JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL OF IIA OISSN-0019-4913

DECEMBER 2023 OVOLUME 88 ISSUE 12 ORS. 100
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DECEMBER 2023

CONTENTS 07
EDITOR'S NOTE

08
PRESIDENT'S
MESSAGE

09
COVER THEME
Heritage of Punjab
A Glimpse into Khalsa College, Amritsar
Arshdeep Singh

10
4
JIIA CALL FOR
PAPERS, ARTICLES,
PROJECTS

11
RESEARCH PAPER
Current topics in Architectural
Research on South Asia Lessons from the
Literature of 21st Century
^ĂŶũĞĞǀsŝĚLJĂƌƚŚŝ
Muhammad Shafaat Nawaz
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

22
RESEARCH PAPER
Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effect in Punjab’s
Urban Expansion: Critical Need for Awareness to
Stakeholder of All Institutions of Development
The responsibility of the copyrights WƌŽĨ͘ŬĂŶŬƐŚĂ^ŚĂƌŵĂ
of all text and images lies with the ƌ͘<ĂƌĂŵũŝƚ^ŝŶŐŚŚĂŚĂů
ĂƵƚŚŽƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐ͘dŚĞǀŝĞǁƐ
and opinions expressed are those
of the authors/contributors and
ĚŽŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚŽƐĞŽĨ
://͛ƐĚŝƚŽƌŝĂůŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͘
 DECEMBER 2023
30 58
ARTICLE PEDAGOGUE'S PERSPECTIVE
Understanding the Rich Exploring the Real Estate Market:
Traditional Craftsmanship As Opportunity for Graduating
of Punjab through the Architects
Architectural Works of Bhai WƌŽĨ͘ŚŝƌĂũEĂŶĚŬŝƐŚŽƌĞ^ĂůŚŽƚƌĂ
Ram Singh ƌ͘^ŵŝƚ'ŽŐŚĂƌŝ
Ripu Daman Singh
EŝƐĂƌ<ŚĂŶ

62
Hina Zia TRAVELOGUE
AMRITSAR A City of Myths
And Realities

38
ƌ͘:ŝƚ<ƵŵĂƌ'ƵƉƚĂ
ARTICLE
A Tribute to Madhav Achwal:
An Architect, Academician and

75
Marathi Author YOUNG PRACTICE
Sarbjit Singh Bahga Working towards a Purpose
ƌ͘ŵƌƵƚŚĂ<ŝƐŚŽƌ

44
ARTICLE

79
Architectural Challenges in
KK<Zs/t
Punjab: Navigating Tradition and Reshavishwa 5
Modernity ƵƚŚŽƌ͗ƌ͘sŝƐŚǁĂŬƵŵĂƌĂĚĂǁĞ
ƌ͘'ƵŶĞĞƚ^ŝŶŐŚ<ŚƵƌĂŶĂ ZĞǀŝĞǁĞƌ͗ƌ͘DƌŝŶĂůŝŶŝ^ĂŶĞ

50
ARTICLE
Government Collaboration
with Architects and Planners
82 REPORT
Design Symphony Unveils
Architectural Excellence
Hosted by the IIA Punjab
to Design Better Cities
Chapter in Amritsar, Punjab
Commissioning of Public
and infrastructure Projects
through Open, Public Design
Competitions

88 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ZĂŚƵů<ĂĚƌŝ NEWSLETTER

52
ARTICLE
Quila Sarai: Tracing the
Timeless Elegance

93
of Sultanpur Lodhi’s 4th Com Meeting Held at Amritsar,
Architectural Gem Punjab on 16 December, 2023
ƌ͘^ŚƌƵƟ,͘<ĂƉƵƌ for the Term 2023-2025
ƌ͘^ƵŬƌƵƟŽŐƌĂ
DECEMBER 2023

Dr. Abhijit Natu Dr. Parag Narkhede Dr. Abir Dr. Jitendra Singh
Bandyopadhyay

BOARD OF
REVIEWERS

Dr. Chandrashekhar Dr. Rama Dr. Aarti Grover

Subrahmanian

ADVISORS
IIA PUBLICATION
BOARD
Dr. Ajay Khare Ar. Jit Kumar Gupta Ar. Mukul Goyal Prof. Harshad Bhatia

6
All Rights Reserved 2006. No part of this Z'/^dZhEZ^K/d/^
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any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
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WƌŽƐƉĞĐƚŚĂŵďĞƌƐŶŶĞdžĞ͕ϱƚŚ&ůŽŽƌ͕ƌ͘͘E͘
ZŽĂĚ͕&Žƌƚ͕DƵŵďĂŝͲϰϬϬϬϬϭ͘
нϵϭϮϮϮϮϬϰϲϵϳϮͬϮϮϴϭϴϰϵϭͬϮϮϴϴϰϴϬϱ
ŝŝĂƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
ǁǁǁ͘ŝŶĚŝĂŶŝŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͘ĐŽŵ
ĚŝƚŽƌƌ͘>ĂůŝĐŚĂŶĂĐŚĂƌŝĂƐ
Z͘E͘/͘EŽ͘ϵϰϲϵͬϱϳ
ůĂůŝĐŚĂŶnjΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
ĚǀŝƐŽƌƐ͗ƌ͘DƵŬƵů'ŽLJĂů
Printer’s Email
ĂƌŝŚĂŶƚĚŝŐŝƉƌŝŶƚ͘ŽīƐĞƚΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
ŬƌŝƐŚ͘ŐƌĂƉŚϮϬϮϭΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
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/^^EϬϬϭϵͲϰϵϭϯ
 ĞĂƌ&ĞůůŽǁDĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞ/ŶĚŝĂŶ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ

DECEMBER 2023
urban planning, interior design, landscape

EDITOR’S NOTE
of Architects, ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘
ĂĐŚĂƌƟĐůĞ͕ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉĂƉĞƌĂŶĚĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJ
tŝƐŚŝŶŐLJŽƵĂůůDĞƌƌLJŚƌŝƐƚŵĂƐ͊
ŚĂƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ
/ƚƐĂŵĂnjŝŶŐŚŽǁƚŚĞƟŵĞŇŝĞƐ͘dŚĞƌĞŶĞǁĞĚ and understanding of the architectural
beginnings of JIIA which started in July has ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘
ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĐĂůĞŶĚĂƌLJĞĂƌĂůƌĞĂĚLJ͘
dŚŝƐ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ ŚĂƐ ŝƚƐ ĮƌƐƚ ŵŝůĞƐƚŽŶĞ Ăƚ
>ŽŽŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ Ăƚ ƚŚŝƐ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ͕ / Ăŵ ƐƵƌĞ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ
the ending of this calendar year with the
ĚĞĮŶŝƚĞůLJ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ĂŶ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ĂŵŽŶŐƐƚ Ăůů
December issue dedicated to Punjab where
ĞƐƚĞĞŵĞĚĂŶĚŝŶƋƵŝƐŝƟǀĞƌĞĂĚĞƌƐŽĨƉĂƐƚ://
ǁĞŚĂĚŽƵƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽƵŶĐŝůŵĞĞƟŶŐĂůŽŶŐ
ŝƐƐƵĞƐ͘tĞƚŽŽŬĂƌĞƚƌŽƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĚŝǀĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞ
with the ĞƐŝŐŶ ^LJŵƉŚŽŶLJ ĞǀĞŶƚ ŚŽƐƚĞĚ
rich tapestry of architectural discourse and
ďLJ // WƵŶũĂď ŚĂƉƚĞƌ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐƐƵĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ
ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŚĂƐƵŶĨŽůĚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉĂŐĞƐ
dedicated to the architecture of Punjab and
ŽĨ ://͘ KƵƌ Ăŝŵ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ
ŚĂƐĐŽǀĞƌĞĚŵĂŶLJĂƐƉĞĐƚƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂƌƟĐůĞƐ͕
ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ŝĚĞĂƐ͕ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ
research papers and news report from this
ƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞƐŚĂƉĞĚƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ
ǀŝďƌĂŶƚƐƚĂƚĞ͘
ŝŶ /ŶĚŝĂ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘ dŚĞ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ ŽĨ
ůŽŽŬŝŶŐĂƚŚĂƌĂƟLJĂ<ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ^LJƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚ dŚŝƐŝƐƐƵĞŝƐĂƚĞƐƚĂŵĞŶƚĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞƌĞŵĂƌŬĂďůĞ
ŝƚƐ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ Ăůů ŽĨ ƵƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJǁĞŚĂǀĞƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŽǀĞƌ
ƟŵĞƐ͕ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŵƵĐŚ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ŽƵƌ ƚŚĞƐĞ :// ĮǀĞ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ Ă ĐĞůĞďƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ
ĨƌĂƚĞƌŶŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ǁĞ͕ Ăƚ ://͕ ƚŚĂŶŬ LJŽƵ Ăůů ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ŝĚĞĂƐ͕ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ
ƚŚŝƐŵƵĐŚͲŶĞĞĚĞĚĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶ͘ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŚĂƉĞĚ
ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝŶ /ŶĚŝĂ͘ tĞ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĮǀĞ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ͕ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ŚŽƉĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞƚƌŽƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚ Ă ƌĞŵĂƌŬĂďůĞ ĚŝƐƉůĂLJ ŽĨ ŵŽƟǀĂƚĞƐŽƵƌƌĞĂĚĞƌƐƚŽĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƉƵƐŚŝŶŐ
ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů the boundaries of architectural excellence
ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ ŝŶƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƐƚŽĐŽŵĞ͘
dŚŝƐ ĞdžĐŝƟŶŐ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ ŽĨ ƐŚŽǁĐĂƐŝŶŐ
7
ŚĂƌĂƟLJĂĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƐƚĂƌƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĚĞƉŝĐƟŶŐ dŚĂŶŬLJŽƵĨŽƌLJŽƵƌĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƐƉŝƌĂů ŽĨ DĂŶĚƵ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐ ƌĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͘
the architectural approach to water tĞ ǁŝƐŚ LJŽƵ Ă ũŽLJĨƵů ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŽƵƐ ŶĞǁ
ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƌǀĞƐƟŶŐ ƐĞĞŶ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ LJĞĂƌĮůůĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůǁŽŶĚĞƌƐ͘
ĮƌƐƚĐŽǀĞƌƉĂŐĞŽĨ:ƵůLJŝƐƐƵĞ͘tĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ
ƚŚŝƐ ĚĞƉŝĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ŚĂƌĂƟLJĂ ƌŽŽƚĞĚŶĞƐƐ WƌŽĨ͘sŝŶŝƚDŝƌŬĂƌ
seen in the Maheshwar ghats in August, Editor
ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨdĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͛
Day in the form of the ^ĂƌĂƐǀĂƟ zĂŶƚƌĂ in
ƚŚĞ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ŝƐƐƵĞ͘ KĐƚŽďĞƌ ĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞĚ EDITORIAL
ƚŚĞ ZĂũĂƐƚŚĂŶ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů &ĞƐƟǀĂů ;Z&Ϳ TEAM
ďLJŐŝǀŝŶŐƚŚĞĨĂĐĞŽĨZĂũĂƐƚŚĂŶŝĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŝƐƐƵĞ ĂŶĚ ǁĞ ĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞĚ ĞĞƉĂǀĂůŝ
ǁŝƚŚĂďƐƚƌĂĐƚƉĂƩĞƌŶƐŽĨƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĂŶŐŽůŝ ƌ͘sŝŶŝƚDŝƌŬĂƌ
ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞĞƉĂǀĂůŝ ůĂŶƚĞƌŶ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƉĂƐƚ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ĮǀĞ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŚŽǁĐĂƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽǁĞƌ ŽĨ
architecture to address social and cultural
ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ
ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ
spaces that foster community engagement, Dr. Shilpa Sharma ƌ͘^ŚƌƵƟsĞƌŵĂ Ar. Neha Sarwate
promote accessibility and celebrate local
ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ
ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ďƵƚ ŚĂǀĞ ĂůƐŽ
ŚĂĚ Ă ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ůŝǀĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƉĞŽƉůĞǁŚŽŝŶŚĂďŝƚƚŚĞŵ͘
/ŶĂůůƚŚĞƐĞƉĂƐƚŝƐƐƵĞƐ͕ŽƵƌĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐŚĂǀĞ Dr. Sampada Peshwe Ar. Narender Dr. Nabanita Saha
explored a wide range of topics, including ^ŝŶŐŚZĂƚŚŽƌĞ
 ĞĂƌ&ĞůůŽǁDĞŵďĞƌƐ͕
DECEMBER 2023

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
The outreach of IIA has to be made strong, where
ƚŚĞ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
from Chapters, Centres and Sub-Centres to the
EĂƟŽŶĂůŽƵŶĐŝůĂŶĚǀŝĐĞͲǀĞƌƐĂŝƐƐLJŵďŝŽƟĐ͘dŽ
ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶƚŚŝƐ͕ƚŚĞ//ǁĞďƐŝƚĞƌĞǀĂŵƉ
is almost complete and will be launched soon
ĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ//ƉƉ͘
It is important for all of us to encourage and
ƐƉƌĞĂĚ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂƞŽƌŵƐ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ //
Commune, IIA podcast, IIA Instagram, among
all the young and budding architects, which will
ŚĞůƉƵƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŽƵƌŵĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉ͘
&ƌŝĞŶĚƐ͕/ĂŵƌĞĂůůLJŚĂƉƉLJƚŽƐĞĞƚŚĂƚĂůůŚĂƉƚĞƌƐ
ĂŶĚ ĞŶƚƌĞƐ ĂƌĞ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŚĂƌĚ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŵŽƌĞ
ĂŶĚŵŽƌĞĞǀĞŶƚƐĨŽƌĂůůŽƵƌŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕
ǁĞ ĂůƐŽ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉƵďůŝĐ͕
ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ
ƚŚĞŵĂǁĂƌĞŽĨǁŽƌŬĚŽŶĞďLJŽƵƌĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ĨƌĂƚĞƌŶŝƚLJ͘
Soon we will be launching the // ǁĂƌĚƐ ĨŽƌ
džĐĞůůĞŶĐĞ ŝŶ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ which will be held
this year at Mumbai in the month of March
ϮϬϮϰ͕ ŚŽƐƚĞĚ ďLJ // ƌŝŚĂŶ DƵŵďĂŝ ĞŶƚƌĞ͘ /
Ar. Jitendra Mehta Ar. Tushar Sogani ĂƉƉĞĂůĂůůŵĞŵďĞƌƐƚŽƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞŝŶŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
ϴ
Vice-President, IIA Jr. Vice President, IIA numbers in this premier award for the built
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ŵŽŶƚŚ
ŽĨ &ĞďƌƵĂƌLJ͕ //W> ǁŝůů ďĞ ŚĞůĚ Ăƚ ŚŚĂƚƌĂƉĂƟ
^ĂŵďŚĂũŝEĂŐĂƌ;ĞĂƌůŝĞƌŬŶŽǁŶĂƐƵƌĂŶŐĂďĂĚͿ
ĂŶĚEĂƚŽŶĂƚ>ƵĐŬŶŽǁ͘
I also appeal to all the members to register
ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ŝŶ Ăůů // ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ
Ar. Akshaya Kumar
ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŵĂŬŝŶŐĞĂĐŚŽŶĞĂŐƌĂŶĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͘
Ar. Sudhir Pillai
Beuria
Balakrishna
Hon. Treasurer, IIA Jt. Hon. Secretary, IIA tĂƌŵƌĞŐĂƌĚƐ͕
ƌ͘sŝůĂƐǀĂĐŚĂƚ
President, IIA
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

Ar. Ranee Vedamuthu Ar. Sandeep Bawdekar

Jt. Hon. Secretary, IIA Jt. Hon. Secretary, IIA

IIA
OFFICE
BEARERS
Ar. Chamarthi
Rajendra Raju
Imm. Past President, IIA
 DECEMBER 2023
COVER THEME

Heritage of Punjab
A Glimpse into Khalsa College, Amritsar
dŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝĐŝŵĂŐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞƚŚĞŵĞ͕͚,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨWƵŶũĂď͛ƐĞƌǀĞƐĂƐĂǀŝƐƵĂůŽĚĞƚŽƚŚĞƌŝĐŚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů
ƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ ƚ ŝƚƐ ŚĞĂƌƚ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŵĂŐĞ ĞŶĐĂƉƐƵůĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĞƐƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ WƵŶũĂď ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă ŵŝŶŝŵĂůŝƐƚ ůĞŶƐ͕
ĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞŝĐŽŶŝĐ<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĐŝƚLJŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͘dŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚďĞŚŝŶĚƚŚŝƐŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ
ƚŚĞŵĞŝƐƌŽŽƚĞĚŝŶƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚLJ͕ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐǀŝĞǁĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĂƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞĂŶĚůĞŐĂĐLJ
ŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘
ĞŶƚƌĂů ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũĞƐƟĐ <ŚĂůƐĂ ŽůůĞŐĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ Ă ǀĞŶĞƌĂďůĞ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƚĂŶĚƐ ĂƐ Ă
ƚĞƐƚĂŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘dŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ǁŝƚŚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƐŝŶŐĨĂĐĂĚĞ
ĂŶĚƟŵĞůĞƐƐĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ŝƐĂƐLJŵďŽůŽĨƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛ƐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƉŝǀŽƚĂů
ƌŽůĞŽĨ<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞŝƐƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚŝŶƐŚĂƉŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘
ŬĞLJĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŽĨƚŚŝƐŐƌĂƉŚŝĐƚŚĞŵĞŝƐŵŝŶŝŵĂůŝƐŵ͘LJƉĂƌŝŶŐĚŽǁŶĞdžƚƌĂŶĞŽƵƐĚĞƚĂŝůƐ͕
ƚŚĞŝŵĂŐĞŝŶǀŝƚĞƐǀŝĞǁĞƌƐƚŽĞŶŐĂŐĞŝŶĂĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƟǀĞĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͕ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƚŽĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞƚŚĞďĞĂƵƚLJĂŶĚ
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ <ŚĂůƐĂ ŽůůĞŐĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ĚŝƐƚƌĂĐƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂƚĞ ƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐ Ă 9
ĚĞĞƉĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚŵĂƩĞƌ͕ƉƌŽŵƉƟŶŐǀŝĞǁĞƌƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ůĞŐĂĐLJĞŶĐĂƉƐƵůĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞǁĂůůƐŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ͘
dŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĂƌƟƐƟĐ ĂƉƉĞĂů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŵĂŐĞ͕ ĂŶ Žŝů ƉĂŝŶƟŶŐ ĞīĞĐƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐŚŽŝĐĞ ŽĨ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ
ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĂĚĚƐ Ă ůĂLJĞƌ ŽĨ ƟŵĞůĞƐƐŶĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽƉŚŝƐƟĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ĞǀŽŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂƵƌĂ ŽĨ ĐůĂƐƐŝĐĂů Ăƌƚ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƌŽŬĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ƚĞdžƚƵƌĞƐƌĞŵŝŶŝƐĐĞŶƚŽĨŽŝůƉĂŝŶƟŶŐƐŝŶĨƵƐĞƚŚĞŝŵĂŐĞǁŝƚŚĂŶĂƌƟƐƟĐĨĞĞů͕ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐŝƚŝŶƚŽŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶĂŵĞƌĞ
ƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚ͘ dŚŝƐ ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂƚĞ ƐƚLJůŝƐƟĐ ĐŚŽŝĐĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ Ă ďƌŝĚŐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͕ ĞĐŚŽŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨWƵŶũĂď͛ƐŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘
dŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞŽŝůƉĂŝŶƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚĂůƐŽƐĞƌǀĞƐƚŽĞǀŽŬĞĂƐĞŶƐĞŽĨŶŽƐƚĂůŐŝĂĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘dŚĞƐŽŌďůĞŶĚŝŶŐŽĨ
ĐŽůŽƵƌƐĂŶĚƐƵďƚůĞďƌƵƐŚƐƚƌŽŬĞƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽŝƚƐĚƌĞĂŵůŝŬĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƟŶŐǀŝĞǁĞƌƐƚŽĂďLJŐŽŶĞĞƌĂǁŚŝůĞ
ƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJĐĞůĞďƌĂƟŶŐƚŚĞĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐůĞŐĂĐLJŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘dŚĞĂƌƟƐƟĐƌĞŶĚĞƌŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĐĞŶĚƐƚŚĞďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐŽĨĂ
ĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚ͕ŝŶǀŝƟŶŐǀŝĞǁĞƌƐƚŽĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞƚŚĞŝŵĂŐĞŶŽƚũƵƐƚĂƐĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƉůĂĐĞďƵƚĂƐ
ĂǀŝƐƵĂůŶĂƌƌĂƟǀĞƚŚĂƚƐƉĞĂŬƐƚŽƚŚĞƐŽƵů͘
Ɛ ǀŝĞǁĞƌƐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ ƚŚĞŵĞ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŽŵƉƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ƚŚĞ ůĂLJĞƌƐ ŽĨ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ
ĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚŝŶ<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞĂŶĚ͕ďLJĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ͕WƵŶũĂď͘dŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉůĂLJŽĨůŝŐŚƚĂŶĚƐŚĂĚŽǁ͕ĂĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐĨĞĂƚƵƌĞ
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Žŝů ƉĂŝŶƟŶŐ ĞīĞĐƚ͕ ĂĚĚƐ ĚĞƉƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŝŵĂŐĞ͕ ĂĐĐĞŶƚƵĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ŶƵĂŶĐĞƐ ŽĨ
<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞ͘dŚŝƐŝŶƚĞƌƉůĂLJƐĞƌǀĞƐĂƐĂŵĞƚĂƉŚŽƌĨŽƌƚŚĞŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞŝŶƚĞƌǁĞĂǀŝŶŐŽĨƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƚLJƚŚĂƚ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ĚĞĮŶĞƐWƵŶũĂďͲĂƌĞŐŝŽŶƚŚĂƚĐŚĞƌŝƐŚĞƐŝƚƐƌŽŽƚƐǁŚŝůĞĞŵďƌĂĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐŽĨĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJůŝĨĞ͘
/ŶĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨWƵŶũĂďƐƚĂŶĚƐĂƐĂǀŝƐƵĂůŚŽŵĂŐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůůĞŐĂĐLJŽĨƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕
ǁŝƚŚ<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞĂƐŝƚƐŝĐŽŶŝĐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘dŚƌŽƵŐŚŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂůƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŝůƉĂŝŶƟŶŐ
ĞīĞĐƚ͕ƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝĐƚŚĞŵĞƚƌĂŶƐĐĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĞĂůŵŽĨŵĞƌĞŝŵĂŐĞƌLJ͕ŝŶǀŝƟŶŐǀŝĞǁĞƌƐŽŶĂĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƟǀĞũŽƵƌŶĞLJŝŶƚŽ
ƚŚĞŚĞĂƌƚŽĨWƵŶũĂď͛ƐŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ƐƚŚĞŝŵĂŐĞƵŶĨŽůĚƐ͕ŝƚĞŶĐĂƉƐƵůĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƐƉŝƌŝƚŽĨĂƉůĂĐĞǁŚĞƌĞŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕
ĂŶĚĂƌƚĐŽŶǀĞƌŐĞ͕ŽīĞƌŝŶŐĂƟŵĞůĞƐƐŐůŝŵƉƐĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐŽƵůŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘

Arshdeep Singh ŝƐ Ă &ŽƵƌƚŚ zĞĂƌ ͘ƌĐŚ͘ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ Ăƚ 'ƵƌƵ EĂŶĂŬ Ğǀ ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ ŽůůĞŐĞ ;'EͿ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕>ƵĚŚŝĂŶĂ͕ŚĞĂĚĞĚďLJƌ͘ŬĂŶŬƐŚĂ^ŚĂƌŵĂ;ͲϭϯϯϲϴͿ͘,ŝƐƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĨŽƌĚĞƐŝŐŶŝƐŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞůLJǁŽǀĞŶǁŝƚŚĂ
ůŽǀĞĨŽƌĚŝŐŝƚĂůŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘ƌƐŚĚĞĞƉŝƐŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĞƉŽǁĞƌŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘&ŽƌŚŝŵ͕
ŝƚŝƐŶŽƚũƵƐƚĂďŽƵƚĐƌĞĂƟŶŐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽĂďŽƵƚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŶŐĂƌƟƐƟĐǀŝƐŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŽƚĂŶŐŝďůĞ͕ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůƐƉĂĐĞƐƚŚĂƚ
ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞŚƵŵĂŶĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͘
ŵĂŝů͗Ăƌ͘ĂƌƐŚĚĞĞƉ͘Ɛ͘ϮϬϬϮΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
DECEMBER 2023
dŚĞ :ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ /ŶĚŝĂŶ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ŝŶǀŝƚĞƐ
ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ĂŶĚ ƵŶƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ ĨƌŽŵ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ
KE>z ;ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐŝĂŶƐ͕ ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐͿ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ &KhZ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͘ ^ƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ĞĂĐŚ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ ŝƐ
ƐƚƌŝĐƚůLJŽŶůLJƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞŐŽŽŐůĞĨŽƌŵƐ͘
/ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽďĞĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚĨŽƌƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂůůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĞŶƚŝŶ
ƚŚĞƐĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ͗
ϭ͘ D^ tŽƌĚ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ ĮůĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚĞdžƚ ŽŶůLJ͘ WůĞĂƐĞ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ
ĨŽƌŵĂƚŝƚŝŶĂŶLJǁĂLJ͘dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌĞĚĐĂƉƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂůůƚŚĞ
ŝŵĂŐĞƐǁŝůůĂůƐŽďĞŝŶƚŚŝƐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ͘
Ϯ͘ &ŽůĚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ Ăůů ŝŵĂŐĞƐ ;ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ϯϬϬ ĚƉŝͿ͕ ŶƵŵďĞƌĞĚ
ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĐĂƉƟŽŶƐŐŝǀĞŶŝŶLJŽƵƌƚĞdžƚĮůĞ
ϯ͘ WŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚŽĨƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌͬƐ;ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵϯϬϬĚƉŝͿ͘
ϰ͘ ƵƚŚŽƌďŝŽĚĂƚĂʹDĂdžŝŵƵŵϱϬǁŽƌĚƐ͘
ϱ͘ W& ;ŽƉƟŽŶĂůͿʹ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚ ůĂLJŽƵƚ͘ dŚŝƐ
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ĐĂƉƟŽŶƐ͘
ĂƚĞŐŽƌLJϭ͗ƌƟĐůĞƐ
ŐŽŽŐůĞĨŽƌŵůŝŶŬ͗ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĨŽƌŵƐ͘ŐůĞͬϳƉ&ǀĂϭ,,ϰŚĨhLJũϴ
ϭϬ ƐƐĂLJƐ͕ŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁƐ͕ĂƌƟĐůĞƐ;ϭϱϬϬͲϮϱϬϬǁŽƌĚƐͿ͕ŬƌĞǀŝĞǁƐ
;ϲϬϬĂŶĚϳϱϬǁŽƌĚƐͿ͕ƚƌĂǀĞůŽŐƵĞƐ͕ƐŬĞƚĐŚĞƐĂŶĚƉŚŽƚŽͲĞƐƐĂLJƐ
in the areas of architecture, planning, urbanism, pedagogy,
ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͕ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͕ ĞĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ ĐƌŝƟĐŝƐŵ͕ ǀŝƐƵĂů
ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŽƌĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚƐƵďũĞĐƚƉĞƌƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŽ
ƚŚĞďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘;ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƚǁŝůůďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ
ŽŶƚŚĞ://ǁĞďƐŝƚĞͿ͘
‡ &ŽƌĂĚĞƐŝŐŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ƉůĞĂƐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞ͚&ĂĐƚ&ŝůĞ͛ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĚĞƚĂŝůƐ͗WƌŽũĞĐƚEĂŵĞ͕>ŽĐĂƟŽŶ͕WůŽƚĂƌĞĂ͕dŽƚĂů
ďƵŝůƚƵƉ͕^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚƐ͕WƌŽũĞĐƚĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶ͘ůƐŽ
ƉůĞĂƐĞŐŝǀĞƚŚĞƉŚŽƚŽĐĂƉƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐƌĞĚŝƚƐ͘WůĞĂƐĞĞŶƐƵƌĞ
ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŝŵĂŐĞŝƐƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƚĞdžƚ͘&ŽƌĞŐ͕͞Ɛ
ƐĞĞŶŝŶ&ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͙͘͟dŚŝƐŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌƚŚĞůĂLJŽƵƚ͘
‡ &ŽƌĚĞƐŝŐŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ƉůĂŶƐĂŶĚƐĞĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚĂƌĞ
ĚĞƐŝƌĂďůĞĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚƐ͘
‡ ŽŽŬƌĞǀŝĞǁƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŽŶůLJŽĨŬƐďLJ/ŶĚŝĂŶĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ͘
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƉůĞĂƐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞ͞&ĂĐƚ&ŝůĞ͟ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĚĞƚĂŝůƐ͗
Ŭ ƟƚůĞ͕ ĂƵƚŚŽƌ ŶĂŵĞ͕ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞƌ͕ LJĞĂƌ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕
/^E͕ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƚŚĞŬŝƐǁƌŝƩĞŶŝŶ͕ŐĞŶƌĞ;ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůͬ
ĮĐƟŽŶͬ ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͕ ŶŽ ŽĨ ƉĂŐĞƐ͕ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ;ŝŶ ĐŵͿ͕ ƚLJƉĞ
;<ŝŶĚůĞͬƉĂƉĞƌďĂĐŬͬŚĂƌĚďĂĐŬͿ͕ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ;ĂŵĂnjŽŶ͘ŝŶͬ
ŇŝƉŬĂƌƚ͘ĐŽŵͬŽƚŚĞƌƐͿ͘
‡ WůĞĂƐĞ ƐĞŶĚ Ă ǁƌŝƚĞͲƵƉ ŽĨ ĂďŽƵƚ ϮϬϬͲϯϬϬ ǁŽƌĚƐ ĂůŽŶŐ
ǁŝƚŚƐŬĞƚĐŚĞƐĂŶĚƉŚŽƚŽͲĞƐƐĂLJƐ͘
ĂƚĞŐŽƌLJϮ͗^ƚƵĚĞŶƚtŽƌŬ
ŐŽŽŐůĞĨŽƌŵůŝŶŬ͗ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĨŽƌŵƐ͘ŐůĞͬŚLJŚƐŽ<ϲYWĞϲƋ:Ƶϴ
^ƵŵŵĂƌŝĞƐŽĨĚŝƐƐĞƌƚĂƟŽŶƐ;ϮϬϬϬͲϯϬϬϬǁŽƌĚƐͿĂƚƚŚĞůĞǀĞůŽĨ
͘ƌĐŚ͘ΘD͘ƌĐŚ͕͘ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞƐĂƚƚŚĞWŚ͘͘ůĞǀĞů͘dŚĞ'ƵŝĚĞ
ĨŽƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƌŬǁŝůůďĞŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚĂƐƚŚĞŽͲĂƵƚŚŽƌ͘;&ŽƌŵĂƚ
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ĂƚĞŐŽƌLJϯ͗ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐĨƌŽŵŚĂƉƚĞƌŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ
ŐŽŽŐůĞĨŽƌŵůŝŶŬ͗ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĨŽƌŵƐ͘ŐůĞͬZƵϰ:>^,ǁĂzdĐŐϳ
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ĚĞĂƚŚĂŶĚĂƐŚŽƌƚϱϬͲǁŽƌĚŶŽƚĞ͘
ĂƚĞŐŽƌLJϰ͗ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚWĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐŽŽŐůĞĨŽƌŵůŝŶŬ͗ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĨŽƌŵƐ͘ŐůĞͬϵztYYDĂǁϴϰϯEϭĞdϲ
ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉĂƉĞƌƐ;ϮϬϬϬͲϱϬϬϬǁŽƌĚƐͿŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚĨŽƌŵĂƚ͘
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ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘ ;&ŽƌŵĂƚ ŝƐ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ :// ǁĞďƐŝƚĞͿ͘ ůů
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ ǁŝůů ďĞ ĚŽƵďůĞ ďůŝŶĚ ƉĞĞƌͲ
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ŐŽŽŐůĞĨŽƌŵůŝŶŬ͗ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĨŽƌŵƐ͘ŐůĞͬ^ŬƵϱĐƉyĚLJϳĚyϭ
^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĂĸůŝĂƚĞĚ ĐŽůůĞŐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŶǀŝƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƚŚĞ
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Research on South Asia
Lessons from the Literature of 21 Century
ďLJ^ĂŶũĞĞǀsŝĚLJĂƌƚŚŝĂŶĚDƵŚĂŵŵĂĚ^ŚĂĨĂĂƚEĂǁĂnj
ďƐƚƌĂĐƚ
India’s architectural fraternity has arguably
ĐůŽĐŬĞĚ ŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ďŽƚŚ ŶƵŵĞƌŝĐĂůůLJ ĂŶĚ
ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůůLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶŝŶŐ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϭƐƚ
ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘ZĞĂĐŚĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞ/ŶĚŝĂŶ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ;//Ϳ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌ
ŽĨ ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŚĂƐ ŐƌŽǁŶ ƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůLJ
ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ůĞŶŐƚŚ ĂŶĚ ďƌĞĂĚƚŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǀĂƐƚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ
ĞǀĞŶĂƐƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůŐĂƉƐƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŽƵƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ
ŽĨ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ďƌŽĂĚĞƌ ĮĞůĚ͘ &Žƌ
ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ǁĞĚŽŶŽƚŬŶŽǁǁŚŽ͛ƐǁƌŝƟŶŐĂďŽƵƚǁŚĂƚ
ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂƚƚŚĞŐůŽďĂůůĞǀĞů͍ŶĚ
ŚŽǁĚŽĞƐƚŚĂƚĮƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĮĞůĚ͛ƐŽǀĞƌĂůůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ŝŶŽƵƌƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƌĞŐŝŽŶŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͍
dŚŝƐƉĂƉĞƌƚƌĂĐŬƐƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƐĐŽƉĞŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐŚŝƉŽŶ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂŝŶƚŚĞϮϭƐƚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘tĞĚŽ
ƐŽďLJĐŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐĂƌĞǀŝĞǁŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŝŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐ
journals and prominent scholarly presses while
ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚƌĞŶĚƐĂŶĚƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ͘ŽŶƚƌĂƌLJƚŽ
ĐŽŵŵŽŶďĞůŝĞĨ͕ǁĞĮŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĐĞŶƚůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶ
^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŝƐďŽƚŚƐŝnjĂďůĞĂŶĚĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ͕
ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛ƐŵĂŶLJƌŝĐŚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů
ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ͘/ŶƚŽƚĂů͕ǁĞĨŽƵŶĚϭϳϲũŽƵƌŶĂůĂƌƟĐůĞƐĂŶĚ
ϳϵŬƐƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚŽŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂŶ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ƐŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ LJĞĂƌ ϮϬϬϬ͘ ŽǀĞƌĞĚ ƚŽƉŝĐƐ
DECEMBER 2023
st
ϭϭ
ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ĐŽůŽŶŝĂůŝƐŵ͕ ǀĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕
ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐƚ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ZĞŐŝŽŶ͛Ɛ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
heritage is also a recurring theme, with scholars
studying ancient temples, colonial structures, and
ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐƚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘ ŵĞƌŐĞŶƚ ĨŽĐƵƐ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ
ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ĞŶĞƌŐLJĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ͕ĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͕
ĂŶĚƐŚĞůƚĞƌƉŽůŝĐLJ͘tĞĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞďLJŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐĨƵƚƵƌĞ
ƉĂƚŚǁĂLJƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJ ƵƐĞĨƵů ĨŽƌ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ
ĂŶĚƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͘
Keywords: ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚŽƉŝĐƐ͕ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕
^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͕ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
South Asia is one of the most populated parts of the
ǁŽƌůĚ;ƌƵŶŶĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϲͿ͘ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐŝŶƚŚŝƐĚĞŶƐĞůLJ
ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĞĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŵĂŶLJ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌŝƟĞƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ĐůŝŵĂƟĐ͕ĂŶĚŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐĂƐǁĞůů
ĂƐĐŽŵŵŽŶĐŽůŽŶŝĂůŚŝƐƚŽƌLJƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƌŝƟƐŚĞŵƉŝƌĞ͘
KŶĐĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ ĂƐ ŶĂƟŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞƐ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞŽĨƚŚĞϮϬƚŚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͕ƚŚĞŵĂŬŝŶŐ
ŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ
followed a broadly similar postcolonial trajectory,
ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚƐĞůĞĐƟǀĞĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨ
ŶĞǁůŝŶŬĂŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐĐŽůŽŶŝƐĞƌĂŶĚƌĞƐƚŽĨ
ƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ;<ŝŶŐ͕ϭϵϳϲͿ͘
 &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ƉŽƐƚͲŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞ ƉŝŽŶĞĞƌƐ ŝŶ
DECEMBER 2023

WƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚ ƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ &ŽĐƵƐ ;ƚLJƉŽůŽŐŝĐĂů

ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ Đŝǀŝů ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐͿ ƐĞĐƟŽŶ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĞ ďƌĞĂƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ
and town planning in recently decolonised countries of the contemporary literature in the architectural
ƐŽƵŐŚƚƚŽĨŽůůŽǁƚŚĞŵŽĚĞůƐĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐŝŶǀĞŶƚĞĚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͘dŚĞĮŶĂůŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
in North America and Europe, which comprised some ŽīĞƌƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJƵƐĞĨƵůŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐĨŽƌĨƵƚƵƌĞƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ͘
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĞĚ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͕ ĞǀĞŶ ĂƐ
^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁĞƌĞƌĂƚŚĞƌƐůŽǁƚŽƵƌďĂŶŝƐĞ͘ KƵƌƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ
Most of the South Asian countries also sought dŚŝƐ ƉĂƉĞƌ ĞŵƉůŽLJƐ Ă ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
professional help from the outside world to build new ƌĞǀŝĞǁĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƚŽĞdžĂŵŝŶĞƚŚĞŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ
ĐŝƟĞƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚǀŝƚĂůĨŽƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘&Žƌ ďŽĚLJ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐŚŝƉ ŽŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ͘
example, the modernist approach to urban planning ^ĐŚŽůĂƌƐ ŽŌĞŶ ĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ
and architecture shaped Chandigarh designed by ǁŚĞŶ ŝƚ ĐŽŵĞƐ ƚŽ ǁƌŝƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƐŽŵĞ
>Ğ ŽƌďƵƐŝĞƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ϭϵϱϬƐ ;^ŚĂǁ͕ ϮϬϬϵͿ͘ ^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ ĨĂǀŽƵƌŝŶŐŬƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŝŶͲĚĞƉƚŚ
/ƐůĂŵĂďĂĚ͕ WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ͛Ɛ ĐĂƉŝƚĂů ĐŝƚLJ͕ ǁĂƐ ƉůĂŶŶĞĚ ďLJ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ
͘͘ ŽdžŝĂĚŝƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ϭϵϲϬƐ͕ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐƚ prefer research papers for their ability to succinctly
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨƵƌďĂŶĚĞƐŝŐŶ;DĂŚƐƵĚ͕ϮϬϬϴͿ͘ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂĨŽĐƵƐĞĚƉƌŽũĞĐƚĂŶĚŬĞLJĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘dŽŵĂŬĞ
ƚŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚďŽƚŚŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞĂŶĚĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ͕ƚŚĞ
EŽƚ ƐƵƌƉƌŝƐŝŶŐůLJ͕ ƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƚ ŝĚĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ŝŶ ŵŽƐƚ ĂĐĐůĂŝŵĞĚ ǀĞŶƵĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƉƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ŬƐ ĂŶĚ
tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ ĂŶĚ EŽƌƚŚ ŵĞƌŝĐĂ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ũŽƵƌŶĂůƐ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐ Ă ǁŝĚĞ ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ͛Ɛ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ǁĞƌĞ
ŝŶ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĂů ǁĂLJƐ͘ DĂŶLJ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĨŽƌƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘
ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚ ƉŽƐƚͲŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞ
professionals from these countries, such as Achyut tĞĮƌƐƚƵƐĞĚƐĞĂƌĐŚĞŶŐŝŶĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŐůŽďĂůůLJůĞĂĚŝŶŐ
<ĂŶǀŝŶĚĞ͕ŚĂƌůĞƐŽƌƌĞĂĂŶĚ͘s͘ŽƐŚŝĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ũŽƵƌŶĂůƐĂŶĚĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐƉƌĞƐƐĞƐƉƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞĮĞůĚ͘
were trained abroad and subsequently brought then ŽŶƐƵůƟŶŐǁŝƚŚĨĞůůŽǁĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐĐŽůůĞĂŐƵĞƐ͕ǁĞƚŚĞŶ
ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ͘ ĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂůŝƐƚŽĨϮϬůĞĂĚŝŶŐũŽƵƌŶĂůƐĂŶĚĂ
DŽƌĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ ŵĂŶLJ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂŶ ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ůŝƐƚ ŽĨ ƐĞǀĞŶ ƉƌĞŵŝĞƌ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐ ŬƐ
ϭϮ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ƚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ƚŽ 'ůŽďĂů EŽƌƚŚ ĨŽƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ͕ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƐƵďͲƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ
ĂŶĚǁŽƌŬŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞǀĞŶĂƐŵĂŶLJ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞĮĞůĚ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ĞƐƉŝƚĞ ƚŚĞĐĂƌĞĨƵů
ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ ďŽƌŶ ĂŶĚ ďƌŽƵŐŚƚ ƵƉ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ 'ůŽďĂů EŽƌƚŚ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ƐĂŵƉůŝŶŐ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĞ͕ ǁĞ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞ
ŚĂǀĞƚƵƌŶĞĚƚŽƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŝƟĞƐŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞůŝƐƚƐĂƌĞŶŽƚĞdžŚĂƵƐƟǀĞďLJĂŶLJŵĞĂŶƐǁŝƚŚ
ƟŵĞ͘/ŶŵŽƌĞƌĞĐĞŶƚLJĞĂƌƐ͕^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͛ƐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ŵĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌũŽƵƌŶĂůƐĂŶĚƉƌĞƐƐĞƐƉƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ
academe has blossomed with steady growth both ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂƐǁĞůů͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞĂƚŚĂŶĚ
ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚůŝƐƚŽĨƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞ
ƉƵƌƐƵŝŶŐŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĮĞůĚ͘ ƉƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ǀĞŶƵĞƐ͕ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů
ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝůů ŶŽƚ ĂůƚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĂƐƐĞƌƟŽŶƐ ŵĂĚĞ ŝŶ
tŝƚŚ ƚŚŝƐ ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ ŽƵƚůŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ďƌŽĂĚ ƚŚŝƐĞƐƐĂLJďƵƚǁŝůůƐŝŵƉůLJĞdžƉĂŶĚƚŚĞƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĞŽĨϮϭst
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽŶ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ͘
academy in mind, we turned to study the nature
ŽĨ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ tĞƚŚĞŶ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĞĚ ĞĂĐŚ ǀŽůƵŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬ ũŽƵƌŶĂůƐ
KƵƌŵĂŝŶƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŚĞƌĞŝƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞƐĐŽƉĞĂŶĚ ĨƌŽŵ LJĞĂƌ ϮϬϬϬ ƚŽ ĚĂƚĞ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ ϭϳϲ ĂƌƟĐůĞƐ ;ƚĂďůĞ
ŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƌĞĐĞŶƚǁƌŝƟŶŐƐŽŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ϭͿĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐŽŶ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ǁĞĂůƐŽĨŽƵŶĚ
in leading academic journals and prominent scholarly ϳϵŬƐĂƵƚŚŽƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƟŵĞĚƵƌĂƟŽŶ;ƚĂďůĞ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ƉƌĞƐƐĞƐ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĂƚĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ϮϭƐƚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘ LJ ϮͿ͘^ƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƌĞǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉĂƉĞƌƐĂŶĚ
studying this hitherto unchartered but growing body ŬƐĂůƐŽƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚƚŚĞĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŽƉŝĐƐ͕
ŽĨůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ǁĞĂŝŵƚŽĮŶĚǁŚŽŝƐǁƌŝƟŶŐĂŶĚǁŚĂƚ ƐƉĂƟĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĨŽĐƵƐ͕ĂƵƚŚŽƌ͛ƐĂĸůŝĂƟŽŶ͕
ĂďŽƵƚ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ͛Ɛ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ tĞ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŬĞLJĂƌĞĂ;ƐͿŽĨŝŶƋƵŝƌLJ͘
ĂůƐŽ ƐĞĞŬ ƚŽ ƵŶĐŽǀĞƌ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƚƌĞŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶƚ
tŚĂƚǁĞĨŽƵŶĚ
ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ǁŚŝůĞ ŽīĞƌŝŶŐ ƐŽŵĞ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶƐ
KƵƌƌĞǀŝĞǁŽĨĂƵƚŚŽƌ͛ƐĂĸůŝĂƟŽŶ;&ŝŐƵƌĞϭͿƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚ
ĂďŽƵƚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůŝŶĞƐŽĨĨƵƚƵƌĞŝŶƋƵŝƌLJ͘ that research papers are authored almost equally
dŚĞŶĞdžƚƐĞĐƟŽŶĞŶƟƚůĞĚKƵƌƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ;ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ ďLJƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂĸůŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶ
and dataͿĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘ ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ;ϰϱйͿĂŶĚƚŚŽƐĞŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ;ϰϭйͿ͘
tŚĂƚ ǁĞ &ŽƵŶĚ ;ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟǀĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐͿ ƐĞĐƟŽŶ dŚŝƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƌĞƐ ƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů ŽǀĞƌůĂƉ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂů
explains the geographical origin and scholarship of ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂŶĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů
ƚŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂƌĞĂƐ͘ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ KŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ
dĂďůĞϭ͗:ŽƵƌŶĂůƌƟĐůĞƐZĞǀŝĞǁĞĚ

DECEMBER 2023
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐ

^ƌ͘EŽ͘ :ŽƵƌŶĂů EŽ͘ŽĨƌƟĐůĞƐ

ϭ͘ Architecture Beyond Europe ϴ
Ϯ͘ Architectural Design Ϯϳ
ϯ͘ Architectural Engineering and Design Management ϴ
ϰ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞZĞǀŝĞǁ ϭϲ
ϱ͘ Architecture and Engineering 3
ϲ͘ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐΘ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͗:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞsĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ&ŽƌƵŵ Ϯ
ϳ͘ City, Territory and Architecture 5
ϴ͘ Design Studies 4
ϵ͘ ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ͕ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ϭϯ
ϭϬ͘ &ĂďƌŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ 3
ϭϭ͘ &ƌŽŶƟĞƌƐŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ϭϰ
ϭϮ͘ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ϭϳ
ϭϯ͘ Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 5
ϭϰ͘ :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ 7
ϭϱ͘ :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ϴ
ϭϲ͘ :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚhƌďĂŶŝƐŵ 9
ϭϳ͘ Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 9
ϭϴ͘ The Journal of Architecture 6
dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůǁĞůůŝŶŐƐĂŶĚ^ĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐZĞǀŝĞǁ ϭϯ
ϭϵ͘ ϭϬ
ϮϬ͘ Enquiry The ARCC Journal of Architectural Research Ϯ
dKd> ϭϳϲ

ŚĂŶĚ͕ ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ ĂĸůŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĂĐĂĚĞŵLJ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ dŚĞďƌĞĂŬŝŶŐĚŽǁŶŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŽƉŝĐƐŝŶƚŚĞůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂĂƵƚŚŽƌĞĚŵŽƌĞŬƐƚŚĂŶƚŚŽƐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶ ǁĂƐĂůƐŽƌĞǀĞĂůŝŶŐ;&ŝŐƵƌĞϯͿ͘ŽŽŬƐŵĂŝŶůLJĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ
ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ;ϰϴй ŝŶ ĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶ ƚŽ ϭϴйͿ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ͕ ŽŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚŝƐƚŽƌLJĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƌLJ;ϳϮйͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐ
ƉŽƐƐŝďůLJĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŬĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ;ϯϰйͿ ƐŽŵĞǁŚĂƚ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ ĂƐ ŬƐ ŽīĞƌ ǁŝĚĞƌ ďƌĞĂĚƚŚ
ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ǁƌŝƚĞƌƐ ŽŌĞŶ ƉƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƉƚŚ ĨŽƌ ǁƌŝƟŶŐ Ăƚ ĚĞƚĂŝů ŽŶ ƐƵĐŚ ƚŽƉŝĐƐ͘
ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐĞƐ͘dŚŝƐƉĂƩĞƌŶƉĞƌŚĂƉƐƵŶĚĞƌůŝŶĞƐ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƉĂƉĞƌƐ͕ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁƌŝƟŶŐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉĂƉĞƌƐĂŶĚ ;ϯϰйͿ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ;ϮϰйͿ ǁĞƌĞ
ŬƐŝŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͘tŚŝůĞĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐŵĂLJďĞŵŽƟǀĂƚĞĚďLJũŽďŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐůŝŬĞ dĂďůĞϮ͗ŽŽŬƐZĞǀŝĞǁĞĚ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƚĞŶƵƌĞƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶ͕ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ
perhaps write to share and disseminate their own ^ƌ͘EŽ͘ Publisher ŽŽŬƐ
ƐĐŚŽůĂƌůLJƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ͘ ϭ ϭϴ
KdžĨŽƌĚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ
dŚĞ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ Ϯ ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ;dĂLJůŽƌĂŶĚ&ƌĂŶĐŝƐͿ ϭϭ
ƌĞǀĞĂůƐ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ ;&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϮͿ͘ dŚĞ 3 ϭϬ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂƌƟĐůĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů ĨŽĐƵƐ ƵƉŽŶ Mapin Publishing
India dominated the South Asian scholarship on 4 ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ 3
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ;ϲϵйͿ͘ dŚŝƐ ĚŽŵŝŶĂŶĐĞ ĐŽƵůĚ ƉĂƌƚůLJ 5 Springer 3
be explained by the sheer geographical area and 6 WƌŝŶĐĞƚŽŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ Ϯ
ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĚŽŵŝŶĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ /ŶĚŝĂ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ 7 ϯϮ
ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐŚŝƉ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƟŶŐ Miscellaneous Recognised
ĨƌŽŵ /ŶĚŝĂ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƐĞŶƐĞ ĞdžĞŵƉůŝĮĞƐ ŵƵĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Publishers
ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ dKd> ϳϵ
DECEMBER 2023
&ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐ͛ĂĸůŝĂƟŽŶ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐ
ϭϰ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͗'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĨŽĐƵƐ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐ
the most frequent topics followed by architectural
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
heritage and emergent research topics represented
ĞƋƵĂůůLJ;ϭϱйͿ͘
/ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂƌƟĐůĞƐ͕ǁĞĨŽƵŶĚĂǁŝĚĞ
ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐ ŵĂŶLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚŽƉŝĐƐ
ƐƵĐŚĂƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĞŶĞƌŐLJĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ͕ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŵŽĚĞůŝŶŐ ;/DͿ͕
ĂĐŽƵƐƟĐƐ͕ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶ͕ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌŵĂů ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ ;&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰͿ͘
DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ŽƚŚĞƌŵĂũŽƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂƌĞĂƐǁĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƌĞ
urban form, architectural heritage, and emergent
topics of research such as design methodology, heat
ŝƐůĂŶĚĞīĞĐƚƐ͕ƚƌĂŶƐĞĐƚĂŶĚƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͕ŵŝdžĞĚͲƵƐĞ
ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĚŝƐƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘
tĞ ĨŽƵŶĚ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŝŶ ŬƐ
ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƚŚĞũŽƵƌŶĂůĂƌƟĐůĞƐ͘DĂŶLJŬĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ͕
for example, focus upon the history and theory
ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ;&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱͿ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞĚ
ƚŚŝƐ ƚŽƉŝĐ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ǁĂLJƐ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ
on modernism, while others examined issues of
ĐŽůŽŶŝĂůŝƐŵĂŶĚƐƟůůŽƚŚĞƌƐĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĚĞƐŝŐŶ
ŝŶ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƐĞƫŶŐƐ͘ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ǁĞƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ŬĞLJ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ĨŽĐƵƐ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŬƐ͕
ĂůŽŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝŽͲƐƉĂƟĂů
ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĚĞůǀĞĚŝŶƚŽŝƐƐƵĞƐŽĨƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͘^ŽŵĞŬƐĂůƐŽƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƌďĂŶĨŽƌŵ
ĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚďƵŝůƚĨŽƌŵƐ͕ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ͕ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚ
ĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶƵƐĞƌƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶ͘

&ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͗ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŽƉŝĐƐ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐ
WƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚĂƌĞĂƐŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĨŽĐƵƐ
South Asian region has a long history of built spaces,
ŵĂŶLJŽĨǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞŶŽƚǁĞůůƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĂŶĚĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĞĚ͘
dŚĞ ŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚ ƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůƚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůůLJ ŝŶǀŝƚĞƐ ŵĂŶLJ ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ
ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐĂŶĚƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ͘dŚĞŬĞLJ
areas of inquiry within the architectural research
in the region, as summarised in table 3, highlight
ƚŚŝƐ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ ĞůŽǁ ǁĞ ŽīĞƌ ƐŽŵĞ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϰ͗ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŽƉŝĐƐĐŽǀĞƌĞĚŝŶƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚĂƌƟĐůĞƐ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐ
DECEMBER 2023
ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƚŽƌLJĐŽŵŵĞŶƚĂƌLJŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŶŐĞĂĐŚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ
ĂƌĞĂ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ĚĞƚĂŝů͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŽƵƌ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ
ďĞƐĞĞŶĂƐďĂƐŝĐŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁƚƌĂĐŬŝŶŐĂƌĂƚŚĞƌĐŽŵƉůĞdž
ϭϱ
ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽǀĞƌĂůů͘
,ŝƐƚŽƌLJĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
The history of architecture in South Asia is long
ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž͕ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚLJůĞƐ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŶŐ ŽǀĞƌ ĐĞŶƚƵƌŝĞƐ͘ &ƌŽŵ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͗ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŽƉŝĐƐĐŽǀĞƌĞĚŝŶƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚŬƐ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐ
DECEMBER 2023

Table 3: Areas of Inquiry in architectural research of South Asia

^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐ

/ĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ <ĞLJƌĞĂƐŽĨ/ŶƋƵŝƌLJ
ϭ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ Architecture in the postcolonial era
ĂŶĚdŚĞŽƌLJ DŽĚĞƌŶͬsĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
Theories explaining urban form
'ƌŽƵŶĚĞĚƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ
Ϯ͘ Building Design ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨďƵŝůĚŝŶŐǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĚĞƐŝŐŶ
džƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĚĞƐŝŐŶǁŝƚŚŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞƵƐĞŽĨŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ
Ontological and epistemological analysis of architectural design
methodologies
ƵŝůĚŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚůŽĐĂůĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƐ
WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ͕ƵƐĞƌͲĐĞŶƚƌĞĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĚĞƐŝŐŶ
ϯ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ Analysis of building materials in heritage structures
>ŝǀŝŶŐŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ϰ͘ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ĸĐŝĞŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
Management ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐ
ϱ͘ ŵĞƌŐĞŶƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůƐƉĂĐĞĂŶĚƵƐĞƌƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌƌŝƐŬ
ϭϲ ŶĞƌŐLJĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŵĂůĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ
Smart buildings

DƵŐŚĂůƉĂůĂĐĞƐƚŽƌŝƟƐŚĐŽůŽŶŝĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚĨƌŽŵ dŚĞ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ ŽŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ

ǀĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐƚŽŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƚŚĞ
ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛Ɛ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ďŽƚŚ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƐ ƚŚŝƐ
ƌŝĐŚ ƉĂƚƌŝŵŽŶLJ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ
ŝŶ ŝŶƐŝŐŚƞƵů ǁĂLJƐ͘ &Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ
studied architectural approach of leading modernist
architects employing already in-use materials in
ŝŶǀĞŶƟǀĞǁĂLJƐĨŽƌĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
;:ĂŵĞƐͲŚĂŬƌĂďŽƌƚLJ͕ϮϬϭϰͿ͘
Scholarship also explores regionalism in South
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƐŝĂŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞĐƵƌƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵĞ͘ &Žƌ
example, D͘^͘,ŽƐƐĂŝŶ;ϮϬϭϯͿ examines the Mughal
era building and suggests purposeful strategies
ĨŽƌ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐ ĞĚŝĮĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂďƌŝĐ͘ ^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ WŝůĂƌ DĂƌŝĂ
'ƵĞƌƌŝĞƌŝ;ϮϬϮϭͿƚƌĂĐĞƐƚŚĞŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŝĚĞĂƐƵƉŽŶ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂŶĐŝƟĞƐ͘
&ƌŽŵ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ ĐŽůŽŶŝĂůŝƐŵ

on South Asian architecture remains a persistent

ƐŝĂŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐůŝŵĂƟĐ
ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂů ƉůĂĐĞƐ ;,ĂŐŐĞƌƚLJ͕
ϮϬϭϳͿ͘ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ ĂŝŵĞĚ Ăƚ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞƌĞ ďŽƚŚ ĞŶĞƌŐLJͲ
ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůLJ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ͘ ^ĐŚŽůĂƌƐ
illustrate how global ideas around regionalism were
ĂĚĂƉƚĞĚƚŽĂǁŝĚĞǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨůŽĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕
ǀĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĐĐƵƉŝĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĨŽĐŝ ŝŶ
ƐĞǀĞƌĂůĂƌƟĐůĞƐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚƐŽƌĐŚŽǁŬƐ͕
Ă ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŚŽƵƐĞƐ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ
ƐŝĂ͕ŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĂƐĂ͚ĐŽŶĐĞƉƟŽŶŽĨŇĞdžŝďůĞ
ƐƉĂĐĞ͛ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƵƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶLJ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐƐ;ŚŵĞĚ͕ϮϬϭϵͿ͘
ƚŚĞŵĞ͘ ^ĞǀĞƌĂů ĞƐƐĂLJƐ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ
ĐŽůŽŶŝĂůŝƐŵ ƐŚĂƉĞĚ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůƚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ĨƌŽŵ
ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ
ƌĂŝůǁĂLJƐƚĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŝƚLJďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͘dŚĞůĞŐĂĐLJŽĨĐŽůŽŶŝĂůŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽĞǀŝĚĞŶƚŝŶ
ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ ƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŐůŽďĂů ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ
ůŽĐĂůƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚŝŶƐĞǀĞƌĂůĞƐƐĂLJƐ
ŽŶĐŽůŽŶŝĂůƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂŶĚĞĚŝĮĐĞƐ;^ĐƌŝǀĞƌΘ
WƌĂŬĂƐŚ͕ϮϬϬϳ͖^ĞŶŐƵƉƚĂ͕ϮϬϮϬ͖tĂŝƚƐ͕ϮϬϭϴͿ͘
In this sense, literature on the history and theory
ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ ƌĞǀĞĂůƐ Ă ƌŝĐŚ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ
ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐŽŶƚŚĞďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚ

many scholars echoing the complex interplay of
ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƟĞƐ
ƚŚĂƚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĞŽƵƌƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ƐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƵƌďĂŶ
ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽŐƌĂƉƉůĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͕
ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶ ;ĂŶĚ ƐŚŽƵůĚͿ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶůLJ ĚƌĂǁ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ
ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚŝĚĞĂƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂů
ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͛ƐƌŝĐŚĂŶĚĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞƐ ƌĂŵŵĞĚ ĞĂƌƚŚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ;<ƵŶĚŽŽ͕
ƐƉĂŶŵĂŶLJŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞƐĂŶĚĐĞŶƚƵƌŝĞƐ͘&ƌŽŵĂŶĐŝĞŶƚ ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ƌŐƵĂďůLJ͕ƚŚĞŝŶǀĞŶƟǀĞƵƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ
temples to colonial and postcolonial buildings, ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ Ă ŚĂůůŵĂƌŬ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛Ɛ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
our region’s countless monuments and structures for centuries and contemporary architects, both
ƚĞůů ǀĂƌŝĞŐĂƚĞĚ ƚĂůĞƐ ŽĨ ŶĞĂƌ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƚĂŶƚ ƉĂƐƚƐ͘ ƉƌĂĐƟĐŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐ͕ŚĂǀĞĞǀŝĚĞŶƚůLJĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ
Thus, not surprisingly, literature explores changing ƚŽĨŽůůŽǁƚŚŝƐŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůůLJƌŝĐŚƐĞĂŵŽĨĞdžƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƐĂŶĚŵĞĂŶŝŶŐƐŝŶĂǁŝĚĞǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨ
ƐĞƫŶŐƐƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉƌĞͲĐŽůŽŶŝĂů;Ğ͘Ő͕͘,ĂƌŽŽŶĞƚ
Ăů͕͘ϮϬϭϵͿƚŽƚŚĞůĂƚĞĐŽůŽŶŝĂůĞƌĂŝŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĞǁĂLJƐ
;Ğ͘Ő͕͘'ůŽǀĞƌ͕ϮϬϬϴͿ͘&ŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŽĨ
ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐŵĂƐĂƉŽƐƚͲŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝƐƚƉŽůŝƟĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ
ǀŝĂ ďŽůĚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ
ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞŵĂŶLJƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƐŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕
ƐƚĂŶĚ ŽƵƚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ ƚŽƉŝĐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ;DŽƌƐŚĞĚ͕ϮϬϭϳͿ͘
&ŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ ƐŚŽǁƐ ƵƉ
ŝŶ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ &Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕
ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƐƚƵĚŝĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĐƌĂĐŬƐ ĂŶĚ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽůŽƌ ŝŶ dĂũ DĂŚĂů͛Ɛ ŵĂƌďůĞ ;ŐƌĂǁĂů͕
ϮϬϬϮͿ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƐĂůƚ ŝŶĚƵĐĞĚ ĞŋŽƌĞƐĐĞŶĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ďƌŝĐŬǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ DŽŚĞŶũŽͲĂƌŽ͕ Ă ǁŽƌůĚ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ƐŝƚĞ
ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ ;&ŽĚĚĞ͕ ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ &ƌŽŵ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ
ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ƌĞŵĞĚŝĂƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ
ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚƵƉŽŶĮŶĚŝŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJ
ĂŶĚ ůŽŶŐĞǀŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘ ^ĐŚŽůĂƌƐ
ŚĂǀĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƵĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŶŽƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
when studying South Asia’s architectural heritage
;ŚƵƐŝĚ͕ϮϬϭϱ͖'ŚŽƐŚĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϮϭͿ͘
Building design
Scholarship on recent and contemporary architecture
ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝĐŚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŵĂŶLJ
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂůůLJŝŶůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛Ɛ
ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ &ƌŽŵ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů
techniques to modern methodologies, South Asian
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƐĞĞŵƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůLJĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐ͕ĂĚĂƉƟŶŐƚŽ
ůŽĐĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽŐůŽďĂůĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͘
dŚĞ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĐŽǀĞƌƐ ŵĂŶLJ
ƚŚĞŵĞƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ
research, design methodology, urban form, thermal
ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ͕ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ͕ ĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ
ƐŚĞůƚĞƌƉŽůŝĐLJ͘
KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƌĞŶŽƟĐĞĂďůĞĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂŝƐƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐƵƉŽŶŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ
DECEMBER 2023
use of building materials, in both the design and
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ƉŚĂƐĞƐ͕ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ
ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŵĂƐƚĞƌƐ ůŝŬĞ :ŽƐĞƉŚ ^ƚĞŝŶ ĂŶĚ >ĂƵƌŝĞ
ĂŬĞƌǁŚŽƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚůŝĨĞůŽŶŐĐŚĂŵƉŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚŝƐĐĂƵƐĞ͘
&Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐ ŚŽǁ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ
ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ
ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƚLJŽĨƵƌŽǀŝůůĞ͗DŽĚƵůĂƌƌŽŽĮŶŐ
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĂƐďĞƐƚŽƐ ƌŽŽĮŶŐ ƐŚĞĞƚƐ͕ ĨĞƌƌŽĐĞŵĞŶƚ
ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ŵŽďŝůĞ ƌŽŽĮŶŐ͕ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ ƐƚĞĞů ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕
ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŬĞLJ ƚŚĞŵĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽĐƵƐ ƵƉŽŶ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐǁŽƌŬĞĚǁŝƚŚǁŽŵĞŶ
ŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƐƉĂƟŽƚĞŵƉŽƌĂů͚ĚĂƌŬƐƉŽƚƐ͛ǁŚĞƌĞ
gender played a role in shaping the sense of safety
;ĂƩĂΘŚŵĞĚ͕ϮϬϮϬͿ͘^ĐŚŽůĂƌƐĂůƐŽƐĞĞŵŐƌĂƉƉůŝŶŐ
ǁŝƚŚ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƉůĂĐĞͲďĂƐĞĚ ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͕ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ
ŵĞŵŽƌLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐƌƵĐŝĂů ƐĞŶƐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘ &Žƌ
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐƵƐĞĚĐŽŐŶŝƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƚŽĞdžƉůŽƌĞ
ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞ ĂŶĚ
ŶĂǀŝŐĂƚĞƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͛ƐŵĂŶLJƵƌďĂŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ;ďĞLJŶĂLJĂŬĞ
Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϮϮͿ͘ /ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ
ŝŶ ĂďƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ůŽĐĂů ϭϳ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ŵĂLJ ŶŽƚ ĂĚĂƉƚ ƚŽ ŶĞǁ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů
ƵƉĚĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ;<ŚĂŶΘ
>ŽŬĞ͕ϮϬϭϳͿ͘dĂŬĞŶƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚ
ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ ƚŚĂƚ ƐĞĞŬƐ ƚŽ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞ ĂĐƚƵĂů
ƵƐĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů
ƵƉůŝŌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐŽŚĞƐŝǀĞŶĞƐƐǀŝĂŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů
ĚĞƐŝŐŶ;EĂǁĂnj͕ϮϬϮϯͿ͘
dŚĞƌŵĂů ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĂƌĞĂƐŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘KƩŽ
<ŽĞŶŝŐƐďĞƌŐĞƌ͛Ɛ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ĐůĞĂƌ ƚŽ ƐĞĞ
ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞŐĂƌĚ ;ϭϵϳϰͿ͘ &ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞƌŵĂů ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ ŝŶ
ƉƵďůŝĐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ZĂŵƉƌĂƐĂĚΘ^ƵďďĂŝLJĂŶ͕ϮϬϭϳͿ
ƚŽ ǀĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌ ĚǁĞůůŝŶŐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ^ŚĂƐƚƌLJ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϲͿ͕
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ
ƵƉŐƌĂĚĞƐ ƚŽ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĂŶĚŝĂ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘
ϮϬϮϭͿ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ƌĞǀĞĂů ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ
building design for low-cost, culturally appropriate
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƌŵĂů ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ
ĞŶĞƌŐLJĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌŬĞLJ
ƚŚĞŵĞ ŝŶ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŝƐ ĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͘ dŚĞ
ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ
;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ <ŚĂŶ Θ >ŽŬĞ͕ ϮϬϭϳͿ ĂŶĚ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů
ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ŶĂǀŝŐĂƟŶŐ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĚŝƐƉŽƐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ
;Ğ͘Ő͕͘WŝĞƌŝƐ͕ϮϬϭϳͿŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐƵĐŚŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐĂŝŵĞĚĂƚ
ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐŽǀĞƌĂůůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͘
 ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ
DECEMBER 2023
KƵƌƌĞǀŝĞǁƵŶĐŽǀĞƌƐŚŽǁĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ
ŽĨ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ ĂƌĞ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ
ĂŶĚŽƉƟŵŝƐĂƟŽŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƟǀĞǁĂLJƐ͘/ŶĂŶŐůĂĚĞƐŚ͕ĨŽƌ
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ŐĂƌŵĞŶƚ ĨĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĨĂĐĞĚ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚ
ĐƌŝƟĐŝƐŵ ĨŽƌ ŶŽƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƚŽƌLJ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ
ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ƟŵĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞŐĂƌĚ͕ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ
ǁŝŶĚŽǁ ƚLJƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƉƟŵŝƐŝŶŐ ǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ
ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽŶ
ŝŶĚŽŽƌ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌŵĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ
ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐ;D͘D͘,ŽƐƐĂŝŶĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϳͿ͘
ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŬĞLJ ƚŚĞŵĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽĐƵƐ ƵƉŽŶ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ
ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŽƐƚͲĞīĞĐƟǀĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͘LJĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ
ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŝŶƐƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ŐůĂnjŝŶŐ͕ ƐŚĂĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ
ǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŚĞůƉƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞƌƐ ŽƉƟŵŝƐĞ
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘DŽŚĂŶƚĂĞƚĂů͕͘
ϮϬϮϭͿ͘ >ŝŬĞǁŝƐĞ͕ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĂůƐŽ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ
ƵƐĞŽĨŶĞǁƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ůŝŬĞ ĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĂƚĂ ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘
'ƵŶĂƟůĂŬĂĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϮϭͿ͘^ƵĐŚƌĞĐĞŶƚůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐŚŽǁƐ
ĂŶ ŝŶĐůŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽŶ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ
ďƵƚĂƐŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚĞĂƌůŝĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐƚŽƉŝĐƐĞĞŵƐĂďŝƚůĞƐƐ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚƚŚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĂƌĞĂƐŽĨƐĐŚŽůĂƌůLJŝŶƋƵŝƌLJ͘
ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
dŚĞĨŽĐƵƐƵƉŽŶĚĞƐŝŐŶǀĞƌƐƵƐĨŽĐƵƐƵƉŽŶĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
ϭϴ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐŝŶŐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ǀŝƐŝďůĞ ŝŶ
ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘tŚŝůĞŵĂŶLJƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ
ŽŶ ƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂů ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ Ă
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂƐǁĞůů͘
&ŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ƐŽŵĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů
ĂƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ůŽĂĚͲ
ďĞĂƌŝŶŐĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌĂŵŵĞĚĞĂƌƚŚǁĂůůƐ;tĂŶŐŵŽ
Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϴͿ͘ ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŐƌŽƵƉ ŽĨ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ƐĞĞŵ
ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ŽƉƟŵŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
ǀŝĂ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ Ă ĨĞĂƐŝďůĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ &Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ĐůĞĂƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
ĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚƚĞĂŵǁŽƌŬĂƌĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĂƐ
ĐƌŝƟĐĂůĨŽƌƟŵĞůLJĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ǁŝƚŚŝŶĨŽƌĞĐĂƐƚĞĚďƵĚŐĞƚ;^ĞŶĂƌĂƚŶĞΘZƵǁĂŶƉƵƌĂ͕
ϮϬϭϲͿ͘ >ŝŬĞǁŝƐĞ͕ ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ
ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞǀĞůŽĨĂĐĐƵƌĂĐLJĂŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŽŵŝƐĞŝŶ
ŽǀĞƌŚĞĂĚ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ
ĂƌŐƵĞƚŚĂƚŽǀĞƌŚĞĂĚĐŽƐƚƐĂƌĞŽŌĞŶƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚ͕
ůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƉƌŽũĞĐƚĚĞůĂLJƐĂŶĚďƵĚŐĞƚŽǀĞƌƌƵŶƐ;ŚƵũĂ
ĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϲͿ͘
&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ƐĂĨĞƚLJ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ
ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ ƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚ ŝŶ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ͕
ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ Ă
ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞͲďĂƐĞĚ͚ƐĂĨĞƚLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͛ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĂƌŐƵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĂŶ
ŽǀĞƌĂůů ƐĂĨĞƚLJͲŽƌŝĞŶƚĞĚ ǁŽƌŬ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ
ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŝŶũƵƌŝĞƐŽŶĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐŝƚĞƐ
;<ƵŵĂƌΘĂŶƐĂů͕ϮϬϭϲͿ͘^ĐŚŽůĂƌƐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚŝŶƐĂĨĞ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů
ďĞŶĞĮƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞ ƚŽ
ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ƌŝƐŬ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ƉƌŽƉĞƌ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ;ĂŚŽŽƌĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϳͿ͘
ŵĞƌŐĞŶƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂƌĞĂƐ
Recent research has apparently started to focus
ŽŶ ĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƩĞŶĚĂŶƚ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ͘ &Žƌ
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĚƌĂǁƐ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŽ ŬĞLJ
ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĂĚĂƉƚĂƚĞĚďLJĐŝƚLJĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƚŽƚĂĐŬůĞ
the challenges of climate change in local places
;EĂǁĂnj Θ ŬďĂƌ͕ ϮϬϮϬͿ͘ >ŝŬĞǁŝƐĞ͕ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ
ŚĂǀĞ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ŽŶ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ŚŽǁ ƉůĂĐĞͲďĂƐĞĚ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐĂƌĞƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘dŚĞ
ƐƚŽƌLJŽĨ,ŝŵĂůĂLJĂŶŝĐĞƐƚƵƉĂŝƐŝŶĚĞĞĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟǀĞŝŶ
ƚŚŝƐƌĞŐĂƌĚ͘dŚĞŝĐĞƐƚƵƉĂŝƐĂĐůŝŵĂƚĞĂĚĂƉƟǀĞǁĂƚĞƌ
ĚĞǀŝĐĞƚŚĂƚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐďƵŝůĚƚŽƐƚŽƌĞǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞ
form of ice, to be used in the subsequent spring
ƐĞĂƐŽŶ͘dŚĞƐƚƵƉĂƐĂƌĞďƵŝůƚƵƐŝŶŐƐŝŵƉůĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ
ĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ŝŶ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǁĂƚĞƌ
ƐĐĂƌĐŝƚLJŝƐƐƵĞŝŶƚŚĞ,ŝŵĂůĂLJĂŶƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘dŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝƐ
ĂŐƌĞĂƚĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨŚŽǁĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐĐŽŵĞƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ
ƚŽƚĂĐŬůĞƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ;ůŽƵƐĞ͕ϮϬϭϳͿ͘
Along similar lines, the climate induced phenomenon
ŽĨƵƌďĂŶŚĞĂƚŝƐůĂŶĚƐ;h,/ƐͿŚĂƐďĞĐŽŵĞĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ
ŝƐƐƵĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŝƟĞƐ ǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ͘ DŝĐƌŽͲ ĂŶĚ ŵĂĐƌŽͲ ůĞǀĞů
ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨŐƌĞĞŶ
ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͕ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŶŐ
ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶh,/;ǁŝǀĞĚŝ͕ϮϬϭϵ͖D͘͘,ŽƐƐĂŝŶĞƚĂů͕͘
ϮϬϭϵͿ͘
Another emerging research area focuses on
ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ &Žƌ
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐŚĂǀĞƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƐŵĂƌƚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ;^ƐͿ
ƚŽĞŶƵŵĞƌĂƚĞŬĞLJĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͕ĚĂƚĂ
ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ͕ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƚLJ;'ƵŶĂƟůĂŬĂĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϮϭͿ͘
>ŝŬĞǁŝƐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŵŽĚĞůŝŶŐ
;/DͿŝƐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂĚŽƉƟŽŶ͘
ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĂƌŐƵĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ͕
ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŚŝŶĚĞƌĞĚƚŚĞĂĚŽƉƟŽŶŽĨ/D
ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ Ăƚ Ă ůĂƌŐĞ ƐĐĂůĞ ;ŚƵũĂ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϲͿ͘
ŶŽƚŚĞƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨƐƵĐŚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝƐƚŚĞĞdžƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶ
of the accuracy and access of digital tools for
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ;ZŽƐƐĂƚŽĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϮϭͿ͘
ŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ
The nature and scope of architecture in South
ƐŝĂ ƐĞĞŵƐ ŵĂƌŬĞĚ ďLJ ĂŶ ŝŶƚƌŝŶƐŝĐ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ
draws upon a wide range of both explicit and
ŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚ ŝŶŇƵĞnces including regional, Mughal and
ƌŝƟƐŚ ĐŽůŽŶŝĂů ƐƚLJůĞƐ͕ ǀĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ
ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ͘ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĞdžƉůŽƌĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ
 ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ͘ dŚĞ

