are
owner cultivators; Tenant farmers, oral lessees &
sharecroppers.
National Mission For ● Promoting climate-resilient agriculture in India by

Sustainable Agriculture implementing appropriate adaptation and mitigation
(NMSA) (Component of measures in both crop farming and animal husbandry
NAPCC) sectors.
● ICT will be deployed extensively for effective
monitoring
● Components:
○ 50% allocation for women
○ 16% in proportion to SC population and 8% in
proportion to ST population.
○ Rainfed Area Development (RAD): To
promote Integrated Farming System (IFS) with
emphasis on multi cropping, rotational
cropping, inter cropping, mix cropping.
○ Soil Health Management (SHM): To promote
location as well as crop specific sustainable
soil health management, creating and linking
soil fertility maps.
Restructured National ● Product development. Value addition and marketing

Bamboo Mission (NBM) of Bamboo along with skilling of communities and
R&D in the sector.
National Mission on ●
Agricultural Extension
and Technology
(NMAET)
Pandit Deen Dayal ● Efforts are made to enhance the expertise of

Upadhyay Unnat Krishi individuals in the areas of organic farming, natural
Shiksha Yojana farming, and the cow-based economy to ensure
(PDDUUKSY) environmental sustainability and soil health.
● Training programs are conducted for farmers to
educate them on organic farming, natural farming,
and the latest technologies related to these practices.
Meghdoot app ● Provide location, crop and livestock-specific weather-

based agro advisories to farmers in local languages.

Centralised Farm ● Enhancing the quality of services provided by farm
Machinery Performance machinery testing institutions and promoting
Testing Portal transparency in the entire process of testing and
evaluating machines.
● Facilitating manufacturers in a seamless application,
communication, and monitoring of the testing
progress for their machines.
e-Rashtriya Kisan Agri ● A collaborative effort between MSTC Ltd. (a Mini

Mandi (e-RAKAM) Ratna PSU under the Ministry of Steel) and Central
Railside Warehousing Company, with the objective of
establishing an auction platform to ensure that
farmers receive fair prices for their produce and are
not exploited by intermediaries.
E-Krishi Samvad ● Offering an online platform that enables farmers and

other stakeholders to directly connect with ICAR
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research) to seek
effective solutions for their problems.
● Users can also upload photographs of crop diseases,
animals, or fishes for instant diagnosis and remedial
measures from specialists.
● The specialists will provide appropriate solutions
through SMS or the web interface.
FARMS-app (Farm ● Help individual farmers, rent agricultural machinery &

Machinery Solutions- equipment and also facilitate sell and purchase of old
app) agriculture machinery.
Agri-Market ● For developing and upgrading agricultural marketing

Infrastructure Fund infrastructure in the 22000 Gramin Agricultural
(AMIF) Markets (GrAMs) and 585 Agricultural Produce
Market Committees (APMCs) with a corpus of 2000
crore.
● MGNREGA for physical infra boostup.
● Link GrAMs with e-NAM and exempt them from
APMC regulations
Pradhan Mantri ● For ensuring remunerative price to the farmers.

Annadata Aay ● Components:
Sanrakshan Abhiyan ○ Price Support Scheme (PSS): Physical
(PM-AASHA) procurement of pulses, oilseeds & Copra
○ Price Deficiency Payment Scheme
(PDPS):cover all oilseeds for which MSP is
notified.
○ Pilot Of Private Procurement & Stockist
Scheme (PPPS)
National Agricultural ● Establishing resources and mechanisms to support

Higher Education Project the development of infrastructure, faculty, and
(NAHEP) student advancement in agricultural universities.
● Creating avenues for improved governance and
management of these universities.
Attracting and Retaining ● The objective is to encourage and empower rural

of Youth in Agriculture youth to engage in agriculture, allied, and service
(ARYA) sector enterprises for sustainable income and
meaningful employment in specific districts.
● This initiative is carried out by Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
with one district selected from each state.
Blue Revolution: ● Increasing production and productivity from

Integrated Development aquaculture and fisheries resources, both inland and
And Management Of marine in a sustainable manner.
Fisheries ● Modernise the fisheries, ensure food and nutritional
security, generate employment and export earnings.
● Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Fund (FIDF):
Rs. 7522.48 crore.
● Interest subvention of upto 3% pa to agencies.
● Mission Fingerling: Establishment of hatcheries and
Fingerling rearing ponds.
Pradhan Mantri Matsya ● Harnessing fisheries potential, improving