DECEMBER 2023
aspects of this architectural landscape employing
Ă ǁŝĚĞ ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ůĞŶƐĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ emerging challenges of climate change ŽīĞƌ ŵĂŶLJ
ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůŝƐŵĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨĐŽůŽŶŝĂůŝƐŵ͘dŚĞLJĂůƐŽ ŶĞǁŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĨƵƚƵƌĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ĂƐŝƐĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞ ŚŽǁ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ŝĚĞĂƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚƌĂǀĞůĞĚ ďLJ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŝƐƐƵĞ͘
ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ͘ ŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŬĞLJ ƌŽƐƐͲďŽƌĚĞƌƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶƐ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ
ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ůŝŬĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ĞŶůŝŐŚƚĞŶŝŶŐŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝƐƐƵĞƐĂƌĞŶŽƚ
ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͕ Ă ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶĞĚďLJƉŽůŝƟĐĂůďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ͘
ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝƐĞǀŝĚĞŶƚŝŶŽƉƟŵŝƐŝŶŐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚ Technological advancements and architecture͗
ĞŵďƌĂĐŝŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘>ŝƩůĞĚŽƵďƚ dŚĞĂĚŽƉƟŽŶŽĨƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJŝŶƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ
ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ Ϯϭst South Asian architecture in this sense ŽīĞƌƐ ŶĞǁ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ
represents a dynamic tapestry shaped by historical, ƚŚĞ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƐŵĂƌƚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĂƚĂͲĚƌŝǀĞŶ
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƐ͘ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŽƉƟŵŝƐĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ƵƐĞƌ ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ
Not surprisingly, contemporary architectural sustainability ;'ƵŶĂƟůĂŬĂĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϮϭͿ͘dŚĞǁŽƌůĚŝƐ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂĐŽǀĞƌƐĂǁŝĚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŽƉŝĐƐ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐŝŶŐƐŽƉŚŝƐƟĐĂƚĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĂŶĚĂƌƟĮĐŝĂů
ĂŶĚ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ͕ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛Ɛ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ intelligence systems that are transforming the built
ĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJ͕ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĞĚďLJŵĂŶLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐůŝŵĂƟĐ͕ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŝŶƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚǁĂLJƐ͘ŵŝĚƐƚƚŚŝƐĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘tĞ ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŐƌŽǁŝŶŐƌŽŽŵĨŽƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƟŽŶ
ĂůƐŽ ĮŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŝƐ ŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJ ĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ŽĨƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘
ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ Ă ďĞƩĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ Architecture for mega public events͗ South Asia’s
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚ͕ ŽīĞƌŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ŐůŽďĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ŚŽƐƚ
ĞůŽǁǁĞĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĮǀĞŬĞLJĂƌĞĂƐƵŶĐŽǀĞƌĞĚďLJŽƵƌ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ůŝŬĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌ ƐƉŽƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŐůŽďĂů
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJƵƐĞĨƵůĨŽƌĨƵƚƵƌĞƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ͗ ĞdžƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ ĨƵĞů ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
Interdisciplinary research͗ Architectural research in originality, with a focus on sustainable and accessible
^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ ŶĞĞĚ ƉĂLJ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀŝƚLJŝŶƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞƐĂŶĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘
ĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞ ĂŶĚ ƉůŽƚ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ůŝŶĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ WƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŚĂǀĞ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ƐĞĞŶ
ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĮĞůĚ͕ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽƵŐŚƚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĨŽƌŵĞŐĂĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕
interdisciplinary in nature and scope, addressing issues LJĞƚƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŚĂƐƐƵƌƉƌŝƐŝŶŐůLJŵŝƐƐĞĚƚŚŝƐĂǀĞŶƵĞ͘ ϭϵ
ƐƵĐŚĂƐŐĞŶĚĞƌĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐŝŶƚŚĞďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ dŽ ƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞ͕ ůŝƩůĞ ĚŽƵďƚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJĚĞƐŝŐŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐϮϭst century ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ ůŽŽŬƐ
ƐĞŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐƌŽƐƐͲ ƌŽƐLJŽǀĞƌĂůů͘
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŝĚĞŶƟƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ŶƵĂŶĐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŬŝŶĚ
ŽĨ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ǁŽƌŬ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ ŵĂŶLJ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐŵĞŶƚƐ
ŐƌŽǁ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ǁŚŝůĞ ŽīĞƌŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ ƵƚŚŽƌƐ ĂƌĞ ŐƌĂƚĞĨƵů ĨŽƌ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟǀĞ ĨĞĞĚďĂĐŬ
ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͘ ŽīĞƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐĂƚƚŚĞƐLJŵƉŽƐŝƵŵĞŶƟƚůĞĚ
Vernacular or so-called southern theory͗ South Asian dŚĞ ^ƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ, organised
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŚĂƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ƚŽ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞ ũŽŝŶƚůLJ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ &ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͕ >ĂŬƐŚŵŝ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨǀĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ĞdžƉůŽƌŝŶŐ DŝƩĂů^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞ'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ^ĐŚŽŽů
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƐƚLJůĞƐ͛ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ͕ ŽĨ ĞƐŝŐŶ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ
ĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ D͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂĚƌĂŌǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐĞƐƐĂLJƟƚůĞĚtŚŽ͛Ɛ
ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂů ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ ĨŽƌ ŵƵĐŚ ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐŝŶŐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƚͲŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘ dŚĞ ĨŽĐƵƐ ƵƉŽŶ ŚŽǁ͍ǁĂƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŽŶ&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJϮϮ͕ϮϬϮϯ͘;ǀĂŝůĂďůĞ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ǀĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĐŽƵůĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ůŝŶŬ͗ ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘LJŽƵƚƵďĞ͘ĐŽŵͬ
ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ŵƵĐŚ ŵŽƌĞ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůůLJ ǁĂƚĐŚ͍ǀсŬYͲD/EdžϰzϬĂĐĐĞƐƐĞĚ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϲ͕ϮϬϮϰ͘Ϳ
ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚ͕ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ďĞƩĞƌ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ ƚŽ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ;ůŽƵƐĞ͕ ϮϬϭϳͿ͘
ŽŵŵŽŶ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƌĚŝŶĂƌLJ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ͻ ďĞLJŶĂLJĂŬĞ͕d͕͘DĞĞƟLJĂŐŽĚĂ͕>͕͘<ĂŶŬĂŶĂŵ͕E͕͘Θ
DĂŚĂŶĂŵĂ͕W͘<͘^͘;ϮϬϮϮͿ͘/ŵĂŐĞĂďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚ>ĞŐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͗
ǀĂƐƚƌĞŐŝŽŶƚĂĐŬůĞĂǁŝĚĞǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐŽŶĂŶ
ŽŐŶŝƟǀĞŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚsŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŝŶ'ĂůůĞ
ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJďĂƐŝƐŝŶƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚǀĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌǁĂLJƐǁŚŝĐŚ
,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŝƚLJ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚhƌďĂŶŝƐŵ,
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐŚŝƉ ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ
ϰϲ;ϮͿ͕ϭϮϲʹϭϯϲ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϯϴϰϲͬũĂƵ͘ϮϬϮϮ͘ϭϲϭϳϳ
ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐĞ͘
ͻ ŐƌĂǁĂů͕K͘W͘;ϮϬϬϮͿ͘ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŶĞĞĚƐ
Climate change͗ dŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛Ɛ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ ŽĨƚŚĞdĂũDĂŚĂů͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ,
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂǁŝĚĞǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƉŽƐĞĚďLJĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ϴ;ϯͿ͕ϳϯʹϴϳ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϯϱϱϲϮϬϳ͘ϮϬϬϮ͘ϭϬϳ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚŽ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐĞ ϴϱϯϮϴ
 ͻ
DECEMBER 2023
ŚŵĞĚ͕͘^͘;ϮϬϭϵͿ͘/ŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶŚĞƚĞƌŽƚŽƉŝĂĂŶĚ
ƐŝŵƵůĂĐƌƵŵ͗sĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞŽĨĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚƐŝŶ
ĂŶŐůĂĚĞƐŚ͛ƐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ,
ϰ;ϰͿ͕ϯʹϭϭ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϮϯϵϲϴͬϮϱϬϬͲϬϬϱϱͲϮϬϭϵͲϰͲ
ϰͲϬϯͲϭϭ
ͻ ŚƵũĂ͕Z͕͘:ĂŝŶ͕D͕͘^ĂǁŚŶĞLJ͕͕͘ΘƌŝĨ͕D͘;ϮϬϭϲͿ͘
ĚŽƉƟŽŶŽĨ/DďLJĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĮƌŵƐŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͗
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJʹŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶʹĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĞƐŝŐŶDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ,
ϭϮ;ϰͿ͕ϯϭϭʹϯϯϬ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϳϰϱϮϬϬϳ͘ϮϬϭϲ͘
ϭϭϴϲϱϴϵ
ͻ ƌƵŶŶ͕^͕͘͘,ĂLJƐͲDŝƚĞĐŚĞůů͕D͕͘ĞŝŐůĞƌ͕͘:͕͘Θ'ƌĂLJďŝůů͕
:͘<͘;ϮϬϭϲͿ͘ŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞtŽƌůĚ͗ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůWĂƩĞƌŶƐĂŶĚ
hƌďĂŶŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ;^ŝdžƚŚͿ͘ZŽǁŵĂŶΘ>ŝƩůĞĮĞůĚ͘
ͻ ŚƵƐŝĚ͕:͘D͘;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘dŚĞ/ŶĚŝĂ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĞŶƚƌĞ
ŽĨ:ŽƐĞƉŚůůĞŶ^ƚĞŝŶ͗ƐƚŽƌLJŽĨĐŽůĚǁĂƌƉŽůŝƟĐƐĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŽĚĞƌŶŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ, Ϯϭ;ϮͿ͕ϳϭʹϴϰ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬ
ϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϯϱϱϲϮϬϳ͘ϮϬϭϱ͘ϭϬϴϯϮϵϮ
ͻ ůŽƵƐĞ͕͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘dŚĞŚŝŵĂůĂLJĂŶŝĐĞƐƚƵƉĂ͗>ĂĚĂŬŚ͛Ɛ
ĐůŝŵĂƚĞͲĂĚĂƉƟǀĞǁĂƚĞƌĐĂĐŚĞ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ, ϳϭ;ϮͿ͕ϮϰϳʹϮϱϭ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϬϰϲ
ϰϴϴϯ͘ϮϬϭϳ͘ϭϯϰϬϳϴϭ
ͻ ĂŶĚŝĂ͕'͕͘^ƵĚŚĂŬĂƌĂŶ͕W͕͘ΘĂƐƵ͕͘;ϮϬϮϭͿ͘ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ
ŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJͲĞĸĐŝĞŶƚƌĞƚƌŽĮƚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ
ŽĸĐĞƐŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ, ϲ;ϮͿ͕ϯʹϭϳ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϮϯϵϲϴͬϮϱϬϬͲϬϬϱϱͲϮϬϮϭͲϲͲϮͲϬϯͲϭϳ
ϮϬ ͻ ĂƩĂ͕͕͘ΘŚŵĞĚ͕E͘;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘DĂƉƉŝŶŐ'ĞŶĚĞƌĞĚ
/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͗ƌŝƟĐĂůZĞŇĞĐƟŽŶƐŽŶsŝŽůĞŶĐĞŐĂŝŶƐƚ
tŽŵĞŶŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐŝŐŶ, ϵϬ;ϰͿ͕ϭϬϰʹϭϭϭ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϬϮͬĂĚ͘Ϯϱϵϳ
ͻ ǁŝǀĞĚŝ͕͘;ϮϬϭϵͿ͘DĂĐƌŽͲĂŶĚŵŝĐƌŽͲůĞǀĞůƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƵƐŝŶŐ
hƌďĂŶ,ĞĂƚ/ƐůĂŶĚƐƚŽƐŝŵƵůĂƚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ͕
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝƟŐĂƟŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŶDƵŵďĂŝ
ĐŝƚLJ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞZĞǀŝĞǁ, ϲϮ;ϮͿ͕ϭϮϲʹϭϰϰ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬ
ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϬϬϬϯϴϲϮϴ͘ϮϬϭϵ͘ϭϱϳϴϭϵϯ
ͻ &ŽĚĚĞ͕͘;ϮϬϬϳͿ͘&ŝƌĞĚďƌŝĐŬĂŶĚƐƵůƉŚĂƚĞĂƩĂĐŬ͗dŚĞ
ĐĂƐĞŽĨDŽĞŶũŽĚĂƌŽ͕WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ, ϭϯ;ϭͿ͕ϲϵʹϴϬ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϯϱ
ϱϲϮϬϳ͘ϮϬϬϳ͘ϭϬϳϴϰϵϴϵ
ͻ 'ŚŽƐŚ͕^͕͘sĂƌĚŚĂŶ͕s͕͘ΘZĂũŚĂŶƐ͕W͘;ϮϬϮϭͿ͘ĂŵĂŐĞ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚĂŶĚZĞŵĞĚŝĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶ/ĐŽŶŝĐ>ŝŵĞZĞŶĚĞƌĞĚ
ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ&ĂĕĂĚĞ͗dŚĞ^ĂĨĞĚĂƌĂĚĂƌŝ^ƚŽƌLJ͘/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů
:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ, ϭϱ;ϴͿ͕ϭϬϴϯʹϭϬϵϲ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϱϱϴϯϬϱϴ͘ϮϬϭϵ͘ϭϲϱϬϭϯϰ
ͻ 'ůŽǀĞƌ͕t͘:͘;ϮϬϬϴͿ͘DĂŬŝŶŐ>ĂŚŽƌĞDŽĚĞƌŶ͗
ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐĂŶĚ/ŵĂŐŝŶŝŶŐĂŽůŽŶŝĂůŝƚLJ͘hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨ
DŝŶŶĞƐŽƚĂWƌĞƐƐ͘
ͻ 'ƵĞƌƌŝĞƌŝ͕W͘D͘;ϮϬϮϭͿ͘DŝŐƌĂƟŶŐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƐ͗
WĂůůĂĚŝŽ͛ƐůĞŐĂĐLJĨƌŽŵĂůĐƵƩĂƚŽEĞǁĞůŚŝ͘ŝƚLJ͕
dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJĂŶĚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ, ϴ;ϭͿ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϴϲͬ
ƐϰϬϰϭϬͲϬϮϭͲϬϬϭϯϱͲϬ
ͻ 'ƵŶĂƟůĂŬĂ͕Z͘E͕͘ďĚĞĞŶ͕&͘E͕͘Θ^ĞƉĂƐŐŽnjĂƌ͕^͘D͘
͘;ϮϬϮϭͿ͘ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐĐŽƌŝŶŐƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞƚŚĞ
ůĞǀĞůŽĨƐŵĂƌƚŶĞƐƐŝŶĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͗ĐĂƐĞŽĨ
^ƌŝ>ĂŶŬĂ͘ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ, ϭϭ;ϲϰϰͿ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϯϯϵϬͬ
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐϭϭϭϮϬϲϰϰ
ͻ ,ĂŐŐĞƌƚLJ͕D͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘dƌŽƉŝĐĂůŝƐƚdƵƌŶ͗ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
WĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐŽŶZĞŐŝŽŶĂůŝƐŵĨƌŽŵ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐŝŶŚĂŬĂ͘
&ĂďƌŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ, Ϯϳ;ϮͿ͕ϮϯϭʹϮϱϴ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϬ
ϯϯϭϴϲϳ͘ϮϬϭϳ͘ϭϮϵϲϯϭϱ
ͻ ,ĂƌŽŽŶ͕&͕͘EĂǁĂnj͕D͘^͕͘<ŚŝůĂƚ͕&͕͘ΘƌƐŚĂĚ͕,͘^͘,͘
;ϮϬϭϵͿ͘hƌďĂŶ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨƚŚĞtĂůůĞĚŝƚLJKĨ>ĂŚŽƌĞ͗
ƌŝƟĐĂůŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚƚŚĞtĂLJ&ŽƌǁĂƌĚĨŽƌWŽůŝĐLJ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂů
ŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚWůĂŶŶŝŶŐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ, ϯϲ;ϰͿ͕ϮϴϵʹϯϬϮ͘
ͻ ,ŽƐƐĂŝŶ͕D͕͘͘^ŚĂŵƐ͕^͕͘ŵŝŶ͕D͕͘ZĞnjĂ͕D͘^͕͘Θ
ŚŽǁĚŚƵƌLJ͕d͘h͘;ϮϬϭϵͿ͘WĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶĂŶĚďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐƚŽ
ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞĂŶĚĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞŐƌĞĞŶƌŽŽĨƐ
ŝŶŚĂŬĂ͕ĂŶŐůĂĚĞƐŚ͘ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ, ϵ;ϳϵͿ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘
ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϯϯϵϬͬďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐϵϬϰϬϬϳϵ
ͻ ,ŽƐƐĂŝŶ͕D͘D͕͘>ĂƵ͕͕͘tŝůƐŽŶ͕Z͕͘Θ&ŽƌĚ͕͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘
īĞĐƚŽĨĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐǁŝŶĚŽǁƚLJƉĞĂŶĚǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ
ŽŶŝŶĚŽŽƌƚŚĞƌŵĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĞdžŝƐƟŶŐŐĂƌŵĞŶƚ
ĨĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐŝŶĂŶŐůĂĚĞƐŚ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞZĞǀŝĞǁ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϬϬϬϯϴϲϮϴ͘ϮϬϭϳ͘ϭϯϯϳϱϱϳ
ͻ ,ŽƐƐĂŝŶ͕D͘^͘;ϮϬϭϯͿ͘^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƚŽŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞƚŚĞDƵŐŚĂů
ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶKůĚŚĂŬĂ͘&ƌŽŶƟĞƌƐŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ, Ϯ͕ϰϮϬʹϰϯϰ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϭϲͬũ͘
ĨŽĂƌ͘ϮϬϭϯ͘Ϭϴ͘ϬϬϮ
ͻ :ĂŵĞƐͲŚĂŬƌĂďŽƌƚLJ͕<͘;ϮϬϭϰͿ͘ZĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ
ŝŶ>ŽƵŝƐ<ĂŚŶ͛ƐEĂƟŽŶĂůƐƐĞŵďůLJ͕ŚĂŬĂ͗DŽĚĞƌŶŝƚLJ
ĂŶĚŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐŵŝŶĂŶŐůĂĚĞƐŚŝĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘&ƌŽŶƟĞƌƐ
ŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ, ϯ͕ϴϭʹϴϴ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘
ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϭϲͬũ͘ĨŽĂƌ͘ϮϬϭϰ͘Ϭϭ͘ϬϬϯ
ͻ <ŚĂŶ͕D͕͘͘Θ>ŽŬĞ͕>͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘EĞdžƵƐŽĨ^ŽĐŝĂů:ƵƐƟĐĞ͕
dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌZŝƐŬZĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶĂůĂŬŽƚ͕
WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ͗&ŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ/ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞŽƌĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞ͍
dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůǁĞůůŝŶŐƐĂŶĚ^ĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐZĞǀŝĞǁ, Ϯϵ;ϭͿ͕
ϲϯʹϴϮ͘
ͻ <ŝŶŐ͕͘͘;ϭϵϳϲͿ͘ŽůŽŶŝĂůhƌďĂŶĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͗ƵůƚƵƌĞ͕
^ŽĐŝĂůWŽǁĞƌĂŶĚŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͘
ͻ <ƂŶŝŐƐďĞƌŐĞƌ͕K͕͘/ŶŐĞƌƐŽůů͕K͘,͕͘ΘDĂLJŚĞǁd͘'͘;ϭϵϳϰͿ͘
DĂŶƵĂůKĨdƌŽƉŝĐĂů,ŽƵƐŝŶŐΘƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͘KƌŝĞŶƚ>ŽŶŐŵĂŶ
WƌŝǀĂƚĞ>ŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘
ͻ <ƵŵĂƌ͕^͕͘ΘĂŶƐĂů͕s͘<͘;ϮϬϭϲͿ͘'/^ͲďĂƐĞĚ
ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJĨŽƌƐĂĨĞƐŝƚĞƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŚŝůůLJ
ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘&ƌŽŶƟĞƌƐŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ, ϱ;ϭͿ͕ϯϵʹϱϭ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϭϲͬũ͘ĨŽĂƌ͘ϮϬϭϲ͘Ϭϭ͘ϬϬϭ
ͻ <ƵŶĚŽŽ͕͘;ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ƵƌŽǀŝůůĞ͗ŶƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐŝŐŶ, ϳϳ;ϲͿ͕ϱϬʹϱϱ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬ
ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϬϮͬĂĚ͘ϱϱϳ
ͻ DĂŚƐƵĚ͕͘͘<͘;ϮϬϬϴͿ͘ŽŶƐƚĂŶƟŶŽƐ͘ŽdžŝĂĚŝƐ͛ƉůĂŶ
ĨŽƌ/ƐůĂŵĂďĂĚ͗ƚŚĞŵĂŬŝŶŐŽĨĂ͞ŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞ͟ϭϵϱϵͲ
ϭϵϲϯ;/ƐƐƵĞƉƌŝůͿ͘<ĂƚŚŽůŝĞŬĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĞŝƚ>ĞƵǀĞŶ͘
ͻ DŽŚĂŶƚĂ͕͕͘ĂƐ͕^͕͘ΘDŽŚĂŶƚLJ͕Z͘E͘;ϮϬϮϭͿ͘ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
ĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞƚƌĂĚĞͲŽīŵĞƚŚŽĚŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚ/DͲďĂƐĞĚ
ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJͲĞĸĐŝĞŶƚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞ͘
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĞƐŝŐŶDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϳϰϱϮϬϬϳ͘ϮϬϮϭ͘ϭϵϰϭϳϰϭ
ͻ DŽƌƐŚĞĚ͕͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘DŽĚĞƌŶŝƐŵĂƐWŽƐƚŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝƐƚ
WŽůŝƟĐƐ͗DƵnjŚĂƌƵů/ƐůĂŵ͛Ɛ&ĂĐƵůƚLJŽĨ&ŝŶĞƌƚƐ;ϭϵϱϯͲϱϲͿ͘
 :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĂŶƐ, ϳϲ;ϰͿ͕ ͻ

DECEMBER 2023
ĂŚŽŽƌ͕,͕͘ŚĂŶ͕͘W͕͘͘'ĂŽ͕Z͕͘ΘhƚĂŵĂ͕t͘W͘
ϱϯϮʹϱϰϵ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϱϮϱͬũƐĂŚ͘ϮϬϭϳ͘ϳϲ͘ϰ͘ϱϯϮ ;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘dŚĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƚŽĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
ͻ EĂǁĂnj͕D͘^͘;ϮϬϮϯͿ͘ĂůůĨŽƌ^ŚŝŌŝŶ/ŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂů ĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚƐŝŶWĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ͗dŚĞŝƌƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞůƉŚŝ
^ƚĂŶĚƉŽŝŶƚ͗&ƌŽŵWŽƐŝƟǀŝƐƚZĂƟŽŶĂůŝƐŵƚŽĚĂƉƟǀĞ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞ͘ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ͕ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ĐƟŽŶ͘/ŶE͘:ĂǀĞĚΘD͘^͘EĂǁĂnj;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͕WŽǁĞƌ͕WƌŽĮƚƐ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ, Ϯϰ;ϯͿ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϬϴͬDͲϬϭͲ
ĂŶĚWůĂŶƐ͗dŚĞWŽůŝƟĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵLJŽĨ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐŝŶWĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ ϮϬϭϲͲϬϬϮϳ
;ƉƉ͘ϮϮϲʹϮϰϱͿ͘WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
EcŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬƉŝĚĞ͘ŽƌŐ͘ƉŬͬƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚͬƉŽǁĞƌͲƉƌŽĮƚƐͲ
ƉůĂŶƐͲƚŚĞͲƉŽůŝƟĐĂůͲĞĐŽŶŽŵLJͲŽĨͲŚŽƵƐŝŶŐͲŝŶͲƉĂŬŝƐƚĂŶͬ
ͻ EĂǁĂnj͕D͘^͕͘ΘŬďĂƌ͕^͘;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘/Ɛ>ĂŚŽƌĞ͛ƐƵƌďĂŶƐLJƐƚĞŵ
ƌĞĂĚLJƚŽƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͍dŚĞĐĂƐĞŝŶWĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ͘
ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞ, Ϯ;ϮͿ͕ϮϮʹϯϮ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬ
ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϯϰϭϱϰͬϮϬϮϬͲ:ͲϬϮϬϮͲϮϮͲϯϮͬĞƵƌĂĂƐƐ
ͻ WŝĞƌŝƐ͕͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘ǁĞůůŝŶŐŝŶƌƵŝŶƐ͗īĞĐƟǀĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝƟĞƐ
ŽĨƚŚĞ^ƌŝ>ĂŶŬĂŶĐŝǀŝůǁĂƌ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϯϲϬϮϯϲϱ͘ϮϬϭϳ͘ϭϯϲϯϮϲϱ
ͻ ZĂŵƉƌĂƐĂĚ͕s͕͘Θ^ƵďďĂŝLJĂŶ͕'͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘WĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚŝŶĚŽŽƌ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵƐĂŶĚŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͗
ĂƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĂŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͘
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĞƐŝŐŶDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϳϰϱϮϬϬϳ͘ϮϬϭϳ͘ϭϮϴϳϬϱϬ
ͻ ZŽƐƐĂƚŽ͕>͕͘DĂƐƐĂŝ͕W͕͘DĂŝĞƫ͕&͕͘ΘĂůnjĂŶŝ͕D͘;ϮϬϮϭͿ͘
ŝŐŝƚĂůdŽŽůƐĨŽƌŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨsĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌ
ƵůƚƵƌĂů,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂŶŝƚLJĞŶƚĞƌƐ͘/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů
:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ, ϭϱ;ϲͿ͕ϵϯϭʹϵϰϭ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬ
ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϱϱϴϯϬϱϴ͘ϮϬϭϵ͘ϭϲϴϯϳϳϴ
ͻ ^ĐƌŝǀĞƌ͕W͕͘ΘWƌĂŬĂƐŚ͕s͘;ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ŽůŽŶŝĂůŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƟĞƐ͗
ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ĚǁĞůůŝŶŐĂŶĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŝŶƌŝƟƐŚ/ŶĚŝĂĂŶĚ
ĞLJůŽŶ͘/ŶŽůŽŶŝĂůDŽĚĞƌŶŝƟĞƐ͗ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ǁĞůůŝŶŐĂŶĚ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŝŶƌŝƟƐŚ/ŶĚŝĂĂŶĚĞLJůŽŶ͘ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͘ Ϯϭ
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϰϯϮϰͬϵϳϴϬϮϬϯϵϲϰϮϲϮ
ͻ ^ĞŶĂƌĂƚŶĞ͕^͕͘ΘZƵǁĂŶƉƵƌĂ͕D͘;ϮϬϭϲͿ͘ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ
ŝŶĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͗ĂŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĐĂƐĞ
ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶ^ƌŝ>ĂŶŬĂ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĞƐŝŐŶ
DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ, ϭϮ;ϭͿ͕ϯʹϭϴ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϳϰϱ
ϮϬϬϳ͘ϮϬϭϱ͘ϭϬϱϲϳϮϭ
ͻ ^ĞŶŐƵƉƚĂ͕d͘;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘WĂƉĞƌĞĚƐƉĂĐĞƐ͗ĐůĞƌŝĐĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͕
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƐƉĂƟĂůĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂů WƌŽĨ͘^ĂŶũĞĞǀsŝĚLJĂƌƚŚŝ;ϬϵϵϬϴͿŝƐƚŚĞŚĞĂĚŽĨƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ
ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞŝŶĞŶŐĂů͕ŽůŽŶŝĂů/ŶĚŝĂ͕ϭϴϮϬƐʹϭϴϲϬƐ͘ ŽĨhƌďĂŶWůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚWŽůŝĐLJ;hWWͿĂƚƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨ/ůůŝŶŽŝƐ
:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ, Ϯϱ;ϮͿ͕ϭϭϭʹϭϯϳ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭ ŚŝĐĂŐŽ ;h/Ϳ͘ ,Ğ ŚĂƐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌĞĚ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŬƐ ĂŶĚ ũŽƵƌŶĂů
Ϭ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϯϲϬϮϯϲϱ͘ϮϬϮϬ͘ϭϳϯϯϴϲϭ ĂƌƟĐůĞƐ ĞdžƉůŽƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƐĐĞŶĞ ŝŶ
ͻ ^ŚĂƐƚƌLJ͕s͕͘DĂŶŝ͕D͕͘ΘdĞŶŽƌŝŽ͕Z͘;ϮϬϭϲͿ͘ǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ/ŶĚŝĂ͘
ƚŚĞƌŵĂůĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂŶĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĐůŝŵĂƟĐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞŝŶǁĂƌŵͲ ŵĂŝů͗ƐǀŝĚLJΛƵŝĐ͘ĞĚƵ
ŚƵŵŝĚĐůŝŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌǀĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌĚǁĞůůŝŶŐƐŝŶ^ƵŐŐĞŶŚĂůůŝ
;/ŶĚŝĂͿ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞZĞǀŝĞǁ, ϱϵ;ϭͿ͕ϭϮʹϮϲ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϬϬϬϯϴϲϮϴ͘ϮϬϭϰ͘ϵϳϭϳϬϭ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ͻ ^ŚĂǁ͕͘;ϮϬϬϵͿ͘dŽǁŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƉŽƐƚĐŽůŽŶŝĂů/ŶĚŝĂ͕
ϭϵϰϳͲϭϵϲϱ͗ŚĂŶĚŝŐĂƌŚƌĞͲĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚ͘hƌďĂŶ'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ,
ϯϬ;ϴͿ͕ϴϱϳʹϴϳϴ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϮϳϰϳͬϬϮϳϮͲ
ϯϲϯϴ͘ϯϬ͘ϴ͘ϴϱϳ
ͻ tĂŝƚƐ͕D͘Z͘;ϮϬϭϴͿ͘/ŵƉĞƌŝĂůsŝƐŝŽŶ͕ŽůŽŶŝĂůWƌŝƐŽŶƐ͗
ƌŝƟƐŚ:ĂŝůƐŝŶĞŶŐĂů͕ϭϴϮϯͲϳϯ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ
ŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĂŶƐ, ϳϳ;ϮͿ͕ϭϰϲʹϭϲϳ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘
ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϱϮϱͬũƐĂŚ͘ϮϬϭϴ͘ϳϳ͘Ϯ͘ϭϰϲ
D ^ŚĂĨĂĂƚ EĂǁĂnj ŝƐ Ă ĚŽĐƚŽƌĂů ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ Ăƚ hWW͘ ,Ğ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ
ͻ tĂŶŐŵŽ͕W͕͘^ŚƌĞƐƚŚĂ͕<͕͘͘DŝLJĂŵŽƚŽ͕D͕͘ΘŽŬŝ͕d͘ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐĂƌŽƵŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͕ŐůŽďĂůǀĂůƵĞĐŚĂŝŶƐĂŶĚ
;ϮϬϭϴͿ͘ƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŽĨŽƵƚͲŽĨͲƉůĂŶĞďĞŚĂǀŝŽƌŽĨƌĂŵŵĞĚ ƚŚĞďĂnjĂĂƌĞĐŽŶŽŵLJƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
ĞĂƌƚŚǁĂůůƐďLJƉƵůůͲĚŽǁŶƚĞƐƚƐ͘/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ ĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂŶ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϭϱϱϴϯϬϱ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘
ϴ͘ϮϬϭϴ͘ϭϰϯϯϵϬϯ ŵĂŝů͗ŵŶĂǁĂnjϱΛƵŝĐ͘ĞĚƵ
DECEMBER 2023
RESEARCH PAPER
Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effect
in Punjab’s Urban Expansion:
Critical Need for Awareness to Stakeholder
of All Institutions of Development
ďLJWƌŽĨ͘ŬĂŶŬƐŚĂ^ŚĂƌŵĂĂŶĚƌ͘<ĂƌĂŵũŝƚ^ŝŶŐŚŚĂŚĂů
ϮϮ
ďƐƚƌĂĐƚ
dŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞdžƉůŽƌĞƐƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĞũŽƵƌŶĞLJŽĨ
WƵŶũĂď͕/ŶĚŝĂ͕ŶĂǀŝŐĂƟŶŐĂƐŚŝŌĨƌŽŵĂŶĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ŚƵď ƚŽ Ă ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞͲĐĞŶƚƌŝĐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƌĂƉŝĚ
ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘tŝƚŚĂƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨϯϭŵŝůůŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞϮϬϭϭ
census indicates that Punjab’s urban areas burgeoned
ƚŽϯϳ͘ϰϵй͘dŚĞƐƚƵĚLJĚĞůǀĞƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ
ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶĂůďĞĚŽ͕ƵŶǀĞŝůŝŶŐŽŌĞŶͲ
ŽǀĞƌůŽŽŬĞĚ ĐůŝŵĂƟĐ ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƚŚĞ
ĞƐĐĂůĂƟŶŐ hƌďĂŶ ,ĞĂƚ /ƐůĂŶĚ ;h,/Ϳ ĞīĞĐƚƐ͘ h,/
leads to a rapid temperature rise in urban areas
ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƌƵƌĂů ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘ hŶƉůĂŶŶĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ
ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ
ŝŶƚŽŚĂƌĚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐĂůƚĞƌŵŝĐƌŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞƐ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐĐŝƟĞƐ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƉƌŽŶĞ ƚŽ ĂĚǀĞƌƐĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ ĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŶŐ
ĚŝƐĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ͕ ŚĞĂƚ ǁĂǀĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͘
hƟůŝƐŝŶŐ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞƐ ƵƌďĂŶ
ůĂŶĚƚƌĞŶĚƐĂŶĚĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞƐĞŶƐƵŝŶŐĐůŝŵĂƟĐƐŚŝŌƐ͘dŚĞ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ŶĞĞĚ ĨŽƌĞīĞĐƟǀĞ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ
ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ͕ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů
ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘LJƵŶǀĞŝůŝŶŐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐ͕ƚŚĞ
ƐƚƵĚLJĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐƚŽƚŚĞŶĞĞĚŽĨŵŝƟŐĂƟŶŐh,/ĞīĞĐƚƐ
ŝŶWƵŶũĂď͘dŚĞĂŝŵŝƐƚŽŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƚŚĞƵƌŐĞŶƚŶĞĞĚĨŽƌ
ƚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐ͕ ƵŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǀŝƚĂů ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ
urban planners and architects in understanding the
ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĐƌŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘ dŚŝƐ
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĂŌŝŶŐ ŵŽƌĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĂďůĞ͕ ůŝǀĂďůĞ͕
ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĐƌŽ
ůĞǀĞů͘
Key Words: ƵƌďĂŶ ŚĞĂƚ ŝƐůĂŶĚ͕ ŚĞĂƚ ǁĂǀĞƐ͕
ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ŵŝĐƌŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞ
ϭ͘ /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ϭ͘ϭ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
ĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϭϵϳϭ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϭ͕ /ŶĚŝĂ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚ Ă ϰ͘ϲͲ
ĨŽůĚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐƵƌƉĂƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
Ϯ͘ϴͲĨŽůĚŐƌŽǁƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞĚĞĐĂĚĂů
ŐƌŽǁƚŚƌĂƚĞŽĨƵƌďĂŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĞdžĐĞĞĚĞĚϯϬйĨƌŽŵ
ϭϵϳϭƚŽϮϬϭϭ͕ĚƌŝǀĞŶďLJĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƌĞĨŽƌŵƐŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ
ŝŶϭϵϵϭ;ĞŶƐƵƐŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂϮϬϭϭͿ͘/ŶϮϬϭϭ͕ŽƵƚŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂ͛Ɛ
ƚŽƚĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨϭϭϭϵŵŝůůŝŽŶ͕ϯϳϳŵŝůůŝŽŶůŝǀĞĚŝŶ
ƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŶŐϮϴйŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞ
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ƌŽƐĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJ
ĨƌŽŵ ϭϬ͘ϴϰй ŝŶ ϭϵϬϭ ƚŽ ϯϭ͘ϭϲй ŝŶ ϮϬϭϭ͘ ŵŽŶŐ
ŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞƐ͕dĂŵŝůEĂĚƵůĞĚŝŶƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ
ϰϯ͘ϵй ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďLJ DĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂ
ĂŶĚ 'ƵũĂƌĂƚ͘ /Ŷ ϭϵϵϭ͕ DĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂ ŚĂĚ Ă ϯϴ͘ϳй
ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĂƚĞ͕'ƵũĂƌĂƚĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ͕ĂŶĚdĂŵŝůEĂĚƵ
ƌĂŶŬĞĚ ƚŚŝƌĚ Ăƚ ϯϰ͘Ϯй͘ WƵŶũĂď͕ ,ĂƌLJĂŶĂ͕ ĂŶĚ dĂŵŝů
EĂĚƵ ƐĂǁ ĂŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ
ϭϵϵϭƚŽϮϬϬϭ;ZĂƐŚŝĚ͕ĞƚĂů͕ϮϬϮϮͿ͘/ŶϮϬϬϭ͕WƵŶũĂď
ŚĂĚĂϯϰйƵƌďĂŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚ,ĂƌLJĂŶĂƐƚŽŽĚĂƚ

&ŝŐ͘ϭ͗^ĐŚĞŵĂƟĐŽĨƵƌďĂŶĐĂŶŽƉLJůĂLJĞƌĂŶĚƵƌďĂŶďŽƵŶĚĂƌLJůĂLJĞƌ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗KŬĞ͕ϭϵϵϱ
Ϯϵй͕ĚƌŝǀĞŶďLJƌĂƉŝĚŐƌŽǁƚŚŝŶĐŝƟĞƐůŝŬĞ&ĂƌŝĚĂďĂĚ
ĂŶĚ 'ƵƌŐĂŽŶ͘ KƚŚĞƌ ƐƚĂƚĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ DĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂ͕
<ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ͕ ĂŶĚ 'ƵũĂƌĂƚ͕ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚ ŽǀĞƌ Ă Ϯй
ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ŶĚŚƌĂ WƌĂĚĞƐŚ͕
ŝŚĂƌ͕ZĂũĂƐƚŚĂŶ͕ĂŶĚtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂůŚĂĚůŽǁĞƌƌĂƚĞƐ͘
This discussion aims to underscore the pressing need
ĨŽƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐ͕ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞƉŝǀŽƚĂůƌŽůĞŽĨƵƌďĂŶƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐĂŶĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐŝŶ
ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŶƵĂŶĐĞĚŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
ŽŶƚŚĞŵŝĐƌŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘
ϭ͘Ϯ hƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŝŵƉĂĐƚĐůŝŵĂƚĞ
dŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽĚŽƵďƚƚŚĂƚƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶďƌŝŶŐƐŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ
ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ĞīĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĚ
ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ŽĨ ůŝǀŝŶŐ͕ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ůŽĐĂů ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ
ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ ĐĂƌĞĞƌ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ
ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕
the unplanned expansion and heightened urban
ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŝŶĐŝƟĞƐŚĂǀĞůĞĚƚŽŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ͕
ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕
ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶ͕ ƐƵďƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
ĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƵŶĐŚĞĐŬĞĚƌŝƐĞ
ŝŶƵƌďĂŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŚĂƐƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ
ŝŶƚŚĞŵŝĐƌŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞŽĨĐŝƟĞƐ;^ĂĚŚĂƐŚŝǀĂŵΘ^ŚĂŚůĂ͕
ϮϬϭϲͿ͘ĐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞĚďLJƚŚĞĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶŽĨƵƌďĂŶůĂŶĚ
ƵƐĞ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ƵŶĐŚĞĐŬĞĚ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ƌĞƉůĂĐĞƐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ
ǁŝƚŚ ŚŝŐŚͲĞŵŝƐƐŝǀŝƚLJ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐ͕ ĂůƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƌƵŶŽī ĂŶĚ
ĂůďĞĚŽĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ;,ĞůďůŝŶŐΘDĞŝĞƌƌŝĞŬƐ͕ϮϬϮϮͿ͘
ŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ͕ƚŚŝƐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐƚŽĂŶ
ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƵƌďĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ
compared to the surrounding rural areas, leading to
ƚŚĞ ƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶŽŶ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ hƌďĂŶ ,ĞĂƚ /ƐůĂŶĚ
;h,/Ϳ īĞĐƚ͘ >ƵŬĞ ,ŽǁĂƌĚ ;ϭϴϭϴͿ ŝŶŝƟĂůůLJ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ
ƚŚŝƐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŝŶϭϴϭϴ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞh,/īĞĐƚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐƚŚĞ
DECEMBER 2023
temperature rise in built-up urban areas in contrast
ƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƌƵƌĂůƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘
ϭ͘ϯ hƌďĂŶ,ĞĂƚ/ƐůĂŶĚ
/Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ƚŽǁŶƐ͕ ƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƐŝnjĞ͕ ŐŝǀĞ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ h,/ ǁŝƚŚ
ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƟĞƐ͕ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ ďLJ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůĂŶĚ
ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ŚĞĂƚ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ KŬĞ͛Ɛ Ϯϯ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ;ϭϵϵϱͿ͕ƚŚĞŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞĐůŝŵĂƚĞƉĂƩĞƌŶǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐŝƐĞůƵĐŝĚĂƚĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚƌĞĞŬĞLJƐĐĂůĞƐ͗
Micro scale climate, Meso scale climate, and Local
ƐĐĂůĞ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘ dŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ůĂLJĞƌ͕ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ hƌďĂŶ ,ĞĂƚ
/ƐůĂŶĚ;^h,/Ϳ͕ŝƐƐŚĂƉĞĚďLJŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ
ĂŶĚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ůĂLJĞƌ͕
ƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞhƌďĂŶ,ĞĂƚ/ƐůĂŶĚ;h,/Ϳ͕ŝƐĐŽŶƟŶŐĞŶƚ
ƵƉŽŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ĂŶĚ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ďƌĞĂŬƐ ĚŽǁŶ
ŝŶƚŽ ĂŶŽƉLJ >ĂLJĞƌ hƌďĂŶ ,ĞĂƚ /ƐůĂŶĚ ;>h,/Ϳ ĂŶĚ
ŽƵŶĚĂƌLJ >ĂLJĞƌ hƌďĂŶ ,ĞĂƚ /ƐůĂŶĚ ;>h,/Ϳ sŽŽŐƚ
ĂŶĚ KŬĞ ;ϮϬϬϯͿ ƌĞĮŶĞĚ h,/ ŝŶƚŽ ƚǁŽ ůĂLJĞƌƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ
>h,/ ŽďƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ĞůĞǀĂƚĞĚ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ƵƌďĂŶǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ>h,/ŽĐĐƵƌƌŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞůŽǁĞƐƚ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, where surface-air
ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJŝŵƉĂĐƚǁĞĂƚŚĞƌĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
;&ŝŐ͘ϭͿ͘ ZĞĐŽŐŶŝƐŝŶŐ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ h,/ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŝƐ ĐƌƵĐŝĂů ĨŽƌ
ĚĞǀŝƐŝŶŐ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĚƵĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ĚŝƐƟŶĐƚ ŽƌŝŐŝŶƐ͕ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞīĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚĞ
ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ h,/͕ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ǀĂƌLJ
ĨƌŽŵŽŶĞĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘
ϭ͘ϰ ĂƵƐĞƐŽĨ'ĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨhƌďĂŶ,ĞĂƚ/ƐůĂŶĚīĞĐƚ
dŚĞ hƌďĂŶ ,ĞĂƚ /ƐůĂŶĚ ;h,/Ϳ ĞīĞĐƚ ĂƌŝƐĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ Ă
ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶͲŵĂĚĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚĞĂƚ
ǁŝƚŚŝŶƵƌďĂŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ;KŬĞ͕ϭϵϵϱͿ͘
 ͻ EĂƚƵƌĂů &ĂĐƚŽƌƐ: WƵŶũĂďƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘dŚŝƐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐĐŽƌƌĞůĂƟŶŐ
DECEMBER 2023

these are inherent

ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ďĞ ĂůƚĞƌĞĚ ůŝŬĞ
ƚƌŽƉŝĐĂů ĐůŝŵĂƚĞƐ͕ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŚĞĂƚ ĚƵĞ
ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƚŽ ƐŽůĂƌ ƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞ ƐƵŵŵĞƌ͘ WĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚĞ͕
ůĂƟƚƵĚĞ ĂŶĚ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ƉůĂLJ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ
ŵŝĐƌŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞƐ͘
ͻ DĂŶͲDĂĚĞ &ĂĐƚŽƌƐ͗ hŶƉůĂŶŶĞĚ͕ ŚĂƉŚĂnjĂƌĚ Žƌ
poorly plannedƵƌďĂŶĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ͻ
Poorly planned urban expansion contributes
ƚŽ ƚŚĞ h,/ ĞīĞĐƚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ
treatment, urban geometry, anthropogenic
ŚĞĂƚŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĞƚĐ͘
/ƚ͛Ɛ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ŶŽƚĞ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŚŝůĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ůŝŬĞ
ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĂůƚĞƌĂďůĞ͕
ŵĂŶͲŵĂĚĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĐĂŶďĞŵŽĚŝĮĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉƌŽƉĞƌ
ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ͻ
ƵƌďĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ůĂŶĚƵƐĞ͕ĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
ĐĂŶŵŝƟŐĂƚĞƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞh,/ĞīĞĐƚ͘
ϭ͘ϱ dĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞhƌďĂŶ,ĞĂƚ/ƐůĂŶĚĞīĞĐƚ
sĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ƉůĂLJ Ă ĐƌƵĐŝĂů ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞ h,/ ĞīĞĐƚ͕ ĐĂƉƚƵƌŝŶŐ ŶƵĂŶĐĞĚ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
ǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘
^ƚĂƟŽŶĂƌLJ ĮĞůĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞ ĮdžĞĚ ĚĂƚĂ
ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƉŽŝŶƚƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĂůůLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ
ƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
Ϯϰ
ĚĂƚĂ͘ WŽƌƚĂďůĞ ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ ƐƚĂƟŽŶƐ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJ͕
allowing for on-the-spot temperature monitoring
Ăƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ DŽďŝůĞ dƌĂǀĞƌƐĞƐ͕ ƉŝŽŶĞĞƌĞĚ
ďLJ ĐůŝŵĂƚŽůŽŐŝƐƚ dŽŶLJ ŚĂŶĚůĞƌ ;ϭϵϲϱͿ͕ ƵƐĞ ƐĞŶƐŽƌͲ
ĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐƚŽƚƌĂǀĞƌƐĞƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐ͕ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ
dynamic and geographically detailed temperature
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘ ŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ƐƚĂƟŽŶĂƌLJ ĂŶĚ ŵŽďŝůĞ
ƐƵƌǀĞLJƐ ŽīĞƌƐ Ă ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ
ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ h,/ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ǀĂƌLJŝŶŐ ƐƉĂƟĂů
ƐĐĂůĞƐ;KŬĞ͕ϮϬϬϯͿ͘
EƵŵĞƌŝĐĂů ŵŽĚĞůŝŶŐ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ůĞǀĞƌĂŐĞ ƐŽƉŚŝƐƟĐĂƚĞĚ
ĐŽŵƉƵƚĂƟŽŶĂů ŵŽĚĞůƐ ƚŽ ƐŝŵƵůĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞ
h,/ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŵŽĚĞůƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž
ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝŶŐ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
these ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ƚƌĞŶĚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ
weather data obtained from census records and
ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐǁĞĂƚŚĞƌƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ͘dŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞŵƉůŽLJƐ
ŵĞƟĐƵůŽƵƐĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƵŶƌĂǀĞůƚŚĞ
ŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ and
ƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶĐůŝŵĂƚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJ
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĞůĞǀĂƚĞĚƵƌďĂŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘
WŚĂƐĞ Ϯ Ͳ /ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ 'ĂƉƐ ĂŶĚ
DŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͗dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƉŚĂƐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ
Ă ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ
ƚŚĞ ĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŝƟĂů ĚĂƚĂ ĞdžƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘
ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ
ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚĂŶĚĞīĞĐƟǀĞ
measures to address the challenges posed by
ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶͲŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĐůŝŵĂƟĐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ͘
WŚĂƐĞ ϯ Ͳ ŽŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ /ŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ͗ dŚĞ ĮŶĂů ƉŚĂƐĞ
ĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐĞƐĂĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞ ŬĞLJ ŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ ĚĞƌŝǀĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘
dŚĞ ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ Ă ƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐƵŶĐŽǀĞƌĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ,
ůĂŶĚƵƐĞƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĐůŝŵĂƟĐǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐ
ŝŶ WƵŶũĂď͘ /ƚ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŐĂƉƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ
ƵƌŐĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚ
ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͘
ϯ͘ ^ƚƵĚLJƌĞĂ͗ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐ/ŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƚŚĞ
ůŝŵĂƚĞŝŶWƵŶũĂď
WƵŶũĂď͕ƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͛ƐŶŽƌƚŚǁĞƐƚ͕ŚŽůĚƐĂƉŝǀŽƚĂů
ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƟŽŶ͛Ɛ ĨŽŽĚ ƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞ ŝƚƐ
ŵŽĚĞƐƚ ƐŝnjĞ͕ ĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐ ůĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ Ϯ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛ƐůĂŶĚŵĂƐƐĂŶĚŚŽƐƟŶŐũƵƐƚŽǀĞƌϮƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽĨ
ƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͛ƐŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ
ŚĂǀĞ ƵŶĚĞƌŐŽŶĞ ƐŚŝŌƐ͕ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚͲĚĂLJ
ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶƚŽDĂůǁĂ͕DĂũŚĂ͕ĂŶĚŽĂďĂƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͕ĞĂĐŚ
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƚŽWƵŶũĂď͛ƐĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ;ŚŽǁ͕ĞƚĂů͕ϮϬϭϮͿ͘

ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽ Ă ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ

ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ h,/ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐ͘ ZĞŵŽƚĞ ƐĞŶƐŝŶŐ
ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ƵƟůŝƐŝŶŐƐĂƚĞůůŝƚĞĂŶĚĂĞƌŝĂůŝŵĂŐĞƌLJ͕ŽīĞƌĂ
ďƌŽĂĚͲƐĐĂůĞƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͕ĐĂƉƚƵƌŝŶŐƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĚĂƚĂ
ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ WĂƌĂŵĞƚƌŝĐ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ
ĞdžƉůŽƌĞƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƵƌďĂŶĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͕
ƐƵĐŚĂƐůĂŶĚƵƐĞĂŶĚǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ͕ŽŶh,/ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJ͘

Ϯ͘ DĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ
ͻ WŚĂƐĞ ϭ Ͳ ĂƚĂ ŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ĂŶĚ ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ
džƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶ͗ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŝƟĂů ƉŚĂƐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ
ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚƐ Ă ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ &ŝŐ͘Ϯ͗DĂƉŽĨWƵŶũĂď
ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗'ŽŽŐůĞŵĂƉƐ
Notably, the state has played a central role in India’s dŚĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĞĞŶƌĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞ

DECEMBER 2023
'ƌĞĞŶZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ͕ǁŝƚŚŽĂďĂďĞŝŶŐĂĨĞƌƟůĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĂĚŽƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ůĂďŽƌͲƐĂǀŝŶŐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ
ĐƌƵĐŝĂůƚŽĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŐƌŽǁƚŚ;&ŝŐϮͿ͘ ŚĂǀĞ ůĞĚ ƚŽ Ă ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ĚĞĐůŝŶĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌƵƌĂů
ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘/Ŷϭϵϳϭ͕ϳϲ͘ϮϳйŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ
ϯ͘ϭ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƉĂƩĞƌŶ ƌĞƐŝĚĞĚŝŶ ƌƵƌĂůĂƌĞĂƐ͕ďƵƚ ďLJϮϬϭϭ͕ƚŚŝƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ
dŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ƚƌĞŶĚ ŝŶ WƵŶũĂď ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŵĂƌŬĞĚ ŚĂĚ ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƚŽ ϲϮ͘ϱϭй͘ /Ŷ ĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ
ďLJ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƌƵƌĂůͲƚŽͲƵƌďĂŶ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉƌŽƉĞůůŝŶŐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŝŶWƵŶũĂďŚĂƐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚĂƐƚĞĂĚLJƌŝƐĞ͘
ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ϯϯ͘ϵ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ƚŽ ϯϳ͘ϱ /Ŷϭϵϳϭ͕ƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĞĚĨŽƌϮϯ͘ϳϯй
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϮϬϬϭ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϭ ;ĞŶƐƵƐ ŽĨ /ŶĚŝĂ ;ϯ͘ϮϮ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů͕ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƚŽ ϯϳ͘ϰϵй ďLJ
ϮϬϭϭͿ͘ dŚŝƐ ƐƵƌŐĞ ƵŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ͛Ɛ ƌŽďƵƐƚ ϮϬϬϭ;ĞŶƐƵƐŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂϮϬϭϭͿ΀dĂďůĞϭ΁͘
ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ƌĂŶŬŝŶŐ ĮƌƐƚ ŝŶ /ŶĚŝĂ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƐ
ƌĂƉŝĚ ŵŽƌĚĞŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ džĂŵŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞŐƌŽǁƚŚŽĨƵƌďĂŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ
ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨWƵŶũĂďŝŶƚŽƌĞŐŝŽŶƐůŝŬĞDĂůǁĂ͕DĂũŚĂĂŶĚ ƚŽ ƚŽǁŶ ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ůĂƐƐ / ƚŽǁŶƐ ƉůĂLJĞĚ Ă
ŽĂďĂĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĂĚĚƐƚŽƚŚĞĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů ƌŽůĞ͕ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ϱϴ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ
ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂũŽƌ ĐŝƟĞƐ ůŝŬĞ >ƵĚŚŝĂŶĂ͕ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕ ƵƌďĂŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͘dŚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶůĂƐƐ
ĂŶĚ:ĂůĂŶĚŚĂƌĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJƚŽƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͛Ɛ / ĐŝƟĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ϯ ŝŶ ϭϵϱϭ ƚŽ ϭϳ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϭ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ
urban landscape ƐƚĂƚĞ͛Ɛ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ͘ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ WƵŶũĂď͕
'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůůLJ͕ WƵŶũĂď ĐŽǀĞƌƐ ϱϬ͕ϯϲϮ ƐƋƵĂƌĞ ǀŝĞǁĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ
ŬŝůŽŵĞƚĞƌƐ͕ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŶŐϭ͘ϱϯƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂ͛ƐƚŽƚĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ŚĂƐǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŐƌŽǁƚŚŽǀĞƌ
ůĂŶĚ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ͛Ɛ Ɛƚ ŝŶ ĂŐƌŽͲƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĞůĂƐƚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJĂŶĚĂŚĂůĨ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ
ƉŽƐƚƚŚĞϭϵϲϬ'ƌĞĞŶZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶŚĂƐůĞĚƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĨŽƵƌĨŽůĚŝŶƚŚĞůĂƐƚϱϬLJĞĂƌƐ͘΀dĂďůĞϮ΁͘
ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŝŶĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚĂŐƌŽͲďĂƐĞĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ͘ EŽƚĂďůLJ͕ ŶĞĂƌůLJ ŚĂůĨ ŽĨ WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ
WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ƐƵƌƉĂƐƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƌĞƐŝĚĞƐŝŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƚŽǁŶƐĂŶĚĐŝƟĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ:ĂůĂŶĚŚĂƌ͕
ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ͕ƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐϯϯ͘ϵϮƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂƚƚŚĞďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐŽĨ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕ ^ĂŚŝďnjĂĚĂũŝƚ ^ŝŶŐŚ EĂŐĂƌ ĂŶĚ >ƵĚŚŝĂŶĂ͘
ƚŚĞ ƚǁĞŶƚLJͲĮƌƐƚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͕ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵƌƚŚ ŵŽƐƚ >ƵĚŚŝĂŶĂ ĂůŽŶĞ ŚŽƐƚƐ ϭϵ͘ϴϲ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ͛Ɛ
ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĞĚƐƚĂƚĞŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͘ ƵƌďĂŶƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͘dŚŝƐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞƐƚŚĞ
KǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚĮǀĞĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŝŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐŝŶWƵŶũĂď͛ƐƵƌďĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ Ϯϱ
WƵŶũĂďŚĂƐƋƵĂĚƌƵƉůĞĚ͕ĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƟŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͛Ɛ The district of SAS Nagar stands out as the second
ŽǀĞƌĂůů ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŽĨ ƚǁŽ ĂŶĚ Ă ŚĂůĨ ƟŵĞ͘ ŵŽƐƚƵƌďĂŶŝƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͘
dĂďůĞϭ͗WƵŶũĂďhƌďĂŶĂŶĚƌƵƌĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ĞŶƐƵƐĚĂƚĂŽŶWƵŶũĂď͛ƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵϭϵϳϭƚŽϮϬϬϭ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗^ĞƌŝĞƐͲϰ͕&ŝŶĂůWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶdŽƚĂůƐ͘dŚĞϮϬϭϭĞŶƐƵƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐƚŽƚŚĞWƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĂůWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶdŽƚĂůƐ͘

Rural Urban dŽƚĂů ZƵƌĂůWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ hƌďĂŶWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ

zĞĂƌ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ;ĂƐĂƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨ ;ĂƐĂƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨƚŽƚĂů
;ŝŶŵŝůůŝŽŶƐͿ ;ŝŶŵŝůůŝŽŶƐͿ ;ŝŶŵŝůůŝŽŶƐͿ ƚŽƚĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͿ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͿ
ϭϵϳϭ ϭϬ͘ϯϯ ϯ͘ϮϮ ϭϯ͘ϱϱ ϳϲ͘Ϯϳ Ϯϯ͘ϳϯ
ϭϵϴϭ ϭϮ͘ϭϰ ϰ͘ϲϱ ϭϲ͘ϳϵ ϳϮ͘ϯϮ Ϯϳ͘ϲϴ
ϭϵϵϭ ϭϰ͘Ϯϵ ϱ͘ϵϵ ϮϬ͘Ϯϴ ϳϬ͘ϰϱ Ϯϵ͘ϱϱ
ϮϬϬϭ ϭϲ͘ϭ ϴ͘Ϯϲ Ϯϰ͘ϯϲ ϲϲ͘Ϭϴ ϯϯ͘ϵϮ
ϮϬϭϭ ϭϳ͘ϯϮ ϭϬ͘ϯ Ϯϳ͘ϳ ϲϮ͘ϱϭ ϯϳ͘ϰϵ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
dĂďůĞϮ͗dƌĞŶĚŽĨŝīĞƌĞŶƚůĂƐƐĞƐŽĨdŽǁŶƐŝŶWƵŶũĂď͗WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƐŝnjĞĐůĂƐƐŽĨƚŽǁŶƐ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ĞŶƐƵƐŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂ͕ϮϬϭϭ
zĞĂƌ Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI dŽƚĂů
ϭϵϱϭ ϯϯ͘ϭϭ ϳ͘ϳϯ Ϯϲ͘ϭϳ ϭϰ͘ϰϰ ϭϯ͘ϭϴ ϱ͘ϯϳ ϭϬϬ
ϭϵϲϭ ϯϴ͘Ϯϱ ϭϬ͘ϭϱ Ϯϴ͘ϭϭ ϭϬ͘ϰϰ ϭϬ͘ϯϴ Ϯ͘ϲϳ ϭϬϬ
ϭϵϳϭ ϰϬ͘ϱϮ ϭϱ͘ϴϰ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϭϯ͘ϯϮ ϲ͘ϴϰ ϭ͘Ϯϴ ϭϬϬ
ϭϵϴϭ ϰϲ͘ϯϴ ϭϰ͘ϯϵ ϮϬ͘Ϯϰ ϭϭ͘Ϯϴ ϲ͘ϱ ϭ͘Ϯϭ ϭϬϬ
ϭϵϵϭ ϱϰ͘ϭϲ ϭϵ͘ϵϭ ϭϮ͘ϵϮ ϭϬ͘ϴϮ ϭ͘ϳϮ Ϭ͘ϰϳ ϭϬϬ
ϮϬϬϭ ϱϴ͘ϯϴ ϭϲ͘ϰϱ ϭϮ͘ϱ ϵ͘ϴϮ Ϯ͘ϱϮ Ϭ͘ϯϯ ϭϬϬ
ϮϬϭϭ ϱϴ͘Ϭϱ ϭϲ͘ϭϭ ϭϯ͘Ϯϭ ϴ͘ϯϳ ϯ͘ϱϭ Ϭ͘ϳϮ ϭϬϬ
 /ƚĐĂŶďĞƐĞĞŶƚŚĂƚWƵŶũĂď͛ƐƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌLJŝƐŽŶĞ
DECEMBER 2023

ϯ͘ϰ dŚĞ WƵŶũĂď ^ƚĂƚĞ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ <ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ

ŽĨ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ ƐŚŝŌƐ͕ ƉƌŽƉĞůůĞĚ ďLJ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ͛Ɛ
ƵƌďĂŶůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƌĞŇĞĐƚƐŶŽƚŽŶůLJĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ
ďƵƚĂůƐŽƌĞǀĞĂůƐĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐŝŶŐƌŽǁƚŚƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů
ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ ŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ
ŵƵůƟĨĂĐĞƚĞĚŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŝŶWƵŶũĂď͘
ϯ͘Ϯ WƵŶũĂď͛ƐůŝŵĂƚĞLJŶĂŵŝĐƐ
Punjab, situated in the north-eastern part of India,
ĞdžŚŝďŝƚƐĂĐůŝŵĂƟĐƉƌŽĮůĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĞĚďLJĞdžƚƌĞŵĞƐ͕
ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďLJŝƚƐƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJƚŽƚŚĞ,ŝŵĂůĂLJĂŶĨŽŽƚŚŝůůƐ͘
dŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐĂƚƌŝƉĂƌƟƚĞĐůŝŵĂƟĐĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
into summer, monsoon, and winter, supplemented
ďLJ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĂů ƉŚĂƐĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞůLJ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŝƚƐ
ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ;ĂƐĂǁĂƌĂũĂ͕
Ğƚ Ăů͕ ϮϬϭϭͿ͘ ^ƵŵŵĞƌ͕ ƐƉĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŵŝĚͲƉƌŝů ƚŽ :ƵŶĞ͕ ͻ
ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŐƌĂĚƵĂů ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ƌŝƐĞ ĨƌŽŵ
&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJ͘ ŽŶĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵŽŶƐŽŽŶ ƐĞĂƐŽŶ͕ ǀŝƚĂů
for the state’s agrarian landscape, commences in
ĞĂƌůLJ :ƵůLJ͕ ǁŝƚŶĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ ůĞǀĞůƐ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ
ͻ
ĨƌŽŵ ϮϱϬ ƚŽ ϭϬϬϬ͘ dŚĞ ǁŝŶƚĞƌ ƐĞĂƐŽŶ͕ ƐƉĂŶŶŝŶŐ
ĨƌŽŵ ĞĂƌůLJ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ƚŽ &ĞďƌƵĂƌLJ͕ ŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ
ŶŽĐƚƵƌŶĂůƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐƉůƵŵŵĞƟŶŐƚŽϱĚĞŐƌĞĞƐĂŶĚ
ĚŝƵƌŶĂů ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ ŚŽǀĞƌŝŶŐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ϭϮ ĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ͘ ͻ
ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă WŽƐƚͲDŽŶƐŽŽŶ Žƌ dƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ
^ĞĂƐŽŶĨƌŽŵ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌƚŽĞĂƌůLJEŽǀĞŵďĞƌ͘
Ϯϲ
ϯ͘ϯ ZĞĐĞŶƚůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞsƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŝŶWƵŶũĂď
The uncontrolled and disorganised surge in
ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŚĂƐ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ
ŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ KŶ
Ă ŵĂĐƌŽ ůĞǀĞů͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŐƌĂƉƉůĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ
ŽĨ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŝƐƐƵĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŐůŽďĂů
ǁĂƌŵŝŶŐ͕ĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ͕ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJůŽƐƐ͕ƐŽŝůĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌ
ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƐƵĚĚĞŶĐůŝŵĂƟĐǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐ͘ƚƚŚĞ
ŵŝĐƌŽůĞǀĞů͕ƚŚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚƌĞŶĚŽĨƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŚĂƐůĞĚ
ƚŽƚŚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŽĨŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶƚŽ ŝŵƉĞƌŵĞĂďůĞ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐ͕
ĞdžĂĐĞƌďĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽŐĞŶŝĐ ŚĞĂƚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌLJ͘
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ĞŶƚƌĞZĞƉŽƌƚ
dŚĞWƵŶũĂď^ƚĂƚĞůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞ<ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĞŶƚƌĞ
;W^<Ϳ ŚŽƵƐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ WƵŶũĂď ^ƚĂƚĞ ŽƵŶĐŝů
ĨŽƌ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ ;W^^dͿ͕ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞƐ
ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ďLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ
ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŽƉŽůŝĐLJŵĂŬĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉƵďůŝĐ ;W^^d Θ
'/͕ ϮϬϭϱͿ͘  ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ
ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͕ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϮ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐ ƵƐŝŶŐ ϭϱ
ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂůŝŐŶĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ EĂƟŽŶĂů &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ
ƚŚĞ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ ;^dͿ͕
ƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚdĂƌŶƚĂƌĂŶ͛ƐǀĞƌLJŚŝŐŚǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ
ďLJĞŝŐŚƚĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐǁŝƚŚŚŝŐŚǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ
ĞŝŐŚƚǁŝƚŚŵĞĚŝƵŵǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘dŚĞƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐĮǀĞ
ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚůŽǁǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘
dŚĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝƐ ůŝŬĞůLJ ƚŽ ďĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ post-
monsoon ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ;KĐƚŽďĞƌ ƚŽ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌͿ
ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶϯϬͲϲϯ͘ϵй͕ǁŝƚŚƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ
increasing from east to west
/Ŷ ƚŚĞ ǁŝŶƚĞƌ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ;:ĂŶƵĂƌLJͲ&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJͿ͕ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŚŽǁƐĂĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶŵŽƐƚĂƌĞĂƐŽĨ
ƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞďLJƵƉƚŽϮϭ͘ϴйǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽďĂƐĞůŝŶĞ
In thĞƉƌĞͲŵŽŶƐŽŽŶƉĞƌŝŽĚ;DĂƌĐŚƚŽDĂLJͿ͕Ăůů
ƉĂƌƚƐŽĨWƵŶũĂďĂƌĞůŝŬĞůLJƚŽĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĂŵŝdžĞĚ
ƚƌĞŶĚ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ Ͳϰ͘ϳ ƚŽ
Ϯϵ͘ϭйǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽďĂƐĞůŝŶĞ΀&ŝŐϯ΁͘
ϯ͘ϱ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
DĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐLJ Ăƚ WƵŶũĂď ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕
>ƵĚŚŝĂŶĂZĞƉŽƌƚ
Punjab State Council for Science and Technology
;W^^dͿƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƌĞƉŽƌƚŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽĐůŝŵĂƟĐ

dŚŝƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŝŵƉĞĚĞƐ ŚĞĂƚ ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ ǁŚŝůĞ

ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ŚĞĂƚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽŐĞŶŝĐ
sources and urban geometry, thus intensifying the
h,/ĞīĞĐƚŝŶƵƌďĂŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ;sĂůƐƐŽŶΘŚĂƌĂƚ͕
ϮϬϬϵͿ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚ ƌŝƐĞ ŝŶ ŵŝĐƌŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞ
temperatures directly impacts the well-being of urban
ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ͕ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂŶƵŶŚĞĂůƚŚLJůŝǀŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘
dŚĞƐĞ ŽǀĞƌĂƌĐŚŝŶŐ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƌĞ ƚŚĞ
intricate interplay of ecological factors, emphasizing
ƚŚĞƵƌŐĞŶƚŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŽ ĂůůĞǀŝĂƚĞ
ƚŚĞĂĚǀĞƌƐĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛ƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚ &ŝŐ͘ϯ͗ĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐŽĨǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐŝŶWƵŶũĂď
ŚƵŵĂŶǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͘ ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƉƐĐƐƚ͘ƉƵŶũĂď͘ŐŽǀ͘ŝŶ
dĂďůĞϯ͗dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞsĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚLJŝŶWƵŶũĂďΎsĂůƵĞƐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞĂĐƚƵĂůƌĂŶŐĞƐĨƌŽŵůŽǁĞƐƚƚŽŚŝŐŚĞƐƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌĞĂƐŽĨƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͘
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗/ŶĚŝĂDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ;/DͿ
dŝŵĞWĞƌŝŽĚ ϭϵϱϭͲϭϵϲϬ ϭϵϲϭͲϭϵϳϬ ϭϵϳϭͲϭϵϴϬ ϭϵϴϭͲϭϵϵϬ ϭϵϵϭͲϮϬϬϬ ϮϬϬϭͲϮϬϭϬ ϮϬϭϭͲϮϬϭϴ
Annual maximum
Ϯϵ͕ϭͲϯϭ͘ϳΎ Ϯϴ͕ϵͲϯϭ͘ϱ
temperature (0C)
Annual minimum
ϭϲ͘ϮͲϭϳ͘Ϯ ϭϱ͘ϱͲϭϲ͘ϲ
temperature (0C)
Annual diurnal
temperature ϭϮ͘ϵͲϭϰ͘ϱ ϭϯ͘ϵͲǭϰ͘ϵ
0
range ( C)
ƚůĂƐ ŽĨ WƵŶũĂď: Trends ĂŶĚ WƌŽũĞĐƟŽŶƐ based on
ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ ƐƉĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ƐĞǀĞŶ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͕
ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞƐŶŽƚĂďůĞƐŚŝŌƐŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ͘dŚĞ
ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ĂŶĚ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ϭϵϲϭ
ƚŽ ϭϵϵϵ ĞdžŚŝďŝƚĞĚ Ă ĐŽŽůŝŶŐ ƚƌĞŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌĞĐĞĚŝŶŐ ĚĞĐĂĚĞ ;ϭϵϱϭͲϲϬͿ ĂƐ ƐŚŽǁŶ ŝŶ dĂďůĞ ϯ͘
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĂĚŝƐƟŶĐƚǁĂƌŵŝŶŐƚƌĞŶĚĞŵĞƌŐĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
&ŝŐ͘ϰ͗ůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚŝŶWƵŶũĂď
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƉƐĐƐƚ͘ƉƵŶũĂď͘ŐŽǀ͘ŝŶ
LJĞĂƌϮϬϬϬŽŶǁĂƌĚ͘dŚŝƐƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƚƌĞŶĚŝƐĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ
in the diurnal temperature range which increased
ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ϭϵϲϭͲϭϵϵϵ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŶ ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ ĚĞĐůŝŶĞĚ
ĂŌĞƌ ϮϬϬϬ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ
ŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŇƵĐƚƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ǁŝƚŚ
ĚŝƐĐĞƌŶŝďůĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͘;&ŝŐϰͿ͘
ϯ͘ϲ /ŶĚŝĂŶDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͛ƐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
Punjab has witnessed a consistent temperature
ƌŝƐĞ͘/ŶϮϬϭϬ͕ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵĂŶĚŵŝŶŝŵƵŵƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ
ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ďLJ Ϭ͘ϱͲϭ͘ϬΣ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ϭϵϳϭͲϮϬϬϬ
ďĂƐĞůŝŶĞ͘ ^ƉĂƟĂů ǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ ŚĂǀĞ
occurred, with some periods experiencing excess
rainfall and otheƌƐĨĂĐŝŶŐĚĞĮĐŝƚƐ͘
ProũĞĐƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŝĚͲĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ;ϮϬϮϭͲϮϬϱϬͿŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞ
an expected increase in the annual mean maximum
ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ďLJ ϭ͘ϬͲϭ͘ϴΣ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ WƵŶũĂď͕ ǁŝƚŚ Ă
ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ ϰ͘ϬͲϰ͘ϰΣ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͛Ɛ
ĞŶĚ͘ dŚĞ ĂŶŶƵĂů ŵĞĂŶ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ
ĂůƐŽ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ Đůŝŵď͕ ƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ϭ͘ϵͲϮ͘ϭΣ ďLJ ŵŝĚͲ
DECEMBER 2023
Ϯϴ͘ϵͲϯϭ͘ϰ Ϯϴ͘ϲͲϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϴ͘ϲͲϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϵ͘ϮͲϯϭ͘ϵ Ϯϵ͘ϭͲϯϭ͘ϵ
ϭϱ͘ϰͲϭϲ͘ϱ ϭϱ͘ϲͲϭϳ͘Ϭ ϭϱ͘ϴͲϭϳ͘ϭ ϭϲ͘ϯͲϭϳ͘ϲ ϭϲ͘ϮͲϭϳ͘ϱ
ϭϰ͘ϴͲϭϲ͘ϲ ϭϰ͘ϱͲϭϲ͘Ϭ ϭϰ͘ϮͲϭϱ͘ϳ ϭϰ͘ϰͲϭϱ͘Ϭ ϭϱͲϭϲ
ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƚŽ ϰ͘ϰͲϱ͘ϭΣ ďLJ
ƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ;:ĞƌĂƚŚ͕ĞƚĂů͕ϮϬϭϰͿ͘
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƟŽŶƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĂŶŽǀĞƌĂůůŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ
ŽĨ ϭϯ͘ϯйͲϮϭ͘ϱй ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚͲĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ;ϮϬϮϭͲϮϬϱϬͿ
ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƚŚĞϭϵϲϭͲϭϵϵϬďĂƐĞůŝŶĞ͘^ĞĂƐŽŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞ
ŵŽŶƐŽŽŶƉĞƌŝŽĚ;:ƵŶĞƚŽ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌͿŵĂLJĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ
ĂŶϭϭ͘ϱͲϮϬ͘ϴйƌŝƐĞ͕ǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞƉŽƐƚͲŵŽŶƐŽŽŶƉĞƌŝŽĚ
;KĐƚŽďĞƌ ƚŽ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌͿ ĐŽƵůĚ ƐĞĞ Ă ϯϬ͘ϬͲϲϯ͘ϵй
ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ͕ǀĂƌLJŝŶŐĨƌŽŵĞĂƐƚƚŽǁĞƐƚ͘tŝŶƚĞƌ;:ĂŶƵĂƌLJͲ
&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJͿŵĂLJǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĂƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞŽĨƵƉ
ƚŽϮϭ͘ϴй͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌĞͲŵŽŶƐŽŽŶƉĞƌŝŽĚ;DĂƌĐŚͲƉƌŝůͲ
DĂLJͿŵĂLJƐŚŽǁŵŝdžĞĚƚƌĞŶĚƐ͕ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵͲϰ͘ϳйƚŽ
Ϯϵ͘ϭйƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽƚŚĞďĂƐĞůŝŶĞ͘;&ŝŐϱͿ͘
Ϯϳ
&ŝŐ͘ ϱ ͗ ŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚ ĂůƚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ďLJ ŵŝĚͲĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ;ϮϬϮϭͲϮϬϱϬͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ
ĐůŽƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ;ϮϬϳϭͲϮϬϵϴͿ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗/ŶĚŝĂŶDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƌĞƉŽƌƚ
ϯ͘ϳ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ZĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚ 'ƌĞĞŶ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
WƵŶũĂďZĞƉŽƌƚ
ůŝŵĂƚĞ ZĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚ 'ƌĞĞŶ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ;Z'^Ϳ
ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ďLJ dĞƌŝ ŶĞƌŐLJ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ;dZ/Ϳ ŝŶ
ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ 'ůŽďĂů 'ƌĞĞŶ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ
;'''/Ϳ report and analyse the climate model
ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ;dZ/͕ ϮϬϭϳ͖ Z''^͕ ϮϬϭϱͿ͘
dŚŝƐ ƌĞǀĞĂůƐ ĂŶ ŽǀĞƌĂůů ǁĂƌŵŝŶŐ ƚƌĞŶĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ƐƚƵĚLJĂƌĞĂŝŶƚŚĞŶĞĂƌĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘&ŽƌƚŚĞϮϬϮϭʹϱϬƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕
the projected annual mean temperature is expected
ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ďLJ ϭ͘Ϯʹϭ͘ϰΣ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐĞůŝŶĞ
ŽĨϭϵϳϭʹϮϬϬϬ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ƚŚĞŵĞĂŶĂŶŶƵĂůŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ;dŵŝŶͿ ŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƌŝƐĞ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ
 ƌĂŶŐĞŽĨϭ͘Ϯʹϭ͘ϰΣĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJĂƌĞĂ͘/ŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚ͕
DECEMBER 2023
ƚŚĞŵĞĂŶĂŶŶƵĂůŵĂdžŝŵƵŵƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ;dŵĂdžͿĨŽƌ
ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ŝƐ ĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƐĞĞ ĂŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ
ĨƌŽŵ Ϭ͘ϱʹϭ͘ϮϱΣ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŵŽƌĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ
expected in minimum temperatures, aligning with
ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůƚƌĞŶĚƐŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͘
The rise in minŝŵƵŵƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŚĂƐŵƵůƟĨĂĐĞƚĞĚ
ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͕ ĂīĞĐƟŶŐ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ƉůĂŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƌŽƉƐ ďƵƚ
ĂůƐŽ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ͘ dŚŝƐ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŶŝŐŚƚͲƟŵĞ
temperatures will also experience an increase in
ƚŚĞ ŶĞĂƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐĞůŝŶĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘
ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ƐŝŵƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ
ƚŚĞ ďĂƐĞůŝŶĞ ;ϭϵϳϬʹϮϬϬϬͿ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĂƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ;ϮϬϮϭʹ
ϱϬͿŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐĂŶƵƉƟĐŬŝŶƐƵŵŵĞƌŵŽŶƐŽŽŶ;:ƵŶĞʹ
^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌͿƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞŵĞĂŶĂŶŶƵĂůƐƵŵŵĞƌ
ŵŽŶƐŽŽŶ ƌĂŝŶĨĂůů ŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ďLJ ϬʹϮϬ
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽďĂƐĞůŝŶĞĮŐƵƌĞƐ͘
&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐƚŚĂƚďLJƚŚĞůĂƚĞϮϬϯϬƐ
ĂŶĚ ĞĂƌůLJ ϮϬϰϬƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ǁŝůů ǁŝƚŶĞƐƐ Ă ŚŝŐŚĞƌ
ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞ ǁĞƚ ĚĂLJƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝŵƉůŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ͕
in the upcoming summer-monsoon seasons, there
ǁŝůů ďĞ ŵŽƌĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŵŝƩĞŶƚ ďƌĞĂŬƐ ŝŶ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ͘
&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ĂŚĞŝŐŚƚĞŶĞĚůĞǀĞůŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞŚƵŵŝĚŝƚLJ
ŝƐĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŶĞĂƌĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘
ϰ͘ WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞ
weather events
Ϯϴ
KǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ LJĞĂƌƐ͕ WƵŶũĂď ŚĂƐ ĨĂĐĞĚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞ
ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘ EŽƚĞǁŽƌƚŚLJ ŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ
ƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů ƐŶŽǁĨĂůů ŝŶ WĂƚŚĂŶŬŽƚ ŝŶ :ĂŶƵĂƌLJ ϮϬϭϭ͕
ĂŶĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůϰϬϬŵŵƌĂŝŶĨĂůůŝŶ>ƵĚŚŝĂŶĂǁŝƚŚŝŶϮϰ
ŚŽƵƌƐ͕ĂŶĚĂƌĞŵĂƌŬĂďůLJůŽǁƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽĨͲϬ͘ϰΣ
ŝŶĂƚŚŝŶĚĂ͕ďŽƚŚŽĐĐƵƌƌŝŶŐŝŶƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϭ͘dŚĞLJĞĂƌ
ϮϬϭϮ ǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚ Ă ƉƌŽůŽŶŐĞĚ ĐŽůĚ ǁĂǀĞ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ
ƚŽƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐLJĞĂƌƐ͕ĂŶĚ>ƵĚŚŝĂŶĂĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚĂƌĂŝŶͲ
ĨƌĞĞ:ƵŶĞ͘/Ŷ:ƵŶĞͲ:ƵůLJϮϬϭϮ͕ĂƚŚŝŶĚĂƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚŵŽƌĞ
ƌĂŝŶĨĂůů ƚŚĂŶ >ƵĚŚŝĂŶĂ͘ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϵ ŵĂƌŬĞĚ
>ƵĚŚŝĂŶĂ͛Ɛ ůŽǁĞƐƚ ŵŽŶƚŚůLJ ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ŝŶ ϮϮ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ϮϬϭϵ͕ >ƵĚŚŝĂŶĂ
ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ϭϭϱϲ ŵŵ ŽĨ ƌĂŝŶĨĂůů͕ ƐůŝŐŚƚůLJ ĂďŽǀĞ ƚŚĞ
ŶŽƌŵĂů ŽĨ ϭϭϱϬ ŵŵ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ůŽǁĞƐƚ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐĞϭϵϳϬĚƵƌŝŶŐƐŝdžĚĂLJƐŝŶ
ůĂƚĞĞĐĞŵďĞƌ;//d͕DĂŶĚŝ͕ϮϬϮϬͿ͘
ϱ͘ &ŝŶĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ
The foregoing discussion highlights the pronounced
ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕
causing a rise in urban temperatures that extends
ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƌƵƌĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐͶĂŶ
ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚĂƐƚŚĞh,/ĞīĞĐƚ;sĂůƐƐŽŶΘ
ŚĂƌĂƚ͕ ϮϬϬϵͿ͘ dŚŝƐ ŚĞŝŐŚƚĞŶĞĚ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ƵƌďĂŶ ƐĞƫŶŐƐ ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ ĂīĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͘ WƌĞƐĞŶƚůLJ͕ ŐůŽďĂů ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŽ h,/
studies is growing, with a focus on addressing this
ƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶŽŶ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͕h,/ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĂƌĞŝŶ
the early stages, predominantly concentrated on
ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͘ dŚŝƐ ůĞĂǀĞƐ Ă ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŐĂƉ͕
ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJĨŽƌƚŚĞŶŽƌƚŚĞƌŶƐƚĂƚĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐWƵŶũĂď͘
WƵŶũĂď͕ ƌĂŶŬŝŶŐ ƐĞǀĞŶƚŚ ĂŵŽŶŐ Ăůů /ŶĚŝĂŶ ƐƚĂƚĞƐ ŝŶ
ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ŚĂƐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůŐƌŽǁƚŚŽǀĞƌ
ƚŚĞůĂƐƚĚĞĐĂĚĞ͘/ŶĚŝĂDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĚĂƚĂ
ĨƌŽŵDĂLJϭϭ͕ϮϬϭϵ͕ƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚŵĂƌŬĞĚůLJĂďŽǀĞͲŶŽƌŵĂů
ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ;ϱ͘ϭΣŽƌŵŽƌĞͿĂĐƌŽƐƐWƵŶũĂď͕
Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, east Rajasthan, Madhya
WƌĂĚĞƐŚĂŶĚsŝĚĂƌďŚĂ;DĂƐƐŽŶͲĞůŵŽƩĞ͕ĞƚĂů͕ϮϬϮϭͿ͘
ĞƐƉŝƚĞ ƚŚŝƐ ĂůĂƌŵŝŶŐ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ƌĞŵĂŝŶƐ ĂŶ
ĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞh,/ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶWƵŶũĂď͘tŚŝůĞĂ
few research papers and climatologically data hint at
ƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĞĂƚŝƐůĂŶĚĞīĞĐƚŝŶƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐŽĨ
WƵŶũĂď͕ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĂƌĞŶŽƚĂďůLJůĂĐŬŝŶŐ͘dŽ
ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚŝƐŐĂƉĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞīĞĐƟǀĞh,/ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ƚĂŝůŽƌĞĚ ƚŽ WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕
ƵƌŐĞŶƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞīŽƌƚƐĂƌĞŶĞĞĚĞĚ͘dŚŝƐƵŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƌĞƐ
ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ĨŽƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ
ƚĂŬĞ ŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŽ ŵŝƟŐĂƚĞ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚƚŚĞh,/ĞīĞĐƚŝŶ
WƵŶũĂďƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚŽƵŐŚƞƵůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚƵƌďĂŶ
ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ
In conclusion, this research underscores the urgent
ŶĞĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞƐĐĂůĂƟŶŐ h,/ ĞīĞĐƚ ŝŶ
WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ͘ tŝƚŚ WƵŶũĂď ƵŶĚĞƌŐŽŝŶŐ Ă
ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĞ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ ĨƌŽŵ ĂŶ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ŚƵď ƚŽ Ă ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞͲĐĞŶƚƌŝĐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ŵĂƌŬĞĚ ďLJ
ƌĂƉŝĚ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŽŶ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂǀĞ
ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƚŚĞ ŽŌĞŶͲŽǀĞƌůŽŽŬĞĚ
ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐŽĨh,/ĞīĞĐƚƐ͘dŚĞƐƚƵĚLJĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞƐ
ƚŚĞ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ
ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ͕ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕
ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘
WƵŶũĂď͕ ďĞŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐĞǀĞŶƚŚ ŵŽƐƚ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĞĚ ƐƚĂƚĞ ŝŶ
/ŶĚŝĂ͕ĨĂĐĞƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĚƵĞƚŽƵŶƉůĂŶŶĞĚ
ƵƌďĂŶĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŽĨŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ
ŝŶƚŽŝŵƉĞƌŵĞĂďůĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐ͘ĞƐƉŝƚĞĂůĂƌŵŝŶŐĐůŝŵĂƟĐ
ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞh,/ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶ
WƵŶũĂďŝƐĂŶŽƚĂďůĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŐĂƉ͘dŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƵƌŐĞƐ
immediate and strategic measures by urban planners
ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ŵŝƟŐĂƚĞ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞh,/ĞīĞĐƚ͘/ƚŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƚĂŝůŽƌĞĚ
tools and guidelines, emphasising the role of city
ŵŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐLJ͕ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
ŽŶ ŵŝĐƌŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞƐ͘ LJ ƵŶǀĞŝůŝŶŐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐƚŽƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ
ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ŵŽƌĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĂďůĞ͕
ůŝǀĂďůĞ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞƵƌďĂŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐĂƚƚŚĞ
ŵŝĐƌŽůĞǀĞů͘
ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ
ͻ BasawaƌĂũĂ͕Z͖͘ŚĂƌŝ͕<͖͘͘DŝƐĞ͕^͘Z͖͘ŚĞƫ͕^͘͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘
Analysis of the impact of urban sprawl in altering the
ůĂŶĚͲƵƐĞ͕ůĂŶĚͲĐŽǀĞƌƉĂƩĞƌŶŽĨZĂŝĐŚƵƌŝƚLJ͕/ŶĚŝĂ͕ƵƐŝŶŐ
ŐĞŽƐƉĂƟĂůƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚ
ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ϰ;ϴͿ͕ϰϱϱͲϰϲϮ͘
ͻ ŚĂŶĚůĞƌ͕d͘:͘;ϭϵϲϱͿ͘dŚĞůŝŵĂƚĞŽĨ>ŽŶĚŽŶ͘
,ƵƚĐŚŝŶƐŽŶ͕hƌďĂŶĂͲŚĂŵƉĂŝŐŶ͘
ͻ ŚŽǁ͕͖͘͘tŝŶƐƚŽŶ͕͘:͖͘͘d͘>͘;ϮϬϭϮͿ͘hƌďĂŶ,ĞĂƚ
/ƐůĂŶĚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶWŚŽĞŶŝdž͕ƌŝnjŽŶĂ͗dŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂů
ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚWŽůŝĐLJƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ƵůůĞƟŶŽĨƚŚĞ
ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ͕ϵϯ;ϰͿ͕ϱϭϳʹϱϯϬ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬŝŶŬ͘ůŝďƌĂƌLJ͘ƐŵƵ͘ĞĚƵ͘ƐŐͬƐŽƐƐͺƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚͬϯϬϲϵ
ͻ ĞŶƐƵƐŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂ͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘'ĞŶĞƌĂůWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶdĂďůĞƐ͕
WƵŶũĂď͘^ĞƌŝĞƐͲϰ͕ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂƚĞŽĨĞŶƐƵƐKƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕
WƵŶũĂď͘WƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĂůWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶdĂďůĞƐ͕WƵŶũĂď͘
ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂƚĞŽĨĞŶƐƵƐKƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕WƵŶũĂď
ͻ Z''^;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ůŝŵĂƚĞZĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚ'ƌĞĞŶ'ƌŽǁƚŚ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ
ĨŽƌWƵŶũĂď;^ƵŵŵĂƌLJĨŽƌWŽůŝĐLJŵĂŬĞƌƐͿ͘/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ
ďLJƚŚĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ;dZ/ͿŝŶ
ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ'ůŽďĂů'ƌĞĞŶ'ƌŽǁƚŚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ;'''/Ϳ
and nodal support from the Department of Science,
dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJΘŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨWƵŶũĂď
ĂŶĚWƵŶũĂď^ƚĂƚĞŽƵŶĐŝůĨŽƌ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͘
WƵďůŝƐŚĞĚďLJdĞƌŝWƌĞƐƐ͘
ͻ ,ĞůďůŝŶŐ͕D͖͘DĞŝĞƌƌŝĞŬƐ͕͘;ϮϬϮϮͿ͘'ůŽďĂůtĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚ
ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͘ϯϲ͕ϭϭϴϳʹ
ϭϮϮϯ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϬϳͬƐϬϬϭϰϴͲϬϮϮͲϬϬϵϮϰͲLJ
ͻ /ŶĚŝĂŶ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ;//dͿDĂŶĚŝ͘;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘ůŝŵĂƚĞ
sƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶWůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶ
/ŶĚŝĂhƐŝŶŐĂŽŵŵŽŶ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬZĞƉŽƌƚϮϬϭϵͲϮϬϮϬ͘
ZĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚĨƌŽŵŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚƐƚ͘ŐŽǀ͘ŝŶͬƐŝƚĞƐͬĚĞĨĂƵůƚͬĮůĞƐͬ
&ƵůůйϮϬZĞƉŽƌƚйϮϬйϮϴϭйϮϵ͘ƉĚĨ
ͻ ,ŽǁĂƌĚ͕>͘;ϭϴϭϴͿ͘dŚĞůŝŵĂƚĞŽĨ>ŽŶĚŽŶ͕ĞĚƵĐĞĚĨƌŽŵ
DĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůKďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞĂƚŝīĞƌĞŶƚWůĂĐĞƐŝŶ
ƚŚĞEĞŝŐŚďŽƌŚŽŽĚŽĨƚŚĞDĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ;sŽů͘//Ϳ͘>ŽŶĚŽŶ͗t͘
WŚŝůŝƉƐ͕'ĞŽƌŐĞzĂƌĚ͕>ŽŵďĂƌĚ^ƚƌĞĞƚ͘^ŽůĚĂůƐŽďLJ:͘ĂŶĚ
͘ƌĐŚ͕ŽƌŶŚŝůů͖ĂůĚǁŝŶ͕ƌĂĚŽĐŬĂŶĚ:ŽLJ͕ĂŶĚt͘ĞŶƚ͕
WĂƚĞƌŶŽƐƚĞƌZŽǁ͖:͘,ĂƚĐŚĂƌĚ͕WŝĐĐĂĚŝůůLJ͘
ͻ :ĞƌĂƚŚ͕E͖͘>ĂĚŚĂƌ͕^͘^͖͘<ĂƵƌ͕^͕͘ĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϭϰͿ͘WƵŶũĂď
^ƚĂƚĞĐƟŽŶWůĂŶŽŶůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞ͘WƵŶũĂď^ƚĂƚĞ
ŽƵŶĐŝůĨŽƌ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ΀W^^d΁ĂŶĚ'ĞƌŵĂŶ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ΀'/΁͕/ŶĚŝĂ͘WƉϯϮϵ͘
ͻ DĂƐƐŽŶͲĞůŵŽƩĞ͖s͘ŚĂŝ͖W͖͘WŝƌĂŶŝ͕͘;ϮϬϮϭͿ
/ŶƚĞƌŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂůWĂŶĞůŽŶůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞ
΀/W΁͕ůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞϮϬϮϭ͗dŚĞWŚLJƐŝĐĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ
ĂƐŝƐ͘ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨtŽƌŬŝŶŐ'ƌŽƵƉ/ƚŽƚŚĞ^ŝdžƚŚ
ƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚZĞƉŽƌƚŽĨƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂůWĂŶĞů
ŽŶůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞ͘ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͘ĚŽŝ͗
ϭϬ͘ϭϬϭϳͬϵϳϴϭϬϬϵϭϱϳϴϵϲ
ͻ KŬĞ͕d͘Z͘;ϭϵϵϱͿ͘dŚĞ,ĞĂƚ/ƐůĂŶĚŽĨƚŚĞhƌďĂŶŽƵŶĚĂƌLJ
>ĂLJĞƌ͗ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͕ĂƵƐĞƐĂŶĚīĞĐƚƐ͘/Ŷ:͘͘
ĞƌŵĂŬĞƚĂů͘;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͕tŝŶĚůŝŵĂƚĞŝŶŝƟĞƐ;ƉƉ͘ϴϭͲϭϬϳͿ͘
Dordrecht, theEĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ͗<ůƵǁĞƌĐĂĚĞŵŝĐWƵďůŝƐŚĞƌƐ
ͻ WƵŶũĂď^ƚĂƚĞŽƵŶĐŝůĨŽƌ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ΀W^^d΁
ĂŶĚ'ĞƌŵĂŶ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ΀'/΁͘;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘
WƵŶũĂď^ƚĂƚĞĐƟŽŶWůĂŶŽŶůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞ;ƉƉ͘ϯϮϵͿ͘
ZĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚĨƌŽŵŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚĞƌŝŝŶ͘ŽƌŐͬƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐͬŐƌĞĞŶͬ
DECEMBER 2023
ƉĚĨͬWƵŶũĂďͲĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͘ƉĚĨ͘
ͻ ZĂƐŚŝĚ͕E͖͘ůĂŵ͕:͘͘D͘D͖͘ŚŽǁĚŚƵƌLJ͕D͖͘͘/ƐůĂŵ͕
^͘>͘h͘;ƵŐ͘ϮϬϮϮͿ͘/ŵƉĂĐƚŽĨ>ĂŶĚhƐĞŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚ
ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞhƌďĂŶ,ĞĂƚ/ƐůĂŶĚīĞĐƚŝŶ
Narayanganj City, Bangladesh: A Remote Sensing-Based
ƐƟŵĂƟŽŶ͘ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͕ϴ͕ƌƟĐůĞϭϬϬϱϳϭ͘
ͻ ^ĂĚŚĂƐŚŝǀĂŵ͕d͘Θ^ŚĂŚůĂ͕d;ϮϬϭϲͿ͗dZE^K&
ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ/E/E/͗/^^h^E,>>E'^/Ed,
Ϯϭ^dEdhZz͕/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚZĞǀŝĞǁsŽů͘Ϭϯ͕/ƐƐƵĞ͕Ϭϱ͕ƉƉ͘ϮϯϳϱͲϮϯϴϰ
ͻ dŚĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ;dZ/Ϳ͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘&ŝŶĂů
ZĞƉŽƌƚŽŶhƌďĂŶWůĂŶŶŝŶŐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐƚŽDŝƟŐĂƚĞ
ůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚŚĞŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨhƌďĂŶ,ĞĂƚ/ƐůĂŶĚ
īĞĐƚ͘WƌŽũĞĐƚZĞƉŽƌƚEŽ͘ϮϬϭϲ'Ϭϯ͘ĂŶŐĂůŽƌĞ͘WƉ͘ϴϮ͘
ͻ sĂůƐƐŽŶ͕^͖͘ŚĂƌĂƚ͕͘;ϮϬϬϵ͕ƉƌŝůͿ͘hƌďĂŶŚĞĂƚŝƐůĂŶĚ͗
ĐĂƵƐĞĨŽƌŵŝĐƌŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞͲdŝŵĞ͕
^ƉĂĐĞĂŶĚWĞŽƉůĞ͕ϮϭʹϮϱ͘
ͻ sŽŽŐƚ͕:͖͘͘KŬĞ͕d͘Z͘;ϮϬϬϯͿ͘dŚĞƌŵĂůZĞŵŽƚĞ^ĞŶƐŝŶŐŽĨ
hƌďĂŶůŝŵĂƚĞƐ͘ZĞŵŽƚĞ^ĞŶƐŝŶŐŽĨŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ϴϲ;ϯͿ͕
ϯϳϬʹϯϴϰ͘ĚŽŝ͗ϭϬ͘ϭϬϭϲͬ^ϬϬϯϰͲϰϮϱϳ;ϬϯͿϬϬϬϳϵͲϴ͘
Ϯϵ
WƌŽĨ͘ŬĂŶŬƐŚĂ^ŚĂƌŵĂ;ϭϯϯϲϴͿŝƐĂŚĞĂĚĂƚƚŚĞ'E^ĐŚŽŽů
ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ĂŶĚ Ă ƉƌĂĐƟĐŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů͘ ^ŚĞ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞƐ
ŽǀĞƌ ƚǁŽ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ ŽĨ ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͘ ,Ğƌ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶƉŝŽŶĞĞƌŝŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŽŵŝƟŐĂƚĞƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶ
ŚĞĂƚ ŝƐůĂŶĚ ĞīĞĐƚ͕ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJ ƚŽ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ
ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŽĨ WƵŶũĂď ĂŶĚ
ďĞLJŽŶĚ͘
ŵĂŝů͗ĂƌĂŬĂŶŬƐŚĂƐŚĂƌŵĂϭΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƌ͘ <ĂƌĂŵũŝƚ ^ŝŶŐŚ ŚĂŚĂů ;&ϭϳϳϴϮͿ ŝƐ Ă WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ Ăƚ 'ƵƌƵ EĂŶĂŬ Ğǀ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕
ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͘ tŝƚŚ Ă ƌŝĐŚ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ƐƉĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŽǀĞƌ Ϯϳ LJĞĂƌƐ͕ ŚĞ
ŚĂƐĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽĮĐŝĞŶĐLJĂƐďŽƚŚĂŶĞƐƚĞĞŵĞĚ
ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐŝĂŶ ĂŶĚ Ă ƐĞĂƐŽŶĞĚ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ
ĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐŽŶ^ŝŬŚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ƌ͘ŚĂŚĂůŚĂƐŵĂĚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂůŵƐ ŽĨ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ƐŚŽǁĐĂƐŝŶŐŚŝƐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞŝŶƚŚĞĮĞůĚ͘
ŵĂŝů͗ŬĂƌĂŵũŝƚ͘ĂƌĐŚΛŐŶĚƵ͘ĂĐ͘ŝŶ
 Zd/>
DECEMBER 2023
Understanding the Rich Traditional
Craftsmanship of Punjab
Through the Architectural Works of Bhai Ram Singh
By ZŝƉƵĂŵĂŶ^ŝŶŐŚ͕EŝƐĂƌ<ŚĂŶĂŶĚ,ŝŶĂŝĂ
ϯϬ
ďƐƚƌĂĐƚ
ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ ǁĂƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌĞŵŽƐƚ ŶĂƟǀĞ
architects and designers of Punjab, who had humble
ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐƐ ĂƐ Ă ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ǁŽŽĚ ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶ͘ ,Ğ
ǁĂƐ Ă ƚƌƵĞ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞ ŽĨ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů WƵŶũĂď
ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉĂŶĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŝŶƚŚĞůĂƚĞϭϵƚŚĂŶĚ
ĞĂƌůLJ ϮϬƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ƌŝƟƐŚ ƌƵůĞ ŝŶ /ŶĚŝĂ͘ dŚŝƐ ƉĂƉĞƌ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂƐƚƵĚLJŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƐŽĨŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ͕ǁŚŽ
ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚŚŝƐƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽĨĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ
to design a broad spectrum of furniture, interiors and
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ƉĂƉĞƌ ĂƌŐƵĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ
ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉŝŶĚĞƐŝŐŶŝƐĞǀŝĚĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ǁŽƌŬƐŽĨŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ͘dŚĞƌŝĐŚůĞŐĂĐLJĂŶĚĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ
ƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ ŽĨ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ͛Ɛ ǁŽƌŬƐ ŚĂƐ ŶŽƚ ďĞĞŶ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĞĚ Ɵůů ĚĂƚĞ ďƵƚ ŝƐ ǁŽƌƚŚLJ ŽĨ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ
ĨŽƌƉŽƐƚĞƌŝƚLJ͘dŚĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƉĂƉĞƌ
ĚŝƐƉůĂLJƚŚĞŝŵŵĞŶƐĞĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚŝŶ
ƚŚĞĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJĚŝǀĞƌƐĞŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨǁŽƌŬƐ͘dŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĂƉĞƌ ŝƐ ƐŽƵƌĐĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ
literary sources and primary data collected from
ǀŝƐŝƚƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬƐ ŽĨ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ŝƐ
ĂƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞƐŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽŝůǁŚŽƐĞǁŽƌŬƐĚĞƐĞƌǀĞ
to be studied and documented to bring forth the
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝĐŚ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘
Key Words: ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ͕ ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ͕
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů͕ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕WƵŶũĂď͕ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ϭ͘ /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ ŝƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚƐŬŝůůďĞŝŶŐƉĂƐƐĞĚĨƌŽŵŽŶĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ
ƚŽƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŝŶĂŐƵŝůĚƐLJƐƚĞŵŽǀĞƌŚƵŶĚƌĞĚƐŽĨLJĞĂƌƐ͘
dŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚ ŝŶ
building design through symbolism related to natural
ĨŽƌŵƐ͕ ŵŽƟĨƐ͕ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ;,ĂŵŽƵŝĞ͕
ϮϬϮϭͿ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĐƌĂŌ ĚĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐ ŽŶ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ƵƐŝŶŐ ŶĂƟǀĞ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ĂĐĐĞŶƚƵĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐƚŽƚŚĞŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ;EĞůƐŽŶ͕ϭϵϴϴͿ͘dŚĞ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ
ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƐLJŵďŽůŝĐ ŽĨ ŶĂƟǀĞ ĂƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĂŌƐ ƚŚĂƚ
were expressed through the symbolism of religion,
ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƐ͕ĂŶĚŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůŵŽƟĨƐ͘dŚĞ
ŶĂƟǀĞĐƌĂŌƐŵĞŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŚĞƐŬŝůůĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ
ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŽǀĞƌ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƌĂůůLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ĐŽĚŝĮĞĚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͘ĂƌƉĞŶƚĞƌƐ͕ĂůƐŽĐĂůůĞĚƐƵƚƌĂĚŚĂƌƐϭ
in ancient society were highly respected as their
ŚĂŶĚŝĐƌĂŌƐŬŝůůƐǁĞƌĞĂůŝŐŶĞĚǁŝƚŚƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐƉƵƌŝƚLJĂƐ
ƐĞĞŶŝŶƚŚĞǁŽŽĚĐĂƌǀŝŶŐƐŝŶƚĞŵƉůĞĚŽŽƌƐ͕ďƌĂĐŬĞƚƐ
ĂŶĚĐĞŝůŝŶŐƐ;Ăŵŝƌ͕ϮϬϭϴͿ͘KŶĞƐƵĐŚŐŝŌĞĚƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů
WƵŶũĂďŝĐĂƌƉĞŶƚĞƌǁĂƐŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ;ϭϴϱϴͲϭϵϭϲͿ͕
ǁŚŽ ďĞůŽŶŐĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐĂƌƉĞŶƚĞƌ ŐƵŝůĚ
ϭ. >ŝƚĞƌĂůŵĞĂŶŝŶŐŝƐ͞ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞǁŚŽŚŽůĚƐƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĂĚŽĨƚŚĞƐƚŽƌLJ͟
ǁŚŝĐŚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞƐƚŽďĞŝŶŐĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ

&ŝŐ͘ϭ͗DĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJŽĨĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐ
from ZĂŵŐĂƌŚŝĂ ĐĂƐƚĞ ;dĂƌĂƌ͕ ϮϬϭϴ͖ sĂŶĚĂů ĂŶĚ
sĂŶĚĂů͕ϮϬϬϲͿƚŚĂƚĚŝƐƉůĂLJĞĚƚŚĞƌŝĐŚĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ
ŽĨWƵŶũĂďŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƐŝŐŶƐŽĨǁŽŽĚĐĂƌǀĞĚĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ͕
ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƉĂŶĞůƐ͕ĞdžŚŝďŝƚƐĂŶĚƉĂǀŝůŝŽŶƐ;<ŚĂŶ͕ϮϬϭϳͿ͘
ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƌŝƟƐŚƌƵůĞ͕ƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂŶĚĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ
of European origin followed the :ĞLJƉŽƌĞ ƉŽƌƞŽůŝŽŽĨ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĚĞƚĂŝůƐϮĨŽƌĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ/ŶĚŝĂŶŝnjĞĚĨĂĐĂĚĞƐ
in the hybridized /ŶĚŽͲ^ĂƌĂĐĞŶŝĐƐƚLJůĞϯŝŶƚŚĞůĂƚĞϭϵth
ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ ƵƐĞĚ ŚŝƐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů
ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŶĂƟǀĞ WƵŶũĂďŝ ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ
ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ƚŽ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŵĂũĞƐƟĐ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ
ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƐ;ŚĂƫ͕ϮϬϮϬ͖'ŽƐǁĂŵLJ͕ϮϬϭϮͿ͘dŚĞƌĞǁĞƌĞ
ŵĂŶLJ/ŶĚŝĂŶĂƌƟƐƚƐĂŶĚĐƌĂŌƐŵĞŶǁŚŽǁŽƌŬĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ
colonial period but Bhai Ram Singh was arguably the
ŵŽƐƚ ƚĂůĞŶƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ ;ƐŚƌĂĨ͕ ϮϬϮϭ͖
E͕ϮϬϬϯͿ͘dŚŽƵŐŚŚĞǁĂƐĂŶĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ Ɵůů ƚŚĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ϮϬth century, he was largely
ĨŽƌŐŽƩĞŶ ĂŌĞƌ ŚŝƐ ĚĞĂƚŚ ŝŶ ϭϵϭϲ ;^ŚĂƌŵĂ͕ ϮϬϭϲͿ͘
DŽƐƚŽĨŚŝƐǁŽƌŬƐŚĂǀĞƐŽĨĂƌƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚƵŶƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ͕
ŽƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞ<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚ
ŚĞŝƐƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚĂƐƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ;ĂŶĐĞWĞƚĞƌ͕ϮϬϭϮ͖
^ĂŚŶŝ͕ ϭϵϵϰͿ͘ ŌĞƌ ŚŝƐ ĚĞĂƚŚ ŝŶ ϭϵϭϲ͕ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ
Singh’s architectural legacy was not documented,
ƚŚƵƐĚĞƉƌŝǀŝŶŐƚŚĞĂƌƚĂŶĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĨƌĂƚĞƌŶŝƚLJŽĨ
Ϯ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĚĞƚĂŝůƐĨƌŽŵŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐŽĨ
/ŶĚŝĂ͕ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚŝŶϲǀŽůƵŵĞƐďLJŽů͘^ǁŝŶƚŽŶ:ĂĐŽď͕ĂƌŝƟƐŚ
ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶůĂƚĞϭϵƚŚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ
3 A hybrid style comprising Indian facades, elements, features and
ǁĞƐƚĞƌŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƚĞĚĂƐŽĸĐŝĂůƐƚLJůĞĨŽƌƉƵďůŝĐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ
ďLJƚŚĞƌŝƟƐŚŝŶƚŚĞŵŝĚͲϭϵƚŚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ
DECEMBER 2023
ϯϭ
&ŝŐ͘Ϯ͗WŽƌƚƌĂŝƚŽĨŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŶŐůŝƐŚ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͕h<
ƚŚĞƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĨŽƌĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉĚŝƐƉůĂLJĞĚŝŶŚŝƐǁŽƌŬ͘
,ŝƐǁŽƌŬŝƐĂƚĞƐƟŵŽŶLJƚŽƚŚĞďƵŝůƚŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨWƵŶũĂď
ĂŶĚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ
ƉŽƐƚĞƌŝƚLJ͘dŚĞŝŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŝƐƚŽĮŶĚŽƵƚŚŽǁ
ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ ŽĨ WƵŶũĂď ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ
ŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ǁŽƌŬƐ
ŽĨ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ͘ dŚĞ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ǁŽƌŬ ŝƐ ƚŽ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ǁŽƌŬƐ ŽĨ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞůĞŶƐŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĨĂĐĞƚƐŽĨƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů
ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘
Ϯ͘ DĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ
dŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƐƚƵĚLJ ǁĂƐ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ Ăƚ ĮƌƐƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
Ă ƐƚƵĚLJ ŽĨ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ
ĐůŽƐĞ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĐƌĂŌ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĞĂƌůLJ ǁŽƌŬƐ ŽĨ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ͕ ĂŶĚ ůĂƚĞƌ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ
ŽĨ ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ ŝŶ ŚŝƐ ǁŽƌŬƐ͘ dŚĞ ŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů
ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ ŝƐ ƐŚŽǁŶ ŝŶ ĮŐƵƌĞ
ϭ͘ dŚŽƵŐŚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƟƌĞ
DECEMBER 2023
&ŝŐ͘ϯ͗WŝŶũƌĂǁŽƌŬĐĂƌǀŝŶŐŝŶĂŐƐŚŽƚWĂƌŬ͕h<
ϯϮ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƵƚŚŽƌ
ƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ ŽĨ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞ ǁŽƌŬƐ ŽĨ ŚĂŝ
ZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚŝŶŽŶĞƉĂƉĞƌ͕ĂŶĂƩĞŵƉƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶŵĂĚĞ
ƚŽ ĐŝƚĞ Ă ĨĞǁ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞ ǁŽƌŬƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƌĞŇĞĐƚ ŚŝƐ
ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ͘
ϯ͘ >ŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞZĞǀŝĞǁ
dŚĞ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ƌĞǀŝĞǁ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚƌĞĞ
ƐĞĐƟŽŶƐƌĞůĂƟŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞŽĨŶĞǁǀŽĐĂďƵůĂƌLJ
ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƐƚLJůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƟƐŚ ĐŽůŽŶŝĂů ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕
ƚŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨĂƌƚĂŶĚĐƌĂŌƐĐŚŽŽůƐŝŶŵŝĚͲϭϵth
ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͕ĂŶĚĂƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů
ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉŽĨWƵŶũĂďĂƐǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ
ǁŽƌŬƐŽĨŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ͘
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ϯ͘ϭ ŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞŽĨŶĞǁĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůǀŽĐĂďƵůĂƌLJŝŶ
ƌŝƟƐŚĐŽůŽŶŝĂůƌƵůĞ
dŚĞ Ăƌƚ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ƌŝƟƐŚ
colonial rule displayed a mix of styles ranging from
ŶĞŽͲĐůĂƐƐŝĐĂů͕ŶĞŽͲ'ŽƚŚŝĐĂŶĚWĂůůĂĚŝĂŶĂƐƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƚ
ŝŶ ƌŝƟĂŶ ;DĞƚĐĂůĨ͕ ϭϵϴϵ͖ ^ĐƌŝǀĞƌ Θ WƌĂŬĂƐŚ͕ ϮϬϬϳͿ
ǁŚŝůĞ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚͲϭϵth ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚ Ă ŶĞǁ ͞/ŶĚŽͲ
Saracenic͟ ƐƚLJůĞ ;'ƌŽǀĞƌ͕ ϮϬϭϰ͖ ^ŝŶŚĂ͕ ϮϬϭϰͿ͘ /Ŷ
ƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ŶĞǁĂƌƚĂŶĚĐƌĂŌƐĐŚŽŽůƐŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ
ǁĞƌĞ ƐĞƚ ƵƉ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƟƐŚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ŶĂƟǀĞͲƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ
ŵĂŶƉŽǁĞƌ ƚŽ ĞdžĞĐƵƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ǁŽƌŬƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ
;&ƵũŝƚĂ͕ ϮϬϭϳ͖ ^ƚĂŵƉ͕ ϭϵϴϭ͖ dŝůůŽƚƐŽŶ͕ ϭϵϴϵͿ͘ &ŽĐƵƐ
&ŝŐ͘ ϰ ͗ dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂů ůĂƫĐĞ ǁŽƌŬ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĂŝůŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŝŶ
<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕WƵŶũĂď
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƵƚŚŽƌ
of art schools was more on accuracy and precision
of drawing to produce industrial products on a large
ƐĐĂůĞĂŶĚƚŽƚƌĂŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂŶƐĨŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂƌƚǁŽƌŬĂŶĚ
ĐƌĂŌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ĂƐ ƉĞƌ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ŇĂǀŽƵƌ ;<ĂŶƚĂǁĂůĂ͕
ϮϬϭϮ͖WĂƌŬĞƌ͕ϭϵϴϳͿ͘
ϯ͘Ϯ DĂLJŽ^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨƌƚƐĂŶĚŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ
The establishment of School of Carpentry and
^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ƌƚƐ͕>ĂŚŽƌĞ;ĂƉĂƌƚŽĨ ƵŶĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ WƵŶũĂďͿ
ŝŶϭϴϳϱůĂƚĞƌƌĞŶĂŵĞĚĂƐDĂLJŽ^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨƌƚƐǁĂƐ
ĂůƐŽŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽŝŵƉĂƌƚƐŬŝůůŝŶƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůĚƌĂǁŝŶŐďƵƚ
ƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůƐŚŝƉŽĨ:ŽŚŶ>ŽĐŬǁŽŽĚ<ŝƉůŝŶŐďƌŽƵŐŚƚ
ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐƌĂŌƐŵĞŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌĞĨƌŽŶƚ ;sĂŶĚĂů
ĂŶĚ sĂŶĚĂů͕ ϮϬϬϲͿ͘ ^ŽŶƐ ŽĨ WƵŶũĂď ĐƌĂŌƐŵĞŶ ǁĞƌĞ
enrolled to the newly set up school so that they
ĐŽƵůĚďƌŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽĨWƵŶũĂď
Ăƌƚ͕ ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŵ ;ƌLJĂŶƚ͕ ϮϬϮϬ͖ E͘ ^͘
<ŚĂŶ͕ ϮϬϭϳͿ͘ <ŝƉůŝŶŐ ƚĂƵŐŚƚ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ
Ăƌƚ ƚŽ ŚŝƐ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ďƵƚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĚ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ
ƚŚĞŝƌ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƐƚLJůĞ ŽĨ ĐĂƌǀŝŶŐƐ ;Ăŵŝƌ͕ ϮϬϭϴͿ͘
dŚĞ ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ ƐŬŝůů ĂŶĚ ŚĞƌĞĚŝƚĂƌLJ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ
of students of Mayo School of Arts was preferred
ŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨŐĞŽŵĞƚƌLJĂŶĚ
Ăƌƚ͕ƚŚƵƐůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů/ŶĚŝĂŶ
ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ͘ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ ;ĮŐ͘ ϮͿ ĞŶƌŽůůĞĚ ĂƐ
ĂƐƚƵĚĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĮƌƐƚďĂƚĐŚŝŶϭϴϳϱ͕ǁŽŶŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ
accolades and honours for the Mayo School during
ƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĞdžŚŝďŝƟŽŶƐĂůůŽǀĞƌƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJĂƐǁĞůů
as abroad and was highly appreciated and promoted
ďLJ <ŝƉůŝŶŐ ;dĂƌĂƌ͕ ϮϬϭϴ͖ sĂŶĚĂů ĂŶĚ sĂŶĚĂů͕ ϮϬϬϲͿ͘
ŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚƉƌŽǀĞĚŚŝŵƐĞůĨĂƐĂĐƌĞĂƟǀĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĞƌ
ǁŚŽĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚŚŝƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐƵƐŝŶŐŚŝƐƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐƌĂŌ
ĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞ ŝŶ ǁŽŽĚǁŽƌŬ ;ƚĂͲhůůĂŚ͕ ϭϵϵϴ͖ ŝůŐƌĂŵŝ͕
ϮϬϮϬͿ͘dŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶƐĚŽŶĞďLJŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚĐĂŶďĞ
ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚƌĞĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͕ ŶĂŵĞůLJ ǁŽŽĚ
ǁŽƌŬ ĂŶĚ ĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ͕ ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘

DECEMBER 2023
These three categories will be explored in the present
ƐƚƵĚLJ͘

ϯ͘ϯ ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ŽĨ ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬƐ

ŽĨŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ
Bhai Ram Singh, graduated to design interiors and
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ŝŶŝƟĂůůLJ ƵŶĚĞƌ ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐŚŝƉ ŽĨ <ŝƉůŝŶŐ
ďƵƚ ůĂƌŐĞůLJ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚůLJ ĂŌĞƌ ϭϴϵϭ ;ĂƌƌŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕
ϭϵϳϬ͖ ŝŶ͕ ϮϬϭϴ͖ <ĂŵƌĂŶ͕ ϮϬϭϲ͖ ^ŚƵũĂ Θ :ƵŶĞũŽ͕
ϮϬϮϬ͖ sĂŶĚĂů ĂŶĚ sĂŶĚĂů͕ ϮϬϬϲͿ͘ dŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů
ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽĨǁŽŽĚĐƌĂŌĐĂŶďĞƐĞĞŶŝŶŚŝƐǁŽƌŬƐŽĨ
ĐƌĂŌ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ĂŶĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ;<ŚĂŶ͕ϮϬϮϭ͖ZĞŚŵĂŶ
ΘƌƐŚĂĚ͕ϮϬϭϮͿ͘ĞŝŶŐĂĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶ͕ŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ &ŝŐ͘ϱ͗'ĞŽŵĞƚƌLJĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĞŝŶĐĂƌǀŝŶŐƐĞĞŶŝŶĂĐŚĂŝƌĂƚƚŚĞ/ŶĚŝĂŶ
ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĚƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐƌĂŌŝŶƚŽďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƐ ƌŽŽŵŝŶKƐďŽƌŶĞ,ŽƵƐĞ͕/ƐůĞŽĨtŝŐŚƚ͕h<
ŚĞǁĂƐƉƌŽĮĐŝĞŶƚŝŶWƵŶũĂďŝǁŽŽĚĐĂƌǀŝŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ͕ ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƵƚŚŽƌ
especially ƉŝŶũƌĂ ǁŽƌŬ͕ Ă ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ůĂƫĐĞ
ƉĞƌĨŽƌĂƚĞĚǁŽŽĚĞŶĐĂƌǀĞĚƐĐƌĞĞŶ;ƚĂͲhůůĂŚ͕ϭϵϵϴͿ
in which wooden pieces are held together with
ĚŽǁĞůƐ ;<ŚĂŶ͕ ϮϬϮϭͿ͘  /Ŷ ϭϴϴϯ͕ ŚĞ ǁĂƐ ĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚ
ĂƐ Ă ͞ŵĂƐƚĞƌ͟ ĂŶĚ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ďĞŝŶŐ ĐĂůůĞĚ ͞ŚĂŝ͟ ZĂŵ
Singh with the term ŚĂŝ signifying an elder brother
;ĂƌƌŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕ϭϵϳϬ͖^ŚƵũĂΘ:ƵŶĞũŽ͕ϮϬϮϬͿ͘ŚĂŝZĂŵ
^ŝŶŐŚƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŚĞDĂLJŽ^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨƌƚƐ͕>ĂŚŽƌĞ;ĂƉĂƌƚ
ŽĨƵŶĚŝǀŝĚĞĚWƵŶũĂď͕/ŶĚŝĂͿĨŽƌĂŵĂũŽƌƉĂƌƚŽĨŚŝƐůŝĨĞ͕
ĂďŽƵƚ ϯϵ LJĞĂƌƐ͕ŝŶŝƟĂůůLJ ĂƐ Ă ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ůĂƚĞƌ ĂƐ Ă
ŵĂƐƚĞƌ͕sŝĐĞͲWƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĂŶĚĞǀĞŶƚƵĂůůLJĂƐƚŚĞWƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů͕
ĂĮƌƐƚĨŽƌĂŶ/ŶĚŝĂŶ;^ŝŶŐŚΘdĂƚůĂ͕ϮϬϬϲ͖sĂŶĚĂůĂŶĚ 33
sĂŶĚĂů͕ ϮϬϬϲͿ͘ ,ŝƐ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ŐĞŶŝƵƐ ŝƐ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ ŝŶ ŚŝƐ
ǁŽƌŬƐĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚŝŶŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ/ŶĚŝĂŶƐƚĂƚĞƐ͕ƉĂƌƚƐŽĨ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚͲĚĂLJ WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ hŶŝƚĞĚ <ŝŶŐĚŽŵ͘ ,Ğ
ǁŽŶŵĂŶLJĂĐĐŽůĂĚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƵƌƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƟƚůĞƐ &ŝŐ͘ϲ͗ZĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐƐLJŵďŽůŝƐŵŝŶĐĂƌǀŝŶŐĂƚƚŚĞ/ŶĚŝĂŶƌŽŽŵŝŶKƐďŽƌŶĞ
ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚ ŽŶĞ ǁĂƐ DsK͕ ,ŽƵƐĞ͕/ƐůĞŽĨtŝŐŚƚ͕h<
DĞŵďĞƌŽĨsŝĐƚŽƌŝĂŶKƌĚĞƌ;dƵůŝ͕ϮϬϭϳͿ͘ ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƵƚŚŽƌ

dĂďůĞϭ͗ĂƚĞŐŽƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐŽĨĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉĨƌŽŵůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐ

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚďLJǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ ĂƚĞŐŽƌŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐĨŽƌ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ
dƌĂŝŶĞĚďLJŚŝŐŚůLJƐŬŝůĨƵůĐƌĂŌƐŵĞŶŽǀĞƌŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐǁŚŽďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶ WĞƌĨĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐ
ĂƌƟƐĂŶĐůĂŶͬĐĂƐƚĞ;Ăŵŝƌ͕ϮϬϭϴ͖ƚĂͲhůůĂŚ͕ϭϵϵϴ͖,ĂŵŽƵŝĞ͕ϮϬϮϭ͖<ŚĂŶ͕
ϮϬϭϱ͖<ŚĂŶ͕ϮϬϮϭ͖dĂƌĂƌ͕ϮϬϭϴ͖sĂŶĚĂůĂŶĚsĂŶĚĂů͕ϮϬϬϲͿ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
hƐĞŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ŵŽƟĨƐ͕ƐĂĐƌĞĚƐŝŐŶƐ;Ăŵŝƌ͕ϮϬϭϴ͖,ĂŵŽƵŝĞ͕ Symbolism
ϮϬϮϭ͖,͘͘<ŚĂŶ͕ϮϬϭϱ͖E͘^͘<ŚĂŶ͕ϮϬϮϭď͖dĂƌĂƌ͕ϮϬϭϴͿ
WƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ͕ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ͕ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞŽĨĂ ŝƐƟŶĐƚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌͬŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ
ƌĞŐŝŽŶͬĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ;Ăŵŝƌ͕ϮϬϭϴ͖<ŚĂŶ͕ϮϬϭϱ͖ZĞŚŵĂŶΘƌƐŚĂĚ͕ϮϬϭϮ͖
sĂŶĚĂůĂŶĚsĂŶĚĂů͕ϮϬϬϲͿ
hƐĞŽĨŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůƉĂƩĞƌŶƐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ;Ăŵŝƌ͕ϮϬϭϴ͖<ŚĂŶ͕ϮϬϭϱ͖ 'ĞŽŵĞƚƌLJ
<ŚĂŶ͕ϮϬϮϭͿ
hƐĞŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐůŝŬĞǁŽŽĚ͕ďƌŝĐŬĞƚĐ͘;,ĂŵŽƵŝĞ͕ϮϬϮϭ͖<ŚĂŶ͕ Materials
ϮϬϭϳͿ
hƐĞŽĨƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐĂŶĚƐƚLJůĞƐ;ŝůŐƌĂŵŝ͕ϮϬϮϬ͖<ŚĂŶ͕ϮϬϮϭ͖ Techniques
EĞůƐŽŶ͕ϭϵϴϴ͖ZĞŚŵĂŶΘƌƐŚĂĚ͕ϮϬϭϮͿ
DECEMBER 2023
&ŝŐ͘ϳ͗/ƐůĂŵŝĐŝĐŽŶŽŐƌĂƉŚLJŝŶƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂŶƌŽŽŵĂƚKƐďŽƌŶĞ
,ŽƵƐĞ͕/ƐůĞŽĨtŝŐŚƚ͕h<
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƵƚŚŽƌ
dŚĞ ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ ŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚ ďLJ
ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ
summarised and further categorised as indicators
ŽĨĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ĂƐƐĞĞŶŝŶ
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ;ƉĞƌĨĞĐƟŽŶ
ŝŶ ĚĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐ͕ ƐLJŵďŽůŝƐŵ͕ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƚ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌͬŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͕
ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌLJ͕ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿŝƐƚƌĂĐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ
34 ǁŽƌŬƐŽĨŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ
ŽĨ ǁŽŽĚ ǁŽƌŬ ĂŶĚ ĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ͕ ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ĂŶĚ
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘
ϰ͘ ŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚZĞƐƵůƚƐ
ϰ͘ϭ tŽŽĚǁŽƌŬĂŶĚ&ƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ
ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ͛Ɛ ŝŶŝƟĂů ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ϭϴϴϬƐ
ǁĞƌĞ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ǁŽŽĚͲǁŽƌŬ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŽĨ ĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ͕ ĞdžŚŝďŝƟŽŶ ƉĂŶĞůƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟƟŽŶƐ͕
ĐĂƌǀĞĚ ǁŽŽĚ ĚŝƐƉůĂLJ ƉĂŶĞůƐ ĞƚĐ͘ dŚĞ ŵĂƐƚĞƌLJ
ǁŝƚŚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ ĚĞĂůƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƟŵďĞƌ
ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ͕ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐĞŽŵĞƚƌLJ
places him amongst the most extraordinary
ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞƌƐ͘,ŝƐĞĂƌůLJůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů/ŶĚŝĂŶĐƌĂŌ
combined with geometry learnt in Mayo School
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ŽĨ ƌƚƐ ǁĂƐ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ :ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ /ŶĚŝĂŶ ƌƚ͘
WŝŶũƌĂ ǁŽƌŬ ďĞĐĂŵĞ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞƐ
ŽĨ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ͛Ɛ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĞ ƌĞĮŶĞĚ ĂŶĚ
ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ǁĂLJƐ Ͳ ŝŶ ĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ͕ ǁĂůů ƉĂŶĞůůŝŶŐ͕
ƉĂƌƟƟŽŶƐ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĐĞŝůŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ
are seen in the design of Indian rooms at Bagshot
WĂƌŬ;ĮŐ͘ϯͿĂŶĚKƐďŽƌŶĞ,ŽƵƐĞŝŶh<͘dŚĞĚŝƐƟŶĐƚ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůƉĂƩĞƌŶƐĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵ/ƐůĂŵŝĐ
and Mughal art were used in the railing design in
<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ;ĮŐ͘ϰͿ͘dŚĞƐLJŵďŽůŝƐŵǁĂƐ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛ƐĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͕
ŵŽƟĨƐŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůƚŚĞŵĞƐ͕ŝĐŽŶŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐ
ƐLJŵďŽůƐĂƐŝƐĞǀŝĚĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞǁŽŽĚͲĐĂƌǀĞĚĐŚĂŝƌĚĞƐŝŐŶ
&ŝŐ͘ϴ͗'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůƉĂƩĞƌŶŝŶƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌŽĨĂƌďĂƌ,ĂůůŝŶ<ĂƉƵƌƚŚĂůĂ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƵƚŚŽƌ
;ĮŐ͘ϱͿĂŶĚƚŚĞĐĂƌǀĞĚ'ĂŶĞƐŚĂϰŽǀĞƌƚŚĞŵĂŝŶĚŽŽƌ
;&ŝŐ͘ϲͿŝŶYƵĞĞŶsŝĐƚŽƌŝĂ͛ƐKƐďŽƌŶĞ,ŽƵƐĞ͕h<͘dŚĞ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌŶĞƌ
ƉĂŶĞůŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƐŚŽƚWĂƌŬŝŶh<ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŵŵĂĐƵůĂƚĞ
detailing in the Darbar Halls for princely states of
WƵŶũĂďĚŝƐƉůĂLJĞĚƚŚĞĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨǁŽŽĚĐĂƌǀŝŶŐ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘
ϰ͘Ϯ /ŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƐ
Bhai Ram Singh designed numerous interiors
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĞdžƚĞŶƚƚŚĂƚŚĞǁŽƌŬĞĚ
ŝŶĨŽƌŽǀĞƌŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϰĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͘dŚŽƵŐŚŚĞǁŽƌŬĞĚ
in the colonial regime, he rejected the classical art
ĂŶĚĐƌĂŌŝĚŝŽŵĂŶĚƵƐĞĚŚŝƐŽǁŶŚĞƌĞĚŝƚĂƌLJƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂŶĂƌƚĂŶĚĐƌĂŌƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞ
ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƐ ŽĨ ĚĂƌďĂƌ halls, senate halls and
ŵƵůƟͲƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ ŚĂůůƐ ŝŶ ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂů
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘dŚĞŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƉĞƌĨŽƌĂƚĞĚ
ǁŽŽĚͲĐĂƌǀĞĚ WŝŶũƌĂ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
/ƐůĂŵŝĐ ĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌĨĞĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ ĐĂƌǀĞĚ ĚĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐ
in the design of ũŚĂƌŽŬŚĂϱcan be seen in the Indian
ƌŽŽŵ ŝŶ KƐďŽƌŶĞ ,ŽƵƐĞ͘ dŚĞ ƐLJŵďŽůŝƐŵ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƉĞĂĐŽĐŬ ĂƐ Ă ĨŽĐĂů ĞůĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ
ŽĨ/ƐůĂŵŝĐŝĐŽŶŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ;ĮŐ͘ϳͿŚĂƐďĞĞŶƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ
KƐďŽƌŶĞ ŚŽƵƐĞ ĂƐ ǁĞůů͘ dŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƌĞƉĞƟƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
ƌŚLJƚŚŵĐĂŶďĞƐĞĞŶŝŶƚŚĞŵƵůƟͲĨŽůŝĂƚĞĚďƌŝĐŬĂƌĐŚĞƐ
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ŽĨ <ŚĂůƐĂ ŽůůĞŐĞ ŝŶ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͘ dŚĞ
ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ůŝŬĞ ǁŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ ďƌŝĐŬ ĂĚĚƐ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŇĂǀŽƵƌƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƐ͕ĂƐƐĞĞŶŝŶ<ŚĂůƐĂ
ϰ 'ĂŶĞƐŚĂ;ĂůƐŽĐĂůůĞĚ'ĂŶĂƉĂƟͿŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ
ĚĞŝƟĞƐŝŶ,ŝŶĚƵŝƐŵ
ϱ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚďĂůĐŽŶLJǁŝƚŚĚĞĐŽƌĂƟǀĞͬĐĂƌǀĞĚĚĞƚĂŝůƐƵƐĞĚŝŶ
/ŶĚŝĂŶŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůͬƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĞdžƚĞƌŝŽƌƐ

&ŝŐ͘ ϵ ͗ &ĂĕĂĚĞ ĂĚŽƌŶĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ ŽĨ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŽĨWƵŶũĂďŝŶ<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƵƚŚŽƌ
College as well as the interiors of Indian room in the
h<͘ dŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ĚŽŵĞŽǀĞƌĂŶŽĐƚĂŐŽŶĂůďĂƐĞƵƐŝŶŐ/ƐůĂŵŝĐƐƋƵŝŶĐŚ
ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƌƚ ĂŶĚ ƌĂŌ
/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͘ŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ͛ƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞƐƚLJůĞ
ŽĨ ĚĞĂůŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ůĂƌŐĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ;ĮŐ͘ ϴͿ ŵĂĚĞ
ŚŝƐ ǁŽƌŬ ĐůĞĂƌůLJ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĂďůĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞƌƐ͕ǁŚŽƵƐĞĚƚŚĞĐůĂƐƐŝĐĂůŝĚŝŽŵŝŶƚŚĞŝƌǁŽƌŬ͘
ϰ͘ϯ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐĞƐŝŐŶ
ŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚƉƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽƵƐĞƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƐƚLJůĞƐ
of art and architecture while using local materials
ĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŽĨĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƐƚĞĂĚŽĨĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ
the European architects and engineers who were
ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƚŽĞŵƉůŽLJĐůĂƐƐŝĐĂůƐƚLJůĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŝƌďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘
dŚĞ ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂů ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ
facades was inspired from Indian styles, such as
domes, turrets, ĐŚŚĂƚƌŝƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵƵůƟͲĨŽůŝĂƚĞĚ ĂƌĐŚĞƐ
ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĞƌĞ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ^ŝŬŚ ŐƵƌĚǁĂƌĂƐ͘ dŚŝƐ
ŝƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƐĞĞŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŽĨ <ŚĂůƐĂ ŽůůĞŐĞ͕
ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ;ĮŐ͘ϵͿǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐĞŶǀŝƐĂŐĞĚƚŽďĞĂƐƚƌŽŶŐ
ƐLJŵďŽůŽĨWƵŶũĂďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚ^ŝŬŚƌĞůŝŐŝŽŶ͘dŚĞƵƐĞ
ŽĨƌĞĚĐůĂLJďƌŝĐŬƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJĨŽƌŝŵŵĂĐƵůĂƚĞĚĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐ
and textural quality of facades, along with the use
ŽĨƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŽĨĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞ
ƐĞĞŶŝŶ<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞ͘
/ŶƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŽĨsŽůůĞŐĞ;ŶŽǁ/ƐůĂŵŝĂŽůůĞŐĞͿ͕
>ĂŚŽƌĞ͕ƚŚĞƐLJŵďŽůŝƐŵǁĂƐƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚƵƐŝŶŐĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ŽĨ ,ŝŶĚƵ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ůŝŬĞ ƐŚŝŬŚĂƌĂƐ͕ ďƌĂĐŬĞƚƐ͕
ĚĞĐŽƌĂƟǀĞ ŵŽƟĨƐ ĞƚĐ͘ WŝŶũƌĂ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ^ŝŶŐŚ
was an expert, was transformed into perforated
ƚĞƌƌĂĐŽƩĂƐĐƌĞĞŶƐ͕ĐĂůůĞĚũĂĂůŝƐ in buildings, as in the
ƌƚƐĂŶĚƌĂŌŝŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ;ĮŐ͘ϭϬͿ͘
The buildings designed by Bhai Ram Singh display a
ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝŽƵƐůŽŽŬĂŶĚƚŚĞƐŬŝůĨƵůƉĞƌĨĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĂŝůƐ
ŽĨĚĞĐŽƌĂƟǀĞďƌŝĐŬǁŽƌŬ͘ŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚŝƐĐƌĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŽĨĐĂƌǀĞĚǁŽŽĚĞŶĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ͕ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƐ
of ĚĂƌďĂƌ halls as well as many iconic buildings
ƚŚĂƚ ďĞĂƌ ƚĞƐƟŵŽŶLJ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ƐŝŐŶĂƚƵƌĞ ƐƚLJůĞ
ŝŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů Ăƌƚ ĂŶĚ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘
DECEMBER 2023
&ŝŐ͘ϭϬ͗dĞƌƌĂĐŽƩĂũĂĂůŝŝŶƚŚĞƌƚƐĂŶĚƌĂŌƐ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŝŶŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƵƚŚŽƌ
35
ϱ͘ ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ
ƐƉĞƌWĂŶĚLJĂ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ŽŶĞŵƵƐƚƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŽƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ
ƚŽ ƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĨŽƌ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞƚŚŽƐ ĨŽƌ
ĂƌƟƐƟĐĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚLJŝŶĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ͘ŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ͛Ɛ
ĞdžĐĞůůĞŶĐĞ ŝŶ ǁŽŽĚ ĐĂƌǀŝŶŐ ŐĂǀĞ ĂŶ ŝŵƉĞƚƵƐ ƚŽ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶĂŶĚůĞĚƚŽƚŚĞ
ƌŝƐĞĂŶĚƵƉůŝŌŵĞŶƚŽĨĐƌĂŌƐŵĞŶ͕ǁŚŽŚĂĚƐĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌƉ
ĚĞĐůŝŶĞŝŶƉĂƚƌŽŶĂŐĞĂŶĚĚĞŵĂŶĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂƌƌŝǀĂůŽĨ
ƚŚĞ ƌŝƟƐŚ ŝŶ /ŶĚŝĂ͘ dŚŝƐ ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ ŽĨ ŚĞƌĞĚŝƚĂƌLJ
ĐƌĂŌƐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚŚŝƐĞdžƚƌĂŽƌĚŝŶĂƌLJƐŬŝůůŝŶĚĞƐŝŐŶ
ůĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵĂŶLJ ŵĂƐƚĞƌƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ ǁŽŽĚ
ĐĂƌǀŝŶŐ͕ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƐĂŶĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘ŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚƵƐĞĚ
ŚŝƐ ĚĞĞƉ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ
;ďĞŝŶŐ Ă ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƌƉĞŶƚĞƌĐůĂŶͿ ƚŽ ŐƌŽǁ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƚ ĐŽůŽŶŝĂů ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚ /ŶĚŽͲ^ĂƌĂĐĞŶŝĐ ƐƚLJůĞ
and the :ĞLJƉŽƌĞ ƉŽƌƞŽůŝŽ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ
ƌŝƟƐŚ͕ ƚŚƵƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ŝŵŵĞŶƐĞůLJ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĂƌƚƐĂŶĚĐƌĂŌƐŽĨWƵŶũĂď
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘KǁŝŶŐƚŽŚŝƐŶĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŵŽĚĞƐƚ
ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ͕ŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚŚĂƐƌĂƌĞůLJďĞĞŶĐƌĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ĨŽƌ ŚŝƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů Ăƌƚ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŚŝƐƌŽůĞŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶŽĨ
ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŚŝƐ ǁŽƌŬƐ͘ dŚĞ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ ŽĨ
ĐƌĂŌǁŽƌŬ͕ ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ
ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĂƉĞƌ ĂƌĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐ ǁŽƌŬƐ ŽĨ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ
 ^ŝŶŐŚ͕ ǁŚŽ ƉŽƐƐĞƐƐĞĚ ŝŵŵĞŶƐĞ ĂƌƟƐƟĐ ĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ͻ
DECEMBER 2023
ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ďĞŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ ƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJ
ǁŝƚŚ ŚŝƐ ƌŽŽƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ǁŽƌŬƐ ŽĨ ŚĂŝ ZĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ ŚĂǀĞ
ůĞŌƵƐĂƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůĞŐĂĐLJŽĨWƵŶũĂďŝĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ ͻ
ǁŚŝĐŚŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĚĂŶĚĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞĚ͘
ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ
ͻ Ăŵŝƌ͕E͘;ϮϬϭϴͿ͘dŚĞZŝƐĞĂŶĚ&ĂůůŽĨƚŚĞdƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ
ŽĨtŽŽĚĐĂƌǀŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞ^ƵďĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞ
WƵŶũĂďhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ, ϯ/;/Ϳ͕ϭϲϭʹϭϳϭ͘
ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬƉƵ͘ĞĚƵ͘ƉŬͬŝŵĂŐĞƐͬũŽƵƌŶĂůͬ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJW^ƚƵĚŝĞƐͬW&ͺ
&ŝůĞƐͬϭϲͺsͲϯϭͲEŽϭͲ:ĂŶϭϴ͘ƉĚĨ
ͻ ƐŚƌĂĨ͕D͘͘;ϮϬϮϭͿ͘/ĚĞŶƟƚLJĞĐŽŵĞƐWƌŝĚĞŝĨZŽƵƚĞĚ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞWƵŶũĂďhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ
,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ, ϯϰ;ϬϭͿ͕ϭϰϳʹϭϱϳ͘
ͻ ƚĂͲhůůĂŚ͕E͘;ϭϵϵϴͿ͘^ƚLJůŝƐƟĐŚLJďƌŝĚŝƚLJĂŶĚĐŽůŽŶŝĂůĂƌƚ
ĂŶĚĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͗ĂǁŽŽĚĞŶĐĂƌǀĞĚƐĐƌĞĞŶďLJZĂŵ
^ŝŶŐŚ͘/Ŷd͘ĂƌƌŝŶŐĞƌΘd͘&ůLJŶŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͕ŽůŽŶŝĂůŝƐŵĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞŽďũĞĐƚ͗ĞŵƉŝƌĞ͕ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŵƵƐĞƵŵ
;ƉƉ͘ϲϴʹϴϭͿ͘ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͘
ͻ ĂŶĐĞWĞƚĞƌ͘;ϮϬϭϮͿ͘dŚĞ^ŝŬŚƐŝŶƌŝƚĂŝŶ;ϭϱϬzĞĂƌƐŽĨ
WŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚƐͿ͘/ŶŽƌŽŶĞƚ,ŽƵƐĞWƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ>ƚĚ͘ Coronet
,ŽƵƐĞWƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ>ƚĚ͘
ͻ ŚĂƫ͕^͘;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘ŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ͗/ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌŶĚDĂƐƚĞƌ
KĨ^ŝŬŚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘,ƩƉƐ͗ͬͬtŽƌůĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘KƌŐͬ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁŽƌůĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ŽƌŐͬĂƌƟĐůĞͲůŝŶŬƐͬĞĞŶĐnjͬďŚĂŝͲ
ƌĂŵͲƐŝŶŐŚͲŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌͲĂŶĚͲŵĂƐƚĞƌͲŽĨͲƐŝŬŚͲĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞͲͲĂͲ
36
ƚƌŝďƵƚĞͲďLJͲĚƌͲƐƐͲďŚĂƫ͘Śƚŵů
ͻ ŝůŐƌĂŵŝ͕^͘͘;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘ZĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
ŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͘/Ŷ^ŚĂďĂŶ<ŚĂĚŝũĂ:ĂŵĂů;Ě͘Ϳ͕ZĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ;ƉƉ͘ϰϬʹϱϭͿ͘
/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐWĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬŝĂƉ͘ĐŽŵ͘ƉŬͬ
ǁƉͲĐŽŶƚĞŶƚͬƵƉůŽĂĚƐͬϮϬϮϬͬϭϭͬZĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐͲƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůͲ
ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͲŝŶͲ^ŽƵƚŚͲƐŝĂͺĐŽŵƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ͘ƉĚĨ
ͻ ƌLJĂŶƚ͕:͘;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘ŽůŽŶŝĂůƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŝŶ>ĂŚŽƌĞ͗:͘
>͘<ŝƉůŝŶŐĂŶĚƚŚĞ͚/ŶĚŽͲƐĂƌĂĐĞŶŝĐ͛^ƚLJůĞƐ͘^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂŶ
^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ, ϯϲ;ϭͿ͕ϲϭʹϳϭ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϬϮϲϲϲϬϯϬ
͘ϮϬϮϬ͘ϭϳϮϭϭϭϭ
ͻ ĂƌƌŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕͘;ϭϵϳϬͿ͘ZƵĚLJĂƌĚ<ŝƉůŝŶŐ͗,ŝƐůŝĨĞĂŶĚǁŽƌŬ͘
WĞůŝĐĂŶŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞƐ, ďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͕ϲϯϰ͘
ͻ ŝŶ͕E͘h͘;ϮϬϭϴͿ͘^ŚĂĚŽǁƐŽĨŵƉŝƌĞ͗dŚĞDƵŐŚĂůĂŶĚ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƌŝƟƐŚŽůŽŶŝĂů,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨ>ĂŚŽƌĞ͘ŝƚLJhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨ
EĞǁzŽƌŬ͘
ͻ &ƵũŝƚĂ͕,͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘ƌƚĂŶĚĞƐŝŐŶĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝŶEŝŶĞƚĞĞŶƚŚ
ĞŶƚƵƌLJ/ŶĚŝĂ͗ƌŝƟƐŚĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŝŶ
^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͘dŚĞ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞƐŝĂŶŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƐŝŐŶ
,ŝƐƚŽƌLJĂŶĚdŚĞŽƌLJ, Ϯ͕ϭϬϵʹϭϮϬ͘
ͻ 'ŽƐǁĂŵLJ͘E͘;ϮϬϭϮ͕EŽǀĞŵďĞƌϭϴͿ͘DĂŶŽĨŵĂŶLJ
ƉĂƌƚƐ͘dŚĞ^ƵŶĚĂLJdƌŝďƵŶĞͲ^ƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ͘ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘
ƚƌŝďƵŶĞŝŶĚŝĂ͘ĐŽŵͬϮϬϬϲͬϮϬϬϲϬϳϭϲͬƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵͬŵĂŝŶϭ͘Śƚŵ
ͻ 'ƌŽǀĞƌ͕͘Z͘;ϮϬϭϰͿ͘/ŶĚŽͲ^ĂƌĂĐĞŶŝĐƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͗
/ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ/ŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐ&Žƌ/ŵƉĞƌŝĂů/ŶƚĞŶƚ͘,ƵŵĂŶŝƟĞƐ
ĂŶĚ^ŽĐŝĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐZĞǀŝĞǁ, Ϭϯ;ϬϱͿ͕ϯϬϱʹϯϮϲ͘
hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ŶĞƚ
,ĂŵŽƵŝĞ͕D͘;ϮϬϮϭͿ͘dŚĞƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚͲƌĂŌƐƉĞƌƐŽŶ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂů
ŽĨdƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚhƌďĂŶŝƐŵ, Ϯ,
ϭϵϱʹϮϬϰ͘
<ĂŵƌĂŶ͕d͘;ϮϬϭϲͿ͘>ŽĐŬǁŽŽĚ<ŝƉůŝŶŐ͛ƐƌŽůĞĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞDĂLJŽ^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨƌƚ;ϭϴϳϱͲϭϴϵϴͿ͘
:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞZŽLJĂůƐŝĂƟĐ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ, Ϯϲ;ϯͿ͕ϰϰϯʹϰϲϭ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϭϳͬ^ϭϯϱϲϭϴϲϯϭϱϬϬϬϱϭϲ
ͻ <ĂŶƚĂǁĂůĂ͕͘;ϮϬϭϮͿ͘ƌƚĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝŶŽůŽŶŝĂů/ŶĚŝĂ͗
/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ/ŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͘^ƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶƌƚĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ,
ϱϯ;ϯͿ͕ϮϬϴʹϮϮϮ͘
ͻ <ŚĂŶ͕,͘͘;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ƌƟƐĂŶƐ͕^ƵĮƐ͕ĂŶĚŽůŽŶŝĂůƌƚ
/ŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐŝŶEŝŶĞƚĞĞŶƚŚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJWƵŶũĂď΀EĂƟŽŶĂů
hŶŝǀĞƌŝƐƚLJŽĨ^ŝŶŐĂƉŽƌĞ΁͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĐŽƌĞ͘ĂĐ͘ƵŬͬ
ƌĞĂĚĞƌͬϰϴϲϱϲϵϵϬ
ͻ <ŚĂŶ͕E͘^͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌƚĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝŶŽůŽŶŝĂů
WƵŶũĂď͗<ŝƉůŝŶŐ͛ƐWĞĚĂŐŽŐLJĂŶĚ,ĞƌĞĚŝƚĂƌLJƌĂŌƐŵĞŶ͘
:ŽŚŶ>ŽĐŬǁŽŽĚ<ŝƉůŝŶŐ͗ƌƚƐΘƌĂŌƐŝŶƚŚĞWƵŶũĂďĂŶĚ
>ŽŶĚŽŶƌƚƐΘƌĂŌƐŝŶƚŚĞWƵŶũĂďĂŶĚ>ŽŶĚŽŶ͕ϰϲϴʹϰϴϳ͘
ͻ <ŚĂŶ͕E͘^͘;ϮϬϮϭĂͿ͘WĞƌƐŝĂŶͲWƵŶũĂďŝͺhƌĚƵ/ĚĞŶƟƟĞƐŽĨ
dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůWĂƩĞƌŶƐ>ŽƐƚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŽůŽŶŝĂů
ZƵůĞŽĨƚŚĞWƵŶũĂď;ϭϴϰϵʹϭϵϰϳͿ͘DĂŶĂnjŝƌ:ŽƵƌŶĂů, ϯ,
ϰϱʹϲϯ͘
ͻ <ŚĂŶ͕E͘^͘;ϮϬϮϭďͿ͘WĞƌƐŝĂŶͲWƵŶũĂďŝͬhƌĚƵ/ĚĞŶƟƟĞƐŽĨ
dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůWĂƩĞƌŶƐ>ŽƐƚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŽůŽŶŝĂů
ZƵůĞŽĨƚŚĞWƵŶũĂď;ϭϴϰϵʹϭϵϰϳͿ͘DĂŶĂnjŝƌ:ŽƵƌŶĂů, ϯ,
ϰϱʹϲϯ͘
ͻ DĞƚĐĂůĨ͕d͘Z͘;ϭϵϴϵͿ͘Ŷ/ŵƉĞƌŝĂůsŝƐŝŽŶ͘hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ
ŽĨĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂWƌĞƐƐ͘ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŵĐĂŚ͘ĐŽůƵŵďŝĂ͘ĞĚƵͬ
ĐŽƵƌƐĞƐͬŝŶĚŝĂŶĂƌƚͬƉĚĨͬŶĞǁͺĚĞůŚŝͺŵĞƚĐĂůĨ͘ƉĚĨ
ͻ E͘;ϮϬϬϯͿ͘KĸĐŝĂůŚƌŽŶŝĐůĞŽĨDĂLJŽ^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨƌƚ
Ͳ&ŽƌŵĂƟǀĞLJĞĂƌƐƵŶĚĞƌ:͘>͘<ŝƉůŝŶŐ;ϭϴϳϰͲϭϴϵϰͿ;E͘K͘
dĂƌĂƌ;Ě͘Ϳ͖/Ϳ͘EĂƟŽŶĂůŽůůĞŐĞŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘
ͻ EĞůƐŽŶ͕>͘,͘;ϭϵϴϴͿ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͗/ĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞsŝƐƵĂůƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĂƐĂŶŝĚƚŽ
WƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐdŚĞŝƌŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͘WƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƌŝĞĨϭϳ͗
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ/ĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƚŚĞsŝƐƵĂůƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨ
,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĂƐĂŶŝĚƚŽWƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐdŚĞŝƌŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ,
ϭʹϭϳ͘ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŶƉƐ͘ŐŽǀͬŚƉƐͬƚƉƐͬďƌŝĞĨƐͬďƌŝĞĨϭϳ͘Śƚŵ
ͻ WĂƌŬĞƌ͕^͘<͘;ϭϵϴϳͿ͘ƌƟƐƟĐWƌĂĐƟĐĞĂŶĚĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
ŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͗,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůKǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ
ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ, Ϯϭ;ϰͿ͕ϭϮϯ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϮϯϬϳͬϯϯϯϮϴϯϲ
ͻ ZĞŚŵĂŶ͕͕͘ΘƌƐŚĂĚ͕D͘;ϮϬϭϮͿ͘dŚĞƌŝƟƐŚsŝƐŝŽŶŽĨ
>ĂŚŽƌĞ͗ĂŶdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
ĂŶĚhƌďĂŶĞƐŝŐŶdŚƌŽƵŐŚ>ŝƚĞƌĂƌLJ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ
ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ, ϭϯZĞŚŵĂŶ͕;ϮͿ͕
ϴʹϭϳ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϱϯϳϬϬͬũƌĂƉϭϯϮϮϬϭϮͺϮ
ͻ ^ĂŚŶŝ͕Z͘Z͘;ϭϵϵϰͿ͘DĞŵŽŝƌƐŽĨZƵĐŚŝZĂŵ^ĂŚŶŝ
;EĂƌĞŶĚĞƌ<͘^ĞŚŐĂůΘ^͘DĂŚĂŶƟ;ĚƐ͘ͿͿ͘sŝŐLJĂŶWƌĂƐĂƌ͕
/ŶĚŝĂ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĂƌǀŝŶĚŐƵƉƚĂƚŽLJƐ͘ĐŽŵͬĂƌǀŝŶĚŐƵƉƚĂͬ
ƌƵĐŚŝƌĂŵ͘ƉĚĨ
ͻ ^ĐƌŝǀĞƌ͕W͕͘ΘWƌĂŬĂƐŚ͕s͘;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘;ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ŽůŽŶŝĂů
DŽĚĞƌŶŝƟĞƐƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ĚǁĞůůŝŶŐĂŶĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŝŶƌŝƟƐŚ
/ŶĚŝĂĂŶĚĞLJůŽŶ͘ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͘
ͻ ^ŚĂƌŵĂ^ĂƌŝŬĂ͘;ϮϬϭϲ͕ĞĐĞŵďĞƌϭϴͿ͘YƵĞĞŶ͛Ɛ/ŶĚŝĂŶ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͘dŚĞdƌŝďƵŶĞ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚƌŝďƵŶĞŝŶĚŝĂ͘ĐŽŵͬ
ŶĞǁƐͬĂƌĐŚŝǀĞͬĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐͬƋƵĞĞŶͲƐͲŝŶĚŝĂŶͲĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚͲϯϯϴϭϮϱ
ͻ ^ŚƵũĂ͕^͕͘Θ:ƵŶĞũŽ͕Z͘;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘ƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƟŶŐ/ŶĚŽͲ

DECEMBER 2023
^ĂƌĂĐĞŶŝĐƐƚLJůĞ͗ŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ͛ƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐƚŽƚŚĞ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŝĚĞŶƟƚLJŽĨϭϵƚŚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ>ĂŚŽƌĞ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂů
ŽĨdƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚhƌďĂŶŝƐŵ, ϭ,
ϯϱϳʹϯϲϴ͘
ͻ ^ŝŶŐŚ͕'͕͘ΘdĂƚůĂ͕͘^͘;ϮϬϬϲͿ͘^ŝŬŚƐŝŶƌŝƚĂŝŶ͗dŚĞ
ŵĂŬŝŶŐŽĨĂŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ;&ŝƌƐƚ͕/ƐƐƵĞ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJͿ͘ĞĚŽŽŬƐ͘
ͻ ^ŝŶŚĂ͕͘;ϮϬϭϰͿ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚŝƐƚŽƌLJŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͗
ĂƉŽƐƚĐŽůŽŶŝĂůƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘dĞŬƚŽŶ͗:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕hƌďĂŶĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ, ϭ;ϭͿ͕ϯϮʹϰϳ͘
ͻ ^ƚĂŵƉ͕'͘;ϭϵϴϭͿ͘ƌŝƚƐŚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂϭϴϱϳͲϭϵϰϳ͘
:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞZŽLJĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJŽĨƌƚƐ, ϭϮϵ;ϱϮϵϴͿ͕ϯϱϳʹϯϳϵ͘
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ũƐƚŽƌ͘ŽƌŐͬƐƚĂďůĞͬϰϭϯϳϯϯϬϰ
ͻ dĂƌĂƌ͕E͘K͘;ϮϬϭϴͿ͘:ŽŚŶ>ŽĐŬǁŽŽĚ<ŝƉůŝŶŐ͕ZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞDĂLJŽ^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨƌƚƐ͕>ĂŚŽƌĞ͘<ŝƉůŝŶŐ:ŽƵƌŶĂů͗
:ŽŚŶ>ŽĐŬǁŽŽĚ<ŝƉůŝŶŐ^ƉĞĐŝĂů/ƐƐƵĞ, ϯϳϯ;^ƉĞĐŝĂů/ƐƐƵĞͿ͕
ϭʹϮϭ͘
ͻ dŝůůŽƚƐŽŶ͕'͘;ϭϵϴϵͿ͘dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂŶƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞʹ
ŽŶƟŶƵŝƚLJŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐLJΘŚĂŶŐĞ;ϭƐƚĞĚ͘Ϳ͘zĂůĞhŶŝĞƌƐŝƚLJ
WƌĞƐƐ͘
ͻ dƵůŝ͕W͘^͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘dŚĞDŝŐŚƚLJ^ŝŬŚƐ;^͘^͘EĂƌƵůĂ;Ě͘Ϳ͖
^ĞĐŽŶĚͿ͘ƌ͘^͘^͘'ŝůůŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͘
ͻ sĂŶĚĂů͕WĞƌǀĂŝnjĂŶĚsĂŶĚĂů͕^͘;ϮϬϬϲͿ͘dŚĞZĂũ͕>ĂŚŽƌĞ
ĂŶĚŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ;ϭƐƚĞĚ͘Ϳ͘E͕>ĂŚŽƌĞ͘ Ripu Daman Singh ;ϭϲϱϵϮ͕ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌͿ ŝƐ Ă
ͻ ĂƐĂǁĂƌĂũĂ͕Z͖͘ŚĂƌŝ͕<͖͘͘DŝƐĞ͕^͘Z͖͘ŚĞƫ͕^͘͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘ ĚŽĐƚŽƌĂů ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƐĐŚŽůĂƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ &ĂĐƵůƚLJ ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ
Analysis of the impact of urban sprawl in altering the ŬŝƐƟĐƐ͕:ĂŵŝĂDŝůůŝĂ/ƐůĂŵŝĂ͕EĞǁĞůŚŝ͘,ŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝƐĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ
ůĂŶĚͲƵƐĞ͕ůĂŶĚͲĐŽǀĞƌƉĂƩĞƌŶŽĨZĂŝĐŚƵƌŝƚLJ͕/ŶĚŝĂ͕ƵƐŝŶŐ ŽŶƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůǁŽƌŬƐŽĨŚĂŝZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚ͘,ĞŝƐǁŽƌŬŝŶŐĂƐ
ŐĞŽƐƉĂƟĂůƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚ ĂŶ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ '^ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ
37
ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ϰ;ϴͿ͕ϰϱϱͲϰϲϮ͘ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕DZ^Wdh͕ĂƚŚŝŶĚĂ͕WƵŶũĂď͘
ŵĂŝů͗ƌŝƉƵ͘ũĂƟŶĚĞƌΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ

Dr. Nisar Khan ŝƐ Ă WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ &ĂĐƵůƚLJ ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
ĂŶĚ ŬŝƐƟĐƐ͕ :ĂŵŝĂ DŝůůŝĂ /ƐůĂŵŝĂ͕ EĞǁ ĞůŚŝ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŚĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌŽĨD͘ƌĐŚ͘ŝŶhƌďĂŶZĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘,ĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƐ
ƵƌďĂŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘
ŵĂŝů͗ŶŬŚĂŶϮΛũŵŝ͘ĂĐ͘ŝŶ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ƌ͘,ŝŶĂŝĂŝƐĂWƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌĂŶĚĞĂŶĂƚƚŚĞ&ĂĐƵůƚLJŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
ĂŶĚŬŝƐƟĐƐĂŶĚĂůƐŽƚŚĞ,ĞĂĚŽĨƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨWůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂƚ
ƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚ/ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ͕:ĂŵŝĂDŝůůŝĂ/ƐůĂŵŝĂ͕
EĞǁĞůŚŝ͘
ŵĂŝů͗ŚnjŝĂΛũŵŝ͘ĂĐ͘ŝŶ
 Zd/>
DECEMBER 2023

A Tribute to Madhav Achwal:

An Architect, Academician
and Marathi Author
LJ^Ăƌďũŝƚ^ŝŶŐŚĂŚŐĂ

ϯϴ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů ;Ϭϯ͘ϭϭ͘ϭϵϮϱʹϮϭ͘Ϭϭ͘ϭϵϴϬͿ ǁĂƐ ĂŶ

ĞŵŝŶĞŶƚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͕ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝƐƚ͕ ĐƌŝƟĐ͕ ƌĞŶŽǁŶĞĚ
ůŝƩĞƌĂƚĞƵƌ͕ĂŶĚDĂƌĂƚŚŝĂƵƚŚŽƌ͘,ŝƐŶĂŵĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶ
ŝŵŵŽƌƚĂůŝƐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ /ŶĚŝĂŶ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ
;//ͿďLJŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŶŐƚŚĞ͚DĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů'ŽůĚDĞĚĂů͛
ĨŽƌĂůŝĨĞƟŵĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘
ŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĚ ŝŶ ϭϵϴϴ͕ ƚŚĞ ͞DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů 'ŽůĚ
DĞĚĂů͟ŝƐƉĞƌŚĂƉƐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚŚŽŶŽƵƌďĞƐƚŽǁĞĚŽŶ
ŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝƐƚƐŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͘
ĞƐƉŝƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĞīŽƌƚƐ ŵĂĚĞ ďLJ ƚŚĞ //͕ ŵŽƐƚ /ŶĚŝĂŶ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂƌĞƐƟůůƵŶĂǁĂƌĞŽĨǁŚŽDĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů
ǁĂƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ƋƵŝƚĞ ĂŵƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ĞǀĞŶ ŵĂŶLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƌĞĐŝƉŝĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ͚DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů 'ŽůĚ DĞĚĂů͛
ĂƌĞ ƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚŝƐ ůĞŐĞŶĚĂƌLJ ĮŐƵƌĞ͘ dŚŝƐ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ƵŶĨŽƌƚƵŶĂƚĞ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ĂƌŝƐĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ĂŶLJ

ǁƌŝƩĞŶ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů͘ EŽƚ
ŽŶůLJĚŽĞƐƚŚĞ//ůĂĐŬĂŶLJǁƌŝƚĞͲƵƉŽƌƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚŽĨ
DĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂůƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶŝƚƐũŽƵƌŶĂů://ŽƌŽŶŝƚƐ
ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͕ ďƵƚ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ƵŶĂďůĞ ƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂŶLJ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚŚŝŵ͘
dŚĞƌĞĂĚĞƌƐŵĂLJĂƐŬ͕ǁŚĂƚƉƌŽŵƉƚĞĚĂWƵŶũĂďŝ:ĂƩ
^ŝŬŚ ƚŽ ǁƌŝƚĞ ĂďŽƵƚ Ă DĂƌĂƚŚŝ ^ĂĂŚŝƚLJĂŬĂĂƌ and
sĂĂƐƚƵŬĂĂƌ͕DĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů͍/ĂŵŝŶĚĞďƚĞĚƚŽ^Śƌŝ
DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů :ŝ ĨŽƌ ƐƉĂƌŝŶŐ ŽŶĞ ŚŽƵƌ ;ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ
ƐŚŽƌƚůŝĨĞƐƉĂŶŽĨϱϱLJĞĂƌƐͿĨŽƌĂŽŶĞͲƚŽͲŽŶĞŵĞĞƟŶŐ
ǁŝƚŚŵĞŽŶ:ƵŶĞϭϴ͕ϭϵϳϵ͘dŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶǁĂƐĂǀŝǀĂ DĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů;Ϭϯ͘ϭϭ͘ϭϵϮϱͲϮϭ͘Ϭϭ͘ϭϵϴϬͿ
ǀŽĐĞ ĨŽƌ ŵLJ ĮŶĂů LJĞĂƌ͛Ɛ ƚŚĞƐŝƐ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗^ŚŝůƉŬĂƌŚĂƌŝƚƌĂŬŽƐŚ
ŚĂŶĚŝŐĂƌŚŽůůĞŐĞŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘DĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů

DECEMBER 2023
ǁĂƐ ŵLJ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞƌ͕ ĂŶĚ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ sW Ŷŝů
ǁĂƐ ŵLJ ƚŚĞƐŝƐ ŐƵŝĚĞ͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ŽŶĞ ŚŽƵƌ͕ / ǁĂƐ
ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐ ĞŶĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŽŽ LJŽƵŶŐ ƚŽ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ƐƚĂƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů͘ Ƶƚ / ƐƟůů
ƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĂƵƌĂ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ Śŝŵ ĂŶĚ ŚŝƐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů
ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽũƵĚŐŝŶŐŵLJƚŚĞƐŝƐŽŶ͚<>^ĂŝŐĂůDĞŵŽƌŝĂů
Ăƚ:ĂůĂŶĚŚĂƌ͛͘
ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ŽƵƌƚŚĞƐŝƐƌĞƉŽƌƚƐǁĞƌĞƐƵďŵŝƩĞĚ
Ă ŵŽŶƚŚ ŝŶ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƐĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů
ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞƌƐĨŽƌƉƌŝŽƌƐĐƌƵƟŶLJ͘ƐŵLJǀŝǀĂǀŽĐĞďĞŐĂŶ͕
/ ŶŽƟĐĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŵLJ ƌĞƉŽƌƚ ŚĂĚ ƉĞŶĐŝů ƵŶĚĞƌůŝŶŝŶŐ ŽŶ
ĂůŵŽƐƚĞǀĞƌLJƉĂŐĞ͘/ƚĂƉƉĞĂƌĞĚƚŚĂƚDĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů
ŚĂĚ ƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚůLJ ƐƚƵĚŝĞĚ ŝƚ͕ ůŝŬĞ Ă ŐƌĞĂƚ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ ĂŶĚ
ĐƌŝƟĐ͘ ƚ ƚŚĞ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŵLJ ǀĞƌďĂů ĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͕
/ ĂƩĞŵƉƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ŵLJ ƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ƌĞƉŽƌƚ͘ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů ĐĂůŵůLJ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞĚ͕ ͞/ƚ ŝƐ Ăůů
ƌŝŐŚƚ͕͟ĂŶĚƐǁŝŌůLJƚƵƌŶĞĚƚŽĂďŽƵƚƚǁŽͲƚŚŝƌĚƐŽĨƚŚĞ
ƉĂŐĞƐ͘dŚĞŶ͕ŚĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůLJŽƉĞŶĞĚƚŚĞ͚ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͛Ɛ
Brief’, which primarily explained the inferences
ĚƌĂǁŶĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚĚĞƐŝŐŶĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͘
DdĞŵƉůĞĂƚsĂĚŽĚĂƌĂͶĂŶĞǀĞŶŝŶŐǀŝĞǁ͘
DLJĐŽŶĐĞƉƚǁĂƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚƌĞĞǀŝƚĂůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗,ŝŵĂŶƐŚƵWĂƚĞů
ůĞŐĞŶĚĂƌLJƐŝŶŐĞƌ<>^ĂŝŐĂů͛ƐůŝĨĞ͕ŶĂŵĞůLJŚƵŵďůĞŶĞƐƐ͕
ƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉƵƌŝƚLJ͘ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů ƐĞĞŵĞĚ ƚŽ were arranged in a way that embraced the concept
ŚĂǀĞ ĂĚŵŝƌĞĚ ŵLJ ŝŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽĨ͞ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞŐĂƌĚĞŶ͘͟dŚĞůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ
thus, he discussed all these points thoroughly, ƚŚĞDƵŐŚĂů'ĂƌĚĞŶƐƚLJůĞ͕ǁŝƚŚĂŐƌŝĚŝƌŽŶƉĂƩĞƌŶŽĨ
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůůLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂŵŝĐĂďůLJͶŝŶ ƐLJŶĐ ǁŝƚŚ ŚŝƐ ƉĂƚŚƐ͕ǁĂƚĞƌďŽĚŝĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŐƌĂƐƐLJůĂǁŶƐ͘dŽďƌŝŶŐƚŚĞ 39
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͘ LJ ƚŚŝƐ ƟŵĞ͕ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů ŚĂĚ ĞŶƟƌĞ ďƵŝůƚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ůŝĨĞ͕ <> ^ĂŝŐĂů͛Ɛ ŵƵƐŝĐ
made me comfortable by pulling me out of the ǁĂƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƉůĂLJĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƟƌĞ ĐĂŵƉƵƐ͘
ĞdžĂŵŝŶŽƉŚŽďŝĂ͘ ŌĞƌ ŽƵƌ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ůƚŚŽƵŐŚŵLJĚĞƐŝŐŶǁĂƐŶŽƚĂƐĞdžƚƌĂǀĂŐĂŶƚŽƌĞLJĞͲ
ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ŚĞƚŽŽŬŵĞƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚƚŽƚŚĞϯͲŵŽĚĞůŽĨƚŚĞ catching as those of my classmates, to my surprise,
ŵĞŵŽƌŝĂů͕ƐŬŝƉƉŝŶŐĂůůƚŚĞĚƌĂǁŝŶŐƐ͘,ĞĂƐŬĞĚŵĞƚŽ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŚŽǁ/ŚĂĚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞǀŝƚĂůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ He judged my thesis to be one of the top three in the
;ŚƵŵďůĞŶĞƐƐ͕ƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚƉƵƌŝƚLJͿŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ ĐůĂƐƐ͘/ƚǁĂƐĂůŵŽƐƚůŝŬĞƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐĂ͞DĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů
'ŽůĚ DĞĚĂů͟ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůůLJ ĨƌŽŵ ^Śƌŝ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů
/ŶŵLJƉƌŽƉŽƐĂů͕ƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŽĨƚŚĞŵĞŵŽƌŝĂůǁĂƐůŝŬĞĂ ŚŝŵƐĞůĨ͘
ƐƵŶŬĞŶŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ŝŶŬĞĞƉŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐŝƚĞ͛ƐƚŽƉŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͘
dŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐďůŽĐŬƐǁĞƌĞŬĞƉƚĂƚĂůŽǁŚĞŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŽŶǀĞLJ DĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂůǁĂƐďŽƌŶŽŶEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϯ͕ϭϵϮϱ͕ŝŶ
humbleness, and they had simple square shapes to <ĂůLJĂŶ͕ŝŶƚŚĞdŚĂŶĞŝƐƚƌŝĐƚŽĨDĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂ͘,ĞƐƉĞŶƚ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƵƌŝƚLJ͘ůůƚŚĞĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ ŚŝƐĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĂŶĚƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚŚŝƐƐĐŚŽŽůĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞ
ŝŶ<ĂůLJĂŶ͘ŌĞƌĐŽŵƉůĞƟŶŐŚŝƐŵĂƚƌŝĐƵůĂƟŽŶ͕DĂĚŚĂǀ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ĐŚǁĂů ǁĞŶƚ ƚŽ ŽŵďĂLJ ;ŶŽǁ DƵŵďĂŝͿ ƚŽ ƐƚƵĚLJ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂƚƚŚĞ^ŝƌ:͘:͘ŽůůĞŐĞŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘,Ğ
pursued a four-year architecture course and obtained
ŚŝƐ'͘͘ƌĐŚĚĞŐƌĞĞ͘dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŚŝƐĐŽůůĞŐĞĚĂLJƐ͕ŚĞ
ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ ĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂů ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ
ĂŶĚ ĞdžĐĞůůĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚ ŽĨ ͚ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͘͟
ƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚ͕ŚĞǁĂƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚƚŚĞDĂLJŽ'ŽůĚDĞĚĂůŝŶ
ƚŚĞĮŶĂůLJĞĂƌŽĨŚŝƐ'͘͘ƌĐŚ͘ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͘
>ĂƚĞƌ͕ǁŚĞŶŚĞǁĂƐƚŽĂƉƉĞĂƌĨŽƌƚŚĞZ/;ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ
ŽĨZŽLJĂů/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨƌŝƟƐŚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐͿĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͕
ŚĞǁĂƐĞdžĞŵƉƚĞĚĨƌŽŵWĂƌƚ/ĂŶĚWĂƌƚ//ŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞ͘
ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞŽůůĞŐĞŽĨŶĂŶĚͶĂǀŝĞǁĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝŶŶĞƌĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ͘ dŚŝƐĞdžĞŵƉƟŽŶǁĂƐŐƌĂŶƚĞĚĚƵĞƚŽŚŝƐĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂů
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗͘͘ŽůůĞŐĞŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ƚƌĂĐŬ ƌĞĐŽƌĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ^ŝƌ :͘:͘ ŽůůĞŐĞ ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘
DECEMBER 2023

DdĞŵƉůĞĂƚsĂĚŽĚĂƌĂͶĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌǀŝĞǁ͘ EME Temple is an outstanding modern structure, with a geodesic

^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗:ĂLJĂŬĂƌƚŚŝZĂŵ ĚŽŵĞĐůĂĚŝŶĂůƵŵŝŶŝƵŵƐŚĞĞƚƐ͘
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗<ĂƌĂŶ^ĂĚŚƵ

ƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚ͕ŚĞŽŶůLJŚĂĚƚŽĐůĞĂƌŽŶĞĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŝŶ ϭϵϱϰ͕ ŚĞ ũŽŝŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ

ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘ ,Ğ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚ ĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůůLJ Ăƚ <ĂůĂ ŚĂǁĂŶ Ăƚ DĂŚĂƌĂũĂ ^ĂLJĂũŝƌĂŽ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ
ǁĞůů ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ZŽLJĂů /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ;D^hͿ ŽĨ ĂƌŽĚĂ ŝŶ sĂĚŽĚĂƌĂ ƚŽ ĨƵůĮů ŚŝƐ ŝŶŶĞƌ
ƌŝƟƐŚ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ ŚŝƐ ĂŶƐǁĞƌ ƐŚĞĞƚ ĂƐ Ă ƵƌŐĞ͘ dŚĞƌĞ͕ ŚĞ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ƚĂƵŐŚƚ ƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ
͚ŵŽĚĞů͛ĨŽƌĨƵƚƵƌĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƚŽĚƌĂǁŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ͘ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŽǁŶ
ŌĞƌ ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ ĂŶ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ DĞŵďĞƌ ŽĨ Z/͕ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŬŶŽǁŶ ƚŚĂƚ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů ǁĂƐ ĂŶ
DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŚŝƐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ ǁŚŽ ŚĂĚ Ă ŬŶĂĐŬ ĨŽƌ ƐŝŵƉůŝĨLJŝŶŐ
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ŝŶ DƵŵďĂŝ͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŝƟĂů LJĞĂƌƐ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžƐƵďũĞĐƚƐĂŶĚŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂďůĞ
ϰϬ
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƚŽŽŬƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚǁŽƌŬŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞƐ ƚŽŚŝƐƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘,ŝƐĞůŽƋƵĞŶĐĞǁĂƐĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚŚĞ
ŽĨDĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂĂŶĚ'ƵũĂƌĂƚ͘dŚĞƐĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶ ĞŶũŽLJĂďůĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ
small-scale buildings in and around Mumbai, as well ǁŚŝůĞ ƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ ,Ğ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ŵĂĚĞ ĂŶ
ĂƐ ƐŽŵĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ŝŶ sĂůůĂďŚ sŝĚLJĂŶĂŐĂƌ͕ ŶĂŶĚ͘ ĞīŽƌƚ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƵďũĞĐƚ ďLJ
EŽƚĂďůLJ͕ŚĞĂůƐŽĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŚĞWƌĂďŚĂŬĂƌKĂŬůŽĐŬ ŐŽŝŶŐďĞLJŽŶĚƚŚĞƌŝŐŝĚĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ͘
dŽǁĞƌŝŶ<ĂůLJĂŶ͕ŚŝƐďŝƌƚŚƉůĂĐĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ ƵĞ ƚŽ ŚŝƐ ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞĚ ĐĂƌĞĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ŝŶ ϭϵϱϰ͘ ^ŝƚƵĂƚĞĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ďƵƐƚůŝŶŐ ^ŚŝǀĂũŝ ŚŽǁŬ ŝŶ ƐƚĂƚƵƌĞ͕ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů ďƌŽƵŐŚƚ ƌĞŶŽǁŶĞĚ
<ĂůLJĂŶ͕ƚŚŝƐĐůŽĐŬƚŽǁĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƐŽƵƚĨŽƌŝƚƐŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ƚŽ ƐŚĂƌĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ
ĂŶĚ ƟŵĞůĞƐƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŶĂŵĞĚ ĂŌĞƌ WƌĂďŚĂŬĂƌ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ
KĂŬ͕ĂĨƌĞĞĚŽŵĮŐŚƚĞƌĂŶĚĨŽůůŽǁĞƌŽĨ>ŽŬŵĂŶLJĂĂů ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚsŽƐŚŝ͕:dĂůĂƟ͕ŶĂŶƚZĂũĞ͕^ƵƌLJĂŬĂŶƚ
'ĂŶŐĂĚŚĂƌdŝůĂŬ͘ WĂƚĞů͕ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ǀŝƐŝƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƐƚĂůǁĂƌƚƐ
DĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂůĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŚŝƐƚŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJŝŶƚŚĞ ƌĂŝƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŽǀĞƌĂůů ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ĂŶĚ ŽƵƚůŽŽŬ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ŶĞŽĐůĂƐƐŝĐĂůƐƚLJůĞ͕ďƵƚǁŝƚŚĂƚŽƵĐŚŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƚLJ͘dŚĞ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͘ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ŚŝƐ ƐĞůŇĞƐƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
structure of the central tower is triangular in plan ƚŽƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂƚD^h͕DĂĚŚĂǀ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ĂŶĚ ŚŽůĚƐ ƚŚƌĞĞ ŐŝĂŶƚ ĐůŽĐŬƐ Ăƚ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ŚĞŝŐŚƚ ĐŚǁĂůǁĂƐƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĚƚŽWƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝŶϭϵϲϮ͘

ƚŽ ďĞ ǀŝƐŝďůĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚƌĞĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ƌŽĂĚƐ͘ dŚĞ ƚŽǁĞƌ ŝƐ /ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽŚŝƐƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞĚƵƟĞƐ͕
ĐĂƉƉĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƉƌŽũĞĐƟŶŐ ƐƚĂƌͲƐŚĂƉĞĚ ŽǀĞƌŚĂŶŐ ŝŶ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů ĂĐƟǀĞůLJ ƉƵƌƐƵĞĚ ŚŝƐ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů
ƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞǁŝƚŚĂĚŽŵĞ͘ƵĞƚŽŝƚƐƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĐĂƌĞĞƌ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚŚĞŚĂƐŶŽƚĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ
ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉƵƌĞ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂů ƐŚĂƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ many projects, the ones he has are outstanding
ĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐůŽĐŬ ƚŽǁĞƌ ǁĂƐ ĂŵŽŶŐ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ͕ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ͕ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ͕
ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŵĂƐƚĞƌƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉŽƐƚͲŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ /ŶĚŝĂ͘ ĐůĂƌŝƚLJ͕ ƉƵƌŝƚLJ͕ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƟŵĞůĞƐƐŶĞƐƐ͘ DĂĚŚĂǀ
/ƚ ŝƐ ƐƟůů ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ Ă ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŝĚĞ ĂŶĚ ŐůŽƌLJ ĨŽƌ ĐŚǁĂů ƐƚĂƚĞĚ͕ ͞ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ ůŝŬĞ Ă ĚĞůŝĐĂƚĞ
<ĂůLJĂŶ͕ĂďĞĮƫŶŐŐŝŌĨƌŽŵDĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů͕ƚŚĞƐŽŶ ƐƚƌŝŶŐĞĚŵƵƐŝĐĂůŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚ͘/ƚĐĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĐŚŝŵĞƐ
ŽĨƚŚĞƐŽŝů͘ ƚŽƐƵŝƚĂůůŽƵƌŵŽŽĚƐŝĨƉůĂLJĞĚƌŝŐŚƚ͘͟
ĞƐŝĚĞƐ ŚŝƐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů WƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚ ĂŵŽŶŐ ŚŝƐ ǁŽƌŬƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ
ŚĂĚ Ă ĚĞĞƉ ůŽǀĞ ĨŽƌ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ŝŶ ŽůůĞŐĞŽĨŶĂŶĚ;ŶŽǁŶĂŶĚŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJͿ͕
 DECEMBER 2023
DĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů'ŽůĚDĞĚĂůĨŽƌĂůŝĨĞƟŵĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗:ŝƚ'ƵƉƚĂ

<ŝŵĂLJĂƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĞŶƚƌĞͶĂǀŝĞǁĨƌŽŵŝŶƐŝĚĞ͘
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗^ƵƌĞŶĚƌĂ'ŚĂƐŬĂĚďŝ ĂƐŝƚĚŝƐƉůĂLJƐǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐŽĨĂůůŵĂũŽƌƌĞůŝŐŝŽŶƐŝŶ
ƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͘
The temple’s main building is an outstanding
ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ Ă ŐĞŽĚĞƐŝĐ ĚŽŵĞ ĐůĂĚ ŝŶ
ĂůƵŵŝŶŝƵŵƐŚĞĞƚƐďŽƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞĂŶĚŝŶƐŝĚĞ͘/ƚƐĞĞŵƐ
DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů ŵŝŐŚƚ ŚĂǀĞ ƚĂŬĞŶ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ
ƵĐŬŵŝŶƐƚĞƌ&ƵůůĞƌ͘/ŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐůLJ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŶŽǁĂůůƐ
ĞŶĐůŽƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƚĞŵƉůĞ͘dŚĞĚŽŵĞƌĞƐƚƐŽŶĨŽƵƌƉŝĞƌƐ
embedded in the ground, with four arched openings
ŝŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ͘ dŚĞ ƚĞŵƉůĞ ŝƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ĂŵŝĚƐƚ Ă ůƵƐŚ
green landscape with coloured fountains that create
ĂƉĞĂĐĞĨƵůĂŵďŝĂŶĐĞ͘dŚĞƚĞŵƉůĞ͛ƐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ϰϭ
and build quality can be equated with one of the
<ŝŵĂLJĂƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĞŶƚƌĞŝŶ&ĞƌŐƵƐƐŽŶŽůůĞŐĞ͕WƵŶĞ͘ ďĞƐƚ ŵĂƐƚĞƌƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉŽƐƚͲŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ /ŶĚŝĂ͘ /ƚ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗'ĂƌĂĚWĂƌŵĞƐŚǁĂƌ ƐŚŽǁĐĂƐĞƐDĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů͛ƐĚĞĞƉͲƌŽŽƚĞĚŝŶŐĞŶƵŝƚLJ
ĂŶĚĨŽƌĞƐŝŐŚƚ͘
D dĞŵƉůĞ ŝŶ sĂĚŽĚĂƌĂ͕ ůůĞŶďLJ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŝŶ He conducted a similar experiment by designing a
sĂĚŽĚĂƌĂ͕ƐŽŵĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐŽĨƚŚĞĂŝƌLJĂƚŶĂŶĚ͕ƚŚĞ ƐŵĂůůƉĂǀŝůŝŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉƌĞŵŝƐĞƐŽĨ&ĞƌŐƵƐƐŽŶŽůůĞŐĞ͕
dŽǁŶ,ĂůůŝŶDĂŚƵǀĂ͕ĂůůŝŶ'ƵũĂƌĂƚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞ<ŝŵĂLJĂ WƵŶĞ͘ dŚĞ <ŝŵĂLJĂ ƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĞŶƚƌĞ
ƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĞŶƚƌĞŝŶ&ĞƌŐƵƐƐŽŶŽůůĞŐĞ͕ ŝƐ ĂĐŽǀĞƌĞĚĂƐƐĞŵďůLJƉůĂƞŽƌŵ͕ŽƉĞŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞƐŝĚĞƐ͘
WƵŶĞ͕DĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂ͘ ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ŐĂƚŚĞƌ ŚĞƌĞ ĨŽƌ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů͕ Žƌ
Ƶŝůƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ϭϵϲϬƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ŽůůĞŐĞ ŽĨ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘dŚĞŵĂŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞ
ŶĂŶĚ ŝƐ ŶŽǁ Ă ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝǀĞ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ is square in plan, with a reinforced concrete folded-
hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŵƉƵƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƉůĂƚĞ ĐĂŶŽƉLJ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďLJ ĨŽƵƌ ĨĞĞƚ͘ dŚĞ ƉĂǀŝůŝŽŶ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ŚŽƌƐĞƐŚŽĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ͕ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ůĂƌŐĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ Ă ƚƌĂŶƋƵŝů ƐĞƫŶŐ ĨŽƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŐĂƚŚĞƌŝŶŐƐ͕
ĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ Ăƚ ŝƚƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘ EƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐ ďůŽĐŬƐ situated in a spacious open area adorned with large JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƌĂĚŝĂƚĞŽƵƚǁĂƌĚ͕ƐŚŽǁĐĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞǀŝƐŝŽŶĂƌLJĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚƌĞĞƐ͘ĞƐƉŝƚĞŝƚƐŵŽĚĞƐƚƐŝnjĞ͕ŝƚĞdžĞŵƉůŝĮĞƐDĂĚŚĂǀ
ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů͘ dŚŝƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂůůŽǁƐ ĐŚǁĂů͛Ɛ ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝƐŝŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ
ĨŽƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ǁŚŝůĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ĂŶĚƚŚĞďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘
ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞĐĂŵƉƵƐ͘ KŶƚŚĞϮϱϬϬƚŚďŝƌƚŚĂŶŶŝǀĞƌƐĂƌLJŽĨ'ĂƵƚĂŵĂƵĚĚŚĂ͕
dŚĞ D dĞŵƉůĞ ŝƐ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ďĞĂƵƟĨƵů ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ďLJ ƚŚĞ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂ ůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚ ĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů
ƚŚŝƐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͘/ƚŝƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĂŶƚŽŶŵĞŶƚĂƌĞĂŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ ŝŶ ϭϵϱϲ͘ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů
sĂĚŽĚĂƌĂĐŝƚLJ͘dŚĞDdĞŵƉůĞ͕ĂůƐŽŬŶŽǁŶĂƐƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞŶŽǁŶĞĚ
ĂŬƐŚŝŶĂŵƵƌƚŚLJdĞŵƉůĞ͕ŝƐĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŽ>ŽƌĚ^ŚŝǀĂ͘ ƐĐƵůƉƚŽƌ ^ĂĚĂƐŚŝǀ ^ĂƚŚĞ͘ dŚĞ ũƵƌLJ ĚĞĞŵĞĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ
/ƚǁĂƐďƵŝůƚŝŶϭϵϲϲďLJƚŚĞ/ŶĚŝĂŶƌŵLJ͛ƐůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂů ƚŚĞ ďĞƐƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂƐ Ă ƌĞƐƵůƚ͕ DĂĚŚĂǀ
DĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂůŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐtŝŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĐŚǁĂů ǁĂƐ ŝŶǀŝƚĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁ͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ŽĨƌŝŐĂĚŝĞƌ&ƵŐĞŶĞ͕ĂŚƌŝƐƟĂŶ͘dŚĞƚĞŵƉůĞǁĂƐ ŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁ͕ ƚŚĞ ũƵƌLJ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĞĚ Ă ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͗
designed and built as a symbol of secularism in India, ƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨĂĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĚŽŵĞŝŶƐƚĞĂĚŽĨƚŚĞŐůĂƐƐ
DECEMBER 2023
ϰϮ
DĂƌĂƚŚŝ ŽŽŬƐ ďLJ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů͗ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ ŚŝƚƌĂŬĂůĂ͕ <ŝŵĂLJĂ͕
ĂƌŬƌŽŽŵ͕ĂŶĚ:ĂƐǁĂŶĚ͘
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗DĂƵũWƌĂŬĂƐŚĂŶ'ƌŝŚĂ
ĚŽŵĞƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚďLJDĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƐŝŶĐĞ
the glass dome was the core concept of the design,
ŚĞ ĮƌŵůLJ ƌĞũĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ĂŶLJ ĨĞĂƌ
ŽĨ ůŽƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚ ĞdžĞŵƉůŝĮĞƐ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĚŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨDĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů͘
,ĞǁĂƐǁŝĚĞůLJƚƌĂǀĞůůĞĚĂŶĚ͕ƚŚƵƐ͕ŚĂĚĂŐůŽďĂůǀŝƐŝŽŶ
of the problems faced by humanity and their possible
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐ͘ /Ŷ
ϭϵϲϬ͕DĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂůƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĂƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐŚŝƉĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
&ƌĞŶĐŚ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƚŽƐƚƵĚLJƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
ĂŶĚǀŝƐŝƚĞĚ&ƌĂŶĐĞĨŽƌƐŝdžŵŽŶƚŚƐ͘ŌĞƌƚŚĂƚ͕ŚĞŚĂĚ
ƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJƚŽŐŽƚŽŶŐůĂŶĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƌŝƟƐŚ
ŽƵŶĐŝů͘DĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂůĂůƐŽǀŝƐŝƚĞĚĨƌŝĐĂĂŶĚ>ĂƟŶ
ŵĞƌŝĐĂ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŽĨ hE^K͘ dŚĞƌĞ͕ ŚĞ
ƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŽĨƐŚĞůƚĞƌŝŶƵŶĚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ
ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĂŶĚǁĂLJƐƚŽƐŽůǀĞƚŚĞŵ͘/Ŷϭϵϳϰ͕ŚĞǁĂƐ
sent on a tour to South America with a grant from
ƚŚĞ&ŽƌĚ&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͘&ƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞ͕ŚĞŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚŵƵĐŚ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ͚>ŽǁͲŽƐƚ ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐ͛͘ ŌĞƌ ƚŚĂƚ͕ ŚĞ
ůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚ Ă ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ĐĂůůĞĚ ͚,ŽƵƐŝŶŐͲĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͲ
ĐƟŽŶͲZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚͲdƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ,ĞĂƌƚ͘&ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ
ĨŽƌƚŚŝƐǁĂƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJhE/&ĂŶĚKdžĨĂŵ͘
WƌĂďŚĂŬĂƌ KĂŬ ůŽĐŬ dŽǁĞƌ ŝƐ ĐĂƉƉĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƉƌŽũĞĐƟŶŐ ƐƚĂƌͲƐŚĂƉĞĚ
ŽǀĞƌŚĂŶŐǁŝƚŚĂĚŽŵĞ͘
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗DĂLJĂWĂƌŵĂƌ
ƋƵŝƉƉĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĂďƵŶĚĂŶƚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ DĂĚŚĂǀ
ĐŚǁĂů ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƐŽůǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ŽĨ
ƐůƵŵƐ ŝŶ sĂĚŽĚĂƌĂ͘ ,Ğ ďƌŽƵŐŚƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ
ƚŚĞ DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƐůƵŵƐ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ďĞ
ĞƌĂĚŝĐĂƚĞĚ͕ ŶŽ ŵĂƩĞƌ ŚŽǁ ŵĂŶLJ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ĂƌĞ
ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶ͘ ^ůƵŵƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ďLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ
ƉƌŽƉĞƌ ƐĞǁĂŐĞ ĂŶĚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƐƵƉƉůLJ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘
ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ
ŵĂŶLJ ƐůƵŵ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ
ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů͘ ,Ğ ŝŶƚĞŶƐĞůLJ ƐƚƵĚŝĞĚ
ƚŚĞ ƐƵďũĞĐƚ ŽĨ ͚>ŽǁͲŽƐƚ ,ŽƵƐĞ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͛ ďLJ
ƐĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƐƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐůŽĐĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘
DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů ǁĂƐ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂů ŝŶ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞ ͚ĂƌŽĚĂ ŝƟnjĞŶƐ ŽƵŶĐŝů͕͛ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ůŽĐĂů
ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂīŽƌĚĂďůĞ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ
ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ͘
There was another facet of DĂĚŚĂǀ Achwal about
whichtheIndianarchitecturalfraternityisƵŶĂǁĂƌĞ͘
He was a renowned ůŝƩĞƌĂƚĞƵƌ ;^ĂŚŝƚLJĂŬĂĂƌͿ͕
Marathi writer, and author of about half a dozen
MarathiŬƐ͘Prominentamongtheseare<ŝŵĂLJĂ,
ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶŚŝƌĂŬĂůĂ,WĂƚƌĂ,ĂƌŬƌŽŽŵ,and:ĂƐǁĂŶĚ͘
^ŝŶĐĞ/ĚŽŶŽƚŬŶŽǁƚŚĞDĂƌĂƚŚŝůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͕ůŝŬĞŵĂŶLJ

DECEMBER 2023
ŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞĂĚĞƌƐ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƟŶŐ ŽŶ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů͛Ɛ
ůŝƚĞƌĂƌLJǁŽƌŬƐǁŽƵůĚďĞŝŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕/Ăŵ
ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƚƚŚĂƚŚŝƐǁŽƌŬŝƐŽĨŚŝŐŚŵĞƌŝƚ͘dŽŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ
ƚŚŝƐ ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕ / ĂƉƉĞĂů ƚŽ DĂĚŚĂǀ ĐŚǁĂů͛Ɛ
ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞƌƐ͕ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ //͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐƚŽŚĂǀĞŚŝƐŬƐƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽŶŐůŝƐŚ
ĂŶĚ ,ŝŶĚŝ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƌĞĂĐŚ Ă ǁŝĚĞƌ ĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͘ dŚŝƐ
ǁŽƵůĚďĞĂĮƫŶŐƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚŝƐůĞƐƐĞƌͲŬŶŽǁŶůĞŐĞŶĚ͕
ǁŚŽƐĞ ůŝĨĞ ǁĂƐ ƚƌĂŐŝĐĂůůLJ ĐƵƚ ƐŚŽƌƚ ďLJ ŚŝƐ ƵŶƟŵĞůLJ
ĚĞŵŝƐĞŽŶ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϮϭ͕ϭϵϴϬ͕ĂƚƚŚĞĂŐĞŽĨϱϱ͘
>ŽŶŐůŝǀĞƚŚĞŵĞŵŽƌŝĞƐŽĨDĂĚŚĂǀĐŚǁĂů͘

43

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ƌ͘ ^Ăƌďũŝƚ ^ŝŶŐŚ ĂŚŐĂ ; ϭϭϴϮϮͿ ŝƐ Ă ŚĂŶĚŝŐĂƌŚͲďĂƐĞĚ

ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚĂŶĚĂƵƚŚŽƌ͘,ĞŚĂƐϰϰLJĞĂƌƐŽĨĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐ
ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ůĂƌŐĞ ĐĂŵƉƵƐĞƐ͘ 
ŵŽŶŽŐƌĂƉŚ ŽŶ ŚŝƐ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ǁŽƌŬƐ͕ DŽĚĞƌŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůŝƐŵ͗ dŚĞ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŽĨ^ĂƌďũŝƚĂŚŐĂ͕ŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ͘ĂŚŐĂŝƐĂůƐŽ
Ă ŬĞĞŶ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ ĂŶĚ Ă ƉƌŽůŝĮĐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ǁƌŝƚĞƌ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ϭϮ
ŬƐƚŽŚŝƐĐƌĞĚŝƚ͘
ŵĂŝů͗ďĂŚŐĂ͘ƐĂƌďũŝƚΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
 Zd/>
DECEMBER 2023

Architectural Challenges in Punjab:

Navigating Tradition and Modernity
LJƌ͘'ƵŶĞĞƚ^ŝŶŐŚ<ŚƵƌĂŶĂ

ϭ͘ /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƐŝŵƉůLJ ƌĞƉůŝĐĂƟŶŐ ŐůŽďĂů ƚƌĞŶĚƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ

Punjab, a state in northern India, boasts a rich
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂǀŝďƌĂŶƚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůůĞŐĂĐLJ͘
&ƌŽŵDƵŐŚĂůĨŽƌƚƐƚŽ^ŝŬŚ'ƵƌĚǁĂƌĂƐĂŶĚĐŽůŽŶŝĂůͲ
ĞƌĂ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ďƵŝůƚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ
structures stand as testaments to the region’s
44 ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƵŶŝƋƵĞ
ĐĂŶǀĂƐ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĞdžƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ĂƐ
ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ŵĂƌĐŚĞƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŵŽƌĚĞŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝƚ ĨĂĐĞƐ
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂůŵ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕
ŶĂǀŝŐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞĚĞůŝĐĂƚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ
ŝƚƐĐŚĞƌŝƐŚĞĚƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĞŵďƌĂĐŝŶŐĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ
ƚƌĞŶĚƐ͘&ĂĐƚŽƌƐůŝŬĞŶĞŐůĞĐƚ͕ŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ
ĂŶĚƵƌďĂŶĞŶĐƌŽĂĐŚŵĞŶƚŚĂǀĞůĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĚĞĐĂLJĂŶĚ
ĚĞŵŽƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ƐŝƚĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ĂƌƟĐůĞ
ĚĞůǀĞƐ ĚĞĞƉĞƌ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ
Ă ƌŝĐŚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ŝŶ
WƵŶũĂď ƉůĂLJ Ă ƉŝǀŽƚĂů ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ ŶŽƚ ũƵƐƚ ƚŚĞ
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
considering the local context can lead to a loss
ŽĨ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ ĂŶĚ Ă ƐĞŶƐĞ ŽĨ ƉůĂĐĞůĞƐƐŶĞƐƐ͘
This presents a crucial challenge: how can Punjab
ŶĂǀŝŐĂƚĞƚŚĞĚĞůŝĐĂƚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐŝƚƐ
architectural heritage and embracing the needs of a
ƌĂƉŝĚůLJĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͍
a. Rapid UrbanisĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͗
WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ƌĂƉŝĚ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ůĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ
ƵŶĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŽĨ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ
demand for infrastructure, jeopardising heritage
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘hƌďĂŶƐƉƌĂǁů
ŽŌĞŶ ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ
ĚĞŵŽůŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ǁĂLJ ĨŽƌ
ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ĨŽƌ
ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ

Ă ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝŽƵƐ ďƵŝůƚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘

tĞ ǁŝůů ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ƚŚĞ ŽďƐƚĂĐůĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ŝŶ
WƵŶũĂďĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐďĞŝŶŐ
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞŵ͘

Ϯ͘ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ
Punjab’s architectural landscape bears the legacy
ŽĨ ĂŶĐŝĞŶƚ ƟŵĞƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ǀĞƌŶĂĐƵůĂƌ ĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ ĐƌĂŌĞĚ
ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƌŵŽŶLJ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘
Ɛ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ƐƵƌŐĞƐ͕ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ŐƌĂƉƉůĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ
ĚĞůŝĐĂƚĞ ƚĂƐŬ ŽĨ ďĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ &ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͗&ƌŽŶƚ&ĂĐĂĚĞŽĨ<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ
ĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ ǁŚŝůĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů Source: ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬƚǁŝƩĞƌ͘ĐŽŵͬŵŽŽŵũĂŵŵĂͬƐƚĂƚƵƐͬϭϬϵϮϮϳϮϮϯϳϳϴϳϰϬϮϮϰϬͬ
ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ ŝŶŐƌĂŝŶĞĚ ŝŶ WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ͘ ƉŚŽƚŽͬϮ
 ŽĨ^ŝŬŚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐŵŽĚĞƌŶƵƌďĂŶ

DECEMBER 2023
ĚĞƐŝŐŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ
ĂŶĚƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐŵƵƐƚĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚŶĞǁŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐ
ƌĞŵĂŝŶƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵůŽĨƚŚĞĨĂŝƚŚ͛ƐƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƐ͘

Ě͘ ,ŽŵŽŐĞŶŝnjĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ>ŽƐƐŽĨ/ĚĞŶƟƚLJ͗
hŶĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĂĚŽƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŐůŽďĂů ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƚƌĞŶĚƐ
without regard for the local context can lead to a
ŚŽŵŽŐĞŶŝƐĞĚ ĐŝƚLJƐĐĂƉĞ ƚŚĂƚ ůĂĐŬƐ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ
ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ͘dŚŝƐŚŽŵŽŐĞŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƉŽƐĞƐĂƚŚƌĞĂƚ
ƚŽWƵŶũĂď͛ƐƵŶŝƋƵĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŝĚĞŶƟƚLJĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ ^ƚƌŝŬŝŶŐ Ă ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝŽƵƐ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶŝƐĂƉĞƌƉĞƚƵĂůƋƵĞƐƚ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐ
ŝƚ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ĮŶĚ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ͘