Sampada Yojana infrastructure and regulation, enhancing Farmer’s
(PMMSY) income and consolidating the achievements of Blue
Revolution.
● Requisite forward and backward linkages and end to
end solutions.
● Formation of Fish Farmer Producer Organizations
(FFPOs).
Pradhan Mantri ● To provide financial, technical and business support

Formalisation Of Micro for upgradation of existing micro food processing
Food Processing enterprises.
Enterprises (PMFME) ● To target 2,00,000 micro food processing units of
existing micro food processing enterprises (MFPE).
● Seed capital, Credit linked subsidy, Credit linked
grant support up to 35% for establishing common
infrastructure, Support for marketing & branding with
50% grant at State or regional level.
● Training of units, product development, appropriate
packaging and machinery for micro units by NIFTEM
and IIFPT under MOFPI along with State Level
Technical Institutions
Pradhan Mantri Kisan ● Creation of modern infrastructure for food processing,

Sampada Yojana effective backward and forward linkages, and create
(PMKSY) robust supply chain infrastructure for perishables.
● Components:
○ Mega Food Parks
○ Integrated Cold Chain, Value Addition and
Preservation Infrastructure
○ Creation/Expansion of Food
Processing/Preservation Capacities
(CEFPPC)
○ Food Safety & Quality Assurance
Infrastructure
○ Infrastructure for Agro Processing Clusters
○ Scheme for Creation of Backward and

Forward Linkages
○ Demand driven Research & Development
(R&D)
Production Linked ● Support Food manufacturing entities for enhancing

Incentive Scheme For global footprint and employment generation
Food Processing ● Incentivising manufacturing of four major food
Industry (PLISFPI) product segments
● Support for branding and marketing abroad to
incentivise emergence of strong Indian brands
Scheme of Cold Chain, ● To reduce post-harvest losses of horticulture and

Value Addition & non-horticulture agri-produce
Preservation ● Integrated cold chain and preservation infrastructure
Infrastructure facilities, without any break, from the farm gate to the
consumer


A GRI4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A GRI4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

Upgrade to PRO to remove watermark.

APMCs, or Agricultural Produce Market Committees, are statutory bodies established by

● Mandate: APMCs were established under the Agricultural Produce Market

Problems with APMCs

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

Dimensions that might be asked:

Facts related to Second green revolution

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

Dimensions that might be asked:

Facts related to GM crops in India

Benefit of GM crops Biotechnology, around the world, has helped farmers

Area under BT cotton ● In 2002-03 Total cotton cultivation : 86.24

● Herbicide-Tolerant Cotton: Herbicide-tolerant cotton varieties have been genetically

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

Methods of Genetic Modification:

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

3) High shelf life.

Precautionaly Principle. Cartagena protocol. Not in ensensitive zones.

Major Crops - Cropping Patterns in various parts of the country

Dimensions that might be asked:

YEAR QUESTION MARKS

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

How has the emphasis on certain crops brought about changes

2019 How far is the Integrated Farming System (IFS) helpful in 10

2022 What is Integrated Farming System ? How is it helpful to small

Facts related to Major Cropping pattern

Major Cropping Areas in India

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

Types of Cropping patterns

Case Study of Punjab:

● Wheat and paddy constitute

Issues with this system:

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

Factors to be considered during crop rotation:

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

Integrated Farming Systems

Models of Integrated Farming Systems

Horticulture + Duckery + ● Vermicompost can be used either for commercial or

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas encourages farmers to shift from conventional chemical-

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana supports various agricultural development programs,

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

YEAR QUESTION MARKS

Elaborate the scope and significance of the food processing

What are the challenges and opportunities of food processing

2019 Elaborate on the policy taken by the government of India to

2018 Examine the role of supermarkets in supply chain management 10

The value of agri-food exports, including processed food exports,

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

Pradhan Mantri ● To provide financial, technical and business support for

Pradhan Mantri Kisan ● Creation of modern infrastructure for food processing,

Production Linked ● Support Food manufacturing entities for enhancing global

Scheme of Cold Chain, ● To reduce post-harvest losses of horticulture and non-

This PDF document was edited with Icecream PDF Editor.

raw material agflomeration