Ğ͘ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ͗
DŽĚĞƌŶ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽŌĞŶ ƵƟůŝƐĞƐ ƵŶƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͕ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ͘
/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ŝŶƚŽ ďŽƚŚ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͗ŽŵĞŽĨ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞŵĂŝŶƐŚƌŝŶĞŵĂƐŬĞĚŝŶƚŚĞDĂƉŽĨ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŝƐĐƌƵĐŝĂů
Punjab ƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĞůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵǀŝĂďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů
Source: ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĂŵĂƌĚĞĞƉƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͘ĐŽŵͬĚŽŵĞƐͲŽĨͲŐŽůĚĞŶͲƚĞŵƉůĞͬ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘/ŶƚŚĞĨĂĐĞŽĨ
ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĂĐƌŝƟĐĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ͕ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ
are exploring sustainable and resilient designs to
ĐŽŵďĂƚ ƌŝƐŝŶŐ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞƌƌĂƟĐ ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ĨĂďƌŝĐ ŽĨ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŝƐ Ă ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ͘
ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƚĂƐŬĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐ
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spaces that cater to the contemporary needs of the
ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶǁŚŝůĞŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚƌĞŇĞĐƚ
WƵŶũĂď͛ƐĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͘dŚŝƐƌĂƉŝĚƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
ƉŽƐĞƐĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƚŚƌĞĂƚƚŽWƵŶũĂď͛ƐƵŶŝƋƵĞŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ĂŶĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘

ď͘ EĞŐůĞĐƚĂŶĚ/ŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞDĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͗
WƵŶũĂď ŝƐ ƌŝĐŚ ŝŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ůĞŐĂĐLJ͕ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ
ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ DƵŐŚĂů ĂŶĚ ƌŝƟƐŚ ƌĂƐ͘ dŚĞ
,ĂǀĞůŝƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƐƚ ĐĂŶ
ďĞƐĞĞŶĂůůĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞŽůĚƐƚƌĞĞƚƐŽĨĐŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƚŽǁŶƐ
ŝŶWƵŶũĂď͘DĂŶLJŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƐŝƚĞƐƐƵīĞƌ
from neglect and inadequate maintenance, leading
ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶƚƵĂů ĚĞĐĂLJ͘ >ĂĐŬ ŽĨ
ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽƉĞƌ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
contribute to this problem, jeopardising the state’s
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘dŚĞƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
structures poses a nuanced challenge, requiring
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ ĂĚĂƉƟǀĞ ƌĞƵƐĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ
ƚŚĂƚďƌĞĂƚŚĞŶĞǁůŝĨĞŝŶƚŽŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůƐŝƚĞƐ͘

Đ͘ >ĂĐŬŽĨŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͗
dŚĞ ĂďƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ
ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ŽŌĞŶ ůĞĂĚƐ ƚŽ ŚĂƉŚĂnjĂƌĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕
ŶĞŐůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚŵŽĚĞƌŶ
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚŝƐƌĞƐƵůƚƐŝŶĂĚŝƐũŽŝŶƚĞĚĐŝƚLJƐĐĂƉĞƚŚĂƚ &ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͗dŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƚĞĚƐƚĂƚĞŽĨKůĚ,ĂǀĞůŝŝŶŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ
ĨĂŝůƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͛ƐĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚLJ͘There is Source: ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĨĂĐĞŬ͘ĐŽŵͬƟŵĞůĞƐƐĂŵƌŝƚƐĂƌͬƉŚŽƚŽƐͬĂ͘ϭϱϮϴ
ĂĚĞůŝĐĂƚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ϱϮϱϲϵϱϭϳϮϳϭͬϮϬϳϲϳϵϰϬϰϬϯϰϱϴϳ͍ͬƚLJƉĞсϯ
DECEMBER 2023

understanding of Punjabi culture, coupled with a

ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚͲƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐǀŝƐŝŽŶĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘
Can we design buildings that stand as bridges
ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͕ ŚŽŶŽƵƌŝŶŐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ
while shaping a future that is both prosperous and
ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůLJƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ͍

ϯ͘ KƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌWƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ
^ƚƌŝŬŝŶŐĂďĂůĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ƐƚLJůĞƐĂŶĚŵŽĚĞƌŶŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶƐŝƐĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ
for the Architects in Punjab and requires careful
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘DŽĚĞƌŶŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐŵƵƐƚƌĞŵĂŝŶ
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵůŽĨƚŚĞĨĂŝƚŚ͛ƐŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ
ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚLJǁŝƚŚƉĂƐƚŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘īŽƌĚĂďůĞŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ ŚƵďƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂƌĞ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϰ͗^ŚŽƉƐĂŶĚ,ŽĂƌĚŝŶŐƐĞĐůŝƉƐĞZĂŵĂŐŚ'ĂƚĞ
Source: ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚƌŝďƵŶĞŝŶĚŝĂ͘ĐŽŵͬŶĞǁƐͬĂƌĐŚŝǀĞͬĂŵƌŝƚƐĂƌͬŽůĚͲ ĂůƐŽ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌĞĨƌŽŶƚ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌƐ͘
ŐĂƚĞƐͲĂƌŽƵŶĚͲǁĂůůĞĚͲĐŝƚLJͲĐƌLJͲĨŽƌͲĂƩĞŶƟŽŶͲϮϲϭϯϬϮ dŚĞ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ůŝĞƐ ŝŶ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ Ă ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝŽƵƐ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ
ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƐƚ ĂŶĚ ĞŵďƌĂĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
Ĩ͘ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͗ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ
WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͕ ďŽƚŚ approaches:
ŶĂƟŽŶĂůůLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ ŝƐ ĐƌƵĐŝĂů ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ Ă͘ ĚĂƉƟǀĞZĞƵƐĞ͗
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŝŶ Breathing new life into historical buildings by
ĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ ŚƵďƐ͕ ĂŝƌƉŽƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂĚĂƉƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ŶĞĞĚƐ ŽīĞƌƐ Ă
ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůLJ ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ dŚŝƐ
ǁŚŝůĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞǀŝƐƵĂůĂƉƉĞĂůĂŶĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ĐĂŶ ƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ǁŚŝůĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ
ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘/ƚĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ
ƚŚĞŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞƌŽĂĚƐ͘ ƐĞĂŵůĞƐƐůLJ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĐŝƚLJƐĐĂƉĞ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ
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dŚĞƐĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĐĂůůĨŽƌĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĞdžƉůŽƌŝŶŐ ĂĚĂƉƟǀĞ ƌĞƵƐĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ
ĂƌĞďŽƚŚŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞĂŶĚƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵů͘/ƚĚĞŵĂŶĚƐĂĚĞĞƉ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƟŶŐ ŽůĚ ŚĂǀĞůŝƐ ŝŶƚŽ ďŽƵƟƋƵĞ ŚŽƚĞůƐ Žƌ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͗ZĞƐƚŽƌĞĚ'Žů<ŽƚŚŝ͕<ĂƉƵƌƚŚĂůĂ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬŝŵĂŐĞƐ͘ŚŝŶĚƵƐƚĂŶƟŵĞƐ͘ĐŽŵͬŝŵŐͬϮϬϮϭͬϭϬͬϬϳͬϱϱϬdžϯϬϵͬīϭϱϲϳϳĞͲϮϳĂϰͲϭϭĞĐͲďϳĨϴͲϳϲϬĐĚϬϵϲϯϲϳϳͺϭϲϯϯϲϯϱϬϲϯϲϬϮ͘ũƉŐ
 Đ͘ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗

DECEMBER 2023
ĐƟǀĞůLJ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
architectural planning and design process ensures
ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂƌĞ
ƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůƚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚŝƐ ĨŽƐƚĞƌƐ Ă
sense of ownership and responsibility towards the
ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘

Ě͘ WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐdƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĂŌƐĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ͗
^ƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐƌĂŌ ƐŬŝůůƐ
ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ĂŶĚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐ
ůŝǀĞůŝŚŽŽĚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂů ĂƌƟƐĂŶƐ͘ dŚŝƐ
ĞŶƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĚĚƐ Ă ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϲ͗'ĂĐŚͲdƵŬƌŝtŽƌŬĂƚ'ƵƌƵĚǁĂƌĂŬĂůdĂŬŚĂƚ^ĂŚŝď͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌ
Ğ͘ īŽƌĚĂďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞWƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͗
/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ
ŝŶƚŽ ďŽƚŚ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ
ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů͘ dŚŝƐ ĞŶƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ǀŝĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘
^ŝŬŚ'ƵƌƵĚǁĂƌĂƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐĂƌĞ
ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůůLJ ĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJ
ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ ůŝŬĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ůŝŐŚƟŶŐ͕ ƌĂŝŶǁĂƚĞƌ ŚĂƌǀĞƐƟŶŐ
and solar energy to reduce their carbon footprint
ĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƚĞĂŵŽƌĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘
47
Ĩ͘ WƵďůŝĐͲWƌŝǀĂƚĞWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ͗
ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ĐĂŶ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϳ͗ƌŝĂůsŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞŽŵƉůĞdž͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞ ĨŽƌ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ
Source: ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘ĐŽ͘ƵŬͬǁŝŬŝͬ&ŝůĞ͗'ŽůĚĞŶƚĞŵƉůĞϮ͘ũƉŐ
ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚŝƐ
fosters a shared responsibility towards safeguarding
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͕ƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĞĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚLJŽĨWƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ WƵŶũĂď͛ƐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůůĞŐĂĐLJ͘KŶĞƐƵĐŚĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂĚĂƉƟǀĞ
ƌĞƵƐĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ϭϴϱͲLJĞĂƌͲŽůĚ <ĂŵƌĂ WĂůĂĐĞ͕ ĂŬĂ 'Žů ϰ͘ ĂƐĞ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ
<ŽƚŚŝ͕ŝŶ<ĂƉƵƌƚŚĂůĂ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŝŶϭϴϯϯ WƵŶũĂď͛ƐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞŝƐĂƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJǁŽǀĞŶ
ďLJ ZĂũĂ &ĂƚĞŚ ^ŝŶŐŚ ŽĨ <ĂƉƵƌƚŚĂůĂ ƉƌŝŶĐĞůLJ ƐƚĂƚĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĂŶĐŝĞŶƚ ǁŝƐĚŽŵ ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĂƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘
ĂŶĚŚĂƐďĞĞŶƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĚƚŽŝƚƐĨŽƌŵĞƌŐůŽƌLJƚŽŚĂǀĞĂ ĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƟŶŐ ĨŽƌĐĞƐ ƚŚƌŽǁƐ ƵƉ
ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚ͘ ĨĂƐĐŝŶĂƟŶŐĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͘^ĞǀĞƌĂůƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝŶ
WƵŶũĂďĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌĂŚĂƌŵŽŶŝŽƵƐ
ďůĞŶĚŽĨƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƚLJ͘ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ď͘ ŽŶƚĞdžƚƵĂůƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͗
Modern buildings should be designed in a way that
complements and respects the surrounding historical Ă͘ 'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞŽŵƉůĞdžZĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ͗
ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ dŚĞ ŵĞƟĐƵůŽƵƐ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ 'ŽůĚĞŶ dĞŵƉůĞ
ůŽĐĂů ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ Ă ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ŝŶ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůŝĮĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů
ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽƐĐĂůĞĂŶĚŵĂƐƐŝŶŐ͘ƉĂƌƚĨƌŽŵ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ƚŚĞƉĂƐƚĞdžŝƐƟŶŐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂƌĞƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƵƟůŝƐĞĚƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ
ŽůĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐƚLJůĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƐŝŐŶƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ and techniques while ensuring accessibility and
ůŝŬĞƌĞƐŽƌƚƐ͕ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐĂŶĚůƵdžƵƌLJŚŽƚĞůƐ͘ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƟŶŐǁŝƚŚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ art styles and the blend of modern inlay techniques
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶ respect and complement the surroundings and
ŽĨ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ůŝŬĞ ƚŚĞ ŚĂƌďĂŐŚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ stand as a testament to the region’s rich history and
ĚŽŵĞ͘ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͘dŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĞƌǀĞƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůĨŽƌ
DECEMBER 2023

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͗ ŵďĞůůŝƐŚĞĚ ƐĞŵŝͲƉƌĞĐŝŽƵƐ ƐƚŽŶĞ ŝŶůĂLJ ĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞ ĂƌƐŚĂŶŝ &ŝŐƵƌĞϵ͗ZĞƐƚŽƌĞĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ'ŽďŝŶĚŐĂƌŚ&Žƌƚ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ

ĞŽƌŝͲ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĂŵƌŝƚƐĂƌƚŽƵƌŝƐŵ͘ŽƌŐ͘ŝŶͬŐŽďŝŶĚŐĂƌŚͲĨŽƌƚͲĂŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌ

ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĂĚĂƉƟǀĞ ƌĞƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐ

ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘

ď͘ 'ŽďŝŶĚŐĂƌŚ&Žƌƚ͗
/Ŷ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĞ Ă ŶĞŐůĞĐƚĞĚ ϭϴƚŚͲĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ
ĨŽƌƚ ǁŚŝůĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ŝƚƐ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ
ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ǀŝďƌĂŶƚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŚƵď͕ ĂŶ ĂĚĂƉƟǀĞ ƌĞƵƐĞ
concept was adopted which transformed the
fort into a museum, amphitheatre and heritage
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘ dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŵƵĚ ďƌŝĐŬ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
ǁĞƌĞ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƉĂǀŝůŝŽŶƐ ǁĞƌĞ
ϰϴ ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞůLJŝŶƐĞƌƚĞĚ͕ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌƚ͛ƐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͘
The impact of this was such that the project
successfully breathes new life into a historical
&ŝŐƵƌĞϭϬ͗EŝŐŚƚǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞdŽǁŶ,ĂůůƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ
ůĂŶĚŵĂƌŬ͕ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŶŐ ŚŽǁ ĐĂƌĞĨƵů ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚƌŝďƵŶĞŝŶĚŝĂ͘ĐŽŵͬŶĞǁƐͬĂŵƌŝƚƐĂƌͬĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞͲƚŚĞͲ
ĐĂŶĐƌĞĂƚĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ŶŝŐŚƚͲŽƵƚƐͲϰϬϲϱϱϱ
These case studies represent just a glimpse into the
ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƚLJ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ůŝĨĞ͕ ŶŽƚ ũƵƐƚ ĂƐ Ă ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ůĂŶĚŵĂƌŬ
ŝŶ WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘ ĂĐŚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ďƵƚ ĂƐ Ă ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƌĞŵĞŵďƌĂŶĐĞ͕ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
demonstrates the importance of contextual ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨƚŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ
ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƐĞƌǀĞƐ ĂƐ Ă ďĞĂĐŽŶ͕ ŝůůƵŵŝŶĂƟŶŐ Ă ƉĂƚŚ ǁŚĞƌĞ
ƉƌĂĐƟƐĞƐĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟǀĞĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƐĞĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ Punjab’s architectural past and present can coexist,
ƐŚŽǁĐĂƐĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ďĞŝŶŐ ƚĂŬĞŶ ƚŽ ǁĞĂǀŝŶŐ Ă ƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ Ă ǀŝďƌĂŶƚ
ŶĂǀŝŐĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ŝŶ WƵŶũĂď͘ ĨƵƚƵƌĞĨŽƌŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĐŽŵĞ͘
dŚĞLJŽīĞƌǀĂůƵĂďůĞůĞƐƐŽŶƐĨŽƌĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂĨƵƚƵƌĞƚŚĂƚ
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƐƚŚĞƉĂƐƚǁŚŝůĞĞŵďƌĂĐŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨ ϱ͘ ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͘ Punjab’s architectural landscape stands at a

Đ͘ dŽǁŶ,Ăůů͗
In Amritsar’s architectural landscape, the once-
neglected Town Hall has risen from a relic to a
ǀŝďƌĂŶƚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŚƵď͕ ƐŚŽǁĐĂƐŝŶŐ Ă ŵĂƐƚĞƌĨƵů ďůĞŶĚ
ŽĨ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͘
/ƚƐŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞsŝĐƚŽƌŝĂŶĨĂĐĂĚĞ͕ŵĞƟĐƵůŽƵƐůLJƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĚ͕
ŶŽǁŚŽƵƐĞƐƚŚĞƉŽŝŐŶĂŶƚWĂƌƟƟŽŶDƵƐĞƵŵ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ
ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ĂƌƚĞĨĂĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟǀĞ ĚŝƐƉůĂLJƐ ǁŚŝƐƉĞƌ
ƚĂůĞƐŽĨŚƵŵĂŶƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞĂŵŝĚƐƚĂĚǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚĨŽŽĚ
ũŽŝŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂǀĞůůĞƌƐ ƚŽ ƌĞůŝƐŚ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĐƵŝƐŝŶĞƐ͘
dŚŝƐĂĚĂƉƟǀĞƌĞƵƐĞƌĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞƐƚŚĞdŽǁŶ,ĂůůŝŶƚŽ
ĐƌŽƐƐƌŽĂĚƐ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͕ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ
ŝŶ WƵŶũĂď ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů
landscape but also shaping the cultural and socio-
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ
ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ Ă ďƵŝůƚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
that respects its rich heritage while embracing
ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ LJ ĂĚŽƉƟŶŐ Ă
ŚŽůŝƐƟĐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŚĂƚĐŽŵďŝŶĞƐĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚLJ͕
ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƉƌĂĐƟƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕
WƵŶũĂď ĐĂŶ ĐŚĂƌƚ Ă ƉĂƚŚ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ Ă ǀŝďƌĂŶƚ ĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŽƵƐĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘ƐƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽĞǀŽůǀĞ͕
the architectural community along with planners,
ƉŽůŝĐLJŵĂŬĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƉĞŽƉůĞŽĨWƵŶũĂďǁŝůůďĞĂƚƚŚĞ

DECEMBER 2023
ĨŽƌĞĨƌŽŶƚ ŽĨ ƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͘ dŚŝƐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ
ǁŝůů ďĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ďLJ Ă ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝŽƵƐ ďůĞŶĚ ŽĨ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ
and modernity, ensuring that the state’s unique
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůůĞŐĂĐLJĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽŝŶƐƉŝƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ
ƚŽ ĐŽŵĞ ǁŚŝůĞ ƉĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJ ĨŽƌ Ă ƚŚƌŝǀŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ
ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƚŽŵŽƌƌŽǁ͘

ϲ͘ ĂůůƚŽĐƟŽŶ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ͕ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJĂƚůĂƌŐĞŵƵƐƚǁŽƌŬƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƚŽ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ
ĨŽƌ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ǁŚŝůĞ ĞŵďƌĂĐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚŝƐ
ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞĞīŽƌƚ͕ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚǁŝůů
ĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͛ƐďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ
ƚŽ ĞǀŽůǀĞ ĂƐ Ă ƚĞƐƚĂŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ŝƚƐ ƌŝĐŚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͘

49

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

Ar. Guneet Singh Khurana ;ϮϭϵϵϮͿ ŝƐ Ă ƉƌĂĐƟĐŝŶŐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ

ĨƌŽŵ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕ ƌƵŶŶŝŶŐ ŚŝƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ Įƌŵ͕ ^/'E Z,͘ ,Ğ
ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ Ă ͘ƌĐŚ͘ ǁŝƚŚ ŚŽŶŽƵƌƐ ĨƌŽŵ 'ƵƌƵ EĂŶĂŬ Ğǀ
hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͘,ĞŝƐĂůƐŽƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĞƌŽĨƌĐŚŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͘ŶĞƚ͕
ĂŶŽŶůŝŶĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƉůĂƞŽƌŵĨŽƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŚĂƐ
ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ
ƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͘
ŵĂŝů͗Ăƌ͘ŐƵŶĞĞƚΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
 Zd/>
DECEMBER 2023

Government Collaboration with Architects

and Planners to Design Better Cities
Commissioning of Public and infrastructure
Projects through Open, Public Design Competitions
ďLJZĂŚƵů<ĂĚƌŝ

/ŶĚŝĂŝƐŝŶƚŚĞƚŚƌŽĞƐŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌƵƌďĂŶƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ DĂŶLJ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ

ϱϬ
ĂŶĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌƚŚĂƚƉƌŽŵŝƐĞƐƚŽƌĞƐŚĂƉĞŽƵƌŶĂƟŽŶ͛Ɛ /ŶĚŝĂŚĂǀĞĂŶĚĂƌĞĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƚůĂƌŐĞĐĂƉŝƚĂů
ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘dŚĞƉĂƐƚĨĞǁLJĞĂƌƐŚĂǀĞƐĞĞŶĂƐůĂƚĞŽĨůĂƌŐĞͲ ƚŽ ƵƉŐƌĂĚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ ZĞĐĞŶƚůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ
ƐĐĂůĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ EĂƟŽŶĂů ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĂŶŬ ;E,Ϳ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ
projects commissioned and/or completed in our `ϭϬ͕ϬϬϬͲĐƌŽƌĞ hƌďĂŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĞ ^ĂďĂƌŵĂƟ ZŝǀĞƌĨƌŽŶƚ &ƵŶĚϭ;h/&ͿĂŝŵĞĚĂƚƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĞīŽƌƚƐŽĨ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ŚŵĞĚĂďĂĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ŚĂƌĂǀŝ ƐůƵŵ ƐƚĂƚĞŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝŶƟĞƌͲ
ƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ DƵŵďĂŝ͕ ĂŶĚ͕ ŽĨ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ Ϯ ĂŶĚ ƟĞƌͲϯ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ WĞƌŵŝƐƐŝďůĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ
ŵƵĐŚͲĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞĚƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌĂůsŝƐƚĂ h/& ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Ă ͚ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĂƌĞĂ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ŝŶEĞǁĞůŚŝ͘ project’Ϯ͕ ƵŶĚĞƌ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĮǀĞ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ
ƐĂŶĐƟŽŶĞĚ Ͷ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƚͲŽƌŝĞŶƚĞĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ;dKͿ͕
dŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ŚĂǀĞ Žƌ ǁŝůů ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵ ƚŚĞ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨůŽĐĂůĂƌĞĂƉůĂŶ
ĨĂĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĐŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŚĂǀĞĂƚƌĞŵĞŶĚŽƵƐ ĨŽƌ ĚĞĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͕ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶĮĞůĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ
ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽŶ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͛Ɛ ůŝǀĞƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂůƐŽ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƫŶŐƵƉŽĨƉĂƌŬƐĂŶĚŽƉĞŶŐLJŵƐ͘
ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽƌĞĚĞĮŶĞƵƌďĂŶůŝǀŝŶŐĨŽƌLJĞĂƌƐƚŽĐŽŵĞ
ĂŶĚ ĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĞīŽƌƚƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ďĞƩĞƌ͕
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĂƌĞ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĂďůĞ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƌĐŝƟĞƐĂƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂďůĞ͘zĞƚ͕ŝƚ

ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚƵƌďĂŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚďĞŐƐƚŚĞ ŝƐŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƚŽƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƚŚĂƚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƉƌŽƉĞƌǀŝƐŝŽŶ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͗ĂƌĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ͕ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐ͕ ĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƌĞĂůŝƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞƌŝƐŬŽĨĨƵƟůŝƚLJĂŶĚ
ĂƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝƐĞĚ͍ƌĞ mediocrity looms large, with projects not necessarily
ǁĞŚĂƌŶĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞďĞƐƚĚĞƐŝŐŶƚĂůĞŶƚĂŶĚĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂƚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐŽƌƌĞĂůŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ
ƚŚĂƚŽƵƌĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŚĂƐƚŽŽīĞƌ͍ ĂƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞƐĞƚŽƵƚ͘

>ĂĐŬŽĨsŝƐŝŽŶĂŶĚ/ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ϭ͘ ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚŚĞŚŝŶĚƵďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐůŝŶĞ͘ĐŽŵͬĞĐŽŶŽŵLJͬŶŚďͲ

'ŽŽĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ
ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďƌŝŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ũŽLJ͕
ŵĂŬĞŽƵƌĐŝƟĞƐďĞƩĞƌ͕ƐĂĨĞƌ͕ĂŶĚŵŽƌĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ͕
ĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƚĞĂďĞƩĞƌĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĨŽƌĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͘
ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝƐĞƐͲϭϬϬϬϬͲĐƌŽƌĞͲƵƌďĂŶͲŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞͲĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚͲ
ĨƵŶĚͬĂƌƟĐůĞϲϳϬϲϭϮϮϭ͘ĞĐĞ
Ϯ͘ ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚ͘ŝŶͬŝŶĚŝĂͬŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞͬƌƐͲϭϬϬϬϬͲĐƌͲŝŶĨƌĂͲĨƵŶĚͲ
ƌŽůůĞĚͲŽƵƚͲĨŽƌͲƟĞƌͲϮͲϯͲĐŝƟĞƐͲŚŽǁͲƐƚĂƚĞƐͲĐĂŶͲŐĞƚͲƚŚĞͲŵŽƐƚͲŽƵƚͲŽĨͲ
ŝƚͬϭϳϬϬϭϳϬͬ
&ŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞDƵŵďĂŝŽĂƐƚĂůZŽĂĚWƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƐ ďƌŝĞĨ͕ŚĂǀŝŶŐĂĨĂŝƌĂŶĚŝŵƉĂƌƟĂůũƵƌLJ͕ĂŶĚŚĂǀŝŶŐĂ

DECEMBER 2023
ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ ĐůĞĂƌ͕ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘
ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞůĂƐƚϰLJĞĂƌƐ͕ƚŚĞƌŝŚĂŶŵƵŵďĂŝ
DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŽŶ;DͿŚĂƐĂůƌĞĂĚLJƐƉĞŶƚŽǀĞƌ >ŽŶŐtĂLJƚŽ'Ž
ϭϮ͕ϬϬϬĐƌŽƌĞƐŽŶŝƚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝƚǁŝůůŶŽƚŵĂŬĞůŝĨĞĂŶLJ tŚŝůĞ ƐŽŵĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ
ĞĂƐŝĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞǀĂƐƚŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJŽĨDƵŵďĂŝĐŝƟnjĞŶƐƐŝŶĐĞ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ŚĂǀĞ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ
ŝƚ ǁŝůů ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ďĞŶĞĮƚ Ă ŵŝŶƵƐĐƵůĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐĂŶĚͬŽƌŝŶǀŝƚĞĚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĞĚƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ
ƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͛ƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶǁŚŽŽǁŶĐĂƌƐ͘ to submit proposals for public projects in the recent
ƉĂƐƚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŵŽƌĞƚŚĂƚŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĚŽŶĞ͘
ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ ŽǀĞƌ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ŵŽŶƚŚƐ͕ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĐŽŵĞ
&ŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞŵĂƌĂǀĂƟĐĂƉŝƚĂůĐŽŵƉůĞdžĂŶĚĐŝƚLJ
ĐůĞĂƌ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǁŝůů ŐŝǀĞ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ ϭϳϱ ĂĐƌĞƐ ŽĨ
ƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞƐʹƐƉĂĐĞƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽďĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚŝƚƐƚĂŶĚƐƐŚĞůǀĞĚƚŽĚĂLJ͕
ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶƚŽƉĂƌŬƐĂŶĚŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĨŽƌůĂŬŚƐŽĨ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂĚŝƐƚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨŚŽǁŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ
ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂŶĚƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨĂƉƉŽŝŶƟŶŐĂŶ ĐĂŶ ĚŽ ůŝƉ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŽƌƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƚĞĂŵƚŽďƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐǀŝƐŝŽŶƚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘
ůŝĨĞƌĞŵĂŝŶƐƵŶĐůĞĂƌ͘ džƉĞƌƚ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌŽũĞĐƚǁĞƌĞĚŝƐŵŝƐƐĞĚĂƚŵƵůƟƉůĞƐƚĂŐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞ
KƉĞŶĞƐŝŐŶŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐĨŽƌīĞĐƟǀĞZĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ǁĞƌĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚŝŶǀŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĂƉƉŽŝŶƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĚŝƐŵŝƐƐĂůƐ
hƌďĂŶĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ and reappointments of professionals that were
Some of the best-designed buildings and projects ƐĞĞŵŝŶŐůLJƉŽůŝƟĐĂůůLJŵŽƟǀĂƚĞĚ͘
ŝŶ /ŶĚŝĂ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŚŚĂƚƌĂƉĂƟ ^ŚŝǀĂũŝ dĞƌŵŝŶƵƐ /ŶĂŶŽƚŚĞƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞDŝŶǀŝƚĞĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂŶĚ
ŝŶDƵŵďĂŝ͕ƚŚĞŚĂŵďĂůZŝǀĞƌĨƌŽŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚŝŶ<ŽƚĂ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞƌƐ ƚŽ ƐƵďŵŝƚ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ
ZĂũĂƐƚŚĂŶ͕ƚŚĞƵĐŬŝŶŐŚĂŵĂŶĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚŝŶŚĞŶŶĂŝ͕ ƐƚƌĞĞƚƐ ŝŶ DƵŵďĂŝ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϵ͘ &ŝǀĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĮƌŵƐ ǁĞƌĞ
ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ EĂƟŽŶĂů tĂƌ DĞŵŽƌŝĂů ŝŶ ĞůŚŝ͕ ǁĞƌĞ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĂƐ ǁŝŶŶĞƌƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝŶ :ĂŶƵĂƌLJ ϮϬϮϭ͕
ĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĮƌŵƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŶŽƟĮĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ
ŚĂǀĞ͕ ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ͕ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŶŽƚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĂŶLJ ŵŽƌĞ͘ dŚĞ D ŚĂƐ ƐŝŶĐĞ ŝŶǀŝƚĞĚ
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚŵĂƌŬƐ͘ 'ůŽďĂůůLJ͕ ƚĞŶĚĞƌƐĨŽƌĂƉƌŽũĞĐƚĂůŽŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌůŝŶĞƐ͘
projects such as the Sydney Opera House in Australia,
ƚŚĞ'ĂƌĚĞŶƐďLJƚŚĞĂLJŝŶ^ŝŶŐĂƉŽƌĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞ,ŝŐŚ KƵƌĐŝƚLJ͛ƐĨƵƚƵƌĞŝƐŝŶĞdžƚƌŝĐĂďůLJůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ϱϭ

>ŝŶĞ ŝŶ EĞǁ zŽƌŬ ŝƚLJ ǁĞƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞĚ ǁĞĐƌĞĂƚĞƚŽĚĂLJ͘dŚĞƉůĂĐĞƐǁĞŝŶŚĂďŝƚ͕ƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

similarly and today shine as success stories for their ǁĞĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĚĂŝůLJ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŝƚLJƐĐĂƉĞƐǁĞŶĂǀŝŐĂƚĞ
ĐŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƉĞŽƉůĞ͘ ƐŚĂƉĞŽƵƌĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚŽƵƌĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͘/ƚ
ŝƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƚŚĂƚǁĞŵƵƐƚƌĂŝƐĞĂǀŝƚĂůŝƐƐƵĞ
'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͕ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌĂƚƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞŽƌĂƚƚŚĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ Ăůů ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ʹ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĨŽƌŵ ŝŶ
ƐƚĂƚĞůĞǀĞů͕ŶĞĞĚƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞĂƐŝŵŝůĂƌĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽ the way public architecture and city infrastructure
the process of designing and building infrastructure ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂƌĞĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞĚ͘
for all upcoming public and infrastructure projects
ʹ ŽƉĞŶ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ĂƩƌĂĐƚ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
best designers, architects, and urban planners, and
ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ďĞƐƚ ŝĚĞĂƐ͕ ĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͘
dŚŝƐ ǁŝůů ƐĞƌǀĞ ĂƐ Ă ŐƌĞĂƚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů
ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJƚŽƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞ
ŝŶƐƵĐŚĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐĂŶĚǁŽƌŬĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞůLJǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ďƵŝůĚ ǁŽƌůĚͲĐůĂƐƐ ůĂŶĚŵĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛ƐŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĐŝƟĞƐ͘
dŚĞŽƵŶĐŝůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ;KͿʹĂƐƚĂƚƵƚŽƌLJďŽĚLJ
ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ /ŶĚŝĂ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĐƚ͕ϭϵϳϮʹŚĂƐůĂŝĚŽƵƚ
guidelines3 ĨŽƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŝŶŐ ƐƵĐŚ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ
ŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƐĞƚ ŽƵƚ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐ
are fair and transparent and safeguard the interest Rahul Kadri ;ϬϴϳϬϲͿ͕ WĂƌƚŶĞƌ ĂŶĚ WƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ Ăƚ /D<
ŽĨ ďŽƚŚ ʹ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂůƐŽ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ĂŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƵƌďĂŶĚĞƐŝŐŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĨŽƵŶĚĞĚ
ŝŶ ϭϵϱϳ ĂŶĚ ŚĞĂĚƋƵĂƌƚĞƌĞĚ ŝŶ DƵŵďĂŝ͘ Dƌ <ĂĚƌŝ ŝƐ Ă ŶŽƚĞĚ
emphasise the importance of a clear and concise ĞdžƉĞƌƚŽŶƐƵďũĞĐƚƐůŝŬĞhƌďĂŶĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚWŽůŝĐLJDĂŬŝŶŐ͕
WƵďůŝĐ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ^ůƵŵ ZĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕
ϯ͘ ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬĐŽĂ͘ŐŽǀ͘ŝŶͬŝŶĚĞdžϭ͘ƉŚƉ͍ůĂŶŐсϭΘůĞǀĞůсϮΘƐƵďůŝŶŬ- ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůWůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚŶĞǁͲĂŐĞ,ĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘
ŝĚсϮϲϭΘůŝĚсϮϰϬΘŬĞLJсŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐ ŵĂŝů͗ŵĞĚŝĂΛŝŵŬĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͘ĐŽŵ
 Zd/>
DECEMBER 2023

Quila Sarai: Tracing the Timeless Elegance

of Sultanpur Lodhi’s Architectural Gem
LJƌ͘^ŚƌƵƟ,͘<ĂƉƵƌĂŶĚƌ͘^ƵŬƌƵƟŽŐƌĂ

>ŽĐĂƟŽŶ : Sultanpur Lodhi, Punjab

hƐĂŐĞ : The fort, with its Lahori gate and Delhi gate
Age : ϴϬϬLJĞĂƌƐ
Building Type : ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞͬZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů

ϱϮ
ϭ͘ /EdZKhd/KE
^ƵůƚĂŶƉƵƌ>ŽĚŚŝ͕ƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚŝŶŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ<ĂƉƵƌƚŚĂůĂ͘WƵŶũĂď͕
ŚŽůĚƐŝŵŵĞŶƐĞŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ͘dŚĞ
YƵŝůĂ ^ĂƌĂŝ ƐƚĂŶĚƐ ƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚůLJ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƚŽǁŶ͕ ƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ
ĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĂŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛ƐŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͘
dŚĞ ĨŽƌƚ ŐĂŝŶĞĚ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶĐĞ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ϭϲth century when the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan is
ďĞůŝĞǀĞĚƚŽŚĂǀĞƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶŝƚƐƌĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͘ĞLJŽŶĚŝƚƐ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ͕YƵŝůĂ^ĂƌĂŝƉůĂLJĞĚĂƉŝǀŽƚĂů
ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ŝƚƐ ŚĞLJĚĂLJ͘ /ƚ ƐĞƌǀĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ
place where Shah Jahan’s sons, Aurangzeb and Dara
^ŚŝŬŽŚ͕ƉƵƌƐƵĞĚƚŚĞŝƌƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ĂĚĚŝŶŐĂŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌƚ͛Ɛ ŵƵůƟĨĂĐĞƚĞĚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ͘ dŚĞ ĨŽƌƚ͕
therefore, not only stands as a physical structure but
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
dŚŝƐ ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂů ůĂLJĞƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƐĞƌǀĞƐ ƚŽ
ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨƚŚĞŐĂƚĞǁĂLJ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐ
ŝƚĂƐƚƌŝŬŝŶŐĨĞĂƚƵƌĞŝŶƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĞŶƐĞŵďůĞŽĨ
YƵŝůĂ^ĂƌĂŝ͘
ϯ͘ Z,/ddhZ>&dhZ^K&d,KDW>y
dŚĞ YƵŝůĂ ^ĂƌĂŝ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ĞdžŚŝďŝƚƐ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚƌĞŇĞĐƚĂďůĞŶĚŽĨDƵŐŚĂů
ĂŶĚ ƌŝƟƐŚ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͕ ŶĞĂƌůLJ ƐƋƵĂƌĞ ŝŶ
shape, is characterised by two entrance gates and
ĨŽƵƌŽĐƚĂŐŽŶĂůƚƵƌƌĞƚƐ͕ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƚŽŝƚƐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů
ƵŶŝƋƵĞŶĞƐƐ͘dŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůƚLJƉŽůŽŐLJŽĨ^ĂƌĂŝƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞ
ĞůŚŝͲ>ĂŚŽƌĞ ƌŽĂĚ ƌĞǀĞĂůƐ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ
ŽĨ ƌŽŽŵƐ ĨŽƌ ƚƌĂǀĞůůĞƌƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŶĞƌ ƐŝĚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ

also embodies the intellectual pursuits and cultural ĞŶĐůŽƐŝŶŐ ǁĂůů͘ KƌŝŐŝŶĂůůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ŵŝŐŚƚ ŚĂǀĞ
ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨŝƚƐƟŵĞ͘ ďŽĂƐƚĞĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ Ă ŚƵŶĚƌĞĚ ƌŽŽŵƐ͕ ďƵƚ ĂƐ ŽĨ ϭϵϵϵ͕
ŽŶůLJ ƚŚƌĞĞ ǁĞƌĞ ƐƟůů ƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚůLJ ŶŽŶĞ
2. ENTRANCE ƌĞŵĂŝŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͘ dŚĞ ĂĚĂƉƟǀĞ ƌĞƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ
The monumental scale of the gate is a deliberate ŚĂƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ ŝƚ ŝŶƚŽ Ă ůŽĐĂů ƉŽůŝĐĞ ƐƚĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĐŚŽŝĐĞ͕ ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞǀŽŬĞ Ă ƐĞŶƐĞ ŽĨ architectural elements within the complex showcase
ŐƌĂŶĚĞƵƌĂŶĚŵĂŐŶŝĮĐĞŶĐĞ͘/ƚďĞĐŽŵĞƐĂƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚ Ă ĨƵƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ DƵŐŚĂů ĂŶĚ ƌŝƟƐŚ ƐƚLJůĞƐ͕ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ ŝŶ
ĨŽĐĂůƉŽŝŶƚ͕ĂƩƌĂĐƟŶŐĂƩĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝnjŝŶŐƚŚĞ the forms of internal rooms, galleries, and external
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞ ĞǀĞŶ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘ ĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚƐ͘dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞ
dŚĞ ŵƵůƟͲůĞǀĞů ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐĂƚĞǁĂLJ ĂĚĚƐ ĂŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐŽĨYƵŝůĂ^ĂƌĂŝ͗
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ǀŝƐƵĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͘ ĂĐŚ ůĞǀĞů ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐ ƌĐŚĞƐ͗ dŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚĞƐ͕ Ă ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐ
ƚŽƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂ element of Mughal architecture, adds a graceful and
ƐĞŶƐĞŽĨĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJĂŶĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůƐŽƉŚŝƐƟĐĂƟŽŶ͘ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƚŽƵĐŚƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdž͘
 ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐĂƚĞ͕ ƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ůĞǀĞů ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ƚǁŽ

DECEMBER 2023
ĐŚĂŵďĞƌƐŽŶďŽƚŚƐŝĚĞƐ͘dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚůĞǀĞůŚĂƐĂƚĞƌƌĂĐĞ
ĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĂŶĚƚǁŽĐŚĂŵďĞƌƐĂƚƚŚĞƐŝĚĞƐ͘/ƚƐĐĞŶƚƌĂů
ĂdžŝƐŝƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞĂƌĐŚĞƐďĞŶĞĂƚŚ͘
stair from this terrace leads to the uppermost terrace
ǁŝƚŚ ƚǁŽ ŬŝŽƐŬƐ ƉůĂĐĞĚ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůůLJ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚ
ďĂůĐŽŶŝĞƐĨƌŽŵŽĐƚĂŐŽŶĂůƚŽǁĞƌƐĂƚďŽƚŚƐŝĚĞƐ͘
dŚĞ ĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶ͗ The Entrance Archway’s huge scale
ĐĂƚĐŚĞƐƚŚĞĂƩĞŶƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀŝĞǁĞƌĂƚĮƌƐƚƐŝŐŚƚ͘dŚĞ
ĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůŵŽƐƚƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůĂdžŝƐ
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚǁĂLJ͘ &ĂůƐĞ ĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚĞƐ͕ ŶŝĐŚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ 
ŐůŝŵƉƐĞŽĨ^ŝŬŚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĐŽŵĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƐŝŐŚƚ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͗DĂŐŶŝĮĐĞŶƚǀŝĞǁŽĨYƵŝůĂ^ĂƌĂŝ ŽĨĂƌĐŚĞƐ͕ŬŝŽƐŬƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĚŽŵĞƐŝŶƚŚĞYƵŝůĂ^ĂƌĂŝ͘
ŽŵĞƐ͗ Domes, a staple in Mughal architectural ůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͗
ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŽǀĞƌĂůů ŐƌĂŶĚĞƵƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĐŚĞƐ͗ƌĐŚĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŵĂŝŶŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƟŶŐĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶĂů
ĐŽŵƉůĞdž͘ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚĞƐ
DŝŶĂƌĞƚƐ͗ dŚĞ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ŵŝŶĂƌĞƚƐ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ůŝŬĞ ƚŚĞ WŽŝŶƚĞĚ ƌĐŚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƵƐƉĞĚ ƌĐŚĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ
ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ /ƐůĂŵŝĐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ͘
ǀŝƐƵĂůĂƉƉĞĂůŽĨƚŚĞƐŝƚĞ͘ <ŝŽƐŬƐ͗ dǁŽ ŬŝŽƐŬƐ ĂƌĞ ƉůĂĐĞĚ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůůLJ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
ŚĂƚƌŝ͗ ŚĂƚƌŝ͕ Žƌ ĞůĞǀĂƚĞĚ ƉĂǀŝůŝŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŽŵĞĚ projected balconies from octagonal towers on both
ƌŽŽĨƐ͕ĂĚĚƐĂĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƐŝĚĞƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ŚĞůƉ ŝŶ ĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŐĞ ƐĐĂůĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘
DŽŶƵŵĞŶƚĂů ^ĐĂůĞ͗ dŚĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ŝƐ ŵĂƌŬĞĚ ďLJ Ă ŽŵĞƐ͗ dŚĞ ĚŽŵĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŬŝŽƐŬƐ ƌĞƐĞŵďůĞ ƚŚĞ
monumental scale, emphasising its historical and ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨ^ŝŬŚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ 53
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ͘ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůͬ &ĂĐĂĚĞ ĚĞƚĂŝůƐ͗ Exposed
EĂŶĂŬƐŚĂŚŝďƌŝĐŬĐůĂĚĚŝŶŐͬďƌŝĐŬǁŽƌŬ͘
The internal buildings within the complex are a
ƚĞƐƚĂŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƐ ƐǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŚĞĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞLJĂƌĞŐƌĞĞƚĞĚ
ƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ Ă ƚĂŶŐŝďůĞ ůŝŶŬ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ by a structure that not only symbolises the historical
ƉĂƐƚĂŶĚĂǀŝƐƵĂůŶĂƌƌĂƟǀĞŽĨĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽǀĞƌ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌƚďƵƚĂůƐŽƐĞƚƐƚŚĞƚŽŶĞĨŽƌƚŚĞ
ƟŵĞ͘ ƌŝĐŚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƚŚĂƚĂǁĂŝƚƐǁŝƚŚŝŶ͘dŚĞ
gateway, with its towering presence and intricate
ϭ͘ >ĂŚŽƌĞ'ĂƚĞ ϲ͘ tĞůů design, stands as a testament to the cultural and
ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ůĞŐĂĐLJ ĞŶĐĂƉƐƵůĂƚĞĚ ďLJ YƵŝůĂ ^ĂƌĂŝ͘
Ϯ͘ Octagonal Turrets ϳ͘ Town Hall Together, these elements not only enhance the
ϯ͘ ĞůŚŝ'ĂƚĞ ϴ͘ Old Jail ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐĂƉƉĞĂůďƵƚĂůƐŽƌĞŇĞĐƚĂƚŚŽƵŐŚƞƵůĨƵƐŝŽŶ
ŽĨĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞŝŶƚŚŝƐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ϰ͘ Mosque ϵ͘ New Jail ĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌ͘
ϱ͘ Rooms JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ϱ͘ ^zDDdZ/> Z/>>/E͗ d, W>E K&
ϰ͘ EdZE'd Yh/>^Z/&ZKEd'd
dŚĞ ŐĂƚĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ dŚĞ ŵĞƟĐƵůŽƵƐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨƌŽŶƚ ŐĂƚĞ Ăƚ YƵŝůĂ
ĞŶƚĞƌĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ĨƌŽŶƚ ŐĂƚĞ ŽĨ YƵŝůĂ ^ĂƌĂŝ ƐƚĂŶĚƐ Ăƚ Ă Sarai unfolds as a masterclass in symmetry and
ŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨϯϳ͛ǁŝƚŚĂƐĞŶƐĞŽĨŐƌĂŶĚĞƵƌĂŶĚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ͘ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ͕ ĐĂƉƟǀĂƟŶŐ ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚƐ ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝŽƵƐ
The monumental scale of the gate adds a sense ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ dŚĞ ĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞ͕ ŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐ ϭϯ͛Ͳϵ͟ ŝŶ ǁŝĚƚŚ͕
of grandness and highlights the entrance from a ƐĞƌǀĞƐ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽĐĂů ƉŽŝŶƚ͕ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘dŚĞůĞǀĞůƐŝŶƚŚĞŐĂƚĞǁĂLJĐƌĞĂƚĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͘ ůŽǁĞƌůĞǀĞůƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůĂdžŝƐŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƐƐĂŐĞ͘Ɛ
one ascends the stairs from the rear side of the gate,
dŚĞƉůĂŶ͗ The plan of the front gate is symmetrically Ă ĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJ ĐƵƌĂƚĞĚ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ƵŶĨŽůĚƐ͘ dŚĞ
ďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůĂdžŝƐŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƐƐĂŐĞ͘dŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ůĞǀĞů ƌĞǀĞĂůƐ ƚǁŽ ĐŚĂŵďĞƌƐ ŽŶ ďŽƚŚ ƐŝĚĞƐ͕
ĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞŝƐϭϯ͛Ͳϵ͟ǁŝĚĞĂŶĚĚŝǀŝĚĞƐƚŚĞďŽƩŽŵůĞǀĞůƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ͘ dŚĞ
ŝŶƚŽƚǁŽƉĂƌƚƐ͘dŚĞƐƚĂŝƌƐĐůŝŵďƵƉĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂƌƐŝĚĞ ƚŚŝƌĚůĞǀĞůŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĂƚĞƌƌĂĐĞĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌ͕ŇĂŶŬĞĚ
DECEMBER 2023

54
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͗^ŝƚĞƉůĂŶŽĨYƵŝůĂ^ĂƌĂŝ

ďLJĐŚĂŵďĞƌƐŽŶĞŝƚŚĞƌƐŝĚĞ͕ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂƐĞĂŵůĞƐƐŇŽǁ ŵĂŐŶŝĮĐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚǁĂLJ͕ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ůĂƐƟŶŐ

ŽĨĚĞƐŝŐŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘
ϲ͘ >'E/E^>͗d,D:^d/>sd/KE dŚĞ ĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ŵĞƟĐƵůŽƵƐůLJ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ͕ ƵŶĨŽůĚƐ ŝŶ
K&Yh/>^Z/͛^EdZEZ,tz almost perfect symmetry along the central axis of
dŚĞ ĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞ ĂƌĐŚǁĂLJ Ăƚ YƵŝůĂ ^ĂƌĂŝ ƐƚĂŶĚƐ ĂƐ Ă ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚǁĂLJ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚĞƐ͕ ŶŝĐŚĞƐ
ƚĞƐƚĂŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ŐƌĂŶĚĞƵƌ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĮŶĞƐƐĞ͕ and other architectural elements contributes to the
ĐŽŵŵĂŶĚŝŶŐ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚƐ ĐŽůŽƐƐĂů ƐĐĂůĞ͘ dŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ĨĂůƐĞ ĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ĐĂƉƟǀĂƟŶŐ ŽŶůŽŽŬĞƌƐ
beholder’s gaze is immediately drawn to the sheer ǁŝƚŚŝƚƐǀŝƐƵĂůĂůůƵƌĞ͘
 DECEMBER 2023
&ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͗ZĞĂƌůĞǀĂƟŽŶ &ŝŐƵƌĞϰ͗&ƌŽŶƚůĞǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ'ĂƚĞ

/Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ŵĂƌǀĞů͕ ŐůŝŵƉƐĞƐ ŽĨ ^ŝŬŚ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů&ĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ͗

architecture come to life through the ornate detailing · dƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐLJŝŶƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƉůĂŶ͘
ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŬŝŽƐŬƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂĐĞĨƵů
ĚŽŵĞƐƚŚĂƚƉƵŶĐƚƵĂƚĞƚŚĞƐŬLJůŝŶĞŽĨYƵŝůĂ^ĂƌĂŝ͘ĂĐŚ · >ŝŶĞĂƌƉůĂŶ͗ĞƩĞƌǀŝƐŝŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞũĂŝůĞƌƚŽŬĞĞƉ
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƉůĂLJƐĂƌŽůĞŝŶĐƌĂŌŝŶŐĂŶĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŶŽƚ ĐŚĞĐŬ͘
ŽŶůLJ ƐƚĂŶĚƐ ĂƐ Ă ǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ Ăƌƚ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ŶĂƌƌĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ
/ƚ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐ ŽĨ Ϯ ũĂŝůƐ ĂŶĚ ϲ ĐŽƵƌƚƌŽŽŵƐ͘ ZŽŽŵ ŶŽ͘ ϯ
ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶ ŝƐ ŶĂŵĞĚ ͚<Žƚ͛ ĂŶĚ ƌŽŽŵ ŶŽ͘Ɛ ϭϯ͕ ϭϰ ĂŶĚ ϭϱ ǁĞƌĞ
ƚŚĞǁĂůůƐŽĨƚŚŝƐŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ ŶĂŵĞĚ͚DĂůŬŚĂŶĂ͛͘dǁŽũĂŝůƐǁĞƌĞŶĂŵĞĚ͚DĂƌĚĂŶĂ
Ɛ ŽŶĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶ ,ĂǁĂůĂƚ͛͘ZŽŽŵĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐĂƌĞϭϮ͛ďLJϭϰ͛Ͳϲ͘͟ 55

ƵŶĨŽůĚƐĂƐĂĐĂƉƟǀĂƟŶŐƐƚŽƌLJ͕ŝŶǀŝƟŶŐĂĚŵŝƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌ EĂƚƵƌĂů ůŝŐŚƚ͗ The planning promotes usage of

ƚŚĞŵĞƟĐƵůŽƵƐĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉĂŶĚƚŚŽƵŐŚƞƵůĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůůŝŐŚƚŝŶƐŝĚĞƚŚĞĐĞůů͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞĚĂLJ͘
ƚŚĂƚĚĞĮŶĞƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůůĞŐĂĐLJŽĨYƵŝůĂ^ĂƌĂŝ͘
sĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ͗ 'ŽŽĚ Ăŝƌ ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĞǀĞƌLJ
ϳ͘ Yh/>^Z/͗K>WZ/^KE ƐŝŶŐůĞĐĞůů͘dŚŝƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨĂĐŽƵƌƚƌŽŽŵĂŶĚ
>ŽĐĂƟŽŶ͗dŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝƐŶĞĂƌƚŚĞĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞ;>ĂŚŽƌĞ ũĂŝůƐ͘
'ĂƚĞͿŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdž͘/ƚŚĂƐĂDŽƐƋƵĞŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞƚŽŝƚ͘  ǁŝŶĚŽǁ ;Ϯ͛ ďLJ ϭϯ͛Ͳϲ͟Ϳ ŝƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůůLJ ƉůĂĐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
History͗ It has been built before the Terrorism ƌĞĂƌǁĂůůŽĨƚŚĞƌŽŽŵ͘KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞǁĂůůƐŚĂƐĂƌĞĐĞƐƐ
ĞƌĂ͘ >ĂŚŽƌŝ 'ĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĞůŚŝ 'ĂƚĞ Ͳ DƵŐŚĂů ŵƉĞƌŽƌ ŝŶŝƚ͘
^ŚĂŚũĂŚĂŶ ŝƐ ůĞĂƌŶƚ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ƌĞďƵŝůƚ ŝƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ϭϲƚŚ ŽŽƌŽƉĞŶŝŶŐ͗ϯ͛Ͳϲ͘͟
ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘ ŽƌƌŝĚŽƌǁŝĚƚŚ͗ϳ͛Ͳϵ͘͟
Architectural Style͗ Mughal Architecture DŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŝƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚŽƵƌƐŝŶĐĞ
Features:hƐĞŽĨƐĞŐŵĞŶƚĂůƌĐŚĞƐ͕,ŝŐŚͲůĞǀĞůWůŝŶƚŚ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ ŐĂƉ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚǁŽ ĐŽŶƐĞĐƵƟǀĞ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
WĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĚZĞƉĞƟƟŽŶŽĨĐĞůůƐ  ĐŽŶƚŽƵƌƐĨŽƌĂƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƵŶŝƚ͘ 

&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͗WůĂŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ&ƌŽŶƚ'ĂƚĞŽĨYƵŝůĂ^ĂƌĂŝ
DECEMBER 2023

&ŝŐƵƌĞϲ͗DŽŶƵŵĞŶƚĂů^ĐĂůĞŽĨYƵŝůĂ^ĂƌĂŝ

&ŝŐƵƌĞϴ͗>ĂLJŽƵƚWůĂŶŽĨƚŚĞKůĚWƌŝƐŽŶ

dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ϮϮ ĂƌĐŚĞƐ ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ

ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞƐĞŵŝͲĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌĂƌĐŚĞƐǁŝƚŚĂŚĞŝŐŚƚ
ŽĨ ϱ͛͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ ƐĞŵŝͲĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌ ĂƌĐŚĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŚĞŝŐŚƚ ŝƐ
ϭϱ͛ĂƉƉƌŽdž͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶĂƌĐŚǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƵƐĞĚƚŽĚŝǀŝĚĞ
ƚŚĞĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌŝŶƚŽƚǁŽƉĂƌƚƐ͘

ϴ͘ KE>h^/KE
/Ŷ ƚŚĞ ŚĞĂƌƚ ŽĨ ^ƵůƚĂŶƉƵƌ >ŽĚŚŝ͕ ƚŚĞ YƵŝůĂ ^ĂƌĂŝ
stands as more than just a structure of historical and
56 ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ͖ ŝƚ ĞŶĐĂƉƐƵůĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝĐŚ
ƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJŽĨĂďLJŐŽŶĞĞƌĂ͘ƐǁĞƚƌĂǀĞƌƐĞŝƚƐƉĂƚŚǁĂLJƐ
ĂŶĚŝŵŵĞƌƐĞŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŐƌĂŶĚĞƵƌŽĨŝƚƐŐĂƚĞƐ͕
ǁĞƵŶĞĂƌƚŚƐƚŽƌŝĞƐƚŚĂƚƐƉĂŶĐĞŶƚƵƌŝĞƐ͘
/Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĂĚĂƉƟǀĞ ƌĞƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ŽŶĐĞ
ǀŝďƌĂŶƚ ŚƵď ŽĨ Ă ŚƵŶĚƌĞĚ ƌŽŽŵƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚͲ
ĚĂLJ ůŽĐĂů ƉŽůŝĐĞ ƐƚĂƟŽŶ͕ YƵŝůĂ ^ĂƌĂŝ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ
ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ͛Ɛ Ă ůŝǀŝŶŐ ŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϳ͗^ŝƚĞWůĂŶŽĨƚŚĞKůĚWƌŝƐŽŶ that not only stands as a testament to the past but
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

&ŝŐƵƌĞϵ͗^ĞĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞKůĚWƌŝƐŽŶ
 DECEMBER 2023
&ŝŐƵƌĞϭϬ͗DĂŐŶŝĮĐĞŶƚsŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞKůĚWƌŝƐŽŶ

ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ ƚŽ ƉůĂLJ Ă ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͕ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐ

ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďƌŝĚŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŐĂƉ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ
ĂŶĚŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƚLJ͘
YƵŝůĂ ^ĂƌĂŝ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚƐ ŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚĂů ŐĂƚĞƐ͕ ŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƌŝĐŚŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕ŝŶǀŝƚĞƐƵƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚŶŽƚ
ũƵƐƚ ŽŶ ŝƚƐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ďƵƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ďƌŽĂĚĞƌ
ŶĂƌƌĂƟǀĞŽĨĂƌĞŐŝŽŶƚŚĂƚŚĂƐǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚƚŚĞĞďďĂŶĚ
ŇŽǁŽĨƟŵĞ͘ƐǁĞďŝĚĨĂƌĞǁĞůůƚŽƚŚĞĞĐŚŽĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ
ƉĂƐƚƌĞƐŽŶĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚŝŶŝƚƐǁĂůůƐ͕ǁĞĐĂƌƌLJǁŝƚŚƵƐƚŚĞ All Images courtesy: Authors
ƟŵĞůĞƐƐ ĞůĞŐĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĞŐĂĐLJ ƚŚĂƚ ĚĞĮŶĞ
YƵŝůĂ^ĂƌĂŝŝŶ^ƵůƚĂŶƉƵƌ>ŽĚŚŝ͘
57

ƌ͘^ŚƌƵƟ,͘<ĂƉƵƌ;ϭϴϭϴϱͿ͕ĂǀŝƐŝŽŶĂƌLJĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚǁŝƚŚŽǀĞƌƚǁŽ
ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐŽĨĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞ͕ŝƐĂƚƌĂŝůďůĂnjĞƌĂŶĚĨŽƵŶĚŝŶŐŵĞŵďĞƌŽĨd
/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ ^ĞĂŵůĞƐƐůLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ŝŶƚƌŝĐĂĐŝĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĞŵŽƟǀĞ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐ ƉƌŽǁĞƐƐ͕ ƐŚĞ
ƌĞĚĞĮŶĞƐƚŚĞďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐŽĨŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͕ůĞĂǀŝŶŐ
ĂŶŝŶĚĞůŝďůĞŵĂƌŬŽŶƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘
ŵĂŝů͗ƐŚƌƵƟŚŬĂƉƵƌΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ƌ͘ ^ƵŬƌŝƟ ŽŐƌĂ, with a Bachelor’s in Architecture and a

DĂƐƚĞƌ͛ƐŝŶhƌďĂŶĂŶĚZĞŐŝŽŶĂůWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJƐĞƌǀĞƐĂƐĂŶ
ƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚWƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌĂƚd/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘
She blends a passion for history and landscape into her teaching
ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƐƚƌŽŶŐ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
ƐŬŝůůƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵŽƟǀĂƟŶŐ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ
ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ͘
ŵĂŝů͗ĐƌĂĚůĞŽĨĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
 W'K'hΖ^WZ^Wd/s
DECEMBER 2023
Exploring the Real Estate Market:
As Opportunity for
Graduating Architects
LJWƌŽĨ͘ŚŝƌĂũEĂŶĚŬŝƐŚŽƌĞ^ĂůŚŽƚƌĂĂŶĚƌ͘^ŵŝƚ'ŽŐŚĂƌŝ
ϱϴ
ϭ͘ ĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŚĂƐ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ďĞĞŶ Ă ŵƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ͘dŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐLJůůĂďƵƐ͕ĨŽƌŵĞĚďLJ
ĂƵŚĂƵƐ ;ĂůŵŽƐƚ Ă ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ĂŐŽͿ͕ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƐŬŝůů
ƐĞƚƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŐƵŝůĚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞŶƚ ŝŶƚŽ
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ Ă ďƌŽĂĚ ŽƵƚůŝŶĞ ŽĨ
ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ͘ dŚĞ
ĐŽŵŵŽŶƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
ŝƐ ƚŽ ĚŽ ƚŚĞ ͚ĞƐŝŐŶ͛ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŽŵĂŝŶ ŽĨ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ŵĂŶLJ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ĚŽ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ
/ŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ ĞƐŝŐŶ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĂůůŝĞĚ ĚŽŵĂŝŶ͘ EŽƚĂďůLJ ŵĂŶLJ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƐŬŝůů ƐĞƚƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂů͕
ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂƐŽŶŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ ĂƌĞ
ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂďůĞ ƚŽ ĮĞůĚƐ ůŝŬĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƐĂůĞƐ͕ŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐ͕ƚĞĐŚŶŽͲůĞŐĂůĂĚǀŝƐŽƌLJ͕
ƌŝƐŬŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ŐƌĞĞŶĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĐŽŶƚƌŽů
ĂŶĚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘
On the contrary, Engineers are trained to be generic
ĂŶĚ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ ŝŶ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌŽďůĞŵͲƐŽůǀŝŶŐ
ƐŬŝůůƐ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ ƚŽ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ
ƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŵƵůƟƉůĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƚŚƵƐďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƌĂƟŽŶĂů ĐŚŽŝĐĞ ĨŽƌ ĂŶLJ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
ĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŽƌĂƌĞĂůĞƐƚĂƚĞĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘
Ϯ͘ WĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶƵƌƚƵƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ĂŶ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ
Bloom’s Taxonomy is seen as a widely accepted
ƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůĨŽƌƐĞƫŶŐƵƉĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ͘dŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ
ůĞǀĞůƐĞƚďLJƚŚĞƚĂdžŽŶŽŵLJŝƐĂƚƚŚĞ‘Create͛ůĞǀĞů͘/Ŷ
ƉƵƌĞůLJƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƚĞƌŵƐ͕ŝƚŵĂLJŵĞĂŶĂŶŝŶǀĞŶƟŽŶŽƌ
Ă ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ǁŚĞŶ ƐĞĞŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ůĞŶƐ
ŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐďĞĐŽŵĞƚŚĞ
ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚůĞǀĞůŽĨĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ǁŚĞƌĞŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ
ĂƌĞƵƐĞĚďLJƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƚŽĂƌƌŝǀĞĂƚĂĚĞƐŝŐŶƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͘
dŚŝƐŝƐĚŽŶĞƐĞŵĞƐƚĞƌĂŌĞƌƐĞŵĞƐƚĞƌ͕LJĞĂƌĂŌĞƌLJĞĂƌ
ĨŽƌĮǀĞĐŽŶƐĞĐƵƟǀĞLJĞĂƌƐ͘ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚǁŚŽŚĂƐĂƉƉůŝĞĚ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶͲďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƐƵƌĞůLJ ĐĂŶ ďĞ
ƐĞĞŶĂƐĂŵŽƌĞǀĞƌƐĂƟůĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚďĞŝŶŐ
ƉĂƌƚŽĨĂŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘
dŚĞƐŬŝůůƐĞƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŝŶĚƐĞƚƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽƚŚŝŶŬ͕ƐŽůǀĞ͕
ĂƉƉůLJĂŶĚƚĞƐƚĂƌĞƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ
ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ͘ dŽĚĂLJ͕ h/͕ hy͕ ƐĂůĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐ͕ Ăůů ĂƌĞ ďĞŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƚĂŝůŽƌͲŵĂĚĞ
ĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌƚĂƌŐĞƚĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͘/ŶƐƵĐŚƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ͕ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ
ǁŚŽŚĂǀĞĂůƌĞĂĚLJŚŽŶĞĚƚŚĞƐĞƐŬŝůůƐĐĂŶďĞĂďƐŽƌďĞĚ
ŝŶ ǀĂƌŝĞĚ ĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ
ĂůŽŶĞ͘

&ŝŐ͘ϭ͗^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŝŶƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůͬŶŽŶͲĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ͘
dŚĞ ĂƩĂĐŚŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƟƚůĞ ͚ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͛ ĂŶĚ
͚ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͛ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ Ă ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ŝŶ
ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ Ă ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂŶĚ
ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ
ĂƌĞ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŽĨ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌĞƐƟŐŝŽƵƐ ͚ŽĚĞ
of Conduct’ that disregards many of the roles that
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐLJ ƚŽ ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞ
ƌĞŵĂŝŶƐ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐĐŽƉĞ ĨŽƌĞǀĞƌ͘ dŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ
ŵĞŐĂͲƐĐĂůĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐ
ƚŽ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚůLJ͕ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ŶƵĂŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂůĞƐƚĂƚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŶŐ
ƚŽƐŚĂƌĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐũŽďƌŽůĞƐ͕ƚŚĂƚĚŽ
ŶŽƚ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůůLJ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ ĂŶLJ ŽďůŝŐĂƚŽƌLJ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚ
ĨŽƌďĞŝŶŐĂ͚ƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĞĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͛͘
ϯ͘ /ŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ DƵůƟŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ZĞĂůƐƚĂƚĞ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ
dŚĞ ƚƌĞŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ZĞĂů ƐƚĂƚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ŚĂƐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ
ƌĂƉŝĚůLJ͕ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ůĂƌŐĞ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ĮŶĂŶĐĞƐ Ăƚ ƐƚĂŬĞ
ŚĂǀŝŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůŵŽĚĞŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘ dŚĞ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ůĂƌŐĞ DƵůƟŶĂƟŽŶĂů
ŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ;DEƐͿŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĮĞůĚŽĨŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚ
Real Estate has brought many projects under one
ůĂƌŐĞ ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ďĂŶŶĞƌ͘ dŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĮƌŵƐ͕ƉƌĂĐƟĐŝŶŐĂƐŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚƐ͕ŝƐŶŽǁ
ďĞŝŶŐƐŚŝŌĞĚƚŽ͚ŝŶͲŚŽƵƐĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͛ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ƚŚĞ ƵŵďƌĞůůĂ ŽĨ ƌĞĂů ĞƐƚĂƚĞ ĮƌŵƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ DEƐ ĂƌĞ
ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚĂƚĞĂŵŽĨƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐĨƌŽŵĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ
ŽĨďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƐĂŶĚƐĞĐƚŽƌƐŝŶƚŚĞĮĞůĚŽĨƌĞĂůĞƐƚĂƚĞ͘
ZĞĂů ĞƐƚĂƚĞ ĮƌŵƐ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ǀĞƌƐĂƟůĞ ƉŽƌƞŽůŝŽ ŽĨ
ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŐŽ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ
ĂƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ dŽǁŶƐŚŝƉƐ͕ ďŽƵƟƋƵĞ ŚŽƚĞůƐ ĂŶĚ
homes, senior housing and hospitality are just a few
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨƉƌŽũĞĐƚĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĂƌĞďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐƉĂƌƚ
ŽĨƌĞĂůĞƐƚĂƚĞĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͛ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƵŵďƌĞůůĂ͘dŚŝƐƚƌĞŶĚ
DECEMBER 2023
&ŝŐ͘ Ϯ͗ ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ƐƵƌǀĞLJŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ůĞǀĞůůŝŶŐ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐĚƵƌŝŶŐĮĞůĚǀŝƐŝƚ
can also be seen in furniture manufacturers with
ƉŝŽŶĞĞƌƐůŝŬĞ/ŬĞĂ͕>ŝǀƐƉĂĐĞand^ƋƵĂƌĞLJĂƌĚƐ ƐĞƫŶŐ
ƵƉ ůĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ ŚŽŵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ
ƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶŝŶͲŚŽƵƐĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶŐŝǀĞĂĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJŶĞǁŵĞĂŶŝŶŐƚŽǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ
ŝŶ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĮƌŵƐ͘ sĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŵĂŶĂŐĞƌŝĂů͕ ŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ
ƐĂůĞƐͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ǁĞůů ƐƵŝƚĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ
ƚĂŬĞŶƵƉďLJĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂŶĚĚĞƐŝŐŶĞƌƐĂƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽ
ĂƉĞƌƐŽŶŐƌĂĚƵĂƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƚŚĞƌĂůůŝĞĚĮĞůĚƐ͘ 59
ϰ͘ ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJĨŽƌĂĨƌĞƐŚĞƌ
 ĨƌĞƐŚĞƌ͕ ŝƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ͚ŐĂŝŶĞĚ ƐŬŝůů ƐĞƚƐ͛
or ‘freelance experience’ gathered during the
ŝŶƚĞƌŶƐŚŝƉ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌƚͲƟŵĞ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ŝƐ ĞƋƵĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ͚Ŷŝů͛͘
dŚĞĨƌĞƐŚĞƌŝƐůŽŽŬĞĚƵƉŽŶĂƐĂůŝĂďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĂƉĂƌƚͲ
ƟŵĞ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ŐĞƫŶŐ ŽĚĚ ũŽďƐ ĚŽŶĞ͘ tŝƚŚ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽĮĐŝĞŶƚƵƐĞŽĨŚŝŐŚͲĞŶĚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞƐƵĐŚĂƐZĞǀŝƚ
and/D͕ a fresher can address the accuracy of design
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƐĞŶŝŽƌ;ŚƵŵĂŶͿ
ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶ;ĂƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞĂƌůŝĞƌͿ͘dŚĞŚƵƌĚůĞŝƐƚŚĂƚ
ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŝƐ ĐŽƵŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ LJĞĂƌƐ ;ůŝŬĞ ǁŝŶĞͿ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ
ŐŽŽĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůͬĐĂůŝďƌĞ ĨƌĞƐŚĞƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ͚ǁĂŝƚͬƌŽƚ͛
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
Ɵůů ƚŚĞLJ ĂŐĞ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ ƚŽ ŵĞĞƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞͲƌĞƋƵŝƐŝƚĞƐ ŽĨ
͚ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚLJĞĂƌƐ͛͘dŚŝƐĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĨĂĐƚƚŚĂƚ
ƉĂLJƐĐĂůĞƐŚĂǀĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚĚƵĞƚŽ
supply and demand issues has resulted in further
ƐƚƌĞƚĐŚŝŶŐ ĨƌĞƐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ĂƐ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĞdžƉĞŶƐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ;ŝƌŽŶŝĐĂůůLJ ƚŚĞ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƌĞŵƵŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌĨƌĞƐŚĞƌŚĂƐƐĞĞŶĂŚŝŬĞ
ŽĨŽŶůLJϭϬͲϭϱйŝŶĂĐLJĐůĞŽĨĞĂĐŚĮǀĞLJĞĂƌƐͿ͘
This has resulted in slower growth, premature end of
ƚĂůĞŶƚĂŶĚƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐĂƌĞŵĂƌŬŽĨ͚ũŽďŶŽƚĨŽƌLJŽƵĂƐ
ĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞŚŝŐŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƵŵĞĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ
norms’ ĞǀĞŶ ĂŌĞƌ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ƌĞƋƵŝƐŝƚĞ ƚĂůĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ
ƐŬŝůů ƐĞƚƐ͘ /ƚ͛Ɛ ƚŚĞ ĮdžĞĚ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ĨƌĞƐŚĞƌ
DECEMBER 2023
&ŝŐ͘ϯ͗^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚƐŝƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
;ŵŝŶĚƐĞƚ ŽĨ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌͿ ƚŚĂƚ͛Ɛ ĂůƐŽ Ă ďĂƌƌŝĞƌ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ
than the focus on quality that can be brought by a
ĨƌĞƐŚĞƌ͘DĂŶLJƟŵĞƐƐůŽǁƐƵĐĐĞƐƐƐƚŽƌLJŽĨƚŚĞ͚,ZŽŶ
behalf of the employer’ adds to the hurdle of inability
ƚŽĂĐĐĞƉƚƚŚĞĨƌĞƐŚƚĂůĞŶƚĞĚŐĞ͘
ϱ͘ ĚǀĞŶƚŽĨŝŐŝƟnjĂƟŽŶera
ƐƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚďĞĐŽŵĞƐĞǀĞƌŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJĚŝŐŝƚĂů͕ƚŚĞ
ϲϬ ůŝŶĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞǀŝƌƚƵĂůǁŽƌůĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĂůǁŽƌůĚĂƌĞ
ďůƵƌƌŝŶŐ͘'ĂŵŝŶŐ͕ŶŝŵĂƟŽŶZΘsZĂůůƌĞůLJŚĞĂǀŝůLJ
ŽŶǁŽƌůĚͲďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞdžƚͲďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͘ŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ
ǁŝƚŚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƐŬŝůů ƐĞƚƐ ĐĂŶ ƉůĂLJ Ă ǀŝƚĂů ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƐƵĐŚ
ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐĂŶĚƐĞĞƚŚĞƐĞĂƐĨƌĞƐŚĂǀĞŶƵĞƐƚŽǀĞŶƚƵƌĞ
ŝŶƚŽ͘ dŚĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůLJ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞĚ
ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂůůŽǁƐĨŽƌŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐĂƉƉĞĂůŝŶŐĨŽƌŵƐĂŶĚ
ǀŝƐƵĂůƐ ƚŚĂƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚƐ ŽĨ ŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJůŝŬĞŶĞǀĞƌďĞĨŽƌĞ͘/ƚŝƐŝŶĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƟŵĞƐƚŚĂƚ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂƌĞĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐĂƐƚŚĞŝŶŶŽǀĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚůĞĂĚĞƌƐ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
&ŝŐ͘ϱ͗/ŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐĂĚŽƉƟŶŐZ/syŝŶĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ
&ŝŐ͘ϰ͗^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
ŽĨ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵ ĂŶLJ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ
ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶƵĂŶĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶĚĂŶĞ͘ dŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ
demand is on the rise, the current genre of designers
ŝƐ ďĞŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĮŶĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůĂƌ ĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ
ĂƌĞƐƟůůĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚŝŶƉĂƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘
ϲ͘ EĞĞĚŽĨƚŚĞŚŽƵƌ
Today, we see an incredible number of infrastructure
ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂů ĞƐƚĂƚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ďĞŝŶŐ ƚĂŬĞŶ ƵƉ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͘ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ Ă
huge number of employable candidates in these
ĚŽŵĂŝŶƐĂƐǁĞůůƚŽĮůůǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ͘
Although it may require appearing for a professional
ĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ Žƌ Ă ƌŝŐŽƌŽƵƐ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ͕
ĂǀĞŶƵĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƐƵĐŚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ďĞ ŝŐŶŽƌĞĚ͘
dŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǁŽƌŬ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďŽƚŚ Ă
ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŐŝǀĞƐ ƚŚĞ
ƉƵƌƐƵĂŶƚ ĂŶ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ ƚŽ ǁŽƌŬ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ
ĂŶĚƌĞĂůͲǁŽƌůĚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘dŽƚĂŬĞŽī͕ĂůůƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ ŝŶƉƵƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ
ƐĂůĞƐ͕ ŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐ͕ ĮŶĂŶĐĞ͕ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕
ƚĞĐŚŶŽͲůĞŐĂů͕ƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌLJĂƉƉƌŽǀĂůƐĂŶĚůŝŬĞǁŝƐĞ͘/ƚŝƐ
in such a scenario that Architects must be prepared
ƚŽ ŽĐĐƵƉLJ ĂŶLJ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ĂǁĂLJ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌĞ
ĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨĚĞƐŝŐŶǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂŶLJĂƉƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͘
/ƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽŬŶŽǁƚŚĂƚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
ĂůůŽǁƐĨŽƌǀŝƚĂůŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŝŶĂƉůĞƚŚŽƌĂŽĨŬĞLJĂƌĞĂƐ͘
A deeper understanding of one’s ability and the
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ͕ ǁŚĞŶ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ
ǁŝƚŚĂŶŽƉĞŶŵŝŶĚ͕ĐĂŶĂůůŽǁĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚŽĞdžƉůŽƌĞ
ĨƌĞƐŚ ĂǀĞŶƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘  WĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ
ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐ͕ ĮŶĂŶĐĞ͕ ďƌĂŶĚŝŶŐ͕ ƚĞĐŚŶŽͲůĞŐĂů
ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽũĞĐƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ
ƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ͚ϯϲϬ ĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ͛ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞƐ͕ǁŚŽĂƌĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚƚŽ

DECEMBER 2023
ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶĞŝŶĂůůĚŽŵĂŝŶƐŽĨZĞĂůƐƚĂƚĞŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂƌĞƚŚĞ͚ďĞƐƚĮƚ͛ĨŽƌĂůů
ƌŽůĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ZĞĂů ƐƚĂƚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ŽīĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽŶůLJ
ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶŝƐƚŽďĞĐŽŵĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƐƚĞƉŽƵƚŽĨƚŚĞ
͚ŐƵŝƐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ njŽŶĞƐ͛ ĂŶĚ ƚĂŬĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ƚŚĞ
ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ŚĂƐ ƚŽ ŽīĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌ Ă ũŽď ďĞƩĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ
ƚŚŽƐĞƉŽƐƚŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵŽƵƚͲŽĨͲĚŽŵĂŝŶĮĞůĚƐǁŚŽ
ĂƌĞĞĂƟŶŐƵƉƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐǁŝƚŚůĞƐƐĞƌ
ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐĞ͘

All Images courtesy: Authors

ϲϭ

WƌŽĨ͘ ŚŝƌĂũ EĂŶĚŬŝƐŚŽƌĞ ^ĂůŚŽƚƌĂ ;A 11237) ŚŽůĚƐ D͘͘

;,ŝƐƚŽƌLJͿ ĂŶĚ D͘ ƌĐŚ͘ ;'ĞŶĞƌĂůͿ͘ ,ŝƐ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŝƐ
ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐĚĞƐŝŐŶƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂƐŽĐŝĂůƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞǁŚŝůĞ
ĂƩĞŵƉƟŶŐƚŽĚĞŵLJƐƟĨLJŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞǁĂLJƐƚŽĂĚŽƉƚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ
ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŝŶŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘,ĞŚĂƐŵĂĚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ
ŽŶ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŚƵŵĂŶŝnjŝŶŐ ĂŐĞŶĚĂ Ăƚ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŶĂƟŽŶĂů
ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚƐĞŵŝŶĂƌƐ͘,ĞŝƐƚŚĞWƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů
at dŚĂŬƵƌ^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞΘWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ;d^WͿ͕DƵŵďĂŝ͘
ŵĂŝů͗ƚƐĂƉ͘ĚŚŝƌĂũΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ƌ͘ ^ŵŝƚ 'ŽŐŚĂƌŝ ŝƐ ĂŶ ƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ Ăƚ dŚĂŬƵƌ ^ĐŚŽŽů
ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ Θ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ;d^WͿ͕ DƵŵďĂŝ͘ ,Ğ ŚĂƐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ
ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŝŶŐĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌŝĂů͕ŚĂƐƐƚĂƌƚĞĚŚŝƐŽǁŶĮƌŵ͘
,ĞŝƐĂŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĐƌŝƟĐĂŶĚĂǀŽƌĂĐŝŽƵƐƌĞĂĚĞƌ͕ĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĚ
ƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐŝƐƐƵĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘,ĞŝƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJƚŚĞŽͲ
ŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌŽĨƚŚĞd^WĂƌĞĞƌΘĚǀŝƐŽƌLJĞůů͘
ŵĂŝů͗ƚƐĂƉ͘ƐŵŝƚΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
 dZs>K'h
DECEMBER 2023

AMRITSAR
A City of Myths And Realities
LJƌ͘:ŝƚ<ƵŵĂƌ'ƵƉƚĂ

INTRODUCTION ĂůƐŽ ƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƵůƚƵƌĂů ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐ

ŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌƐ ŽĨ ƐŬŝůů ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶƉŽǁĞƌ ĂŶĚ
ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůLJ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ƌĞĐŬŽŶĞĚ ĂƐ ĞŶŐŝŶĞƐ ŽĨ
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ďĞƐŝĚĞƐ
generators of wealth and major contributors to
the economic health, social well-being and quality
ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ ƉƌĞǀĂŝůŝŶŐ ŝŶ ĂŶLJ ĂƌĞĂ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ Ă ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŽǀĞƌ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉĞƌŝŽĚƐ
ŽĨŝƚƐĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞ͘,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐǀŝƚĂůůŝŶŬďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
past and present and has important role cast in
ƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐƟŶLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞƐĞ
ĨŽŽƚƉƌŝŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƉĂƐƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƵƐ ǁŝƚŚ ǀŝƚĂů ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĂŶĐŝĞŶƚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ǁĂLJ ŽĨ

ϲϮ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

&ŝŐ͘ϭ͗,ĂƌŝŵĂŶĚŝƌ^ĂŚŝď͕ĂůƐŽŬŶŽǁŶĂƐƚŚĞ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞ
 DECEMBER 2023
tĂůůĞĚŝƚLJϮϬϭϬ

&ŝŐ͘Ϯ͗ŚƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞtĂůůĞĚŝƚLJŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ
tĂůůĞĚŝƚLJϭϴϰϵ
India with one of the longest history of human
ŚĂďŝƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŝǀŝůŝnjĂƟŽŶƐƉĂŶŶŝŶŐŽǀĞƌĂƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨ
ϱϬϬϬLJĞĂƌƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĨŽƌƚƵŶĂƚĞƚŽŝŶŚĞƌŝƚĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐ
ǁĞĂůƚŚ ŽĨ ďƵŝůƚ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ /Ĩ /ŶĚŝĂ ŚĂƐ ŝŶŚĞƌŝƚĞĚ
enormous wealth of built heritage, State of Punjab
ŝŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ĐŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ŚĂƐ ĂůƐŽ 63
ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚƚŚĞĨŽŽƚƉƌŝŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĞĂƚŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƚĂƚĞ͘
tŝƚŚŚŝƐƚŽƌLJƐƉĂŶŶŝŶŐŽǀĞƌϰϮϴLJĞĂƌƐ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŚĂƐ
emerged as the premier city of the state of Punjab
ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĂƐ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ŝƚƐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ
ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐĂŶĚƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘ŝƚLJŽĨ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞ͕
also symbolises the spiritual heritage of the people of
WƵŶũĂď͘WƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞĂŶĚ:ĂůůŝĂŶǁĂůĂ
ĂŐŚŚĂƐŐŝǀĞŶĂƵŶŝƋƵĞ ƉůĂĐĞƚŽƚŚŝƐĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂŶĚ
ǀŝďƌĂŶƚĐŝƚLJŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŝŶƚŚĞŚŝƐƚŽƌLJŽĨƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶ͘
'ƌŽǁŝŶŐĨƌŽŵĂƐŵĂůůǀŝůůĂŐĞ͕'ƵƌƵŬĂŚĂŬor ŚĂŬ
'ƵƌƵ ZĂŵ ĂƐ͕ Amritsar has emerged as the focal
ƉŽŝŶƚŽĨ^ŝŬŚĨĂŝƚŚĂŶĚŝƐƌŝŐŚƚůLJĐĂůůĞĚ^ŝŌŝĚĂ'ŚĂƌ
;ƚŚĞ ŚŽŵĞ ŽĨ Ăůů ǀŝƌƚƵĞƐͿ͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ŝƚƐ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ ŽĨ ůĂƐƚ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
433 years, Amritsar has become the premier city
tĂůůĞĚŝƚLJϭϵϰϳ
ŽĨƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŽĨWƵŶũĂďĂŶĚŝƐŬŶŽǁŶĂƐŶŽƚŽŶůLJŝƚƐ
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘
ŝƚLJŽĨ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞ͕ĂůƐŽƐLJŵďŽůŝƐĞƐƚŚĞƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂů
ůŝĨĞ͕ ůĞǀĞů ŽĨ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ͕ ƵƐĞ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞŽƉůĞŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘WƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨ'ŽůĚĞŶ
of materials, Art and Architecture besides physical,
dĞŵƉůĞ ĂŶĚ :ĂůůŝĂŶǁĂůĂ ĂŐŚ ŚĂƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ Ă ƵŶŝƋƵĞ
ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞĚŐĞƐŽĨĂƐŽĐŝĞƚLJŽĨĂƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ
ƉůĂĐĞƚŽƚŚŝƐĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂŶĚǀŝďƌĂŶƚĐŝƚLJŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŝŶ
ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůLJ͕ŝƚďĞĐŽŵĞƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞ
ƚŚĞŚŝƐƚŽƌLJŽĨƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶ͘
ƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŽƌŝĞƐŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐŝƌƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞůŝŶŬƐ
between past and present, are not only, carefully tŝƚŚ ĐŝƚLJ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƌĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƞƵůůLJ͕ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĚ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůLJ around the Harimandir Sahib, Amritsar grew in an
ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ŵĂŶŶĞƌ ƌĂĚŝĂƟŶŐ ŝŶ Ăůů ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ ZĂƉŝĚ
ƚŚĞLJĂƌĞŶŽƚůŽƐƚƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐƚĞƌŝƚLJ͘ growth of Amritsar was witnessed during the
DECEMBER 2023

&ŝŐ͘ϯ͗dŚĞ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞ

ƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨ^ŝŬŚŵŝƐůƐŝŶƚŚĞůĂƚĞƌŚĂůĨŽĨϭϴth century
ǁŚĞŶƚŚĞĐŝƚLJǁĂƐĂůŵŽƐƚƌĞďƵŝůƚ͘,ĂƌŝŵĂŶĚŝƌ^ĂŚŝď
;&ŝŐ͘ ϭͿ ǁĂƐ ƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŚŽůLJ ƚĂŶŬ ĂŶĚ
ƉĂƌŝŬĂƌŵĂ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ďĂŶŐĂƐ͕ ŬĂƚƌĂƐ͕ ďĂnjĂĂƌƐ,
ĨŽƌƚƐ͕ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ͕ ƚĂŶŬƐ ĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞůŝƐ came up in large
ŶƵŵďĞƌĂƐĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĞŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĞdžƉĂŶĚŝŶŐĐŝƚLJ͘DĂũŽƌ
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ďƵŝůƚ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ĐĂŵĞ ĨƌŽŵ
64 DĂŚĂƌĂũĂZĂŶũŝƚ^ŝŶŐŚ͕ŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚďƵŝůĚĞƌŽĨŚŝƐƟŵĞ͕
ŝŶƚŚĞƐŚĂƉĞŽĨƐĞǀĞƌĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐĐƌĞĂƚĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐŚŝƐ
ƌĞŐŝŵĞ͘ŶĐŝƌĐůŝŶŐŚŝƐƐƵŵŵĞƌĐĂƉŝƚĂůǁŝƚŚĂŵĂƐŽŶƌLJ
ǁĂůů͕ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ϮϰϬ ǁĂƚĐŚ ƚŽǁĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ϭϮ ďĞĂƵƟĨƵů
ŐĂƚĞƐ͕ ƚŽ ƐĂĨĞŐƵĂƌĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĨƌŽŵ ŝŶǀĂĚĞƌƐ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ
ŵŽƐƚ ďĞĂƵƟĨƵů ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ
ĐŝƚLJ͕ŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJŽĨǁŚŝĐŚŐŽƚůŽƐƚĂŌĞƌƚŚĞĂŶŶĞdžĂƟŽŶ &ŝŐ͘ϰ͗:ĂůůŝĂŶǁĂůĂĂŐŚDĞŵŽƌŝĂů
ŽĨ WƵŶũĂď ďLJ ƌŝƟƐŚ͘ 'ŽďŝŶĚŐĂƌŚ &Žƌƚ ďƵŝůƚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ
ďĞŚĞƐƚ ŽĨ :ĂƐǁĂŶƚ ZĂŽ ,ŽůŬĂƌ͕ ĂƐ ŚŝƐ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ĂƌďĂƌ ^ĂŚŝď͕ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ŝƚƐ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƚ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͕
treasury, was another monument constructed by ĐŝƚLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ Ă ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ŽǁŶ͘ <ŚĂůƐĂ
DĂŚĂƌĂũĂŽŶĂĐŽŵŵĂŶĚŝŶŐƐŝƚĞƚŽĚĞĨĞŶĚƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͘ ŽůůĞŐĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ŐĂǀĞ
dŚĞĨŽƌƚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŝŶďƌŝĐŬĂŶĚůŝŵĞŚĂǀŝŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞĂŶĞǁĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶǁŚĞƌĞĂƐƵƌŐŝĂŶĂdĞŵƉůĞ
ŽĨ ďĂƐƟŽŶƐ͕ ŵĂũĞƐƟĐ ŝƌŽŶ ŐĂƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ĐĂŶŽŶƐ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĚƚŚĞƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůĂŵďŝĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͘
ƉůĂĐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƌĂŵƉĂƌƚƐƐƟůůĞdžŝƐƚƐďƵƚǁŝƚŚŵŽƐƚŽĨ >ŽŽŬŝŶŐĂƚƚŚĞĐŝƚLJƐĐĂƉĞŽŶĞĐĂŶĐůĞĂƌůLJƐĞĞŝƚĚŽƩĞĚ
with footprints in the shape of buildings, complexes
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

its glory lost due to perpetual and constant neglect

;ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶͿ͘
/Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ DĂŚĂƌĂũĂ ĂůƐŽ
ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚZĂŵďĂŐŚ͕ĂďĞĂƵƟĨƵůŐĂƌĚĞŶƐƉƌĞĂĚŽǀĞƌĂŶ
ĂƌĞĂŽĨϴϰĂĐƌĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƩĞƌŶŽĨ^ŚĂůŝŵĂƌ'ĂƌĚĞŶ
ŽĨ >ĂŚŽƌĞ͘ &ŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŽĨ DĂŚĂƌĂũĂ͕ ŚŝƐ
ĐŽƵƌƟĞƌƐ ĂůƐŽ ďƵŝůƚ Ϯϱ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ Ăůů ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ
ĐŝƚLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĂŐŚ ŬĂůŝĂŶ͕ ĂŐŚ dĞũĂ ^ŝŶŐŚ͕ ĂŐŚ
ZĂŵĂ EĂŶĚ͕ ĞƚĐ͕͘ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ůŽƐƚ ƚŽ
the haphazard and unplanned growth besides illegal
ĞŶĐƌŽĂĐŚŵĞŶƚƐ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
ǁĞƌĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ
ĂůůŽǀĞƌƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͘tŝƚŚƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚŵĂƌŬĞƚƐĐŽŵŝŶŐƵƉ
ĂŶĚƉƌĞĐŝŶĐƚƐĚĞĮŶŝŶŐŝƚƐŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞǀŽĐĂďƵůĂƌLJ͘KǀĞƌ
Ă ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨĂĐĞ ŽĨ ĞǀĞƌ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĚƵĞƚŽĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐ
ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŽĨ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ͕
built Heritage located within walled city has come
ƵŶĚĞƌ ĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐ ƚŚƌĞĂƚ͘ dŚŝƐ ƚŚƌĞĂƚ ŝƐ ĂƐƐƵŵŝŶŐ
ĂůĂƌŵŝŶŐ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ĚƵĞ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ŶĞŐůĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ
ŵŝƐƵƐĞƉĞƌƉĞƚƵĂƚĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞďƵŝůƚ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͕ďŽƚŚďLJ
ƉĂƌĂƐƚĂƚĂůĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐĂŶĚƉĞŽƉůĞĂƚůĂƌŐĞ͘dŚŝƐŚĂƐůĞĚ
ƚŽƉŽƐŝŶŐƐĞƌŝŽƵƐƚŚƌĞĂƚƚŽƚŚĞǀĞƌLJĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞ
ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ĂŶĚ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůLJ ĐĂůůƐ ĨŽƌ ĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐ
ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĂŶĚĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌ
ŝƚƐĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘
 DECEMBER 2023
&ŝŐ͘ϲ͗DŽƐƋƵĞŽĨDŽŚĂŵŵĞĚ:ĂŶ

&ŝŐ͘ϱ͗DŽƐƋƵĞŽĨ<ŚĂŝƌͲƵĚͲŝŶ /ŶŝƟĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌǁĂƐƉƵŶĐƚƵĂƚĞĚ
ďLJŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂƌŬƐĂŶĚŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞ
ƟŵĞŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĐŽŶǀĞƌƚĞĚŝŶƚŽĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͘
t>>/dz͗DZ/d^Z dŚĞĂƌĞĂƐƵĐŚĂƐ,Ăůů'ĂƚĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝƐĂĐƟŶŐ
The walled city is the most important place in the ĂƐ͕͘͘͘ǁĂƐŝŶŝƟĂůůLJĂŐƌĞĞŶŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ͘>ŝŬĞǁŝƐĞ͕
ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ŽĨ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵƌƚŚ 'ƵƌƵ ZĂŵ ZĂŵĂŶĂŶĚ ĂŐŚ͕ :ŚĂŶĚĞ tĂůĂ ĂŐŚ͕ <ĞƐĂƌŝ ĂŐŚ͕
ĂƐͲũŝ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂĐƌĞĚ 'ŽůĚĞŶ dĞŵƉůĞ͘ ĂŐŚ ŬĂůŝĂŶ͕ ĞƚĐ͘ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĞƌĞ ĞĂƌůŝĞƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕
^ƉƌĞĂĚ ŽǀĞƌ ϯϱϬ ,ĞĐƚĂƌĞ͕ ǁĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ŽŶĞ ŚĂǀĞŶŽǁďĞĞŶĞdžƉůŽŝƚĞĚĨŽƌĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůƵƐĞ͘
ƐŝdžƚŚŽĨƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ͕ǁŝƚŚĂŚŝŐŚůLJ 65
ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĨĂďƌŝĐ͕ ĚĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ ƚŽ ďĞ dŚĞ ĮŐƵƌĞƐ ĂďŽǀĞ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞ ŚŽǁ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƉĞŶ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐĂĚŝƐƟŶĐƚůĂLJĞƌƚŽƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞŝƚƐƵŶŝƋƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚLJŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĞĂƚĞŶƵƉďLJĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ĂŶĚĚŝƐƟŶĐƚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů͕ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJ ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ŝŶ
ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͘tŝƚŚŚŝƐƚŽƌLJƐƉĂŶŶŝŶŐŽǀĞƌϰϯϴLJĞĂƌƐ;ƐĞĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘^ƵĐŚĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŚĂƐůĞĚƚŽůĂĐŬŽĨďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐ
&ŝŐ͘ϮͿĂŶĚŵĂƌŬĞĚďLJƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨϱϮŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ǁĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ͘ tĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ ŶŽǁ ƐƵīĞƌƐ
from acute shortage of green spaces and high degree
buildings, walled city is considered heart and soul
ŽĨ ĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͕ ďŽƚŚ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ŚƵŵĂŶ ďĞŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ
of Amritsar, containing narrow winding streets of
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĞǀŽůǀĞĚ ƚŽ ƐƚŽƉ
DĞĚŝĞǀĂůƉĂƩĞƌŶǁŝƚŚƐƚĂƚĞŽĨĂƌƚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ƚŽ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ
ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ZĂũƉƵƚĂŶĂ ĂŶĚ /ƐůĂŵŝĐ ƐƵďͲĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨůĂŶĚŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƌĞƐƚŽƌĞŽůĚŐůŽƌLJŽĨ
ƐƚLJůĞƐ ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ tĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĂŵƉůĞ ǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJĂŶĚŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘
ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ĨŽƌ ŐŝǀŝŶŐ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
Ă ŶĞǁ ƚŚĞŵĞ ĂŶĚ ǀŽĐĂďƵůĂƌLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ The walled city of Amritsar has a rich heritage in
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ĐŝƚLJ͘  /ƚ ŚĂĚ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů the form of historical buildings/areas, gardens,
ƐƉĂĐĞƐůŝŬĞƐƚƌĞĞƚƐ͕ƐƋƵĂƌĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŵŵŽŶĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚƐ͘ ĂƌƟĨĂĐƚƐ͕ƚŽǁŶƐĐĂƉĞĂŶĚƐƚƌĞĞƚƐĐĂƉĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ǁŝƚŚ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
dŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůƐƚLJůĞƐ͕ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƵƐĞĚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ůŝĨĞ ƐƚLJůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ
ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ǁĂLJƐ͕ ůŝŬĞ ǁŽŽĚĐĂƌǀŝŶŐƐ͕ ũĂůŝ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͕ Ăůů ĂƌĞ ŝŶ ƐƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ ŶĞŐůĞĐƚ͘ dŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ
ǁŽƌŬ͕ĞƚĐ͘ƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞŚŝŐŚůĞǀĞůŽĨĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ͘ posed to these areas and buildings are misuse,
ĂůƚĞƌĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĨĂďƌŝĐ͕ǁŝƚŚůĂƌŐĞŶƵŵďĞƌ
dŚĞ ǁĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ ǁĂƐ ďƵŝůƚ ŽŶ ŚƵŵĂŶ ƐĐĂůĞ ŝ͘Ğ͘ Ă ŽĨĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞ͘^ŽĨĂƌ͕ŶŽĞīŽƌƚŚĂƐ
ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ ĞŶƟƚLJ͘ dŚĞ ŶĂƌƌŽǁ njŝŐnjĂŐ ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ ďĞĞŶŵĂĚĞĂƚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůůĞǀĞůƚŽƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƚŚĞŵ͘
ŝƐ Ă ƚLJƉŝĐĂů ŵĞĚŝĞǀĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ĂŶĚ ǁĂƐ
ŶŽƚ ŵĞĂŶƚ ĨŽƌ ǀĞŚŝĐƵůĂƌ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ;/Ϳ ,Z/d'^dZhdhZ^/Ed,t>>/dz
ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ŽŶĞ ĐŽƌŶĞƌ ƚŽ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŝƐ ϯ Ŭŵ ĂŶĚ · Golden Temple: dŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ ƐĞĂƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ^ŝŬŚ
ĂůŵŽƐƚ ĞǀĞƌLJ ĂƌĞĂ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ 'ŽůĚĞŶ dĞŵƉůĞ ;ƚŚĞ ƌĞůŝŐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ŚŽůLJ 'ŽůĚĞŶ dĞŵƉůĞ ;ƐĞĞ &ŝŐ͘ ϯͿ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ
ŶƵĐůĞƵƐŽĨĐŝƚLJͿŝƐǁŝƚŚŝŶϭͲϮŬŵƌĞĂĐŚ͘^ŽŝƚĐĂŶďĞ ŶƵĐůĞƵƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂĐĞ ĨƌŽŵ
ǀŝƐŝƚĞĚ ďLJ ĨŽŽƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŵŽƚĞƐƚ ĐŽƌŶĞƌ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ǁŚĞƌĞ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ĂƐ Ă ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƚĞĚ͘ dŚĞ
ƟŵĞƐƉĂŶŽĨϮϱͲϯϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͘ ůŝǀŝŶŐŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůĂŶĚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ
DECEMBER 2023

&ŝŐ͘ϳ͗,Ăůů'ĂƚĞ

&ŝŐ͘ϵ͗^ĂŝŶƚWĂƵů͛ƐŚƵƌĐŚ

ŽĨ ƉƌŽƉŽƐŝŶŐ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ ůĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ĨƌĞĞnjŝŶŐ͕

66
&ŝŐ͘ϴ͗,ĂůůĂnjĂĂƌ
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ^ŝŬŚƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ,Ăƌŝ DĂŶĚŝƌ͕ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌůLJ ĐĂůůĞĚ ƚŚĞ
'ŽůĚĞŶ dĞŵƉůĞ͕ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ Ă ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ
ĨŽƌ^ŝŬŚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJĞǀĞƌƐŝŶĐĞŝƚǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚĞĚ͘/ƚŝƐ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĮŌŚ ŵŽƐƚͲƌĞǀĞƌĞĚ ƉůĂĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ǁŽƌůĚĂŶĚŝƐǀŝƐŝƚĞĚďLJůĂƌŐĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐĂŶĚ
ƉŝůŐƌŝŵƐ͘ ,Ăƌŝ DĂŶĚŝƌ ŝƐ Ă ƐŵĂůů ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ
ŵŽƐƚ ďĞĂƵƟĨƵů ƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐ͕ ƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŐĞ
ǁĂƚĞƌƚĂŶŬĐĂůůĞĚ^ĂƌŽǀĂƌ͘dŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŚĂƐďĞĂƵƟĨƵů
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ĚĞŵŽůŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŚŽƉƐ͕ĞƚĐ͕͘ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĨƵƚƵƌĞŵĂLJĚŝƐƚƵƌď
ƚŚĞǀŝĞǁͬĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐŽĨ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞ͘
· Jallianwala Bagh: :ĂůůŝĂŶǁĂůĂ ĂŐŚ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐ͘ ϰͿ
ŝƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĐůŽƐĞ ǀŝĐŝŶŝƚLJ ŽĨ 'ŽůĚĞŶ dĞŵƉůĞ͘ dŚĞ
ƉůĂĐĞ ŚĂƐ ŐƌĞĂƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞǀĞƌĞŶĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĨƌĞĞĚŽŵ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ ŽĨ /ŶĚŝĂ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂĐĞ ǁŚĞƌĞ
on the ĂŝƐĂŬŚŝ day large number of Indians who
had gathered to listen to freedom speeches were
ĮƌĞĚ ƵƉŽŶ ŝŶĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƚĞůLJ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ĂŶLJ ǁĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕
ŬŝůůŝŶŐ ůĂƌŐĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ŝŶŶŽĐĞŶƚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͘ dŚĞ ƉůĂĐĞ
ŝƐ ŵĂƌŬĞĚ ďLJ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ŶĂƌƌŽǁ ĞŶƚƌLJ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐ ƵƐĞĚ
ďLJ 'ĞŶĞƌĂů LJĞƌ ƚŽ ďůŽĐŬ ƚŚĞ Ğdžŝƚ ĂŶĚ ďƌŝŶŐ ŐƵŶƐͬ
ĂƌŵĞĚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƚŽ ĮƌĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŶŽĐĞŶƚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͘ dŚĞ
ƉůĂĐĞŝƐƌĞǀĞƌĞĚĂƐŵŽƐƚƐĂĐƌĞĚĂŶĚŚĂƐŝƚƐŶĂŵĞŝŶ
ƚŚĞ /ŶĚŝĂŶ /ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ͘ dŚĞ :ĂůůŝĂŶǁĂůĂ
Bagh forms importance place on the iternary of the
ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐƚŽƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͘EƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ
ŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƚĂŬĞŶƵƉƚŽďĞĂƵƟĨLJƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŽ
ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƚŚĞŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌĞĂ͘
· Mosque of Khair-ud-Din: /ƚ ǁĂƐ ďƵŝůƚ ŝŶ ϭϴϳϳ

ĐĂƌǀŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŐƌĂǀŝŶŐƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ǁĂůůƐ͘ KƵƚƐŝĚĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂŶĚŝƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶ,ĂůůďĂnjĂĂƌ͘/ƚŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞďĞĂƵƟĨƵů

ƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ /ƐůĂŵŝĐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ;ƐĞĞ &ŝŐ͘ ϱͿ͘ /ƚ ŚĂƐ
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ĐůĂĚĚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ 'ŽůĚĞŶ ƉĂƚƌĂƐ͘ It has
ƐĞƌǀĞĚĂƐ:ĂŵĂDĂƐũŝĚĂŶĚƌĞŵŝŶĚƐƚŚĞƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
domes and ĐŚĂƩƌŝƐ ƐƉĞĂŬŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚLJƉŝĐĂů WƵŶũĂďŝ ĂƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘ DŽƐƋƵĞ ŝƐ ǁĞůů ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͕ ďƵƚ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă ŝƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶŽǀĞƌƐŚĂĚŽǁĞĚďLJƚŚĞƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐŚŝŐŚ
ƉĂƐƐĂŐĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƐĂƌŽǀĂƌ͘dŚĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ rise structures and commercial buildings, obscuring
ƚŽƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĨŽƵƌŵĂũĞƐƟĐŐĂƚĞƐ͘/ƚŝƐĂ ŝƚƐŐůŽƌLJ͘
huge complex which comprises of not only ĂƌďĂƌ
^ĂŚŝď but also ŬĂůdĂŬŚƚ^ĂŚŝď, >ĂŶŐĂƌ Hall, DĂŶũŝ · Mosque of Mohammed Jan: ƵŝůƚŝŶϭϴϳϮ͕ƚŚĞ
^ĂŚŝď͕ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ^ĂƌĂŝƐ and ƵŶŐĂƐ͘ ŵŽƐƋƵĞŝƐŶŽǁŝŶĂƐƚĂƚĞŽĨĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞŶĞŐůĞĐƚ͘dŚŝƐŝƐ
also a good piece of Islamic architecture and has many
ƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŝƐƐƵĞƐůŝŬĞƉĂƌŬŝŶŐ͕ĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶŽŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐ͘ϲͿ͘dŚĞŵŽƐƋƵĞŝƐŶŽƚ
ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƌŽĂĚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĂƌŝƐĞŶ͘ DĂũŽƌŝƚLJ ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ LJĞƚ ĚĞĐůĂƌĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚ͘ /Ŷ ŽƌĚĞƌ
ďĞŝŶŐ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚ ŶŽǁ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĂŶĚƐĂǀĞƚŚĞďĞĂƵƟĨƵůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ŝƚǁŝůůďĞ

&ŝŐ͘ϭϬ͗ĂŝƚͲůͲDĂƐƐŝŚŚƵƌĐŚ
&ŝŐ͘ϭϭ͗ƵƌŐŝĂŶĂƚĞŵƉůĞ
&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͗<ŚĂůƐĂŽůůĞŐĞ
DECEMBER 2023
desirable that the building is declared as protected
ŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ Đƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
around the building is properly regulated and
ƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝnjĞĚ͘
· Gates and Walls: DĂƐƐŝǀĞ ǁĂůů ;Ϯϱ LJĂƌĚƐ
ďƌŽĂĚ ĂŶĚ ϳ LJĂƌĚƐ ŚŝŐŚͿ ǁĂƐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ϭϴϮϱ
ďLJ DĂŚĂƌĂũĂ ZĂŶũŝƚ ^ŝŶŐŚ͘ ƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚŝƐ ŚŝŐŚ ǁĂůů͕ Ă
moat had also been constructed to protect the city
ŽĨ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ĨƌŽŵ ĞŶĞŵŝĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ
ŽĨ ƟŵĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĞŶĐƌŽĂĐŚĞĚ ƵƉŽŶ ďLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ
ŽĨǁĂůůŚĂƐǀĂŶŝƐŚĞĚůĂƌŐĞůLJĚƵĞƚŽĞŶĐƌŽĂĐŚŵĞŶƚƐ͘
Area under wall in the south is largely encroached
ďLJ ŐŽǀƚ͘ ŽĸĐĞƐ ůŝŬĞ ƉŽůŝĐĞ ƐƚĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ
ŽĨŝƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶŬĞƉƚĂƐŐƌĞĞŶĂƌĞĂ͘/ŶƚŚĞŶŽƌƚŚĂŶĚ
Ăůů ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵŽĂƚ͕ ĂƌĞĂ ŝƐ ĞŶĐƌŽĂĐŚĞĚ ďLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘
dŚĞƌĞǁĞƌĞŝŶŝƟĂůůLJĨŽƵƌƚĞĞŶŐĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͘KƵƚŽĨ
ƚŚĞƐĞ͕ƐŝdžŐĂƚĞƐŚĂǀĞĂůƌĞĂĚLJďĞĞŶĚĞŵŽůŝƐŚĞĚǁŚŝĐŚ
ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ Ğƌŝ 'ĂƚĞ͕ DĂŚĂŶ ^ŝŶŐŚ 'ĂƚĞ͕ ^ŚĞƌĂŶǁĂůĂ
'ĂƚĞ͕ ŚĂŐƚĂŶǁĂůĂ 'ĂƚĞ͕ ,ĂŬŝŵĂ 'ĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ 'ŝůǁĂůŝ
'ĂƚĞ͘dŚĞƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐŐĂƚĞƐŶĞĞĚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘&ŝŐ͘ϳ
ƐŚŽǁƐ,Ăůů'ĂƚĞ͘
· Town Hall: dŚŝƐ ǁĂƐ ďƵŝůƚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ
ŶƵĐůĞƵƐ ŝŶ ϭϴϲϯ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƟƐŚ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŽŶ
ƚŚĞ ƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ ĞŶĚ ŽĨ ,Ăůů ĂnjĂĂƌ ;ƐĞĞ &ŝŐ͘ ϴͿ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ 67
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŝŶƌĞĚďƌŝĐŬƐǁŝƚŚůŝŵĞĂŶĚƐƵƌŬŚŝ as the
ďŝŶĚŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘/ƚŚĂƐƐĞŵŝͲĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌĂƌĐĂĚĞƐĂŶĚĂ
ďĞĂƵƟĨƵůĐŚŚĂƚƌŝĂƚƚŚĞĨƌŽŶƚĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞ͘/ƚŚĂƐĂŇĂƚ
ƌŽŽĨŵĂĚĞŽĨƟŵďĞƌƉůĂŶŬƐĂŶĚďƌŝĐŬƟůĞƐ͘dŚĞD
ŽĸĐĞ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ŐŽŝŶŐ ƚŽ ďĞ
ƐŚŝŌĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ƐŚŽƌƚ  ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŝƐ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƐŚĂůů ďĞ
ƵƐĞĚĂƐĂĐŝƚLJŵƵƐĞƵŵ͘dŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŚĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ
ĐƌĂĐŬƐ ĂŶĚ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŽĨ ƉůĂŶƚƐ ŚĂƐ ĂůƐŽ ƚĂŬĞŶ ƉůĂĐĞ
ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĚĂŵƉŶĞƐƐŝŶƚŚĞǁĂůůƐ͘
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
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DECEMBER 2023

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· Saint Paul’s Church: dŚŝƐĐŚƵƌĐŚ;&ŝŐ͘ϵͿŝƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚ
ŽŶ ŽƵƌƚ ZŽĂĚ ĂĚũĂĐĞŶƚ ƚŽ ,ĞĂĚ WŽƐƚ KĸĐĞ ĂŶĚ
ŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞEĞǁZŝĂůƚŽŝŶĞŵĂ͘/ƚŚĂƐĂƐĞĂƟŶŐĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ
ŽĨ ϮϬϬ ƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐŚƵƌĐŚ ŝƐ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽŵƉĂƌĂƟǀĞůLJ
ŐŽŽĚ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ ďƵƚ ŝƚƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ ĂƌĞ ŶĞŐůĞĐƚĞĚ
ĂŶĚŶĞĞĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌůLJĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘
· Bait-Al-Massih Church: /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ ƚŽ ^ƚ WĂƵů
ŚƵƌĐŚ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĞdžŝƐƚƐ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŚƵƌĐŚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǀŝĐŝŶŝƚLJ
ŽĨ ǁĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ŬŶŽǁŶ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ŶĂŵĞ ĂŝƚͲ ůͲ
DĂƐƐŝŚŚƵƌĐŚ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐ͘ϭϬͿ͘dŚĞĐŚƵƌĐŚǁĂƐďƵŝůƚŝŶ
ϭϴϱϮ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ZĂŵďĂŐŚ 'ĂƚĞ͘ /ƚ ŚĂƐ
ǀĞƌLJŶŝĐĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝƐĂĮŶĞƉŝĞĐĞŽĨsŝĐƚŽƌŝĂŶ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ZĂŵďĂŐŚ &ŝŐ͘ϭϯ͗ƵƌũĂďĂWŚƵůĂ^ŝŶŐŚ
'ĂƚĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝƚƐƵīĞƌƐĨƌŽŵŚŝŐŚĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƚƌĂĸĐ
ĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͘
· Durgiana Mandir: Ƶŝůƚ ŝŶ ϭϵϮϰ͕ ƵƌŐŝĂŶĂ
ƚĞŵƉůĞ ;&ŝŐ͘ ϭϭͿ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐ ĐĞŶƚĞƌ ŝŶ
ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŝŶ ĐůŽƐĞ ǀŝĐŝŶŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ZĂŝůǁĂLJ
^ƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂďŽƵƚϭ͘ϱ<ŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƵƐ^ƚĂŶĚ͘dŚŝƐ
ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ďƵŝůƚ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ ŽĨ 'ŽůĚĞŶ
dĞŵƉůĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ůŽĐĂƟŶŐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ŚƵŐĞ
ǁĂƚĞƌ ƚĂŶŬ͘ dŚĞ ƚĞŵƉůĞ ŝƐ ǀŝƐŝƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐ ŽĨ
ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ ďŽƚŚ ůŽĐĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ
ŶŽƚ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ ƉĂƌŬŝŶŐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ
ϲϴ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚĞŵƉůĞ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ŶŽƚ ǁĞůů ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĂƐ
ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ĂƌďĂƌ ^ĂŚŝď͘ dŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ
ƚĞŵƉůĞ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ĂůŽŶŐ ^ŚŝǀƉƵƌŝ͕ ŝƐ ĞŶĐƌŽĂĐŚĞĚ
upon by the ũŚƵŐŐŝͲũŚŽƉĂƌŝƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĂīĞĐƟŶŐ
ƚŚĞ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞŵƉůĞ͘  ƉƌŽƉĞƌ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ
ƉĂƌŬŝŶŐĂƌĞĂŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞƚĞŵƉůĞŚĂǀŝŶŐŐƌĞĂƚ
ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ͘/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚdƌƵƐƚ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ
ŚĂƐ ƚĂŬĞŶ ƵƉ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŐŝĂŶĂ dĞŵƉůĞ ďĞĂƵƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ
ƐĐŚĞŵĞ͘
· Khalsa College: <ŚĂůƐĂ ŽůůĞŐĞ ;&ŝŐ͘ ϭϮͿ ŝƐ Ă
ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ŵĂƐƚĞƌ ƉŝĞĐĞ ŽĨ ^ŝŬŚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ
ƉůĂŶŶĞĚŝŶϭϴϵϮďLJ^ĂƌĚĂƌZĂŵ^ŝŶŐŚŽĨDĂLJŽ^ĐŚŽŽů
ŽĨƌƚ͘/ƚƐĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐƚŽŶĞǁĂƐůĂŝĚŝŶϭϵϬϰ͘dŚĞďĂƐŝƐ
of planning and designing of this college has been
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ƚĂŬĞŶ ĨƌŽŵ ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ h^ ;, ʹ ƐŚĂƉĞĚ

ƉůĂŶ ŽĨ ŵĂŝŶ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐͿ͘ dŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƐƚLJůĞ ŝƐ Ă
&ŝŐ͘ϭϰ͗ĂďĂƚĂůZĂŝdŽǁĞƌ
ŚLJďƌŝĚŽĨDƵŐŚĂůĂŶĚZĂũƉƵƚĂŶĂĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘dŚĞƌĞ
ĂƌĞ DƵŐŚĂů ƐƚLJůĞ :ŚĂƌŽŬŚĂƐ͕ :Ăůŝ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ŚĂƩƌŝƐ ĂŶĚ
ZĂũƉƵƚĂŶĂƐƚLJůĞĂƌĐŚĞƐĂŶĚŚƵŐĞƉŝůůĂƌƐ͘dŚĞĐĂŵƉƵƐ ŽĐƚĂŐŽŶ ƐŚĂƉĞĚ ŵŝŶĂƌĞƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŚĞŝŐŚƚ ŽĨ ĂďŽƵƚ ϭϬϬ
ŚĂƐ ŐŽƚ ǁĞůů ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĂĐŝŽƵƐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ĨĞĞƚ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞďƵŝůƚŝŶůŝŵĞĂŶĚƐƵƌŬŚŝ with EĂŶĂŬ
dŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶǁĂƐŵĂĚĞďLJƌĞŶŽǁŶĞĚĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚŽƌ ^ŚĂŚŝďƌŝĐŬƐ͘
^͘ ŚĂƌĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ͕ ŝŶ ǁŚŽƐĞ ŵĞŵŽƌLJ ŚĂƌĂŵ ^ŝŶŐŚ ;ŝͿ Ƶƌũ ĂďĂ WŚƵůĂ ^ŝŶŐŚ͗ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ďƵŝůƚ ŝŶ ϭϵϮϯ ďLJ
DĂƌŬĞƚ ŶĞĂƌ 'ŽůĚĞŶ dĞŵƉůĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ DĂŚĂŶƚ EĂƌĂŝŶ ^ŝŶŐŚ ;ƐĞĞ &ŝŐ͘ ϭϯͿ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ
ďLJƚŚĞ/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚdƌƵƐƚ͘ ĨƌŽŶƚ ŽĨ ƵƐ dĞƌŵŝŶƵƐ ŶĞĂƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐĞŶƚĞƌ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ
· Watch Towers: Two watch towers were circular in shape, four storied high with a ĐŚĂƩƌŝ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ďLJ ^͘ :ĂƐƐĂ ^ŝŶŐŚ ZĂŵŐĂƌŚŝĂ ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ Ƶƌũ ;ĚŽŵĞͿĂƚƚŚĞƚŽƉ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐŵĂůůĞƌĐŚĂƩƌŝƐon all
ĂďĂWŚƵůĂ^ŝŶŐŚĂŶĚĂďĂƚĂůZĂŝdŽǁĞƌ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞ ĨŽƵƌƐŝĚĞƐ͘/ƚŝƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŽĨƌĞĚďƌŝĐŬƐŝŶůŝŵĞĂŶĚ
 DECEMBER 2023
&ŝŐ͘ϭϱ͗'ŽďŝŶĚŐĂƌŚ&Žƌƚ

ƐƵƌŬŚŝ͘dŚĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ
ƌŽĂĚ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƚƌƵĐŬ ƚĞƌŵŝŶĂů͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ŝŶ Ă ǁŽƌƐĞ
ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ͘ &ŝŐ͘ϭϲ͗ŝƐƚƌŝĐƚŽƵƌƚ

;ŝŝͿ ĂďĂƚĂůZĂŝdŽǁĞƌ͗/ƚŝƐƚŚĞƉůĂĐĞǁŚĞƌĞ'ƵƌƵ ŚĂƐŐŽƚƐĞŵŝĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌĂƌĐŚĞƐǁŝƚŚŚƵŐĞƉŝůůĂƌƐ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐ͘

,ĂƌŐŽďŝŶĚƚŽŽŬŚŝƐůĂƐƚďƌĞĂƚŚĂŶĚƚŽǁĞƌŝƐŶĂŵĞĚ ϭϳͿ͘dŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝƐũŝŶdžĞĚďLJƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
ĂŌĞƌ 'ƵƌƵ ,ĂƌŐŽďŝŶĚ͛Ɛ ƐŽŶ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƵƌŝƐƚ
ĂƚƚŚĞĨƌŽŶƚ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƵŶƐŝŐŚƚůLJŽǀĞƌŚĞĂĚǁŝƌĞƐĂŶĚ
ĚĞƐƟŶĂƟŽŶůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞǀŝĐŝŶŝƚLJŽĨ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞ͘
ƐŝŐŶďŽĂƌĚƐ͘
/ƚŝƐŽĐƚĂŐŽŶĂůŝŶƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚŽŶĞŚĂƐƚŚĞĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶŽĨ
ďĞŝŶŐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĂůůĞƐƚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͘/ƚŚĂƐ · Ram Bagh: ZĂŵ ĂŐŚ ;ƐĞĞ &ŝŐ͘ ϭϴͿ͕ ďƵŝůƚ ďLJ
ŐƌĞĂƚƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐǀĂůƵĞ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐ͘ϭϰͿ͘ DĂŚĂƌĂũĂZĂŶũŝƚ^ŝŶŐŚŝŶƚŚĞƐĂĐƌĞĚŵĞŵŽƌLJŽĨ'ƵƌƵ
;ŝŝŝͿ 'ŽďŝŶĚŐĂƌŚ&Žƌƚ͗/ƚǁĂƐďƵŝůƚŝŶϭϴϬϵďLJDĂŚĂƌĂũĂ ZĂŵ ĂƐ :ŝ͕ ǁĂƐ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ ŝŶ ϭϴϯϭ͘ /ƚƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ǁĂƐ 69
Ranjit Singh and is located on the western side of the ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďLJDƵŐŚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͘/ƚŚĂƐĂƐƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶ͕
>ŽŚŐĂƌŚ'ĂƚĞ͘dŚĞǁĂůůŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌƚ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐ͘ϭϱͿŚĂĚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐ ůĂƚĞƌ ŽŶ ŵŽĚŝĮĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƟƐŚ ŝŶƚŽ ĂŶ
ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐďĂƐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚŐƵŶƐĮdžĞĚ͘/ƚǁĂƐƵƐĞĚĂƐĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůĐƵƌǀŝůŝŶĞĂƌƉůĂŶ͘/ƚƐŵĂŝŶĨŽĐƵƐŝƐƐƵŵŵĞƌ
ƚƌĞĂƐƵƌLJ ŽĨ DĂŚĂƌĂũĂ ZĂŶũŝƚ ^ŝŶŐŚ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ƉĂůĂĐĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ DĂŚĂƌĂũĂ
ŽĨ ƌĞĚ ďƌŝĐŬƐ ŵŝdžĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ůŝŵĞ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƌŬŚŝ͘ Earlier it ZĂŶũŝƚ ^ŝŶŐŚ DƵƐĞƵŵ͘ ĂƌƐŚŝŶŝ ĞŽƌŝ is also an
was under the Indian army but now has been handed ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƵŶŝƚĨƌŽŵŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞƉŽŝŶƚŽĨǀŝĞǁ͘EŽǁƐŽŵĞ
ŽǀĞƌ ƚŽ ^ƚĂƚĞ dŽƵƌŝƐŵ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƟŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ  ĞŶĐƌŽĂĐŚĞĚ ƵƉŽŶ ďLJ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ
ŝŶƚŽŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŚŽƚĞů͘ ĐůƵďƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ĚĂŵĂŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͘dŚĞ^ƵŵŵĞƌWĂůĂĐĞĂŶĚZĂŵĂŐŚ'ĂƚĞŚĂǀĞ
· District Courts: District Courts are based in the
ďĞĞŶƚĂŬĞŶƵƉďLJ^/ĂƐWƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚDŽŶƵŵĞŶƚĂƐƉĞƌ
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐ ďƵŝůƚ ŝŶ ϭϴϳϲ͘ dŚĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŝƐ
the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites
enclosed in the triangle formed by Mall Road, Court
ZŽĂĚĂŶĚũŶĂůĂZŽĂĚ͘/ƚŝƐďƵŝůƚŝŶƌĞĚďƌŝĐŬƐǁŝƚŚůŝŵĞ ĂŶĚZĞŵĂŝŶƐĐƚ͕ϭϵϱϴ͘/ƚŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚŽƉĞŶ
and ƐƵƌŬŚŝ;&ŝŐ͘ϭϲͿ͘dŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŚĂƐĂŶŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƚLJĂŶĚŝƐĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚĞĚďLJ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
sŝĐƚŽƌŝĂŶ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ƉŽŝŶƚĞĚ ĂƌĐŚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ůĂƌŐĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨůŽĐĂůƐĂŶĚƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐ͘
ĐĂƌǀĞĚ ǁŽŽĚĞŶ ĚŽŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ǁŝŶĚŽǁƐ͘ /ƚ ŚĂƐ Ă ŇĂƚ · ZĂŝůǁĂLJ ^ƚĂƟŽŶ͗ dŚĞ ƌŝƟƐŚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ
ƌŽŽĨǁŝƚŚďƌŝĐŬƟůĞƐĂŶĚƟŵďĞƌƉůĂŶŬƐ͘^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌZĂŝůǁĂLJƐƚĂƟŽŶ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐ͘ϭϵͿŝŶϭϵϯϭ͘/ƚǁĂƐ
ƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĚĞŵŽůŝƐŚĞĚĂŶĚŶĞǁ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƌĂŝůǁĂLJ ƐƚĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ŽĨ WƵŶũĂď͘ /ƚ
ũƵĚŝĐŝĂůĐŽŵƉůĞdžŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ͘dŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŝƐďƵŝůƚŝŶƌĞĚďƌŝĐŬƐǁŝƚŚůŝŵĞĂŶĚƐƵƌŬŚŝ͘/ƚŚĂƐĂŶ
ŚĂƐƵŶƐŝŐŚƚůLJĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐƉŽůĞƐĂŶĚǁŝƌĞƐŝŶŝƚƐǀŝĐŝŶŝƚLJ͘ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ sŝĐƚŽƌŝĂŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĚĞĐŽƌĂƟǀĞ
^ŽŵĞ ĚŽŽƌƐ͕ ǁŝŶĚŽǁƐ ĂŶĚ ǀĞŶƟůĂƚŽƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ũĂůŝ ǁŽƌŬ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚĞƐ͘ ZĞĐĞŶƚůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ /ŶĚŝĂŶ ZĂŝůǁĂLJ
ĐůŽƐĞĚ ďLJ ƉůĂĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ďƌŝĐŬƐ͘ dŚĞ ĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞ ƉŽƌĐŚ ĂŶŶŽƵŶĐĞĚƚŚĂƚŵƌŝƚƐĂƌZĂŝůǁĂLJ^ƚĂƟŽŶǁŽƵůĚďĞ
has been whitewashed which does not gel with the ƵƉŐƌĂĚĞĚĂŶĚŵŽƌĚĞŶŝƐĞĚĂƐĂtŽƌůĚͲůĂƐƐƐƚĂƟŽŶ͕
ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůƌĞĚĐŽůŽƌŽĨƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͘ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ĐĞŶƚĞƌƐ͕ ĨŽŽĚ ƐƚĂůůƐ͕ ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚƐ͕
· ,ĞĂĚ WŽƐƚ KĸĐĞ͗ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ďƵŝůƚ ŝŶ ϭϵϮϱ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ Ŭ ƐŚŽƉƐ͕ ƚĞůĞƉŚŽŶĞ ĂŶĚ ĨĂdž ƚŚƐ͕ ŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ
situated in front of New Rialto Cinema on Court ĂŶĚ ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ƐƚŽƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďƵĚŐĞƚ ŚŽƚĞůƐ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ
ZŽĂĚ͘/ƚŝƐďƵŝůƚŽĨƌĞĚďƌŝĐŬƐǁŝƚŚůŝŵĞĂŶĚƐƵƌŬŚŝ͘ It ƵŶĚĞƌŐƌŽƵŶĚƉĂƌŬŝŶŐ͘
 · ƩĂƌŝ Ͳ tĂŐĂŚ ŽƌĚĞƌ͗ dŚĞ ƩĂƌŝ Ͳ tĂŐĂŚ
DECEMBER 2023

ďŽƌĚĞƌŝƐĂĐĞƌĞŵŽŶŝĂůďŽƌĚĞƌŽŶƚŚĞ/ŶĚŝĂʹWĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ
ŽƌĚĞƌ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĞĂĐŚ ĞǀĞŶŝŶŐ Ă ƌĞƚƌĞĂƚ ĐĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ
ĐĂůůĞĚ ͚ůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŇĂŐƐ͛ ŝƐ ŚĞůĚ ;ƐĞĞ &ŝŐ͘ ϮϬͿ
͘ ^ŽůĚŝĞƌƐ ĨƌŽŵ /ŶĚŝĂ ĂŶĚ WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵ Ă ŇĂŐ
ŵĂƌĐŚ͘^ŽůĚŝĞƌƐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵƐŽŵĞĚƌŝůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŶŐĂƚĞƐ
ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ/ŶĚŝĂĂŶĚWĂŬŝƐƚĂŶĂƌĞĐůŽƐĞĚ͘dŽĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ
ƚŚĞƌĞƚƌĞĂƚĐĞƌĞŵŽŶLJĂďŽƵƚϭϱ͕ϬϬϬƚŽϮϬ͕ϬϬϬƉĞŽƉůĞ
ǀŝƐŝƚƚŚĞďŽƌĚĞƌĞǀĞƌLJǁĞĞŬ͘ƩĂƌŝͲtĂŐĂŚŽƌĚĞƌŝƐ
ůŽĐĂƚĞĚĂƚĂĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŽĨϮϴŬŝůŽŵĞƚĞƌƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͘

&/Z^E&^d/s>^
ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŝƐŬŶŽǁŶĂƐĐŝƚLJŽĨ͚&ĂŝƌƐĂŶĚ&ĞƐƟǀĂůƐ͛;&ŝŐ͘
ϮϭͿ͘>ĂƌŐĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĨĞƐƟǀĂůƐĂƌĞĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ
ĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ŵĂƌŬ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ
such as ĂŝƐĂŬŚŝ͕ ŝǁĂůŝ͕ ,ŽůĂ DŽŚĂůůĂ͕ ƵƐŚĞŚƌĂ͕
ZĂŵ EĂǀĂŵŝ͕ :ĂŶŵĂƐŚƚĂŵŝ, 'ƵƌƵ EĂŶĂŬ :ĂLJĂŶƟ,
'ƵƌƵƉƵƌĂďƐ͕ ĂƐĂŶƚ WĂŶĐŚĂŵŝ͕ ŵĂǀĂƐLJĂ ĂŶĚ
^ĂŶŐƌĂŶĚ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ Ă >ĂŶŐŽŽƌ DĞůĂ at Durgiana
&ŝŐ͘ϭϳ͗,ĞĂĚWŽƐƚKĸĐĞ
Mandir and Maghi are celebrated with great gusto and
ĨĞƌǀŽƌ͘DĂũŽƌĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞŝǁĂůŝĐĞůĞďƌĂƟŽŶƐ
Ăƚ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞ͕ĂŝƐĂŬŚŝĂƚ:ĂůůŝĂŶǁĂůĂĂŐŚĂŶĚ
'ƵƌƵ EĂŶĂŬ :ĂLJĂŶƟ ĂŶĚ WƌĂŬĂƐŚ hƚƐĂǀ ŽĨ ^ƌŝ 'ƵƌƵ
'ƌĂŶƚŚ^ĂŚŝď:ŝ͘ůŵŽƐƚϰͲϱůĂŬŚƐƉĞŽƉůĞǀŝƐŝƚ'ŽůĚĞŶ
Temple on ĂŝƐĂŬŚŝ͕ŝǁĂůŝ and 'ƵƌƵEĂŶĂŬ:ĂLJĂŶƟ͘
Apart from these, there is always rush on ^ĂŶŐƌĂŶĚ
;ƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĚĂLJŽĨ,ŝŶĚƵŵŽŶƚŚͿ͘ŵĞůĂŝƐĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞĚ
ϳϬ ŝŶ ZĂŵ dŝƌĂƚŚ ƚŽŽ ĨŽƌ ŽŶĞ ǁĞĞŬ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞƐ
ŐĂƚŚĞƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŽŶĞ ůĂŬŚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĚĂŝůLJ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ ƚŽ
,ŝŶĚƵƐ ĂŶĚ ^ŝŬŚƐ͕ ůĂƌŐĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ DƵƐůŝŵƐ ĂŶĚ
ŚƌŝƐƟĂŶƐ ĂůƐŽ ǀŝƐŝƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘ ^ƚ͘ WĂƵů͛Ɛ ŚƵƌĐŚ ďƵŝůƚ
ŝŶ ϭϴϱϯĂŶĚ :ĂŵĂDĂƐũŝĚ ;DŽƐƋƵĞ ŽĨ <ŚĂŝƌͲƵĚͲŝŶͿ
ďƵŝůƚ ŝŶ ϭϴϳϳ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞŵ͘ &ŝŐ͘ϭϴ͗ZĂŵĂŐŚ

DZ/d^Z h/^/E ^  WZd K& ,Z/d' E ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŝƐŚĂǀĞĂƐǁĞĞƚƚŽŽƚŚĨŽƌƉŝŶŶŝƐ͕ďĂůƵƐŚĂŚŝƐ

h>dhZ and ŐƵƌ ŬĂ ŚĂůǁĂ͘ dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŚĂƐ ŵĂŶLJ ƉůĂĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ
ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕ Ă ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ǀŝďƌĂŶƚ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ŝƐ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐƵŝƐŝŶĞƐĂŶĚŵŽĚĞƌŶĨŽŽĚƐ͘DŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞ
ǁĂƌŵƚŚ ĂŶĚ ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůŝƚLJ͘ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŝƐ ĂƌĞ ďŽƌŶ ŚŽƐƚƐ͕ ĞĂƟŶŐũŽŝŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐƵŝƐŝŶĞƐĂƌĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ
ĂŶĚĂƌĞĨĂŵŽƵƐĨŽƌŚĂǀŝŶŐĂƉĂůĂƚĞĨŽƌĞĂƟŶŐ͘dŚŝƐ ǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJ͘
ŝƐƉĞƌŚĂƉƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚƌĂǀĂŐĞƐŽĨǁĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĚ
the Amritsari mindset where the dawn of the next ^dZd'/^ &KZ WZKDKd/E' s>KWDEd K&
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ĚĂLJǁĂƐŶŽƚƐƵƌĞ͘ AMRITSAR
dŚĞĐŝƚLJŝƐĨĂŵŽƵƐĨŽƌŝƚƐĐƵůŝŶĂƌLJĚĞůŝĐĂĐŝĞƐůŝŬĞŵƵůƟͲ (i) THE WALLED CITY
layered ƉƌĂƚŚĂƐ, ĐŚĂŶŶĂ ďŚĂƚƵƌĂ, ƚĂŶĚŽŽƌŝ ŬƵůĐŚĂƐ, dŚĞǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJŚĂƐĂƚŽƚĂůĂƌĞĂŽĨϯϱϬŚĞĐƚĂƌĞƐ;ƐĞĞ
ƉƵƌŝƐ, jam, marmalades, ƐŚĂƌďĂƚ͕ ƌĂďƌŝ and ůĂƐƐŝ͘ &ŝŐ͘ϮϮͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐŵĞƌĞůLJϮ͘ϱƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞ
Other delicacies include ƐĂƚƉƵƌĂƐ, ƐĂŵŽƐĂƐ, fried ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ĐŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ ŚŽƵƐĞƐ ĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJ
ĮƐŚ͕ƐĞĞŬŚŬĂďĂď, ŵƵƩŽŶ ƟŬŬĂ͕ďĂƌďĞĐƵĞĚĐŚŝĐŬĞŶ ϭϲй ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘  ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ
ĂŶĚ ƐƉŝĐLJ ƉŝĐŬůĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŝ <ƵůĐŚĂtĂůůĞĚŝƚLJ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŚĂƐĂƵŶŝƋƵĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨŐƌŽǁƚŚ
;ďĂŬĞĚͿŝƐƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚŝŶŵƌŝƚƐĂƌĐŝƚLJŽŶůLJ͕ĂŶĚŝƐŶŽƚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ /ƚ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ
ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĞǀĞŶĂƚĂĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŽĨϭϱŬŵƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐ ůĂŶĚŵĂƌŬƐ͘ /Ŷ
ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͘ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚĞ ŚƵď ŽĨ ƚƌĂĚĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐĞ
The celebrated ƉĂƉĂĚ and ǀĂĚŝĂŶĨƌŽŵŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŚĂǀĞ ĂŶĚƐLJŵďŽůŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŝƚLJ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůLJ͕tĂůůĞĚŝƚLJ
ďĞĐŽŵĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƵďũĞĐƚ ŽĨ ŵĂŶLJ Ă ƌŚLJŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ũŝŶŐůĞƐ͘ ŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐƚŚĞĮƌƐƚůĂLJĞƌŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞ

&ŝŐ͘ϭϵ͗ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌZĂŝůǁĂLJƐƚĂƟŽŶ
&ŝŐ͘ϮϬ͗ƩĂƌŝͲtĂŐĂŚďŽƌĚĞƌ
ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂƌĞĂ͕ďĞŝŶŐŝƚƐŚĞĂƌƚĂŶĚƐŽƵů͘ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ·
the historicity of the area due to the presence of
'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞ͕:ĂůůŝĂŶǁĂůĂĂŐŚ͕ƵƌŐŝĂŶĂDĂŶĚŝƌ͕
<ĂƚƌĂƐ͕ ƵŶŐĂƐ͕ ,ĂǀĞůŝƐ ŽĨ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ƟŵĞƐ͕ ŶĂƌƌŽǁ
ƐƚƌĞĞƚƐĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ͕ǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJĚĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ ·
ƚŽďĞƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĚ͕ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĞĚĂŶĚƵƉͲŐƌĂĚĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐ
ŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŵĂŬĞŝƚĂĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŚƵď͘
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞŽĨǁĂůůĞĚ
city, as the symbol of physical, social, economic and
historical growth, it is desirable that walled city
ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚĂƐ͚ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚdŽƵƌŝƐŵ
ƌĞĂ͛ƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƚŽƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƟŶŐƌŝĐŚ
ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐ͘ϮϯͿ͘
ŝƚLJŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŶĞĞĚƐƚŽƚĂŬĞĚƌĂƐƟĐĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ
ƐƚĞƉƐ ĂŶĚ ůĂƵŶĐŚ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ǁĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ  Ă
,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ  ŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƚƌƵĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂů ƐĞŶƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌŵ͘ ·
ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĚŝǀŝĚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚǁŽĚŝƐƟŶĐƚůĂLJĞƌƐ
ĨŽƌƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐĂƌĞĂŝŶƐŝĚĞ ·
ĂŶĚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJ͘tĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞ
ƉůĂŶŶĞĚĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂƐƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶĐŝƚLJǁŝƚŚĞŶƚƌLJ
ŽĨ Ăůů ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐ ďĂŶŶĞĚ
DECEMBER 2023
ŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŝŶŶĞƌůĂLJĞƌ͘DŽďŝůŝƚLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJ
should be in the form of electric trolleys/ limited
ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƌŝĐŬƐŚĂǁƐƚŽĐĂƚĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĞŶŝŽƌĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͕
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůůLJĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞĚ͕ƐŝĐŬ͕ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ǁŽŵĞŶĞƚĐĂŶĚ
ĨŽƌ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƟŶŐ ŐŽŽĚƐ͘ ůů ŵĞƚĂůůĞĚ ƌŽĂĚƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ƚŚĞǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚďLJƉĂǀĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŽ
ŵĂŬĞŝƚƚƌƵůLJƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶĂŶĚƌĞƐƚŽƌĞƚŚĞĂƵƌĂŽĨϭϵth
ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͘EŽĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƉĂƌŬŝŶŐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞ
ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚĂŶĚŵƵůƟͲƐƚŽƌĞLJĞĚƉĂƌŬŝŶŐĂůƌĞĂĚLJĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ
should be closed immediately to minimise damage to
'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞĚƵĞƚŽĐĂƌďŽŶĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ
ďLJ ǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐ ƉĂƌŬĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǁĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ͘ dŽ ŵĞĞƚ
ƉĂƌŬŝŶŐŶĞĞĚƐŽĨƚŚĞŝŶŶĞƌĐŝƚLJ͕ƉĂƌŬŝŶŐŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞ
ƚǁĞůǀĞŐĂƚĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚǀĞŚŝĐƵůĂƌƚƌĂĸĐ
ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌ ƌŽĂĚ͘ ůů ŽǀĞƌŚĞĂĚ ǁŝƌĞƐ
ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŵĂĚĞƵŶĚĞƌŐƌŽƵŶĚ͘
^ŝŐŶĂŐĞƐ͕ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƉĂƩĞƌŶ͕ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽ
ƌĞƉůĂĐĞƚŚĞŚŽĂƌĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚĂĚǀĞƌƟƐĞŵĞŶƚƚŽŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞ
ǀŝƐƵĂů ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ͘ tĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ŐŝǀĞŶ Ă
ĨĂĐĞůŝŌďLJƌĞƐŚĂƉŝŶŐƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĨĂĐĂĚĞƐďLJŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ
ĞŵŝŶĞŶƚƵƌďĂŶĚĞƐŝŐŶĞƌƐ͘tĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJŵƵƐƚďĞŵĂĚĞ
ƚŽƵƌŝƐŵŚƵďďLJĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞƚŽŽīĞƌďĞĚĂŶĚ
ďƌĞĂŬĨĂƐƚĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐƚŽŚĞůƉƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐƐƚĂLJůŽŶŐĞƌ͖ĞŶũŽLJ
Amritsary food, understand and appreciate Amritsar
ůŝǀŝŶŐĂŶĚǁĂƌŵƚŚŽĨWƵŶũĂďŝŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůŝƚLJ͘dŚŝƐĐĂůůƐ
ĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐDĂƐƚĞƌWůĂŶĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞůLJĨŽƌƚŚĞǁĂůůĞĚ
ĐŝƚLJ͕ƚŽƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝƐĞŝƚƐŐƌŽǁƚŚĂŶĚƚŽƐĂǀĞƚŚĞŚĞĂƌƚ ϳϭ
and soul of the historic and heritage city of Amritsar
Accordingly, following strategies are proposed for
the walled city of Amritsar:
· dŽ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ͕ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐŝĐ
ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞtĂůůĞĚŝƚLJ
dŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞďLJŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ͕ƵƉŐƌĂĚŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ƐƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ Ăƌƚ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘
dŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞ ƐĞůĞĐƟǀĞ ĚĞͲĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ǁĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ ďLJ ƐŚŝŌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ǁŚŽůĞƐĂůĞ ĂŶĚ ďƵůŬ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ &ŝƐŚͬ/ƌŽŶ DĂƌŬĞƚ͕
ŚĞĞů DĂŶĚŝ͕ /ƌŽŶ DĂƌŬĞƚ ;ĂŐŚ ŬĂůŝĂŶͿ͕
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
'ŽůĚƐŵŝƚŚDĂƌŬĞƚ͕'ŚĞĞDĂŶĚŝ͕EĂŵĂŬDĂŶĚŝ͕
ǁŚŽůĞƐĂůĞŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĞŵĂƌŬĞƚ͕ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕
ĞƚĐ͘ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ƉůĂŶŶĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ
tĂůůĞĚ ŝƚLJ ŶĞĂƌ ŚĂŐƚĂŶǁĂůĂ 'ĂƚĞͬĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ŵĂũŽƌƌŽĂĚĂŶĚƌĂŝůŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͘
· dŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ĚĞͲĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ ďLJ ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŶŐ ƐƵďͲ
ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ĨƌŽŵ
ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂůƚŽĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘
dŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJĂƌĞĂďLJ
ǁĂLJŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟǀĞƐƵƌŐĞƌLJ͘
dŽĨƌĂŵĞĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ͚hƌďĂŶĞƐŝŐŶ'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐ͛ĨŽƌ
ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ
ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘
 · ^ŚŝŌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ 'ŽůĚƐŵŝƚŚƐ ŵĂƌŬĞƚͬ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
DECEMBER 2023
ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ ŶĞĂƌ 'ŽůĚĞŶ dĞŵƉůĞ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ
minimize the damage caused by them to the
ǁŽƌůĚŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚ͚'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞ͛
· dŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ
ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ
· dŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ tĂůŬ ďLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ
processional route of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
ĨƌŽŵ ZĂŵ ĂŐŚ 'ĂƌĚĞŶ ƚŽ tĂůůĞĚ ŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ
ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐĂƌĞĂƐ͘
· WƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶͬhƉͲŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŝŐŚĞƌůĞǀĞůŽĨƵƌďĂŶ
and tourist infrastructure
· dŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ͕ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ͕ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĂƵŐŵĞŶƚ
the bazaar culture in the walled city in order to
ŵĂŬĞŝƚĂƌŽůĞŵŽĚĞůŽĨƵƌďĂŶŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘
· dŽ ŵŝŶŝŵŝnjĞ ǀĞŚŝĐƵůĂƌ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ ďLJ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ
ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐ ďĂƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŶŽŶͲƉŽůůƵƟŶŐ ŵĂƐƐ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
· WĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽ
ĚĞĐŽŶŐĞƐƚ ĂŶĚ ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĸĐ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ
ĚƵĞƚŽůĂĐŬŽĨĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞƌŽĂĚǁŝĚƚŚͬƉĂƌŬŝŶŐ͘
· dŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶďLJďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐƉĞĐŝĂů
ǁĂůŬǁĂLJƐŽŶƚŚĞƐƚƌĞƚĐŚĨƌŽŵŚŽǁŬWŚŽǁĂƌĂ
ƚŽ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞ͘
· /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƟŵĞ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬŝŶŐ
ϳϮ ůŽĂĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƵŶůŽĂĚŝŶŐ ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ
ǁŚŽůĞƐĂůĞŵĂƌŬĞƚƐǁŝƚŚŝŶǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJĂƌĞĂ͘
· dŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ͕ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŽƉĞŶ
spaces through proper landscaping within
ǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJ͘
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƌŽůĞ͕ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ
and typical character of the walled city, it is
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ĚŝƐƟŶĐƚ
ĞŶƟƚLJ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůLJ͕ĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ͕ĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞĂŶĚĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ
ƉůĂŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞ
ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ƉůĂŶ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝŵĞ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ hƌďĂŶ ĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ
,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚWƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘^ƵĐŚĂƉůĂŶ
ǁŽƵůĚďĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ͕ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ
the religious, cultural and commercial ambiance of
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƚŚĞǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJďĞƐŝĚĞƐŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌDĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ͘dŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ
ŽĨƵƌďĂŶĚĞƐŝŐŶͬŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉůĂŶĨŽƌƚŚĞ
ǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞƚĂŬĞŶƵƉŽŶƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJŽŶƚŚĞ
ƉĂƩĞƌŶĨŽůůŽǁĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
WůĂŶŽĨŚĂƌDŝŶĂƌĂƌĞĂŽĨ,LJĚĞƌĂďĂĚ͘ůƌĞĂĚLJůĂƌŐĞ
ŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶͬďĞŝŶŐ
ƚĂŬĞŶ ƵƉ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ǁĂůůĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ ďLJ
ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƉĂƌĂƐƚĂƚĂůĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂŶLJŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͘
/ƚǁŝůůďĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĂůůƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ĂǁĞůůͲĚĞĮŶĞĚĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůLJ͕ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ
ŽĨƐƵĐŚĂĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚWůĂŶĨŽƌǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJĂƐƐƵŵĞƐ
importance considering the huge amount of
&ŝŐ͘Ϯϭ͗ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕ƚŚĞĐŝƚLJŽĨ͚ĨĂŝƌƐĂŶĚĨĞƐƟǀĂůƐ͛
ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ
ďĞŝŶŐƚĂŬĞŶƵƉŝŶƚŚĞǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJŝŶŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶ͘
;ŝŝͿ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽŶƚƌŽůƐͬ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
dŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐ͕njŽŶŝŶŐƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͕
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ďLJĞͲůĂǁƐ ŝƐ ĐƌƵĐŝĂů ŝŶ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨďƵŝůƚŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ƌĞĂƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƐďƵŝůƚ
ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ǁŽƵůĚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͘
/ƚŵĂLJƌĞǀŽůǀĞƌŽƵŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĨLJŝŶŐƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐƌĞůĂƟŶŐƚŽ
ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚƌĂĸĐ͕ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŶŐŵŝƐƵƐĞŽĨďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ
for industrial or storage purposes, specifying uses
ǁŚŝĐŚǁŽƵůĚďĞƉĞƌŵŝƩĞĚŝŶƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐŽƌĂƌĞĂƐ
ǁŚŝĐŚǁŽƵůĚŶŽƚĚĂŵĂŐĞƚŚĞŝƌďĂƐŝĐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͘dŚĞ
ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽŶƚƌŽůƐ͕ ĞƚĐ͘ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ
ǁŝƚŚ ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŌĞƌ ĐĂƌĞĨƵů ĂŶĚ ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ƐƚƵĚLJ
of the area and must be commensurate to their
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĞƚĐ͘  ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝŶ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ŚĂƌĚƐŚŝƉƐ
to the owners/tenants of the buildings, appropriate
ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞŵĂĚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽƚŚĞŵƐŽĂƐƚŽ
ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘  ŽŶĐĞƉƚ
ůŝŬĞ dƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ ŽĨ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ZŝŐŚƚƐ ;dZͿ ĐĂŶ ďĞ
made applicable in case of such buildings which
ǁŽƵůĚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĞƚĐ͘ >ĂƌŐĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ
of states in the country has already prepared
,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJ ĚĞĂůƐ ǁŝƚŚ
ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ
,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĂĚĚĞĚ Ă
ŶĞǁ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƌĞĂƐ
without compromising with the quality of buildings
ĂŶĚ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůLJ ĨƌĂŵŝŶŐ ŽĨ Heritage
ZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƉƌĞǀĂŝůŝŶŐ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ďLJͲ
ůĂǁƐ͕ŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƩĞƌŶŽĨ,LJĚĞƌĂďĂĚĂŶĚDƵŵďĂŝĨŽƌ
the heritage buildings, areas and precincts would
ďĞ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐŝĐ ĨĂďƌŝĐ
of these buildings and areas is not changed and
ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĞĚ
ǁŝƚŚ͘dŚĞĞdžŝƐƟŶŐďLJͲůĂǁƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞƚŽŵƌŝƚƐĂƌĂƌĞ

&ŝŐ͘ϮϮ͗dŚĞǁĂůůĞĚĐŝƚLJŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ
not capable to respond to the challenges of heritage
ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ŵŽƌĞ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ƚŚĂŶ
ŐŽŽĚ͘dŚĞLJŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞĂŵĞŶĚĞĚŽŶƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJ͘
;ŝŝŝͿ /ŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ
džŝƐƟŶŐ ůĂǁƐ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂŶLJ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞ ƚŽ
owners of buildings of architectural and historical
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĞ ƚŚĞŵ͘  /ƚ
ƚƌĞĂƚƐ Ăůů ůĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ĨŽŽƟŶŐ͘  dŚŝƐ
ĂĐƚƐĂƐĂĚŝƐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƚŽƐƵĐŚŽǁŶĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
ŽĨ ĞǀĞƌ ƌŝƐŝŶŐ ůĂŶĚ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ďĞƩĞƌ
ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐŽĨĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞdžƉůŽŝƚĂƟŽŶ͘DŝƐƵƐĞŽĨ
ŵŽƐƚŽĨƐƵĐŚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐŝƐĚƵĞƚŽƐƵĐŚĚŝƐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ͘
It would be accordingly desirable that owners of
ƐƵĐŚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ĂƌĞ ŐŝǀĞŶ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ ƚĂdž ĐŽŶĐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ
ďLJ ďŽƚŚ ůŽĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƐƚĂƚĞ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŚĂƉĞ ŽĨ
ƌĞďĂƚĞƐ ĞƚĐ͘ ĨŽƌ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƉĞƌ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ
ĂŶĚƵƉŬĞĞƉŽĨďƵŝůƚŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘/ƚǁŽƵůĚďĞǁŽƌƚŚǁŚŝůĞ
ƚŽůŽŽŬĂƚƚŚĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨh͘<͘ǁŚĞƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůƚĂdž
ĐŽŶĐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐŚĂǀĞŚĞůƉĞĚŝŶƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ
ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂů ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů͕ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ǀĂůƵĞ͘
WĞŽƉůĞ ĂƌĞ ĨĂƐƚ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ
ĨŽƌ ŐƌĂŶƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ŽĨ ůŝƐƚĞĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ƐŽ ĂƐ ƚŽ
ĂǀĂŝůƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůƚĂdžĐŽŶĐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ͘dŚŝƐŶŽƚŽŶůLJŚĞůƉƐ
ŝŶ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐ ǁĞĂůƚŚ ŽĨ ďƵŝůƚ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ŝƚƐ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘ /ƚ ǁŝůů
ďĞ ǁŽƌƚŚǁŚŝůĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ
ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ĂǁĂƌĚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŐŝǀĞŶ ĂŶŶƵĂůůLJ ƚŽ
ŽǁŶĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞůLJ ŽǁŶĞĚ ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ǁŚŽ
ƐĞƚ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘ Ŷ
ƚŚŝƐĞƌĂŽĨŽƉĞŶŝŶŐƵƉŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂŶĞĐŽŶŽŵLJƚŽŵƵůƟͲ
ŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ůŝďĞƌĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝƚ ǁŽƵůĚ ďĞ
ĚĞƐŝƌĂďůĞ ƚŽ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘ dĂdž
ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐǁŽƵůĚŚĞůƉŝŶŇŽǁŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůĨƵŶĚƐŝŶ
ƚŚŝƐĮĞůĚĂŶĚǁŽƵůĚŐŽĂůŽŶŐǁĂLJŝŶĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐƚŚĞ
ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞ͘ WƵŶũĂď 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŚĂƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ƉƵƚ ŝŶ
ƉůĂĐĞĂƉŽůŝĐLJĨŽƌƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŝŶ
ƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨ
ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ
restoring the original glory of these monuments as
ƉĞƌĂƌĐŚĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ͘dŚĞƉŽůŝĐLJŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞ
DECEMBER 2023
ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ăůů ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƐŝŶĐĞƌŝƚLJ͘
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƉŽůŝĐLJŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĞdžƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽĐŽǀĞƌ
all heritage buildings in order to widen its scope to
ĐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͘
(iv) Heritage Fund
It would be desirable that heritage fund at the
ŶĂƟŽŶĂů͕ ƐƚĂƚĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂů ůĞǀĞů ŝƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ͕ ƐŽ ĂƐ ƚŽ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĞŶŽƵŐŚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ
ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨďƵŝůƚŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĚ
must be fully exempted from the incidence of income
ƚĂdž͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĂůůĨŽƌĞŝŐŶƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐǀŝƐŝƟŶŐ/ŶĚŝĂŵƵƐƚďĞ
ůĞǀŝĞĚĂƚĂdžŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƩĞƌŶŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĐĞƐƐǁŚŝĐŚ
ƐŚŽƵůĚĨŽƌŵƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞĨƵŶĚ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ƉĂƌƚ
of income generated from the fee collected from
ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐŽĨŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽŐŽƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ
ĂƵŐŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ĨƵŶĚ͘  WƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚ ĂƌƟƐƚƐ
ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƌĂŝƐŝŶŐĨƵŶĚƐĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƉƵƌƉŽƐĞďLJ
ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjŝŶŐ ĐŚĂƌŝƚLJ ƐŚŽǁƐ͘ dŚĞ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ĨƵŶĚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ
ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ
ďĞƐŝĚĞƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŝŶ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ
ĂŶĚ ƵƉŬĞĞƉ ŽĨ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ůŝƐƚĞĚ ĂƐ ďƵŝůƚ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘
&Žƌ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ůĞǀĞů ŽĨ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ
,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͕ ^ƚĂƚĞ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ
ŽƉƟŽŶŽĨƐƚĂƌƟŶŐĂ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ>ŽƩĞƌLJ͕ůĞǀLJŽĨ^ƉĞĐŝĂů
,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ĞƐƐ͕ ĞĂƌŵĂƌŬŝŶŐ ϭϬй ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŶŶƵĂů 73
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ďƵĚŐĞƚ ŽĨ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ŚŽƵƐĞƐ͕ ŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ
^ĞĐƚŽƌ͕ //͕ W, ĂŶĚ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ ĐŽƵůĚ
ďĞĂĐƟǀĞůLJŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶŵĂŬŝŶŐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĨŽƌ
,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚWƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘
(v) Heritage Tourism
,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞĂŶĚdŽƵƌŝƐŵŚĂƐďĞĞŶĨŽƵŶĚƚŽŚĂǀĞĐůŽƐĞ
ĂŶĚ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJ
ůĞǀĞƌĂŐĞĚŝŶĂŵƵƚƵĂůůLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƟǀĞŵĂŶŶĞƌ͘ůůŽǀĞƌ
ƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͕ƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƐŽƵŐŚƚĂŌĞƌƚŽƵƌŝƐƚĚĞƐƟŶĂƟŽŶƐ
ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ŵĂŶŵĂĚĞ Žƌ
ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ /ƚ ŚĂƐ ĂůƐŽ ďĞĞŶ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ
dŽƵƌŝƐŵ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƌĞǀĞŶƵĞ ĂŶĚ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůLJ͕ ŝƚ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ
important that Heritage should be used as a major
ƌĞǀĞŶƵĞ ĞĂƌŶĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚŽƌ ŽĨ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ
ŝƚƐǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůǁŽƵůĚůĂƌŐĞůLJ
ĚĞƉĞŶĚƵƉŽŶŚŽǁĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJǁĞĂƌĞĂďůĞƚŽƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ
ŽƵƌŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͕ĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƚĂŬŝŶŐƉůĂĐĞ
in and around such areas is in total harmony with
ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƟŶŐƌƚĂŶĚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌĞĂĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ŵĂĚĞ
ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽŐƵŝĚĞƚŚĞƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐ͘/ƚǁŽƵůĚďĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŚĂƚ
all those who are engaged in tourism industry are
ŵĂĚĞĂǁĂƌĞŽĨƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
 ďĞĨŽƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŝƚƐƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ
DECEMBER 2023

&ŝŐ͘Ϯϯ͗ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƟŶŐƌŝĐŚŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ
ǁŚŝĐŚǁŽƵůĚŐŽĂůŽŶŐǁĂLJŝŶƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘
ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕ Ă ĐŝƚLJ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŵLJƚŚ ĂŶĚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ŚĂǀĞ
ǁŽǀĞŶ Ă ŵƵůƟͲĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚ ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ŽĨ ƐĞĐƵůĂƌ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŚŽŵĞ ŽĨ ,ĂƌŝŵĂŶĚŝƌ ^ĂŚŝď
;ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĚĂƐƚŚĞĮŌŚŵŽƐƚĚĞƐŝƌĞĚƉŝůŐƌŝŵĂŐĞ
ĚĞƐƟŶĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚͿ͕ :ĂůůŝĂŶǁĂůĂ ĂŐŚ͕ ZĂŵ Z&ZE^
ĂŐŚ ĂŶĚ 'ĂƚĞǁĂLJ ƚŽ /ŶĚŝĂ͕ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƌĞůŝŐŝŽŶƐ͕ ŽīĞƌƐ
ĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ƚŽƵƌŝƐŵ͘tŝƚŚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚWĂŬŝƐƚĂŶĂŶĚ
74
ƐŽŌĞŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ďŽƌĚĞƌƐ͕ ƵƉŐƌĂĚŝŶŐ · 'ƵƉƚĂ͕:͘<͕͘ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚWƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ
ƚŚĞůŽĐĂůĂŝƌƉŽƌƚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůĞǀĞůĂŶĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ · 'ƵƉƚĂ͕:͘<͕͘>ĞŐĂů/ƐƐƵĞƐŝŶŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨDĂŶŵĂĚĞ
ƚƌĂĚĞĂŶĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐĞǁŝƚŚWĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ͕ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌŝƐŐŽŝŶŐ
ƚŽ ǁŝƚŶĞƐƐ ĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐ ŝŶŇŽǁ ŽĨ ƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂĚĞƌƐ
ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ďŽƌĚĞƌ͘ dŚŝƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ĨƵůůLJ
ĞdžƉůŽŝƚĞĚ ďLJ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ůĞǀĞů ŽĨ ƚŽƵƌŝƐŵ · 'ƵƉƚĂ:͘<͕͘ŝƐĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞͲŐĞŶĚĂĨŽƌ
ĂŶĚƚƌĂĚĞƌĞůĂƚĞĚŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘
ĂƌĞƉƵƚŝŶƉůĂĐĞ͘EƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ
ĂƌĞ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ Žƌ ŝŶ
ƚŚĞ ƉŝƉĞůŝŶĞ͕ Ăůů ƚŚĞƐĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ǀŝĞǁĞĚ ĐƌŝƟĐĂůůLJ
ŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞŝƌŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů͕ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂů ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽ͕ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ŝƐ ŐŽŝŶŐ ƚŽ
witness a new resurgent era of enormous growth
ĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚůŽƚŽĨŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉĞŽƉůĞ
ĐŽŵŝŶŐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͘ZĞĂůĞƐƚĂƚĞǀĂůƵĞƐĂƌĞŐŽŝŶŐƚŽ
ƌŝƐĞƐŚĂƌƉůLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶƌĂƉŝĚĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŽĨůĂŶĚƵƐĞƐ
ĂŶĚĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽŶƚŚĞĐŝƚLJĂŶĚ
ŝƚƐ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ
would be more pronounced within the walled city
ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚŽƵƐĞƐ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘  ,Žǁ
ƚŚĞƐĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝnjĞĚĂŶĚ
ĐĂŶĂůŝnjĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŽƌĚĞƌůLJ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚLJĂŶĚŝƚƐŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͕ǁŽƵůĚŚŽůĚ
ƚŚĞŬĞLJƚŽƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚLJĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞ
ƐƚĂƚĞĂŶĚŶĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞŚŽŵĞŽĨĂůůǀŝƌƚƵĞƐ͕ŚĞĂƌƚďĞĂƚ
of ŵĂũŚĂ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŽƌLJ ŽĨ ƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂů ĂŶĚ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů
ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘
· 'Žǀƚ͘ŽĨWƵŶũĂď͕DĂƐƚĞƌWůĂŶŽĨŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕ϮϬϭϭͲϯϭ͘
· K͕h<͕,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐƵŝůĚŝŶŐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ
· K͕h<͕ŽŶƐĞƌǀŝŶŐƚŚĞWĂƐƚĨŽƌƚŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞ
Heritage
· h<͕ŶĐŝĞŶƚDŽŶƵŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƌĐŚĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƌĞĂƐĐƚ
ĐƟŽŶ

ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ
/ŶĚŝĂŶ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž
ĂŶĚ ŚŝŐŚůLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ĞŶƟƟĞƐ All images courtesy: Author
ĂŶĚ ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ ŝƐ ŶŽ ĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞLJ ƐŚŽǁ Ă ǁŝĚĞ
ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŵŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͕ ďĞŝŶŐ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ͕ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐ ƟŵĞƐ͕ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞLJ

ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚLJ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŝƐƐƵĞ ŽĨ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĐŝƟĞƐŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞǀŝĞǁĞĚ
both as source and repository of architectural and
ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŚĂƐ
ƚŽ ďĞ ĚĞĐŝƉŚĞƌĞĚ ďLJ ĚŝƐƐĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ
its ‘contents’ and understanding its complex
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ͘ KŶůLJ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƐƵĐŚ Ă ͚ƌĞĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJ͛ ǁŝůů WƌŽĨ͘:ŝƚ<ƵŵĂƌ'ƵƉƚĂ;&ϴϲϵϭͿŝƐĂŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚǁŝƚŚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶ
ǁĞďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞĮŶĞĂŶĚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƚŚĞ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐŝƚLJ ϱϯLJĞĂƌƐŽĨƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŝŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕
ĂŶĚŝƚƐŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶ͕ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ
ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ĂīŽƌĚĂďůĞ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ͕
/ŶƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ŝƚďĞĐŽŵĞƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŚĂƚŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕ ƐŵĂƌƚ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂǁƐ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕ ƌƵƌĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕
geography, morphology and cultural components of ĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌƐ͕ƵƌďĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚƵƌďĂŶŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͘
Amritsar heritage are carefully studied and analyzed ŵĂŝů͗ũŝƚ͘ŬƵŵĂƌϭϵϰϰΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
zKhE'WZd/

DECEMBER 2023
Working towards a Purpose
ƌ͘ŵƌƵƚŚĂ<ŝƐŚŽƌ

ƐĂŶŝŶĞͲLJĞĂƌͲŽůĚ͕/ŬŶĞǁŶŽƚŚŝŶŐŽĨĐĂƌĞĞƌƐĞdžĐĞƉƚ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƌŽůĞ ƚŽ ƉůĂLJ͘ DLJ Įƌŵ͕ ůĞŵĞŶƚĂů͕ ǁĂƐ

ƚŚĂƚ / ǁĂŶƚĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ŵLJ ŽǁŶ ďŽƐƐ͘ ĞƐƟŶLJ ďƌŽƵŐŚƚ ďƵŝůƚ ŽŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐĂůů ĨŽƌ ĂĐƟŽŶ͘ / ůĞĂƌŶĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞͲ
ŵĞ ƚŽ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ƐĐŚŽŽů Ăƚ ƚŚĞ EĂƟŽŶĂů /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŝƐ ŝŶĚĞĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚŽƵƌ͘
ŽĨdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJŝŶĂůŝĐƵƚ͕ĂŶĚďĞĨŽƌĞ/ŬŶĞǁŝƚ͕/ǁĂƐ ^ŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ůĞŵĞŶƚĂů ŝŶ ϮϬϮϬ͕ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŶ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ Ăƚ ĮǀĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŚĂĚ ƚŚĞ ŐŽŽĚ ĨŽƌƚƵŶĞ ŽĨ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ůŝŬĞͲŵŝŶĚĞĚ ĐůŝĞŶƚƐ
ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐƐƉƌĞĂĚĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚƌĞĞĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͘ůůƚŚŝƐ ǁŚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚŝƐ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ ĂŶĚ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƵƐĞ
ǁŚŝůĞ͕/ǁŽƵůĚŬĞĞƉǁŽŶĚĞƌŝŶŐ͕ŝĨ/ǁĞƌĞƚŽƐƚĂƌƚĂĮƌŵ͕ ŽĨƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘&ŝŐƵƌĞƐϮĂŶĚϯƐŚŽǁŝŵĂŐĞƐŽĨ
ǁŚĂƚŝƚǁŽƵůĚďĞĂůůĂďŽƵƚ͘ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚůLJ ŽƵƌƐƚƵĚŝŽ͛ƐƉŝůŽƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕dŚĞĐŽ,ŽƵƐĞŝŶ<ŽƩĂLJĂŵ͕
ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚŵĞ͕ďƵƚ/ǁŝƐŚĞĚƚŽĮŶĚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŵďŝŶĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůƉĂƐƐŝǀĞĚĞƐŝŐŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƚŽ 75
ƚŽ ŵLJ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ŽŶĞ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŐƌŽƵŶĚĞĚ ŝŶ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŽĐĐƵƉĂŶƚƐ͘ dŚŝƐ
ĨĂĐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂůǁŽƌůĚ͘/ƚǁĂƐĚƵƌŝŶŐŵLJŵĂƐƚĞƌƐĂƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƐŚŽǁĐĂƐĞƐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨEŽƫŶŐŚĂŵŝŶƚŚĞh<ƚŚĂƚ/ŐĂŝŶĞĚ ƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŽƵƌĂƩĞŵƉƚƚŽƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ
ƐŽŵĞĐůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĞĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ/ǁĂƐƚŽƚƌĞĂĚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͕ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůůLJ͘
ŵĂŝŶďĞůŝĞĨƐĂƚůĞŵĞŶƚĂů͘
/ƚǁĂƐĞLJĞͲŽƉĞŶŝŶŐƚŽƌĞĂůŝƐĞƚŚĂƚ͕ĂƐƐĞĞŶŝŶ&ŝŐƵƌĞ
ϭ͕ƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ƋƵĂůKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ
was the biggest contributor to the global carbon /Ŷ ŽƵƌ ƐƚƵĚŝŽ͕ ǁŽŵĞŶ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽǀĞƌ ϵϬй ŽĨ ŽƵƌ
ĨŽŽƚƉƌŝŶƚ͘/ƌĞĂůŝƐĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚŝƐŝƐǁŚĞƌĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐŚĂǀĞ ǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞ͕ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŶŐĂĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽŐĞŶĚĞƌ

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

&ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͗'ůŽďĂůĂƌďŽŶŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐďLJ^ĞĐƚŽƌ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ϮϬϯϬ͕ ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞϮϬϯϬ͘ŽƌŐͬǁŚLJͲ &ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͗dŚĞĐŽ,ŽƵƐĞŝŶ<ŽƩĂLJĂŵ͕<ĞƌĂůĂ
ƚŚĞͲďƵŝůƚͲĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚͬ WŝĐƚƵƌĞĐƌĞĚŝƚ͗:ƵƐƟŶ^ĞďĂƐƟĂŶ
 &ůĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJŝƐ<ĞLJ
DECEMBER 2023

During one of my early internships, I was once denied

ůĞĂǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƌŝĚŝĐƵůĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐŝŶŐ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞǀĞŶƚĨŽƌŽĸĐĞǁŽƌŬ͘/ƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJďĞůŝĞǀĞŝŶ
ƐƚƌŝŬŝŶŐĂŚĞĂůƚŚLJǁŽƌŬͲůŝĨĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂŶ
ŽĸĐĞ ƐĞƚƵƉ ƚŚĂƚ ĂůůŽǁƐ ŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐ͘
ůĞŵĞŶƚĂůŝƐĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞƉŝŽŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĮƌŵƐ
in the country that operates on a fully remote basis,
ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐŝŶŐĂŚĞĂůƚŚLJǁŽƌŬͲůŝĨĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĨŽƌŽƵƌƚĞĂŵ͘
dŚŝƐŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƉůĂĐĞƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽŶƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƟŵĞ
ĂŶĚŐŝǀĞƐƚŚĞƚĞĂŵƚŚĞĨƌĞĞĚŽŵƚŽďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŚĞŶĞǀĞƌ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͘ KŶĞ ŽĨ
our team members has two children under 3 years
&ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͗dŚĞĐŽ,ŽƵƐĞŝŶ<ŽƩĂLJĂŵ͕<ĞƌĂůĂ ŽĨĂŐĞĂŶĚŝƚŝƐŽŶůLJďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚ
WŝĐƚƵƌĞĐƌĞĚŝƚ͗:ƵƐƟŶ^ĞďĂƐƟĂŶ ƐŚĞ ŝƐ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ ƉƵƌƐƵĞ ŚĞƌ ĐĂƌĞĞƌ Ăƚ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ
ƐƚĂŐĞŝŶŚĞƌůŝĨĞ͘ƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJŽīĞƌĞĚƚŽŽƵƌ
ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ KƵƌ ƚĞĂŵ ŚĂƐ ŐƌŽǁŶ ƚŽ ϭϮ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ƚĞĂŵ͕ƚŚĞLJĂƌĞĂďůĞƚŽƐƉĞŶĚƟŵĞƌĞŐƵůĂƌůLJƉƵƌƐƵŝŶŐ
ĂƐ ŽĨ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϮϯ ;ƐĞĞ ĮŐƵƌĞ ϰͿ͘ KƵƌ ƐƚƵĚŝŽ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ŽĨ ǁĂƐƟŶŐ ƟŵĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĨŽƐƚĞƌƐĂƌŝĐŚƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJŽĨƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ ĚĂŝůLJŽĸĐĞĐŽŵŵƵƚĞ͘
ĚƌŝǀŝŶŐ ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ Ăůů ĨĂĐĞƚƐ
ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ / Ăŵ ŽŌĞŶ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĞĚ ĂďŽƵƚ dŚĞ ƌĞĂƐŽŶ ŽƵƌ ǁŽƌŬͲĨƌŽŵͲŚŽŵĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ǁŽƌŬƐ
ƚŚĞ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ǁŽŵĞŶͲĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ ƚĞĂŵ ƐŵŽŽƚŚůLJ ŝƐ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ǁĞ ĞŵďƌĂĐĞ ĂŶ ĂŐŝůĞ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ
ŽŶ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ƐŝƚĞƐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ Ă ŵĂŶ ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ŽĨ Ă ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŚŝĞƌĂƌĐŚŝĐĂů
ŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚƚŽďĞƚŚĞŽŶĞƚĂŬŝŶŐĐŚĂƌŐĞ͘/Ŷ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵ;ƐĞĞĮŐƵƌĞϱͿ͕ǁŝƚŚĂĨŽĐƵƐŽŶ
ŽƵƌ ĂƩĞŵƉƚ ƚŽ ďƌĞĂŬ ƚŚŝƐ ƐƚĞƌĞŽƚLJƉĞ͕ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ƐǁŝŌ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ ƚŽ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŽŶ Ă ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƟƚůĞĚ ͚tŽŵĞŶ Ăƚ tŽƌŬ͛ ƚŚĂƚ ĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ͘
ŝƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ƵƉ ũŽď ƌŽůĞƐ ŽŶ tŝƚŚ ŽƵƌ ĚĂŝůLJ ŵŽƌŶŝŶŐ ŵĞĞƟŶŐƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƚĞĂŵ
76
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐŝƚĞƐ͘ ĐŽƵƉůĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐůŽƵĚ ƐĞƌǀĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

&ŝŐƵƌĞϰ͗dĞĂŵůĞŵĞŶƚĂůŝŶϮϬϮϯ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌ

&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͗dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵǀƐ͘ĂŐŝůĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ dŚĞ ŐŝůĞ dĞĂŵ͗ ƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ /ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ďLJ ZŽŚŝƚ
sŽďďŝůŝƐĞƩLJ͕ ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬƌŽŚŝƚǀŽďďŝůŝƐĞƩLJ͘ǁŽƌĚƉƌĞƐƐ͘ĐŽŵͬϮϬϭϰͬϬϵͬϮϮͬ
ƚŚĞͲĂŐŝůĞͲƚĞĂŵͲĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶͲĂŶĚͲŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞͬ
ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞŽƚ ĂŶĚ ^ůĂĐŬ͕ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ
ablĞƚŽǁŽƌŬĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŝŶĚĞĂĚůŝŶĞƐ͘ƐŽƵƌ
ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂƌĞƐĐĂƩĞƌĞĚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƋƵŝƚĞĨĂƌ
ĂǁĂLJĨƌŽŵĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞƚĞĂŵŵĞŵďĞƌƐĨƌŽŵ
ŶĞĂƌďLJůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐĐŽŶĚƵĐƚƐŝƚĞǀŝƐŝƚƐ͘
WƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ,Ƶď
KƵƌ ŽĸĐĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĨŽĐƵƐĞƐ ŵŽƌĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ
ŽĨ ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ ǁŽƌŬ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƵƚƉƵƚ ƚŚĂŶ ƐŝŵƉůLJ
ĐůŽĐŬŝŶŐŝŶĂƐĞƚĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƟŵĞ͘ƐĂŶĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞŝŶϱ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽĸĐĞƐŽǀĞƌĂϳͲLJĞĂƌƉĞƌŝŽĚďĞĨŽƌĞĨŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ
ůĞŵĞŶƚĂů͕ / ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ǁŽƌŬ
ƟŵĞ ŽĨ ŵŽƐƚ ƚĞĂŵŵĂƚĞƐ ǁĂƐ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ůĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ
ϱϱй͘dŚŝƐĐĂŵĞĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŐůŽƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞĂŵ
ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ǁŚŽ ƐƉĞŶƚ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ϭϮ ŚŽƵƌƐ Ăƚ ǁŽƌŬ
ǁŚĞŶƚŚĞLJĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJǁŽƌŬĞĚĨŽƌŵĂLJďĞůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϴ
ŚŽƵƌƐ͊dŚŝƐŵĂĚĞŵĞǁŽŶĚĞƌĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ
ĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞŽĨƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƟŵĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƟŵĞĂŶĚŵŽŶĞLJ
ƐƉĞŶƚƉĞƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞŽŶĐŽŵŵƵƟŶŐ͘
^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŚŽǁŶ ƚŚĂƚ͕ ŵŽƌĞ ƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ
ƌŝƐĞŽĨ ƚŚĞĚŝŐŝƚĂů ĂŐĞ͕ƚŚĞŚƵŵĂŶ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ƐƉĂŶ ŝƐ
ƐŚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐ͘^ŽŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŵŝŶŐLJĞĂƌƐ͕/ƐĞĞƚŚŝƐŚĂǀŝŶŐĂ
ŵŽƌĞĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘dŚĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ
ƚŽƚŚŝƐǁĂƐƚŽĐƵƚƚŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵŽīĂƚŝƚƐƌŽŽƚ͘KŶĂĚĂŝůLJ
ďĂƐŝƐ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞĂƐLJƐƚĞŵǁŚĞƌĞƚĂƐŬƐĂƌĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ
ƚŽ ƚĞĂŵ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ƚĞĂŵ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĞĞĚŽŵ ĂŶĚ
ŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJƚŽƉŝĐŬĂŶLJƚĂƐŬŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĐŚŽŝĐĞĂŶĚƚŚĞŽŶůLJ
ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŝƐƚŽĮŶŝƐŚƚŚĞƚĂƐŬ͘/ĨLJŽƵĂƌĞƋƵŝĐŬĞŶŽƵŐŚ
ƚŽĮŶŝƐŚƚŚĞƚĂƐŬŝŶϮŚŽƵƌƐ͕ƚŚĂƚŝƐŐŽŽĚĞŶŽƵŐŚ͕ŽƌŝĨ
LJŽƵĮŶŝƐŚƚŚĞƚĂƐŬŝŶϲŚŽƵƌƐ͕ƚŚĂƚǁŽƌŬƐƚŽŽ͘ůůƚŚĂƚ
ŵĂƩĞƌƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƚĂƐŬƐ ĂƌĞ ĚŽŶĞ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƌŶŝŶŐ
ŵĞĞƟŶŐƚŚĞŶĞdžƚĚĂLJ͘dŝĐŬŝŶŐŽīƚŚĞďŽdžĞƐĂůƐŽŐŝǀĞƐ
the teammates a sense of accomplishment, and in
ĐĂƐĞLJŽƵ͛ƌĞƐƚƵĐŬ͕LJŽƵ͛ƌĞŽŶůLJĂĐĂůůĂǁĂLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƚĞĂŵƚŽŚĞůƉĂƌƌŝǀĞĂƚĂƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͘ŌĞƌĂůů͕
ĂƐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌ ĂŶĚ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů <ĞŶ ůĂŶĐŚĂƌĚ
ƐĂŝĚ͕͞ŶŽŶĞŽĨƵƐŝƐĂƐƐŵĂƌƚĂƐĂůůŽĨƵƐ͘͘͟
ĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐĨŽƌ/ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ
The agile system also allows the team members to
DECEMBER 2023
&ŝŐƵƌĞϲ͗dĞĂŵůĞŵĞŶƚĂůŝŶKŶůŝŶĞDĞĞƟŶŐƐ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌ
ǁŽƌŬ ŽŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ƚĂƐŬƐ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁĞĞŬ ƚŽ ŬĞĞƉ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ũƵŝĐĞƐ ŇŽǁŝŶŐ͘
/ŶĐƌĞĚŝďůĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ ďLJ ƵƐŝŶŐ
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĐůĞĂƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŬŝůůƐ͘ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ
ŚĂƐĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚϲϱƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ
ĂƌĞǀŝƐƵĂůůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞLJŶĞĞĚƚŽ
ƐĞĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƌĞƚĂŝŶŝƚ͘&ŝŐƵƌĞϲƐŚŽǁƐ
ŚŽǁǁĞĞŶŐĂŐĞŝŶŽŶůŝŶĞŵĞĞƟŶŐƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐĐƌĞĞŶͲ
ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞ ƚŽ ĐŽŶǀĞLJ ŝĚĞĂƐ͘ Ɛ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ
see each other in equal-sized boxes, the message
ĐŽŶǀĞLJĞĚŝƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƉƵƚƐĂŶĚŝĚĞĂƐŽĨĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞ
ƚĞĂŵŵĞŵďĞƌƐĂƌĞĞƋƵĂůůLJǀĂůƵĂďůĞ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞďŝŐŐĞƌ
ƐĐƌĞĞŶĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵƚŽďĞƐŽůǀĞĚ͘dŚŝƐŝƐ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŐƵůĂƌŽĸĐĞ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ 77
ƚŚĞŚŝĞƌĂƌĐŚLJŵŝŐŚƚďĞŐŝǀĞŶŵŽƌĞƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶĐĞŝŶĂ
ƐŝŵŝůĂƌƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͘
tŽƌŬŚĂƌĚ͘WůĂLJŚĂƌĚĞƌ͘
Although we do not meet each other in person most
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞ͕ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŽĸĐĞ ƚƌŝƉƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĂŵͲďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
sessions, we strengthen bonds and open channels
ŽĨĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘&ŝŐƵƌĞϳƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞŝŵĂŐĞŽĨƚŚĞ
team at a get-together during the KŶĂŵ ĨĞƐƟǀĂů ŝŶ
ƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϮϯ͘dŚĞŝĚĞĂŝƐƚŚĂƚǁĞŵĞĞƚĨŽƌƚŚĞŐŽŽĚ
ƟŵĞƐĂŶĚĂůƐŽĞĂƐŝůLJŚĂǀĞĞŶŽƵŐŚƐƉĂĐĞĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞ
ƚŽƵŐŚ ƟŵĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĂŬĞƐ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
ŵŽƌĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞŝĨƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶĞĞĚĨŽƌŝƚ͘
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ŶŽƵƌŝƐŚŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
/ Ăŵ Ă ƐƚƌŽŶŐ ďĞůŝĞǀĞƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŽĨ ,ĞŶƌLJ
&ŽƌĚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐƚĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ͞ŝĨ ĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ ŝƐ ŵŽǀŝŶŐ
ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŶƐƵĐĐĞƐƐƚĂŬĞƐĐĂƌĞŽĨŝƚƐĞůĨ͘͟
dŚŝƐ ĞdžƚĞŶĚƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ŵŝŶĚƐĞƚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ
ǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞ͕ǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƚĞĂŵĮŶĚƐĂƐƉĂĐĞƚŽďĞŽƉĞŶ
ĂŶĚƚŚŝŶŬĨƌĞĞůLJ͘
During my masters, one of my mentors shared his
approach with me, which will stay with me for a
ůŝĨĞƟŵĞ͘ dŚĞ ŚŝůĞĂŶ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ƚǁŽ ƐƚĞƉƐ
ŝŶ ŚŝƐ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͘ ,Ğ ĮƌƐƚ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ
ǁŝƚŚ ƚǁŽ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ĚŝĚ ƌŝŐŚƚ͘ ŶĚ ĂŌĞƌ
ƚŚŝƐ͕ŚĞŐĂǀĞƚǁŽƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘ŶĚ
DECEMBER 2023

&ŝŐƵƌĞϳ͗dĞĂŵůĞŵĞŶƚĂůĚƵƌŝŶŐKŶĂŵĨĞƐƟǀĂůĐĞůĞďƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶϮϬϮϯ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϴ͗dŚĞƉŝůůĂƌƐŽĨƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ EŝŶĞ tĂLJƐ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƌŝǀĞƐ WƌŽĮƚ ďLJ ŚƌŝƐ ,ƵŵŵĞů͕
ŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ƚŚŝƐ ŶŽ ŵĂƩĞƌ ŚŽǁ ĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚ Žƌ ƉŽŽƌ ^ĐŚŶĞŝĚĞƌ ůĞĐƚƌŝĐ ůŽŐ͕ ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬďůŽŐ͘ƐĞ͘ĐŽŵͬďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐͬďƵŝůĚŝŶŐͲ
ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚͬϮϬϭϰͬϬϴͬϮϲͬŶŝŶĞͲǁĂLJƐͲƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJͲĚƌŝǀĞƐͲƉƌŽĮƚͬ
ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͛Ɛ ǁŽƌŬ ǁĂƐ͘ ĞĐĂƵƐĞ͕ ŝĨ LJŽƵ ƐĞĞ ƚŚĞ
ďŝŐ ƉŝĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ ǁĂƐ ũƵƐƚ
ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ďĞ ďĞƩĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĞLJ ǁĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĨƚŽĚĂLJ͕ŵŽƐƚŽĨŵLJĞdžͲƚĞĂŵŵĂƚĞƐǁŚŽŚĂǀĞďŝĚ
ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐĚĂLJ͘ ĨĂƌĞǁĞůůƚŽŽƵƌƚĞĂŵŚĂǀĞĚŽŶĞƐŽƚŽĞŝƚŚĞƌƉƵƌƐƵĞ
ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ Žƌ ŵŽǀĞ ĂďƌŽĂĚ ƚŽ ĮŶĚ ũŽďƐ͘ KƵƌ
/ďĞůŝĞǀĞƚŚĂƚƚŚŝƐŝƐŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ next target is to raise this bar so that there is more
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ dŽ ĐŽŵĞ ƵƉ ǁŝƚŚ ŵŽƌĞ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞ͘ Ɛ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŵĂŶ ĂŶĚ
ϳϴ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͕ǁĞŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞĨƌĞĞĚŽŵƚŽŵĂŬĞ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŽŶĂŶƚƐĂLJƐ͕͞dŽǁŝŶƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚƉůĂĐĞ͕
ŵŝƐƚĂŬĞƐĂƐǁĞƚŚŝŶŬĂŶĚĞǀŽůǀĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŵ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐ ǁĞŵƵƐƚĮƌƐƚǁŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞ͘͟
ĂĨĂŵŽƵƐƋƵŽƚĞƚŚĂƚƐĂLJƐĐƵƌŝŽƐŝƚLJŝƐƚŚĞǁŝĐŬŝŶƚŚĞ
&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ ƐŚŽǁƐ ƚŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĞ ƉŝůůĂƌƐ ŽĨ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕
ĐĂŶĚůĞ ŽĨ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ KĸĐĞƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ Ă ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚŽ ďĞ
ĐƵƌŝŽƵƐĂŶĚĂƐƉĂĐĞƚŽŐƌŽǁŝŶ͘ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽŶĞ ĐŽƵůĚ ƵƐĞ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĞƚĞƌŶĂů ůŝĨĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͘
/ƚ ŝƐ ŽŶůLJ ƵŶĂǀŽŝĚĂďůĞ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐ ŽĨ
dŽ ƌĞĂĚ ŵŽƌĞ ĂďŽƵƚ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ƚĞĂŵ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞƐ ŽƵƌ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶĞƚ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽƵƌ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ƚĂŬĞĂůŽŽŬĂƚƚŚĞďůŽŐƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶDĂƌĐŚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚǁĞŚĂǀĞŽŶƚŚĞƉĞŽƉůĞǁĞ
ϮϬϮϮ ŽŶ ŽƵƌ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͕ ǁǁǁ͘ĞůĞŵĞŶƚĂůͲĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͘ ǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚĂŶĚƉƌŽĮƚĨƌŽŵ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJǁĞƌƵŶ
ĐŽŵ͘ ŽƵƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ͘ KŶĐĞ Ăůů ƚŚƌĞĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĨĂůů
into place, we can ensure a sustainable future for
ůŽŶŐǁĂLJƚŽŐŽ
ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĐŽŵĞ͘
ůƚŚŽƵŐŚdĞĂŵůĞŵĞŶƚĂůŝƐŚĂƉƉLJƚŽŚĂǀĞĂƩĂŝŶĞĚ
Ă ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ǁŽƌŬ ƐƚLJůĞ ĂƐ ŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚ ĂďŽǀĞ͕ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ
ĂůŽŶŐǁĂLJƚŽŐŽƚŽƌĞĂĐŚŝĚĞĂůĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ĨŽƌƚŚĞLJŽƵŶŐǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞ͘hŶĨŽƌƚƵŶĂƚĞůLJ͕ƚŚŝƐƐĞĞŵƐ
ƚŽ ďĞ Ă ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJ ŽĨ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĮƌŵƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͘/ƚŝƐƐĂŝĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞ
ůŽǁƌĞƚƵƌŶŽŶŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ
for the number of architecture students dropping
ŽƵƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͘
Just as in companies of other industries in certain
parts of the world, we must also grow to be able
ƚŽ ŐŝǀĞ ϯϬ ƉĂŝĚ ůĞĂǀĞƐ ;ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƐŝĐŬ ůĞĂǀĞƐͿ ĂŶĚ ƌ͘ ŵƌƵƚŚĂ <ŝƐŚŽƌ ;ϮϯϴϵϵͿ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂǁĂƌĚͲ
ǁŝŶŶŝŶŐĮƌŵůĞŵĞŶƚĂů͕ǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĞƐŝŶĐůŝŵĂƚĞͲƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞ
Ă ϲͲŵŽŶƚŚ ŵĂƚĞƌŶŝƚLJ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƉĂƚĞƌŶŝƚLJ ůĞĂǀĞ͘ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůŝƐŵ͘ ^ŚĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ /ŶĚŝĂŶ ƚŽ ďĞ
ŵƉůŽLJĞĞ ƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĂŶŶƵĂů ďŽŶƵƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ nominated for the RIBA President’s Award for her study on how
health insurance for the team and their families ŐŽŽĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŝĚƐĞŶĞƌŐLJĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJŝŶďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐŝŶϮϬϭϵ͘
ƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽďĞĐŽŵĞĂƌĞĂůŝƚLJ͘ ŵĂŝů͗ĂŵƌƵƚŚĂΛĞůĞŵĞŶƚĂůͲĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͘ĐŽŵ
KK<Zs/t

DECEMBER 2023
Reshavishwa
ƵƚŚŽƌ͗ƌ͘sŝƐŚǁĂŬƵŵĂƌĂĚĂǁĞ
ZĞǀŝĞǁĞƌ͗ƌ͘DƌŝŶĂůŝŶŝ^ĂŶĞ

79

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ZĞƐŚĂǀŝƐŚǁĂ͗ŬĐŽǀĞƌ;^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ƵƚŚŽƌƐͿ
'ĞŶƌĞ ͗ EĂƌƌĂƟǀĞ
>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ͗ Marathi
EŽŽĨƉĂŐĞƐ ͗ ϭϰϯ
WƵďůŝƐŚĞƌ ͗ WƵƌĂŶĚĂƌĞWƌĂŬĂƐŚĂŶ
zĞĂƌŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͗ ϮϬϮϯ
 ƌ͘ sŝƐŚǁĂŬƵŵĂƌ ĂĚĂǁĞ͕ ďĂƐĞĚ ŝŶ WƵŶĞ͕ ƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJ
DECEMBER 2023
ǁƌŽƚĞĂŬŝŶDĂƌĂƚŚŝĂƉƚůLJĐĂůůĞĚZĞƐŚĂǀŝƐŚǁĂon
ĐŽŵƉůĞƟŶŐϱϱLJĞĂƌƐŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘dŚĞƟƚůĞƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞƐĂƐ
ƚŚĞ͚ǁŽƌůĚŽĨůŝŶĞƐ͕͛ĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐƉůĂLJŽŶƚŚĞǁŽƌĚƐ͘
sŝƐŚǁĂ meaning ‘world’, which is part of his name
and ƌĞƐŚĂ are the lines through which an architect
ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞƐŝĚĞĂƐ͘/ƚǁĂƐƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϯ
ďLJ WƵƌĂŶĚĂƌĞ WƌĂŬĂƐŚĂŶ ŽĨ WƵŶĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŝĐĞĚ Ăƚ ZƐ͘
ϭϮϬϬ͘dŚĞŚĂƌĚďŽƵŶĚŬŚĂƐĂĐŽǀĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƚLJƉŝĐĂů
ďůƵĞƉƌŝŶƚĐŽůŽƵƌŽĨĂŵŵŽŶŝĂŽŶƚŚĞďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚǁŝƚŚ
Ă ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ďůƵĞƉƌŝŶƚ ĚƌĂǁŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞ ďĂĐŬ ĐŽǀĞƌ ǀĞƌLJ
ďƌŝĞŇLJŐŝǀĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨƚŚĞŬƚŽƚŚĞƌĞĂĚĞƌ͘
ďůĂĐŬͲĂŶĚͲǁŚŝƚĞƉŚŽƚŽŽĨƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌŝŶŚŝƐLJŽƵŶŐĞƌ
days and a colour photo of the author of today, helps
ƚŚĞƌĞĂĚĞƌƌĞĂůŝnjĞƚŚĞƟŵĞƐƉĂŶĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ͘
dŚĞ Ŭ ŚĂƐ ϭϮϮ ƉĂŐĞƐ ŽĨ ǁƌŝƩĞŶ ŵĂƩĞƌ ĂŶĚ ϭϮ
ƉŚŽƚŽ ƉůĂƚĞƐ͕ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Ŭ͘ dŚĞ
ϭϲ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŶƚĞƌƐƉĞƌƐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ďůĂĐŬ ĂŶĚ ǁŚŝƚĞ
ƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚƐ͘dŚĞĮƌƐƚĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐĞƚƐƚŚĞƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞ
ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚŽĨƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͕ŚŝƐĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͕ƐĐŚŽŽůĂŶĚ
ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ĚĂLJƐ͘ tĞ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ƚŽ ŚŝƐ ĨĂŵŝůLJ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůǀĂůƵĞƐ͘&ƌŽŵƚŚĞǀŝůůĂŐĞŽĨEĞǁĂƐĂ
ƚŽ WƵŶĞ ƚŽ DƵŵďĂŝ͕ ǁĞ ƐĞĞ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƐĐĂůĞŽĨŚĂďŝƚĂƚĂŶĚĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƐ͘dŚŝƐ
leads to the second chapter where the author spends
about 3 years in Europe as a young architect studying
ϴϬ ĂŶĚ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ͘ ,Ğ ŝƐ ĞŶƚŚƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĞĞĚŽŵ ŚĞ
ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐŝŶĞŶŵĂƌŬǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞƵŶƐĂǀŽƵƌLJŇĂǀŽƵƌƐ
ŽĨ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĂƌĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ŝŶ ŶŐůĂŶĚ͘ dŚĞ ƚŚŝƌĚ
ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ĐŽǀĞƌƐ ŚŝƐ ƚŚƌŝůůŝŶŐ ŽǀĞƌůĂŶĚ ƌĞƚƵƌŶ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ
ƚŽ /ŶĚŝĂ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ĂĚǀĞŶƚƵƌĞƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ Ă
ĚŝĸĐƵůƚ ďŽƌĚĞƌ ĐƌŽƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ <ƵƌĚŝƐŚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ
/ƌĂŶ͘
&ƌŽŵƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚĐŚĂƉƚĞƌŽŶǁĂƌĚƐƟůůƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚĞĞŶƚŚ
chapter, the commencement of his architectural
ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ͕ǁŝƚŚĂũŽďǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŐƌĞĂƚƌ͘͘s͘ŽƐŚŝƚŽ
ƐĞƫŶŐƵƉŚŝƐŽǁŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ŝƐĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ͘ĂĐŚĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ
ĨŽĐƵƐƐĞƐ ŽŶ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ Žƌ Ă ƚLJƉŽůŽŐLJ͘ dŚĞ
ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƚLJƉĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƐĞĞŶ Ăƚ Ă ŐůĂŶĐĞ
ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͛Ɛ ƉĂŐĞƐ͘ &ƌŽŵ ĐŝŶĞŵĂ ƚŚĞĂƚƌĞƐ ƚŽ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ͕ ĨƌŽŵ ďĂŶŬƐ ƚŽ ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐ͕ ĨƌŽŵ ŚŽƚĞůƐ ƚŽ
ƚĞŵƉůĞƐʹŽŶĞŐĞƚƐĂŶŝĚĞĂŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƐƚŶĞƐƐŽĨƐĐŽƉĞ
ŽĨƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͛ƐǁŽƌŬ͘dŚĞĮŌĞĞŶƚŚĐŚĂƉƚĞƌŝƐĂƉƚůLJ
ƟƚůĞĚ ͚sĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ tŽƌŬ͛͘ dŚŝƐ ƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞƐ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ
ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ
ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐ͘^ŽŵĞƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽũŽďƐ͕ƐŽŵĞǁĞƌĞ
ƐƚŽƉƉĞĚŝŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶǁŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞĚŝĚŶŽƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝnjĞ͘
dŚĞ ĮŶĂů ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞƐ ŽĨ ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ʹ ŚŝƐ ƐƚĂī͕ ĐŽůůĞĂŐƵĞƐ͕ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚƐ ĞƚĐ͕͘ ĂƐ ĂůƐŽ ŚŝƐ
ĨĂŵŝůLJ͘ ,Ğ ŵĞŶƟŽŶƐ sŝŶĞĞƚĂ͕ ŚŝƐ ĚĂƵŐŚƚĞƌ͕ ĂƐ ŚŝƐ
ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĂŶĚĂůƐŽĂƐĂŶŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͘dŝŵĞ
ƚŽƟŵĞŝŶƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ŚĞŚĂƐĂůƐŽŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚ
ƚŚĞŚĞůƉƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJŚŝƐƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ͘
dŚĞƐƚLJůĞďĞŝŶŐĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶĂů͕ƚŚŝƐŬŝƐĂŶĞĂƐLJ
ƌĞĂĚ͕ǁƌŝƩĞŶŝŶĮƌƐƚƉĞƌƐŽŶďLJƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͘tĞ͕ƚŚĞ
ƌĞĂĚĞƌƐ͕ƚƌĂǀĞůǁŝƚŚŚŝŵĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƐ͘tĞŐĞƚĂ
glimpse of the early post-Independence days, when
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĐŽůůĞŐĞƐǁĞƌĞĂƌĂƌŝƚLJ͘dŚĞĂůůƵƌĞŽĨůŝĨĞ
in Europe is contrasted with the desire to return to
/ŶĚŝĂ͘ tŝƚŚ ŚŝƐ ŵŽƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚ ĐĂůůŝŶŐ Śŝŵ͕ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƟŽŶ
ďĞŶĞĮƩĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ
ŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚLJ͘,ŝƐďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐǁŽƌŬĞƚŚŝĐƐ
ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŽďůŝŐĂƟŽŶƐ ƐŚŽǁ Ă ƉĂƚŚ ŽĨ ƵŶǁĂǀĞƌŝŶŐ
commitment to the profession of architecture, his
ĐůŝĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĞƚLJĂƚůĂƌŐĞ͘
ƌ͘ĂĚĂǁĞŚĂƐƐŚĂƌĞĚƐŽŵĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐĂŶĞĐĚŽƚĞƐ
ŽĨ ŚŽǁ ŚĞ ŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ͘ ,Ğ
does not shy away from some disagreeable aspects
ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ďƌĞĂĚƚŚ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ
ŝƐ ĂŶ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟƐŝŶŐ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŽŶĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ Ŭ
ŚĂƌĚůLJ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐ ĂŶLJ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ũĂƌŐŽŶ͕ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ
ŝƚ ƐŝŵƉůĞ LJĞƚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ ĞǀĞŶ ĨŽƌ Ă ůĂLJƉĞƌƐŽŶ͘
WĞƌŚĂƉƐ͕ŝƚŵĂLJƐĞƌǀĞĂƐĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĮĞůĚ
of architecture as a profession for parents as well
ĂƐ ƐĐŚŽŽů ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ Ă ƉƌŽďĂďůĞ ŽƉƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ĐĂƌĞĞƌ
ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJƉĞŽƉůĞǁŚŽĚŽŶŽƚŬŶŽǁ
ƚŚĞƐĐŽƉĞŽĨǁŽƌŬŽĨĂŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͘dŚŝƐŬĐĂŶŚĞůƉ
to dispel some doubts as well as clarify the roles
ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ĂŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͘ ,Ğ ƐŚĂƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ
challenges he faced and discusses how they were
ƌĞƐŽůǀĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ďĞŝŶŐ ƚĞĚŝŽƵƐ͘ ,ŝƐ ǁŽƌŬ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ
ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚĂƚůŽĐĂů͕ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĂŶĚŶĂƟŽŶĂůůĞǀĞů͘DĂŶLJ
ŽĨŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŝŶĂƵŐƵƌĂƚĞĚďLJƉĞƌƐŽŶƐŽĨ
ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƌĞƉƵƚĞ͘ ŚĂƌĂƚ ZĂƚŶĂ ƚĂů ŝŚĂƌŝ sĂũƉĂLJĞĞ
ĂŶĚ >ĂƚĂ DĂŶŐĞƐŚŬĂƌ ŝŶĂƵŐƵƌĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĞĞŶĂŶĂƚŚ
DĂŶŐĞƐŚŬĂƌ,ŽƐƉŝƚĂů͘DƌƐ͘/ŶĚŝƌĂ'ĂŶĚŚŝ͕ƚŚĞƚŚĞŶͲ
WƌŝŵĞDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂĨĞůŝĐŝƚĂƚĞĚƌ͘ĂĚĂǁĞĂƚƚŚĞ
ŝŶĂƵŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ dŝůĂŬ ^ŵĂƌĂŬ DĂŶĚŝƌ͘ ,Ğ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ
ǁŝĚĞůLJ ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ĂůƐŽ ĨĞůŝĐŝƚĂƚĞĚ ďLJ
^ǁŝƚŚ>ŝĨĞƟŵĞĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚǁĂƌĚŝŶϮϬϬϴ͘
ŽǀĞƌŝŶŐ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ŚĂůĨ Ă ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ͛Ɛ ǁŽƌŬ ŝŶ
Ă Ŭ ŽĨ ůĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ ϭϱϬ ƉĂŐĞƐ ŝƐ ĚŝĸĐƵůƚ͕ ďƵƚ͕ ƌ͘
ĂĚĂǁĞ ŚĂƐ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ ŝƚ ǁĞůů͘ dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕
ƐŽŵĞ ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂLJ ďĞ ůŽŽŬĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶĞdžƚ
ĞĚŝƟŽŶ͘ Ŷ ŝŶĚĞdž ƉĂŐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĚĂƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ŶĂŵĞƐŽĨĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚƐǁŽƵůĚďĞŚĞůƉĨƵů͘/ŶŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞ
ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐ͕ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚƐ͛ŶĂŵĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚ͕
ďƵƚŝŶƐŽŵĞƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ƚŚŝƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶŵŝƐƐĞĚ͘ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ĂŵĂƉǁŽƵůĚďĞ
ƵƐĞĨƵůƚŽůŽĐĂƚĞƚŚĞŵ͘^ŝŶĐĞŵŽƐƚĂƌĞŝŶDĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂ
ĂŶĚ 'ŽĂ͕ ĚĞƚĂŝůƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŽƵůĚ ŚĞůƉ ŝŶ
ƉůĂĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘ dŚĞ ĮŌĞĞŶƚŚ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ƚĂůŬƐ ŽĨ
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŝŶĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝƚŝƐŶŽƚǀĞƌLJ
ĐůĞĂƌĂƐƚŽǁŚŝĐŚǁĞƌĞĂĐƚƵĂůůLJĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞĚ͘^ŝŶĐĞ
ƚŚŝƐŬŚĂƐďĞĞŶǁƌŝƩĞŶƚŽĐŽǀĞƌŚŝƐƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů
ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ͕ǁĞŵŝƐƐŽƵƚŽŶŚŝƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ͘WĞƌŚĂƉƐ
ĂůŝƩůĞŵŽƌĞŝŶƐŝŐŚƚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĨĂŵŝůLJŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͛ƌŽůĞŝŶ

DECEMBER 2023
shaping him as an architect and helping his career
ǁŝůůĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽĂďĞƩĞƌĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͘
dŚĞ Ŭ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ŽīĞƌ ĂŶLJ ŝŶƉƵƚƐ ƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘ dŚĂƚ
ŵŝƐƐŝŶŐ ĂƐƉĞĐƚ͕ ǁŚĞŶ ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ
ĞĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ǁŝůůĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞƉůĞĂƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƵƐĞĨƵůŶĞƐƐŽĨ
ƚŚĞŬ͘
dŚŝƐŬǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŝŶDĂƌĂƚŚŝ͕ŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
ŽĨ ďĞŝŶŐ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ŶŐůŝƐŚ͘ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ
ŶŐůŝƐŚǀĞƌƐŝŽŶǁŝůůŚĂǀĞĂǁŝĚĞƌƌĞĂĐŚĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞ͕ǁŝůů
ŽīĞƌĂŐƌĞĂƚƌĞĂĚƚŽĂůůʹĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂŶĚůĂLJƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ͘/
ůŽŽŬĨŽƌǁĂƌĚƚŽŝƚŝŶƚŚĞŶĞĂƌĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘

Author
ƌ͘sŝƐŚǁĂŬƵŵĂƌĂĚĂǁĞ ;&ϭϯϰϳͿŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞǁĞůůƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͕ŚĂǀŝŶŐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚϱϱLJĞĂƌƐŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ
ǁŝƚŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂůůŽǀĞƌDĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂ͘,ĞŚĂĚďĞĞŶƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůůLJ
ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĞŵŝŶĞŶƚ ĮƌŵƐ ŝŶ >ŽŶĚŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŵĂƌŬ ďĞĨŽƌĞ
ƌĞƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƚŽ/ŶĚŝĂƚŽǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚ^Śƌŝ͘s͘ŽƐŚŝŝŶŚŵĞĚĂďĂĚ͘ ϴϭ
He has been associated as Chairman and Managing Director
ŽĨsŝŶǀŝƐŚƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞƐWǀƚ͘>ƚĚĂŶĚĂĚĂǁĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐWǀƚ͘>ƚĚ͘
,Ğ ŚĂƐ ĂůƐŽ ďĞĞŶ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ĂƐ &ŽƵŶĚĞƌ ĂŶĚ WĂƚƌŽŶ DĞŵďĞƌ
ŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͕Θ^ƵƌǀĞLJŽƌƐ͛ƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ͕WƵŶĞ͘^ŽŵĞ
ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƌ͘ ,ĞĚŐĞǁĂƌ,ŽƐƉŝƚĂů ĂƚƵƌĂŶŐĂďĂĚ͕
ĞĞŶĂŶĂƚŚ DĂŶŐĞƐŚŬĂƌ ,ŽƐƉŝƚĂů Ăƚ WƵŶĞ͕ ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ
ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŽŵƉůĞdž͕ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ Ăƚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ WƵŶĞ
ĂŶĚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂůďƵŶŐĂůŽǁƐĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉĂƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘
ŵĂŝů͗ǀǀĂΛǀǀĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͘ĐŽŵ

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

Reviewer
Ar. Mrinalini Sane ;ϭϬϵϭϱͿŝƐĂƉƌĂĐƟĐŝŶŐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞƌǁŝƚŚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϯϬLJĞĂƌƐŽĨĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͘^ŚĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶ
ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂƐ Ă ǀŝƐŝƟŶŐ ĨĂĐƵůƚLJ
ŵĞŵďĞƌƐŝŶĐĞϭϵϵϯ͘ĐƟǀĞůLJŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂƚ//
Pune Centre and Maharashtra Chapter, she has also been
associated with the WƵŶĞ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ
&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĂƐĂŶdžĞĐƵƟǀĞŽŵŵŝƩĞĞDĞŵďĞƌĨŽƌŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶ
ϭϱLJĞĂƌƐ͘^ŚĞŚĂƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶŝŶĂƵŶŝƋƵĞǁĂLJ
ʹĂƐĂŶ/^KƵĚŝƚŽƌ͕ŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚĂŶĚdƌĂŝŶĞƌ͘^ŚĞŚĂƐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ
India through ZŽƚĂƌLJ 'ƌŽƵƉ ^ƚƵĚLJ džĐŚĂŶŐĞ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͘ ^ŚĞ
ŚĂƐĂůƐŽĐŽͲĂƵƚŚŽƌĞĚĂŬŽŶŝǀŝůŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ͘
ŵĂŝů͗ŵŵƐĂŶĞΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ
DECEMBER 2023
REPORT
Design Symphony Unveils
Architectural Excellence Hosted by
the IIA Punjab Chapter in Amritsar, Punjab
ďLJWƵŶũĂďŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶĐĞ//ŵĞŵďĞƌ͕ƌ͘ŬĂŶŬƐŚĂ^ŚĂƌŵĂ
//EĂƟŽŶĂůŽƵŶĐŝůsŝƐŝƚƚŽŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕WƵŶũĂď
The holy city of Amritsar recently played host to a
momentous gathering of architectural luminaries
ĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞKĸĐĞĞĂƌĞƌƐDĞĞƟŶŐĂŶĚϰƚŚEĂƟŽŶĂů
ŽƵŶĐŝů ŵĞĞƟŶŐ͕ ŐƌĂĐŝŽƵƐůLJ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ //
ϴϮ
WƵŶũĂďŚĂƉƚĞƌ͘dŚĞĞǀĞŶƚǁĞůĐŽŵĞĚƚŚĞĞƐƚĞĞŵĞĚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ // WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ƌ͘ sŝůĂƐ ǀĂĐŚĂƚ͕ ĂůŽŶŐ
ǁŝƚŚƐĞĂƐŽŶĞĚŽĸĐĞďĞĂƌĞƌƐ͕ĐŽƵŶĐŝůŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚ
ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ĐŚĂŝƌŵĞŶ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ƐƚĂƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƵŶŝŽŶ
ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ͘ůůƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐĚĞůǀĞĚŝŶƚŽĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƟĂů
ƚŽƉŝĐƐ͕ ƐĞĞŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĞůĞǀĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞƐƚĞĞŵĞĚ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ͘ tŝƚŚŝŶ
ƚŚĞ ŚĂůůŽǁĞĚ ŚĂůůƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶĐŝů ŵĞĞƟŶŐ͕ ĨĞƌǀĞŶƚ
ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ ƵŶĨŽůĚĞĚ͕ ǁĞĂǀŝŶŐ Ă ƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ŝŶƐŝŐŚƚ
ŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞĨĂĐĞƚƐŽĨƚŚĞ//͘
sĞŶƚƵƌŝŶŐ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĮŶĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĞƟŶŐ
ƌŽŽŵƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŶŐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ĞŵďĂƌŬĞĚ ŽŶ ĂŶ
ŝŵŵĞƌƐŝǀĞ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ ŝŶƚŽ WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ƌŝĐŚ ƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ
ŐĂƐƚƌŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĚĞůŝŐŚƚƐ͕ ƉĂƚƌŝŽƟĐ ĨĞůůŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂů
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƐĂŶĐƚƵĂƌŝĞƐ͘ EŽƚĞǁŽƌƚŚLJ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ
ǁĞƌĞƚŚĞƐƟƌƌŝŶŐĞĂƟŶŐZĞƚƌĞĂƚĂƚtĂŐĂŚŽƌĚĞƌ͕
ĞǀŽŬŝŶŐĂƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƉĂƚƌŝŽƟƐŵ͕ĂŶĚĂŶĞĂƌůLJ
ŵŽƌŶŝŶŐ ƐŽũŽƵƌŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ 'ŽůĚĞŶ dĞŵƉůĞ͕ ŝŵƉĂƌƟŶŐ
ĂƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůƌĞƐŽŶĂŶĐĞ͘dŚĞƐĞĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞůLJ
ŚĞŝŐŚƚĞŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŚŽůŝƐƟĐ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶĐŝů
ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͕ ƵŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĞŵŽƟŽŶĂů
ƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶŚĂƐƚŽŽīĞƌ͘
//ŽŵŵƵŶĞ
ƉŝǀŽƚĂůƐĞŐŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚǁĂƐƚŚĞ//ŽŵŵƵŶĞ͕ by Ar Rajan Tangari, Joint Honorary Secretary of
ĂƌƞƵůůLJ ŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƌ W͘ ^͘ ŚůƵǁĂůŝĂ͕ ŚĂŝƌŵĂŶ // WƵŶũĂď͕ ƌĞƐŽŶĂƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝŽƵƐ ďůĞŶĚ ŽĨ
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ // WƵŶũĂď ŚĂƉƚĞƌ͘ dŚŝƐ ƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ ƐĞƌǀĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ǁĂƌŵƚŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͘sŝĐĞŚĂŝƌŵĂŶ
ĨŽƌƵŵ ƚŽ ĨŽƌƟĨLJ ƚŚĞ ƐLJŵďŝŽƟĐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂŶĚ//͘ŽƵŶĐŝůŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͕ĞůƵĐŝĚĂƟŶŐƚŚĞ
ŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƐŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ
ƋƵĞƌŝĞƐĨƌŽŵŝŶƋƵŝƐŝƟǀĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͘//WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƌ͘
sŝůĂƐ sĂƐĂŶƚ ǀĂĐŚĂƚ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ
ŽĨ LJŽƵŶŐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ
ƚŚĞůĂƐƚƐŝdžŵŽŶƚŚƐ͛ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞ//WƵŶũĂď
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ͘sŝĐĞWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƌ͘:ŝƚĞŶĚƌĂDĞŚƚĂĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ
ƚŚĞ ƉůĂƞŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ // ŽŵŵƵŶĞ͕ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƟŶŐ
ƚŚĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĂŐĞŶĚĂƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ :ƌ͘
sŝĐĞ WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ƌ͘ dƵƐŚĂƌ ^ŽŐĂŶŝ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐ͕ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů
ďŽĚŝĞƐ͕ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŝŶŐƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŝŶŶĂƟŽŶĂůĞǀĞŶƚƐ
ůŝŬĞZ^/͘
WƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƐ
dŚĞ//WƵŶũĂďŚĂƉƚĞƌ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƞƵůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
ŽĨ ŚĂŝƌŵĂŶ ƌ͘ ŚůƵǁĂůŝĂ͕ ŵĞƟĐƵůŽƵƐůLJ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚ
ĂŶ ĞǀĞŶŝŶŐ ĞǀĞŶƚ ĂŝŵĞĚ Ăƚ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ
ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ůŽĐĂů ĂŶĚ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
EĂƟŽŶĂů ŽƵŶĐŝů ŵĞĞƟŶŐ͘ dŚĞ ĐƌĞƐĐĞŶĚŽ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ĞǀĞŶƚ͕ƚŚĞĞƐŝŐŶ^LJŵƉŚŽŶLJĂƚ,ŽƚĞůZĂĚĚŝƐŽŶ>h
ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕ƐŚŽǁĐĂƐĞĚƚŚĞĐŽŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
ďƌŝůůŝĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐĞůĞďƌĂƟŽŶ͘EŽƚĂďůĞƐƉĞĂŬĞƌƐ
ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƌ ZĞnjĂ <ĂďƵů ĨƌŽŵ DƵŵďĂŝ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌĞĚ Ă
ŬĞLJŶŽƚĞ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ͕ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚƌŝĐĂĐŝĞƐ ŽĨ ŚŝŐŚͲ
ƌŝƐĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ ƌ ZŝŵŵƉĞƐŚ ĂĚĚĞĚ
intellectual depth to the discourse by exploring the
ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘
dŚĞĨĞƐƟǀŝƟĞƐĐŽŵŵĞŶĐĞĚǁŝƚŚĂǁĞůĐŽŵŝŶŐĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ

ŝǀŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ͗ ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ
ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞϰƚŚEĂƟŽŶĂůŽƵŶĐŝůDĞĞƟŶŐŝŶŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕WƵŶũĂď
ŵƉŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ͗ dŚĞ ŽĸĐĞ ďĞĂƌĞƌ ƚĂŬĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂŐĞ͕ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͛ƋƵĞƌŝĞƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐĂƚ//ŽŵŵƵŶĞ͘
 ŵŽŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶ͗ dŚĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŝŶŐ ƚĞĂŵ ŚŽŶŽƵƌŝŶŐ :ŽŝŶƚ
,ŽŶŽƌĂƌLJ^ĞĐƌĞƚĂƌLJ//ƌ͘ŬƐŚĂLJĂ<ƵŵĂƌĞƵƌŝĂ
of IIA Punjab, Ar Dinesh Bhagat, presented a
ŵĞƟĐƵůŽƵƐ ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ ƌĞƉŽƌƚ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ Ă ǀŝǀŝĚ ƉŝĐƚƵƌĞ
ŽĨ // WƵŶũĂď͛Ɛ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͘ dŚĞ
ĞǀĞŶƚ ĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ŽŶ Ă ŶŽƚĞ ŽĨ ŐƌĂƟƚƵĚĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƌ
^ĂŶũĂLJ^ŚĂƌŵĂĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĂŶŬƐƚŽĂůůƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ
ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ͘ sĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĂƌƟƐƚƐ ƚŽŽŬ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂŐĞ͕
ƐŚŽǁĐĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞǀŝǀĂĐŝƚLJŽĨWƵŶũĂď͛ƐŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
DECEMBER 2023
ĞůĞŐĂƚĞƐŝůůƵŵŝŶĂƟŶŐƚŚĞƉĂƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĐĞƌĞŵŽŶŝĂůůĂŵƉ
ůŝŐŚƟŶŐ͘
ϴϯ
^LJŵďŽůŝĐŚŽŶŽƵƌ͗//WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƌ͘sŝůĂƐsĂƐĂŶƚǀĂĐŚĂƚĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĚ
ǁŝƚŚĂ<ŝƌƉĂŶ͕ĂƐǁŽƌĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƉŽǁĞƌĂŶĚũƵƐƟĐĞ͕ŝŶĂŵŽŵĞŶƚ
ŽĨƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶ͘
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚZĞnjĂ<ĂďƵůƐĞƚƐƚŚĞƚŽŶĞǁŝƚŚĂĐŽŵƉĞůůŝŶŐŬĞLJŶŽƚĞĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ͕
ůĞĂǀŝŶŐĂŶŝŶĚĞůŝďůĞŵĂƌŬŽŶƚŚĞĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͘
ĐĂƉƟǀĂƟŶŐ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƐ ŽĨ ŚĂŶŐƌĂ ;ĨŽůŬ ĚĂŶĐĞͿ
ĂŶĚ 'ŚĂƚŬĂ ;^ŝŬŚ͛Ɛ DĂƌƐŚĂů ƌƚͿ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ĞǀĞŶƚďĞLJŽŶĚŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƚŽĂĐĞůĞďƌĂƟŽŶ
ŽĨĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘
ŚĂŝƌŵĂŶ // ŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕ ƌ EŝƟŶ ĂƚƌĂ͕ ƉůĂLJĞĚ Ă
ƉŝǀŽƚĂů ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ĞdžƚĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ
DECEMBER 2023

ƚƚŚĞŝĐŽŶŝĐtĂŐĂŚŽƌĚĞƌ͗ĂƉƚƵƌŝŶŐĂŵŽŵĞŶƚŽĨƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚŚĞďĂĐŬĚƌŽƉŽĨƐŚĂƌĞĚŚŝƐƚŽƌLJĂŶĚƉĂƚƌŝŽƟƐŵ

ϴϰ

^ŽƵůĨƵů ƐĞƌĞŶŝƚLJĂƚƚŚĞ'ŽůĚĞŶ dĞŵƉůĞ͗ǀŝƐŝƚ ŵĂƌŬĞĚďLJƌĞǀĞƌĞŶĐĞ͕ ƌĞĂƚŚƚĂŬŝŶŐ ŚĂŶŐƌĂ͗  ǀŝďƌĂŶƚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ŵĞƐŵĞƌŝƐŝŶŐ
ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŐůĞĂŵŝŶŐďĞĂƵƚLJŽĨĂƐĂĐƌĞĚƐĂŶĐƚƵĂƌLJ ŐƵĞƐƚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚĂƚĞƐ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

/ŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ'ĂƚŬĂĚŝƐƉůĂLJ͗ZĞǀĞĂůŝŶŐƚŚĞƐŬŝůůĂŶĚŐƌĂĐĞŽĨ^ŝŬŚŵĂƌƟĂů KĸĐĞďĞĂƌĞƌƐŚŽŶŽƵƌĞĚ ďLJƚŚĞWĂƟĂůĂĐĞŶƚƌĞ͕ĚƌĂƉĞĚŝŶWŚƵůŬĂƌŝ͕Ă

art ƐLJŵďŽůŽĨƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
ĂƌŝĐŚŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŽƵŶĐŝůŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͘
,ŝƐ ĞīŽƌƚƐ ĞŶƐƵƌĞĚ Ă ŵĞŵŽƌĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŵŵĞƌƐŝǀĞ
ƐƚĂLJĨŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐŝŶŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͘ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌǀŝƐŝƚƚŽ
ƚŚĞ'ŽůĚĞŶdĞŵƉůĞĂŶĚtĂŐĂŚŽƌĚĞƌ͕ƌ<ĂƌĂŵũŝƚ
^ŝŶŐŚĂŶĚƌZĂǁĂů^ŝŶŐŚƵůĂŬŚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŝŶƐŝŐŚƞƵů
ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ
ĂŶĚ ƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂů ĚĞƉƚŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƌĞǀĞƌĞĚ ƉůĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞŝƌ
guidance enriched the experience, blending history
ĂŶĚƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůŝƚLJ͘
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͛ZĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ
ƐƚŚĞĮŶĂůŶŽƚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĞƐŝŐŶ^LJŵƉŚŽŶLJůŝŶŐĞƌĞĚ͕
Ă ĐŚŽƌƵƐ ŽĨ ƐĂƟƐĮĞĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ƌĞƐŽŶĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ
ǀŝƐŝŽŶĂƌLJ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ ŽĨ // WƵŶũĂď͘ dŚĞ ƵŶĂŶŝŵŽƵƐ
ƐĞŶƟŵĞŶƚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƌĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ͛Ɛ ƌŽůĞ ĂƐ ĂŶ
ŝŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞ ƉůĂƞŽƌŵ͕ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞͲƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ĞǀĞŶŝŶŐĂĸƌŵĞĚƚŚĞĐŽŶǀŝĐƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐƵĐŚŐĂƚŚĞƌŝŶŐƐ
DECEMBER 2023
ĂƌĞ ŝŶĚŝƐƉĞŶƐĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ
ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵLJƌŝĂĚ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶ ďLJ
ƚŚĞ//͘
ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ
dŚĞ ϰƚŚ EĂƟŽŶĂů ŽƵŶĐŝů DĞĞƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞƐŝŐŶ
Symphony in Amritsar stand as a testament to the IIA’s
ƵŶǁĂǀĞƌŝŶŐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĞdžĐĞůůĞŶĐĞ͘
ĞLJŽŶĚƚŚĞĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŝĚĞĂƐ͕ƚŚŝƐĞǀĞŶƚƐĞƌǀĞƐĂƐ
Ă ďĞĂĐŽŶ͕ ŝůůƵŵŝŶĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƚŚ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ Ă ƵŶŝĮĞĚ
ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůLJ ĞŶƌŝĐŚĞĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘
In its totality, the gathering encapsulated a fusion
ŽĨŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐĞůĞďƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĂ
ŚŽůŝƐƟĐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞͶĂŶĞůŽƋƵĞŶƚŽĚĞƚŽƚŚĞĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐ
ƐƉŝƌŝƚŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͘
ϴϱ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
DECEMBER 2023

ADVERTISE
WITH JIIA

ϴϲ

3 ISSUES 6 ISSUES 12 ISSUES

BACK COVER 12,00,000 20,00,000 36,00,000

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 DECEMBER 2023
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óƛĐŁŇƱĞĐƱƣ͈͸ƹƛďóŪ͸ƘşóŪŪĞƛƣ͸óŪė͸
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ƘŵşŇĐǘ͸ŨóśĞƛƣ͸Ʊŵ͸ƘóƛƱŇĐŇƘóƱĞ͸ŇŪ͸ó͸ ϴϳ
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ŇŪǑŇĹŵƛóƱŇŪĹ͸ėŇƣĐƹƣƣŇŵŪ͸ŵŪ͸
ĐƹşƱƹƛĞ͈͸ŁĞƛŇƱóĹĞ͈͸ƣƹƣƱóŇŪóďŇşŇƱǘ͈͸ ¯ƹď͟ƱŁĞŨĞ͸̃
ĞƚƹŇƱǘ͸óŪė͸ĞĐŵşŵĹǘ͸Ʊŵ͸óĐŁŇĞǑĞ͸ %ĞŪƣŇƱǘ͸óŪė͸¯ƹƣƱóŇŪóďşĞ͸GƛŵǒƱŁ
ŁƹŨóŪŇƱǘ͸óŪė͸ƣƹƣƱóŇŪóďşĞ͸
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şş͸óĐĐĞƘƱĞė͸ƘóƘĞƛƣ͸ǒŇşş͸ďĞ͸ƘƹďşŇƣŁĞė͸ ͸͸͸͸͸͸͸͸
͸ ͸ ¯ƹď͟ƱŁĞŨĞ͸̄
ŇŪ͸t
e͸͙ĸƛĞĞ͚͸óŪė͸ƣĞşĞĐƱĞė͸ƘóƘĞƛƣ͸ǒŇşş͸ -ƚƹŇƱǘ͸óŪė͸-ĐŵşŵĹǘ
ďĞ͸ƘƹďşŇƣŁĞė͸ŇŪ͸ŇŪėĞǗĞė͸ŘŵƹƛŪóş͸
͙óėėŇƱŇŵŪóş͸ĐŁóƛĹĞƣ͸Ũóǘ͸óƘƘşǘ͚

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t͚͸ĸŵƛ͸ƱŁĞ͸ÄŪŇŵŪ͸UŪƱĞƛŪóƱŇŵŪóşĞ͸ėĞƣ͸
ƛĐŁŇƱĞĐƱĞƣ͸͟͸UŪƱĞƛŪóƱŇŵŪóş͸
ÄŪŇŵŪ͸ŵĸ͸
ƛĐŁŇƱĞĐƱƣ͸͙ÄU
͚͸ϕ͸
şş͸ĹƛóƘŁŇĐƣ͸ƘƛĞƣĞŪƱĞė͸óƛĞ͸ĸŵƛ͸ƱŁĞ͸ƘƹƛƘŵƣĞ͸ŵĸ͸ŇşşƹƣƱƛóƱŇŵŪ͸ŵŪşǘ͸óŪė͸Ũóǘ͸ŪŵƱ͸ŪĞĐĞƣƣóƛŇşǘ͸ƛĞƘƛĞƣĞŪƱ͸
óĐƱƹóş͸ƱŁĞŨĞ͈͸ďƛŇĞĸ͸óŪė͸ƣƹďŨŇƣƣŇŵŪ͸ƛĞƚƹŇƛĞŨĞŪƱƣ͸ϕ͸¤óƛƱ͸ŵĸ͸ŨŵŪƱóĹĞ͸ǒŵƛśƣ͸ƹƣĞƣ͸ĹƛóƘŁŇĐ͸ďǘ͸¤ŇǗóďóǘ͸ϕ͸
şş͸ƱƛóėĞŨóƛśƣ͸óŪė͸
ŇŪƱĞşşĞĐƱƹóş͸ƘƛŵƘĞƛƱŇĞƣ͸ďĞşŵŪĹ͸Ʊŵ͸ƱŁĞŇƛ͸ƛĞƣƘĞĐƱŇǑĞ͸ŵǒŪĞƛ͇
 NEWSLETTER DECEMBER
DECEMBER 2023
Aapda Raahat Kosh 2023
Architects of Himachal Pradesh Contribute
ϴϴ
ĚĞůĞŐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞŇĂŐƐŚŝƉŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂŶ
/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ ,ŝŵĂĐŚĂů WƌĂĚĞƐŚ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ͕
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
met the Hon’ble Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh,
^Śƌŝ dŚĂŬƵƌ ^ƵŬŚǀŝŶĚĞƌ ^ŝŶŐŚ ^ƵŬŚƵ ŽŶ ϯϭ :ĂŶƵĂƌLJ
ϮϬϮϯ͘dŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐŽĨ,ŝŵĂĐŚĂůWƌĂĚĞƐŚƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ
a report on the &ůŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ >ĂŶĚƐůŝĚĞ ŝƐĂƐƚĞƌ ϮϬϮϯ
ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ŝŶ ĚĞƚĂŝů ƚŚĞ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ͕ ĞīĞĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ
ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚŝƐ
ƌĞƉŽƌƚǁĂƐŚĂŶĚĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŽ,ŽŶ͛ďůĞŚŝĞĨDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌLJ
Ar Nand Lal Chandel, Chairman IIA Himachal Pradesh
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ͕ ĂůŽŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ĐŚĞƋƵĞ ŽĨ ZƐ ϱ͕ϭϭ͕ϭϭϭ͘ dŚŝƐ
ǁĂƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ // dƌƵƐƚĞĞ͕ ƌ͘ :ŝƚ <ƵŵĂƌ
'ƵƉƚĂ͘ ŵŽŶŐ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ƌ͘ ZĂũŝǀ ^ŚĂƌŵĂ͕ ŚŝĞĨ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ,WWt͕'ŽǀƚŽĨ,ŝŵĂĐŚĂůWƌĂĚĞƐŚĂŶĚƌ͘
^ĂƟƐŚ <ƵŵĂƌ <ĂƚǁĂů͕ ,ĞĂĚ͕ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
Ăƚ<ĂŶŐƌĂĂƚEĂŐƌŽƚĂĂŐǁĂŶĂŶĚƌ͘^ƵƐŚŝů^ŚĂƌŵĂ
ǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŽŶƚŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶ͘
dŚĞĚĞůĞŐĂƟŽŶĂůƐŽĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŝƐƐƵĞƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚ
to the architectural profession and fraternity with the
,ŽŶ͛ďůĞŚŝĞĨDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌ͕ĂĐƌŽƐƐĂůůƐĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ƐƐƵƌĂŶĐĞ
ǁĂƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ ďLJ Śŝŵ ƚŽ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ
ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ
ŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐŝŶĂůůĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞƐĂƚďŽƚŚ͕ƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞĂŶĚ
ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚůĞǀĞůƐǁŝůůďĞĞŶƐƵƌĞĚ͘dŚŝƐǁŽƵůĚĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞ
ŵĂƉĂƉƉƌŽǀĂůĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJǁŝƚŚƉƵŶŝƟǀĞƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘dŚĞ
ĞŵƉĂŶĞůŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ǁŝůů ĂůƐŽ ďĞ
ŵĂĚĞŝŶƚŚĞZĞĂůƐƚĂƚĞZĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌLJƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ;ZZͿ͘
He also assured all possible help to the architects in
ƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŽĨ,ŝŵĂĐŚĂůWƌĂĚĞƐŚ͘
 ĐƵůƟǀĂƟŶŐ ĂŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ

DECEMBER 2023
//,,dd/^'Z,,WdZ
ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ĂĐƟǀĞůLJ
// ŚŚĂƫƐŐĂƌŚ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ƌĞĂĐŚĞĚ Ă ŶŽƚĞǁŽƌƚŚLJ promotes a culture of excellence in architecture and
ŵŝůĞƐƚŽŶĞŝŶŝƚƐĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚŝƚƐŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĂŶĚ ĂŝĚƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨŝƚƐŵĞŵďĞƌƐ
scope throughout the state when the second Council ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƵĐŚĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘
DĞĞƟŶŐ ŝŶ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϮϯ ŝŶ ŚƵďĂŶĞƐŚǁĂƌ dŚĞ ĞŶƐƵŝŶŐ ĐĞůĞďƌĂƚŽƌLJ ĞǀĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů
ĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚƚŚĞ^ƵďͲĞŶƚƌĞďŽĚLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉŽƐĂů͘ establishment of the Rajnandgaon Sub-Centre
dŚŝƐ ŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĞĚ Ă ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ũƵŶĐƚƵƌĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚƚŚĞŚŚĂƫƐŐĂƌŚŚĂƉƚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞ//͛Ɛ
regional architectural community, as it facilitated ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ZĂũŶĂŶĚŐĂŽŶ ^ƵďͲĞŶƚƌĞ͘ ĂŶĚ ƌĂŝƐŝŶŐ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ͘ dŚŝƐ
Ɛ Ă ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƵŶĐŝů DĞĞƟŶŐ͛Ɛ ĂƉƉƌŽǀĂů͕ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ƐĞƌǀĞƐ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
'ĞŶĞƌĂůŽĚLJDĞĞƟŶŐ;'DͿƚŚĂƚƚŽŽŬƉůĂĐĞŽŶƚŚĞ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ͛Ɛ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ Ă ƉƌŽĂĐƟǀĞ
ϴthƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂŶŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJĨŽƌĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƚŽĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƐĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ
ĂŶĚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘dŚĞĞůĂďŽƌĂƚĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ŝŶ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͘ /Ŷ ƐƵŵŵĂƌLJ͕ ƚŚĞ
ĂŶĚŽĂƚŚͲƚĂŬŝŶŐĐĞƌĞŵŽŶLJƚŚĂƚĨŽůůŽǁĞĚƐĞƌǀĞĚĂƐĂ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŽĂƚŚͲƚĂŬŝŶŐ ĐĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ
ƐLJŵďŽůŝĐŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞZĂũŶĂŶĚŐĂŽŶ^ƵďͲĞŶƚƌĞ͛Ɛ ĐŽŝŶĐŝĚĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐĂŶĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ^ƵďͲĞŶƚƌĞďŽĚLJ
ŶĞǁůLJ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ͘ dŚŝƐ ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞ ŶŽƚ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐŝŐŶŝĨLJ Ă ŵŽŵĞŶƚŽƵƐ ŵŝůĞƐƚŽŶĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
only established the structure in its formal form, but // ŚŚĂƫƐŐĂƌŚ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ͛Ɛ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ͘ dŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ
ĂůƐŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĂƚŚƌŝǀŝŶŐĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨ ĂƩĞŶĚĞĞƐ͛ ĨĞƌǀŽƵƌ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞĚ ƐƉĞĂŬĞƌƐ͛
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌƐŝŶƚŚĞĂƌĞĂ͘dŚĞĨĞƐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŽŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƚŚĞZĂũŶĂŶĚŐĂŽŶ^ƵďͲ
ƐĞƌǀĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ // ŚŚĂƫƐŐĂƌŚ ĞŶƚƌĞ͛Ɛ ǀŝƚĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͘ dŚĞ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ŝƐ ǁĞůů
ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ͛ƐĚĞĚŝĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚnjĞĂůŝŶĐƵůƟǀĂƟŶŐĂƌŽďƵƐƚ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĞĚƚŽƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů
architectural community that extended well beyond ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨŚŚĂƫƐŐĂƌŚ͕ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚ
ŝƚƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŽĂƚŚͲƚĂŬŝŶŐ ƐĞƌǀĞĂƐĂƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌĂƐƉŝƌŝŶŐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ
ĐĞƌĞŵŽŶLJƐĞƌǀĞĚĂƉƵƌƉŽƐĞďĞLJŽŶĚŵĞƌĞƉƌŽƚŽĐŽů͖ ŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞĂƐŝƚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĞdžƉĂŶĚƐŝƚƐŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ͘
ƚŚĞLJƐLJŵďŽůŝnjĞĚƚŚĞĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚĂƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŽůǀĞ
ƚŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŵŝůŝĞƵŝŶZĂũŶĂŶĚŐĂŽŶ͘ //,/D,>WZ^,,WdZ
ϴϵ

IIA Himachal Pradesh Chapter celebrated Bal Divas

Architects united: A moment captured as the newly-formed
ZĂũŶĂŶĚŐĂŽŶ^ƵďͲĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨ//ŚŚĂƫƐŐĂƌŚĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞƐŝƚƐŝŶĐĞƉƟŽŶ
One of the most notable aspects of the occasion
ǁĂƐƚŚĞĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞƐƚĞĞŵĞĚŬĞLJŶŽƚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƐ͕
ƌ͘ Z͘<͘ WĂƚĞů ĂŶĚ ƌ͘ DƵƐƚĂĨĂ ŚŵĞĚ͘ dŚĞŝƌ
ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞĚĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞŝŶĨƵƐĞĚƚŚĞĐĞƌĞŵŽŶLJǁŝƚŚ
at Nagchalla Mandi, Himachal Pradesh.
//,ŝŵĂĐŚĂůWƌĂĚĞƐŚŚĂƉƚĞƌĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞĚĂůŝǀĂƐĂƚ
Nagchalla Mandi Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh
ŽŶϭϭEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϯďLJǀŝƐŝƟŶŐĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐĐŚŽŽůƐ
ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJͲĂďůĞĚ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘ ƌ͘ EĂŶĚ >Ăů ŚĂŶĚĞů͕
Chairman IIA Himachal Pradesh Chapter, presided
ĂƐ ŚŝĞĨ 'ƵĞƐƚ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŚĞ ĂůƐŽ
ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƚŽLJƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƵƐĞĨƵů ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ
ƚŽƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJͲĂďůĞĚƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ĂŶĂŝƌŽĨƉƌĞƐƟŐĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƉĞƌĐĞƉƟǀĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƐŵĂĚĞ
ĂůĂƐƟŶŐŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŽŶƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐŝŶĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ͘
ƌ͘DƵƐƚĂĨĂŚŵĞĚĂŶĚƌ͘Z͘<͘WĂƚĞůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚƚŚĞŝƌ
ŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐǁŽƌŬ͕ƌĞĐŽƵŶƟŶŐŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ
ŐĂŝŶĞĚ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞĚ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů
ƚƌĂũĞĐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͘ EŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ĚŝĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ
ĞdžŚŝďŝƚ ƌĞŵĂƌŬĂďůĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƉƌŽǁĞƐƐ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŚĞLJ
ĂůƐŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ŝŶ ĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ Ă
ǁĞĂůƚŚ ŽĨ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƉĞĂŬĞƌƐ
ĞdžĞŵƉůŝĮĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĚŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ // ŚŚĂƫƐŐĂƌŚ
ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƚŽƐŚŽǁĐĂƐŝŶŐǀŝƐŝŽŶĂƌŝĞƐĂŶĚůĞĂĚĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞ
ĮĞůĚ͕ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ĂŶĚ ƌ͘EĂŶĚůĂůŚĂŶĚĞůŐŝǀŝŶŐĂǁĂLJƚŚĞƉƌŝnjĞƐ
 // ,ŝŵĂĐŚĂů WƌĂĚĞƐŚ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
DECEMBER 2023

ZĞƉŽƌƚ ŽŶ ,ŝŵĂĐŚĂů WƌĂĚĞƐŚ &ůŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚƐůŝĚĞ

ŝƐĂƐƚĞƌ͕ ϮϬϮϯ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ,ŽŶ͛ďůĞ ŚŝĞĨ DŝŶŝƐƚĞƌ ŽĨ
,ŝŵĂĐŚĂůWƌĂĚĞƐŚ͘
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂǀŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐ
loss caused to economy, employment, tourism,
ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ĐĂƐŚ ĐƌŽƉƐ ĂŶĚ ďƵŝůƚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ //
,ŝŵĂĐŚĂů ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĚ Ă ŐƌŽƵƉ ŽĨ ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ͕
ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨƌĂƚĞƌŶŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ //<ĞŶƚƌĞdžĞĐƵƟǀĞŽŵŵŝƩĞĞĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚWĂƐƚŚĂŝƌƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ
ŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͕ĞŵŝŶĞŶƚĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐŝĂŶƐĂŶĚ &ƌŽŶƚ ZŽǁ ;>ͲZͿ ʹ ƌ͘ EŝƐŚŝŬĂŶƚ ŚĂƵĚŚĂƌŝ͕ ƌ͘ EŝŵŝƐŚ ĂŌĂƌLJ͕
ƌ͘ >ĂdžŵĂŶ WĂĚŚLJĞ͕ ƌ͘ ͘D͘ Ăůǀŝ͕ ƌ͘ ŝůĞĞƉ 'ƵƉƚĞ͕ ƌ͘ hĚĂLJ
ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ ĂƐĞĚ ^ĂƚĂǀĂůĞŬĂƌ͕ ƌ͘ <ĞƐŚĂǀ ŚŝŬŽĚŝ͕ ƌ͘ ŚĂŶĂƐŚƌŝ ŚŽƐĂůĞ͕ ƌ͘ ZĂũĞĞǀ
ŽŶƚŚĞŝŶͲĚĞƉƚŚƐƚƵĚLJŵĂĚĞ͕ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚĚĞůŝďĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ dĂŝƐŚĞƚLJĞ͕ƌ͘W͘^͘'ŽŬŚĂůĞ͕ƌ͘^ŚŝƌŝƐŚEĂĐŚĂŶĞ
and analysis carried out by the expert group of ĂĐŬ ZŽǁ ;>ͲZͿ ʹ ƌ͘ ^ǁĂƟ ŶĂĐŚĂŶĞ͕ ƌ͘ ŶŝƌƵĚĚŚĂ ĂƐƚĂŶĞ͕
ƌ͘ ^ĂŶĚĞĞƉ WĂƌĂŶũƉĞ͕ ƌ͘ sŝŶĂLJĂŬ WĂƚŶĞŬĂƌ͕ ƌ͘ ŶŬƵƌ ^ŚĞƚLJĞ͕
architects of the context, reasons and issues ƌ͘^ĂƌǀĞƐŚEĂŶĚŐŝƌŝŬĂƌ
ĂƌŝƐŝŶŐ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌ͖ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƌĞƉŽƌƚ
prepared by the IIA Himachal Pradesh Chapter dŚĞdžĞĐƵƟǀĞŽŵŵŝƩĞĞĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĚƚŚĞĞīŽƌƚƐ
ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶƚĞƌͲĂůŝĂ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ǁŚŽ ŚĂĚ ŐŝǀĞŶ ŐƵĞƐƚ ůĞĐƚƵƌĞƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞͬ ďƵŝůƚ occasion of Teachers’ Day and members who had
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ƐĂĨĞ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ƐƵĐŚ ĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌƐ ŝŶ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ĚƌĂǁŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ ŝŶ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ
ŵƵƐƚďĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚďLJŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐĂůůƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ tŽƌůĚ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĂLJ͘ 
ĂŶĚ ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĂƉƉĞŶĚĞĚ ĨŽƌ cultural programme ĂǀŝƐŚŬĂĂƌ<ĂůĂ'ƵŶĂŶĐŚĂwas
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ůĞǀĞů ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚ ŽŶ Ϯϱ EŽǀĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϮϯ͘ KŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů
ǁĂƐŚĂŶĚĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŽƚŚĞ,ŽŶ͛ďůĞŚŝĞĨDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌ'Žǀƚ͘ ĚĂLJ͕ƚŚĞĞŶƚƌĞĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĚǀĂůƵĂďůĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
ŽĨ,ŝŵĂĐŚĂůWƌĂĚĞƐŚ͘ůƐŽĂĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŵŽƵŶƟŶŐ of all past Chairpersons, Secretaries, Treasurers
ĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϱ͘ϬůĂĐƐǁĂƐĐƌĞĚŝƚĞĚƚŽŚŝĞĨDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ džĞĐƵƟǀĞ ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ DĞŵďĞƌƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ZĞůŝĞĨĨƵŶĚǁŚŝůĞŚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƐĂŝĚƌĞƉŽƌƚŽŶϯϭ program was ‘of the members, by the members
ĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϯ͘ ĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͛͘/ƚŐĂǀĞĂŶŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJƚŽƚŚĞ
ϵϬ members and their families to display their unique
//,ŝŵĂĐŚĂůWƌĂĚĞƐŚŚĂƉƚĞƌŵĂĚĞĂƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƚĂůĞŶƚŝŶƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐĂƌƚƐ͘
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ
ƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ Ăůů ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ //<ĂůLJĂŶŽŵďŝǀůŝĞŶƚƌĞdĞĂŵƌ͘<ĞƐŚĂǀŚŝŬŽĚŝ͕
ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƉŽůŝĐLJŽƉƟŽŶƐ͕ ŚĂŝƌƉĞƌƐŽŶ͖ ƌ͘ ^ŚŝƌŝƐŚ EĂĐŚĂŶĞ͕ /ŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ WĂƐƚ
ƌĞĚĞĮŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝnjŝŶŐ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ďLJĞͲůĂǁƐ͕ ŚĂŝƌƉĞƌƐŽŶ͖ƌ͘ŚĂŶĂƐŚƌŝŚŽƐĂůĞ͕sŝĐĞŚĂŝƌƉĞƌƐŽŶ
ĐŚĞĐŬŝŶŐƵŶĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƐĞĚͬƵŶƉůĂŶŶĞĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ ŽŶǀĞŶĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ͖ ƌ͘ sŝŶĂLJĂŬ WĂƚŶĞŬĂƌ͕
ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĂŵŽŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƚƌĞĂƐƵƌĞƌ͖ ƌ͘ hĚĂLJ ^ĂƚĂǀĂůĞŬĂƌ͕ ,ŽŶ͘ ^ĞĐƌĞƚĂƌLJ͖ 
ƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐŚŽǁƚŽŵĂŬĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐƐĂĨĞĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ƌ͘ ŶŬƵƌ ^ŚĞƚLJĞ͕ ƌ͘ ^ĂŶĚĞĞƉ WĂƟů͕ ƌ͘
detailed literatures containing do’s and don’ts while ŶŝƌƵĚĚŚĂĂƐƚĂŶĞ͕ƌ͘^ĂŶĚĞĞƉWĂƌĂŶũƉĞ͕ƌ͘sŝǀĞŬ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐŽĨďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘ sŝůĞŬĂƌ͕ƌ͘^ǁĂƟEĂĐŚĂŶĞĂŶĚƌ͘^ĂƌǀĞƐŚEĂŶĚŐŝƌŝŬĂƌ͘

IIA MAHARASHTRA CHAPTER IIA KARNATAKA CHAPTER

IIA Hubli-Dharwad Industry Outreach with JSW Group
// <ĂůLJĂŶ Žŵďŝǀůŝ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŽŶ ϭϭ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

IIA Hubli-Dharwad’s /ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJKƵƚƌĞĂĐŚĂŶĚŽŶŶĞĐƚ

EŽǀĞŵďĞƌ ϭϵϵϬ ĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞĚ ŝƚƐ ϯϰth &ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ
ĂLJ ŽŶ Ϯϱ EŽǀĞŵďĞƌ͕ ϮϬϮϯ͘ dŽ ĐŽŵŵĞŵŽƌĂƚĞ ƚŚŝƐ
ŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƚƌĞ ŚŽƐƚĞĚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ
ŝƚƐ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͘ ^ƉŽƌƚƐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
ǁĞƌĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ŽŶ ϭϳ EŽǀĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϮϯ Ăƚ Žŵďŝǀůŝ
'LJŵŬŚĂŶĂ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐ ĐůƵďďĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ͚>ƵŶĐŚ
ĂŶĚ >ĞĂƌŶ͛ ŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĨŽƌ
members on ĞƐŝŐŶ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ,ĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞ
ĂŶĚZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů&ĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘^ƉŽƌƚƐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ
badminton doubles for men, badminton singles for
women, mixed badminton doubles, table tennis
ƐŝŶŐůĞƐĨŽƌŵĞŶĂŶĚĐŚĞƐƐĨŽƌŵĞŶƐ͘
ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞĂŝŵĞĚƚŽďƵŝůĚĂƉŽƐŝƟǀĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚ
ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘ :^t 'ƌŽƵƉ͕
a conglomerate in steel, cement, paints, and smart
ŚŽŵĞƐ͕ ŝŶǀŝƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ // ,ƵďůŝͲŚĂƌǁĂĚ dĞĂŵ ĨŽƌ ĂŶ
ŝŶƐŝŐŚƞƵů ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟǀĞ ƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ ŽŶ
Ϯϰ EŽǀĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϮϯ Ăƚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ŚĞĂĚƋƵĂƌƚĞƌƐ͘
Nine architects from the IIA Hubli-Dharwad Team
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚ͕ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ
ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘
IIA- Hubli-Dharwad tĂůŬǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ Series
with Ar. Deepak Hiremath
The tĂůŬ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ series, designed as a
ƉůĂƞŽƌŵ ĨŽƌ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ƐŚŽǁĐĂƐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ

//<ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂŚĂƉƚĞƌ͛ƐϮŶĚ^ƉŽƚůŝŐŚƚ^ĞƌŝĞƐǁŝƚŚƌ͘ũĂLJ^ŽŶĂƌĂŶĚ
ƌ͘ŝũŽLJZĂŵĂĐŚĂŶĚƌĂŶŽŶϴĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϯĂƚtd͕ĞŶŐĂůƵƌƵ
ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞŝĚĞĂƐ͕ŬŝĐŬĞĚŽīǁŝƚŚƌ͘ĞĞƉĂŬ,ŝƌĞŵĂƚŚ͘
ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐ ,Θ͕ Ă ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ Įƌŵ ŝŶ ,Ƶďůŝ͕ ŚĞ ƐƉŽƚůŝŐŚƚĞĚ
ƚŚĞ^EKy^dZdhWŽŶϮϲEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϯ͘dŚĞ
ĞǀĞŶƚŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚϯϱͲϰϬĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĨŽƌĂďƌĞĂŬĨĂƐƚŐĞƚͲ
ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ĂŶ ŝŵŵĞƌƐŝǀĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͕ ŽŶĞͲ
ŽŶͲŽŶĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ͘
//<ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂŚĂƉƚĞƌ͛ƐĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ/^,Z ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŵŽŶŐ
//<ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂŚĂƉƚĞƌĂĐƟǀĞůLJĞŶŐĂŐĞĚǁŝƚŚ/^,Z͕
ǁŚĞƌĞ ƌ͘ ZĂŬĞƐŚ <ŽĚŽƚŚ͕ ĂŶ  ŵĞŵďĞƌ ŽĨ //
<ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ͕ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ ŽŶ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĂƚZd,ϮϬϮϯŝŶĞŶŐĂůƵƌƵŽŶϮϯ
^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϯ͕ƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐĂĐĐůĂŝŵĨƌŽŵĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͘
dŚĞ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ // <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ŚĂŝƌŵĂŶ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ 'ƵĞƐƚ ŽĨ ,ŽŶŽƌ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ
,ŽƐƉŝƚĂůŝƚLJ^ƵŵŵŝƚŽŶϲKĐƚŽďĞƌϮϬϮϯ͘&ƵƚƵƌĞƉůĂŶƐ
ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ
ĂŶĚĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐĂŶĚĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐƋƵĂůŝƚLJďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘
IIA-KC at Municipalika 2023
DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝŬa, organised by dŚĞ 'ŽŽĚ 'ŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ
/ŶĚŝĂ &ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶǀŝƚĞĚ // <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ĨŽƌ
their &ƵƚƵƌĞ ŝƟĞƐ ĞǀĞŶƚ ĨƌŽŵ Ϯϴ ƚŽ ϯϬ EŽǀĞŵďĞƌ
ϮϬϮϯŝŶĞŶŐĂůƵƌƵ͘ŵŝŶĞŶƚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐŶŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďLJ
//   ƐƉŽŬĞ ŽŶ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ƚŽƉŝĐƐ͕ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ
ŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƐ // <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ͛Ɛ ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ
ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ
ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŝŶĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐƵƌďĂŶůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͘
Second Spotlight Series with Ar. Ajay Sonar and Ar.
Bijoy Ramachandran
The second ^ƉŽƚůŝŐŚƚĞǀĞŶƚŽŶϴĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϯ͕Ăƚ
td͕ ĞŶŐĂůƵƌƵ͕ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĞƐƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ
design and the intricacies of managing an architectural
Įƌŵ͘^ƉŽƚůŝŐŚƚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ Ajay Sonar shared enriching
ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵĂŶLJ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚŝƐ
ǁĂƐĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJĂŶĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƌ͘
ŝũŽLJ ZĂŵĂĐŚĂŶĚƌĂŶ͘ dŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ͕ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ ďLJ //
<ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ŽĸĐĞ ďĞĂƌĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĂŵůĞƐƐůLJ
ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚďLJŬĞLJŵĞŵďĞƌƐŝŶ//<ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂŚĂƉƚĞƌ
ĂůƐŽ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ŽĨ
ƌĐŚŝdŽďĞƌϮϬϮϯ and //W>ϮϬϮϯ͘
DECEMBER 2023
//dD/>Eh,WdZ
IIA Chennai Centre
The /' 'ƌĞĞŶ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŽŶŐƌĞƐƐ ϮϬϮϯ featured
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĨƌŽŵ //͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ƚŚĞ //
ŚĞŶŶĂŝĞŶƚƌĞĂŶĚ//dĂŵŝůEĂĚƵŚĂƉƚĞƌ͘/ƚǁĂƐŚĞůĚ
ĂƚŚĞŶŶĂŝdƌĂĚĞĞŶƚƌĞĨƌŽŵϮϯͲϮϱEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϯ͘
ƌ͘^ŚĂŶŵƵŐŚĂŵĂƚ//dƌŝĐŚLJĞŶƚƌĞ
Ɛ Ă ŬĞLJ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ŵĞŵďĞƌ͕ // ŚĞŶŶĂŝ ĞŶƚƌĞ
demonstrated its commitment to sustainable
members, architects and industry professionals
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĂĐƟǀĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ DĞĞƚͲĂŶĚͲ'ƌĞĞƚ
ƐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƉůĂLJĞĚ ƉĂƐƚ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ĚŝŐŝƚĂůůLJ͕ŝŶƐƉŝƌŝŶŐŽŶŐŽŝŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ
ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘
ϵϭ
dŚĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ // ĞŶƟƟĞƐ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ĚĞĚŝĐĂƟŽŶƚŽĂŐƌĞĞŶĞƌĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕ŽīĞƌŝŶŐ
ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐĂŶĚŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞ
ĮĞůĚŽĨŐƌĞĞŶďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ
The IIA Chennai Centre’s ƌĐŚdŚŝŶŶĂŝZŽƵŶĚ^ĞǀĞŶ,
ŚĞůĚ Ăƚ ^ƚƵĚŝŽ ĐŽĚĞ ŽŶ &ƌŝĚĂLJ͕ ϭ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϯ͕
ĚĞůǀĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŐƌŽǁƚŚŽĨĂŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘
ŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶƐĨŽĐƵƐƐĞĚŽŶĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĨĂĐĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ
ŝŶŝŶƐŝŐŚƞƵůĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕ŽīĞƌŝŶŐĂŐůŝŵƉƐĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞ
ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘
^ƉĞĐŝĂůĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐŵĞŶƚǁĂƐĞdžƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƌ͘,ĂƌŝŶŝ
ZĂũĂĂŶĚƚŚĞƚĞĂŵĂƚ^ƚƵĚŝŽĐŽĚĞĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌŝŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
dŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ Ă ƉůĂƞŽƌŵ ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐ ƚŽ
share experiences, fostering a culture of learning
ĂŶĚŐƌŽǁƚŚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůƐƉŚĞƌĞ͘
IIA Trichy Centre
The second mentorship programme of the term
ϮϬϮϯͲϮϬϮϱ ďĞŶĞĮƩĞĚ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚŝƌƚLJ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ǁŚŽ
ƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ͘ ^ĞŶŝŽƌ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ
ƌĞŐŝŽŶƌ͘^ŚĂŶŵƵŐŚĂŵŽĨ^ŚĂŶŵƵŐŚĂŵƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞƐ
ƐŚĂƌĞĚŚŝƐĮǀĞĚĞĐĂĚĞƐŽĨĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞ
under the topic WƌĂĐƟƐŝŶŐ ŝŶ dŝĞƌ Ϯ ŝƟĞƐ on 7
ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϮϯ͘ ,ŝƐ ŝŶͲĚĞƉƚŚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ
experience in mƵůƟƉůĞĚŽŵĂŝŶƐŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚƚŚĞLJŽƵŶŐĞƌ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐƵƌĞĚŚŽƉĞĨŽƌĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ͘
 ďLJ ĨŽƌĞŝŐŶĞƌƐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ĐŽůŽŶŝĂů ƟŵĞƐ͕ ŚĂĚ ĐƵƌďĞĚ
DECEMBER 2023

//tĞƐƚĞŶŐĂůŚĂƉƚĞƌ
// tĞƐƚ ĞŶŐĂů ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟǀĞ
ƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ ^Śƌŝ ZĂǀŝŶĚƌĂ WƵŶĚĞ ŽŶ
ĞĐĞŵďĞƌϭϱ͕ϮϬϮϯ͕ŝŶƚŚĞ//ƉƌĞŵŝƐĞƐŝŶ<ŽůŬĂƚĂ͘dŚĞ
ƚŽƉŝĐŽĨƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶǁĂƐ͞^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ
ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕͟ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJĂƐƉŽŶƐŽƌƐŚŝƉƐĞƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚ
ĨĞůůŽǁƐŚŝƉĚŝŶŶĞƌ͘dŚĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞǁĂƐĂƩĞŶĚĞĚďLJ
ĂůĂƌŐĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞ//tĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů
ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ͘ƌ͘WƵŶĚĞŝƐƚŚĞĐŽͲĨŽƵŶĚĞƌŽĨĞƐŝŐŶĞůů
and the principal designer for the master planning,
ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐŝƚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ hŶĚĞƌ
ŚŝƐ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ƚŚĞ Įƌŵ ŚĂƐ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ Ă ƐƚƌŽŶŐ
ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůůLJ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůLJ
ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͘,ĞƵƐĞƐŚŝƐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂƐĂ
laboratory to pursue a lifelong interest in architecture
ĂƐ Ă ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŵĞĚŝƵŵ ƚŚĂƚ ĚĞƉĞŶĚƐ ŽŶ ĂŶĚ
ϵϮ
ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽŚŝŵ͕͞ŝŶĂƐŽĐŝĞƚLJƐƵĐŚĂƐŽƵƌƐ
ǁŝƚŚĨƌƵŐĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ƐŚŝŌŝŶŐƐƉĂƟĂůƵƐĞŵĂLJďĞƩĞƌ
ŽƉƟŵŝƐĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ĂŶĚ ďƵŝůĚ
resilient and agile space use to respond to the dynamic
ŶĞĞĚƐŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƟĞƐ
ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ƟŵĞƐ͕͟ ĂŶĚ Ă ͞ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐŶĞƐƐ ƚŚĂƚ
brings to the front a new connectedness through
ƚŚĞ ĚŝŐŝƚĂů ǁŽƌůĚ͟ ĐĂŶ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ďĞ Ă ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ
ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͘ ŝƟĞƐ ŐŽŝŶŐ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞǁŝůůŶĞĞĚĐůŽƐĞƌŝŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌ
ƚŚĞŝƌƐƉĂƟĂůŐĞŶĞƌĂƟǀĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƐƚƌĂƚƵŵƚŚĂƚ
ŝƐ ƵďŝƋƵŝƚŽƵƐ͘ dƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵŶĚĂŶĐŝĞƐ
ĂƌĞ ƌĂƉŝĚůLJ ĚŝƐƌƵƉƟŶŐ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ
ĨŽƌŵƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘ ,Ğ ĞŶĚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ
ĨƵƚƵƌĞďĂĐŽŶƐƵƐƚŽĨŽƌŐĞĂƐLJŵďŽůŝĐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚ
ŽƵƌĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚǁŚĞƌĞŽƵƌƵƌďĂŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĞǀŽůǀĞĂƐ
ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ͕ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ƌĞĂůŵƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƵƌǀĂůƵĞƐ͘
That is where the smart aspect and ‘atma-nirbhar’
concept merge into a truly sustainable architecture
ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ ǁĂƐ ĞŶƌŝĐŚŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂů ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂƚĞƌŶŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ
ĞŶĚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ǀŽƚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĂŶŬƐ͘ dŚĞ ĨŽƵƌƚŚ džĞĐƵƟǀĞ
ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ DĞĞƟŶŐ ǁĂƐ ŚĞůĚ ŽŶ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϳ͕
ϮϬϮϯ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĂŐĞŶĚĂ ŝƚĞŵƐ ǁĞƌĞ
ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚ͘

/ŶƚĞƌĂĐƟǀĞƐĞƐƐŝŽŶǁŝƚŚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ^ŚƌŝZĂǀŝŶĚƌĂWƵŶĚĞ

ĞŶƌŝĐŚĞƐƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐůŝǀĞƐŝŶĐŝƟĞƐ͕ŚŽƵƐĞƐ͕ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ͕Žƌ
ĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞ͘ ,Ğ ŚĂƐ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJ ůĞĚ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŶĂƟŽŶĂů
ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĞƐŝŐŶ Ğůů͘
ƉĂƌƚ ĨƌŽŵ ŚŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂů
ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ ŽŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ŚŝƐ ƚĂůŬ͕ Ă
ǀŝƐƵĂůƚŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐǁĂƐĂ
ƉĞƌĨĞĐƚďůĞŶĚ͘DŽƟǀĂƚĞĚďLJŚŝƐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĂŶĚƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƐ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ŽĨǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ/ŶĚŝĂŶƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐĂŶĚůĞĂĚĞƌƐ͕ZĂǀŝŶĚƌĂ
:ŝ ŚĂƐ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ƐƚƌŝǀĞĚ ƚŽ ŐŝǀĞ ĚĞĞƉĞƌ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ƚŽ Ăůů
ŚŝƐ ǁŽƌŬ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƐ ĂƩĞŵƉƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƚŚĂƚ
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐ ƚŽ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ŝŶ Ă ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů ǁĂLJ͘ ,Ğ
ŬĞĞŶůLJĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƟŵĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐĂĐƚ
to the smart city mission today, and he raised three
ƉĞƌƟŶĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐƉůĂĐĞƐ͗ĮƌƐƚůLJ͕
ƐĐĂƌĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ
ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ͕ƉƵďůŝĐƌĞĂůŵ͕
ĞƚĐ͘/ŶƚŚĞƐĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕ƌ͘WƵŶĚĞĐŽŝŶĞĚƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ
ǀĞƌLJ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ͗ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ ^ƵĐŚ ĂƐ ͞ĨŽƵů ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ͕͟ ĐŽŝŶĞĚ
 ϰthŽŵDĞĞƟŶŐ,ĞůĚĂƚŵƌŝƚƐĂƌ͕WƵŶũĂďŽŶ

DECEMBER 2023
ϭϲĞĐĞŵďĞƌ͕ϮϬϮϯĨŽƌƚŚĞdĞƌŵϮϬϮϯͲϮϬϮϱ͘

^ƌ͘EŽ͘ ƐƐŽŝĐĂƚĞƚŽ&ĞůůŽǁ WůĂĐĞ DĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉEŽ͘

ϭ ƌ͘ůŬĂWƌĂŬĂƐŚ<ĞŵŬĂƌ Madhya Pradesh &ϬϴϮϳϭ
Ϯ ƌ͘ŝďŚƵĚĂƩĂ^ĂŚŽŽ Odisha &ϭϲϰϯϮ
3 ƌ͘^ǁŽƉŶĂĚƵƩĂDŽŚĂŶƚLJ Odisha &ϭϲϯϳϲ
4 ƌ͘>ĂdžŵŝEĂƌĂLJĂŶ^ŝŶŐŚ Odisha &ϭϵϬϱϰ
5 ƌ͘sŝŬĂƐƌƵŶŬƵŵĂƌĐŚĂůŬĂƌ Maharashtra &ϭϭϰϭϭ
6 ƌ͘ZĂũŝǀ<ƵŵĂƌ'ƵƉƚĂ Haryana &ϬϳϰϬϳ
7 ƌ͘ŵŽůŶŝůŬƵŵĂƌ,ĂƚŬĂƌ Maharashtra &ϭϱϱϱϵ
^ƌ͘EŽ͘ ŝƌĞĐƚ&ĞůůŽǁ WůĂĐĞ DĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉEŽ
ϭ ƌ͘^ƵƐŚŵĂ:ĞLJĂŬƵŵĂƌ Tamil Nadu &Ϯϳϵϰϰ
Ϯ ƌ͘^ŚƌĂĚĚŚĂDĂŶũƌĞŬĂƌ Maharashtra &Ϯϳϵϰϱ
3 ƌ͘ZĂũĞƐŚ>ƵƚŚƌĂ Northern &Ϯϳϵϰϲ
4 ƌ͘^ƵŵĂŶ: <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ &Ϯϳϵϰϳ
^ƌ͘EŽ͘ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ WůĂĐĞ DĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉEŽ
ϭ ƌ͘ĞĞƉĂůŝ<ƵŬƌĞũĂ Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϰϴ
Ϯ ƌ͘DĞĞŶĂůDĂŶŐĞƐŚ^ƵƌĂǁĂƌ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϰϵ
3 ƌ͘^Ƶŵŝƚ<ŝƐĂŶĚĂƐ:ŚĂǁĂƌ Maharashtra ϮϳϵϱϬ
4 ƌ͘ŶŽŽƉ<ĞƐŚĂŽWƵŶĞŬĂƌ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϱϭ
5 ƌ͘<ƐŚŝƟũEĂƐŚŝŶĞ Maharashtra ϮϳϵϱϮ 93
6 ƌ͘^ƵŶŝů^ZĂƚŚŝ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϱϯ
7 ƌ͘^ĂĚĂŶĂŶĚDĂĚŚĂǀƌĂŽ<ŽŬĂƚĞ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϱϰ
ϴ ƌ͘dƌƵƉƟZŚĂƵŚĂŶ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϱϱ
9 ƌ͘^ĂŬƐŚŝZĂũĞƐŚ<ĂƉŽŽƌ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϱϲ
ϭϬ ƌ͘dĂŶĂǀŝĂƩĂƚƌĂLJŚĂƟ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϱϳ
ϭϭ ƌ͘ƚƵůtĂƐƵĚĞŽ>ĂůƐĂƌĞ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϱϴ
ϭϮ ƌ͘/ŶĚƵũĂZZĂũ <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϳϵϱϵ
ϭϯ ƌ͘ZĂũƐĂŐĂƌWD <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϳϵϲϬ
ϭϰ ƌ͘dŚŽŵĂƐ:ŽƐĞƉŚ <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϳϵϲϭ
ϭϱ ƌ͘WƌĞĞƚWĂƵů Punjab ϮϳϵϲϮ
ϭϲ ƌ͘EĞĞůĂŵdŚĂŬƵƌ Punjab Ϯϳϵϲϯ
ϭϳ ƌ͘ŬƚĂdŽŵĂƌ Punjab Ϯϳϵϲϰ
ϭϴ ƌ͘^ƵLJĂƐŚ'ŽŚŝů Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϲϱ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ϭϵ ƌ͘DĂLJŽŽƌĞĞ^ĂdžĞŶĂ Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϲϲ

ϮϬ ƌ͘ŶƵũ:ĂŝƐǁĂů Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϲϳ
Ϯϭ ƌ͘ĚŝƚLJĂtĂůůĂďŚ Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϲϴ
ϮϮ ƌ͘^ŚĂƐŚĂŶŬ'ŽLJĂů Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϲϵ
Ϯϯ ƌ͘DĞĞŶĂůEĂŐĚĂǀŶĞ Madhya Pradesh ϮϳϵϳϬ
Ϯϰ ƌ͘ĂLJƵƐŚŝZĂŵ<ŝƐŚŽƌdĂŵƌĂŬĂƌ Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϳϭ
Ϯϱ ƌ͘'ŽƵƌĂǀhƉĂĚŚLJĂLJ Madhya Pradesh ϮϳϵϳϮ
Ϯϲ ƌ͘^ƉĂƌƐŚ:ĂŝƐǁĂů Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϳϯ
Ϯϳ ƌ͘^ĂƌƚŚĂŬDĂŶĚůŝŬ Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϳϰ
Ϯϴ ƌ͘,ĂƌƐŚŝƚĂŚĂƌƵƉĂ Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϳϱ
DECEMBER 2023

Ϯϵ ƌ͘WĂƌŝǀĞƐŚ^ĂŚƵ Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϳϲ

ϯϬ ƌ͘WƌĂƚĞĞŬ:ĂŝŶ Madhya Pradesh Ϯϳϵϳϳ
ϯϭ ƌ͘ĞǀĞƐŚdƌŝƉĂƚŚŝ hƩĂƌWƌĂĚĞƐŚ Ϯϳϵϳϴ
ϯϮ ƌ͘^ĂƵƌĂďŚ'ƌŽǀĞƌ Punjab Ϯϳϵϳϵ
33 ƌ͘sŝĚƵƐŚŝ^ŚĂƌŵĂ Chandigarh ϮϳϵϴϬ
34 ƌ͘ŚĞƚŶĂ'ŽĚŝLJĂů Northern Ϯϳϵϴϭ
35 ƌ͘<ĂƌƟŬ<ŚŽŬŚĂƌ Rajasthan ϮϳϵϴϮ
36 ƌ͘D^ĂƌǁĂƌnjĂĚ tĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů Ϯϳϵϴϯ
37 ƌ͘LJƵƐŚŝĂƐƵĚĞǀdŝǁĂƌŝ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϴϰ
ϯϴ ƌ͘^ŚƌĞLJDĂůŚĂƌZĂŽ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ Ϯϳϵϴϱ
39 ƌ͘dĞũĂůŝŶŐĂ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ Ϯϳϵϴϲ
ϰϬ ƌ͘^ŚŝǀŬƵŵĂƌ^^ŚĞůůĂŐŝ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ Ϯϳϵϴϳ
ϰϭ ƌ͘ZŽŚĂŶ' <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ Ϯϳϵϴϴ
ϰϮ ƌ͘ZŝƚƵũĂŚĂŐǁĂŶ'ĂũƌĞ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ Ϯϳϵϴϵ
43 ƌ͘ZĂƐŝŬĂDŽŚĂŶhĐŚŐĂŽŶŬĂƌ Maharashtra ϮϳϵϵϬ
44 ƌ͘ƌĐŚĂŶĂsŝŶĂLJĂŬ'ĂŝŬǁĂĚ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϵϭ
45 DƐ͘^ŝĚŚƵ:ŽƐĞ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϳϵϵϮ
46 Dƌ͘ƚƵů^ĂdžĞŶĂ hƩĂƌWƌĂĚĞƐŚ Ϯϳϵϵϯ
47 DƐ͘ZĂũĂŶŝD< <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϳϵϵϰ
ϰϴ ƌ͘^ĂŶĚĞĞƉzĂƐŚǁĂŶƚ,ĂƌĚŝŬĂƌ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϵϱ
49 ƌ͘^ĂŶũĂLJ<ƵŵĂƌWĂƚŚĂŬ Haryana Ϯϳϵϵϲ
ϱϬ ƌ͘ŚŝƌĂŐhŵĞƐŚŬƵŵĂƌŚĂŶĚĂŶŝ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϵϳ
ϱϭ ƌ͘^ǁĂƉŶŝů^ŚĂƌĂĚDĞŶĚŚĞ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϵϴ
94
ϱϮ ƌ͘ZĂŚƵůEĂƌĂLJĂŶƌĂŽ'ƵůŚĂŶĞ Maharashtra Ϯϳϵϵϵ
53 ƌ͘DĂŚĞŶĚƌĂdƵŬĂƌĂŵ<ŚĂŵďĂůŬĂƌ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϬϬ
54 ƌ͘WĂŶŬĂũsŝƐŚŶƵũŝ,ŝǁĂƌĞ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϬϭ
55 ƌ͘EĂLJĂŶWƌĂĚŝƉƌĂŽ<ƵůůĂƌǁĂƌ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϬϮ
56 ƌ͘sŝǀĞŬDŽƟƌĂŵũŝ^ĂƚŚŽŶĞ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϬϯ
57 ƌ͘EŝŬŝƚĂĂŶƐĂů Maharashtra ϮϴϬϬϰ
ϱϴ ƌ͘^ĂŶũĂLJ'ŽǀŝŶĚ^ŽŶŝ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϬϱ
59 ƌ͘ŶĂŐŚĂsŝƐŚǁĂƐWĂƌĂŶũĂƉĞ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϬϲ
ϲϬ ƌ͘'ŝŶŝ'ŽƉŝŶĂƚŚ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϬϳ
ϲϭ ƌ͘^ĞƌĞŶĞDĞĐĐĂƌƟŶ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϬϴ
ϲϮ ƌ͘DĂŶŶĂDĂƌŝĂEŝdžŽŶ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϬϵ
63 ƌ͘ZĞƐŚŵĂWZ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϭϬ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

64 ƌ͘DĞŐŚĂƌĂũ< <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϭϭ

65 ƌ͘^ƵũĂƚĂůŝnjĂďĞƚŚ/ƐĂĂĐ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϭϮ
66 ƌ͘^ƵƐĂŶďLJ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϭϯ
67 ƌ͘ĂƌŝŶĞ,ŽƐŚĂŶŐ:ĂŵƐŚĞĚũŝ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϭϰ
ϲϴ ƌ͘ŚĂŶĚƌŝŬĂ^DĂƚŚƉĂƟ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϭϱ
69 ƌ͘,ĂƌƐŚ'ĂũũĂƌ 'ƵũĂƌĂƚ ϮϴϬϭϲ
ϳϬ ƌ͘ZŝƟŬĂWƌĂŬĂƐŚhƩĂŵĐŚĂŶĚĂŶŝ 'ƵũĂƌĂƚ ϮϴϬϭϳ
ϳϭ ƌ͘<ĂƌƟŬŬƵŵĂƌŶŝůďŚĂŝ^ŚĂŚ 'ƵũĂƌĂƚ ϮϴϬϭϴ
ϳϮ ƌ͘ŚĂŝƚĂŶLJĂDĂŶŽŚĂƌ^ŶĞŚĂ,ŝƌůĞŬĂƌ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϭϵ
73 ƌ͘DŽŚĚ͘njŚĂƌ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϮϬ
74 ƌ͘ĚŝƚLJĂŶǀĞŬĂƌ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϮϭ
75 ƌ͘ŶŽŽƉ<ƵŵĂƌŚŽƵĚŚĂƌLJ Madhya Pradesh ϮϴϬϮϮ
 DECEMBER 2023
76 ƌ͘ZŝƐŚŝ^ĂŚƵ Madhya Pradesh ϮϴϬϮϯ
77 ƌ͘WŝLJƵƐŚŐƌĂǁĂů ŚŚĂƫƐŐĂƌŚ ϮϴϬϮϰ
ϳϴ ƌ͘ŚŝŶŵĂLJ^ŚĞŬŚĂƌ^ƵĚĂŵĞ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϮϱ
79 ƌ͘ƉƉĂƐĂŚĞď<ƵŶĚĂůŝŬ'ĂŝŬǁĂĚ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϮϲ
ϴϬ ƌ͘sŝƐŚĂůĂĨŶĂ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϮϳ
ϴϭ ƌ͘/ŵƌĂŶDŽŚĂŵŵĞĚďďĂƐ^ŚĂŝŬŚ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϮϴ
ϴϮ ƌ͘'ĞĞƚĂ,ĂƌĚŝŬWĂŶĚŝƚ 'ƵũĂƌĂƚ ϮϴϬϮϵ
ϴϯ ƌ͘^ŝĚĚƵ<ŽĚůŝ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϯϬ
ϴϰ ƌ͘ĂŬĂƐŚZdĞŐŶŽŽƌ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϯϭ
ϴϱ ƌ͘DŝƚĂůĞĞDsĂƌĂĚƉĂŶĚĞ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϯϮ
ϴϲ ƌ͘<ĞĚĂƌ<ŝŶĂŐŝ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϯϯ
ϴϳ ƌ͘^ŝĚĚĂƌƚŚ^ŚĞƩLJ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϯϰ
ϴϴ ƌ͘^Ăŝ^ŚƌƵƐŚƚĞĞ<ŚĂŶĚĞƌĂŽ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϯϱ
ϴϵ ƌ͘'ĂŐĂŶ^<ĂƚĂŵďůĞ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϯϲ
ϵϬ ƌ͘ƐŚƵƚŽƐŚ'ĂƌŐ Odisha ϮϴϬϯϳ
ϵϭ ƌ͘ƌŶĂďŝƐǁĂů Odisha ϮϴϬϯϴ
ϵϮ ƌ͘WƌĂũĂŬƚĂ^ĂŵďŚĂũŝ,ŽŶĂŐĞŬĂƌ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϯϵ
93 ƌ͘ŬƐŚĂLJsŝŶĂLJĂŬĂůůĂ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϰϬ
94 ƌ͘dĞũĂƐDĂůůŝŶĂƚŚ<ŽƌĞ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϰϭ
95 ƌ͘sĂŝƐŚŶĂǀŝEŝůĞƐŚzĂĚĂǀ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϰϮ
96 ƌ͘ZĂĐŚĞůdŚŽŵĂƐĂƐĂǁ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϰϯ
97 ƌ͘hũǁĂůŚĂůĐŚĂŶĚƌĂŚŚĂLJĂ:ĂŵĚĂƌĞ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϰϰ
ϵϴ ƌ͘ĂƌƐƐŚŶŶĞĞůŚĂƌĂŵĂƚŚŽŬ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϰϱ
99 DƐ͘ŵŝƚĂDŽŶĚĂů tĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů ϮϴϬϰϲ 95

ϭϬϬ ƌ͘ŝƌĂũĂ^ƵŶĚĂƌ^ĂŚĂ Odisha ϮϴϬϰϳ

ϭϬϭ ƌ͘dŚĂƐůŝŵĂ:ĂƐŵŝŶĞ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϰϴ
ϭϬϮ ƌ͘<ĂƌĂŶƐŚŝƐŚDĂůƵƐŚƚĞ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϰϵ
ϭϬϯ ƌ͘WƵƐŚĂŶŶĂŶĚ>ŝŵĂLJĞ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϱϬ
ϭϬϰ ƌ͘^ŚƌĞLJĂƐŚ^ƵŶŝĞůZƵŬĂƌŝ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϱϭ
ϭϬϱ ƌ͘,ĂƌƐŚĂĚ<ŝƐŚŽƌŚĂŐǁĂƚ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϱϮ
ϭϬϲ ƌ͘ŶƵƐŚĂ:ŽƐĞ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϱϯ
ϭϬϳ ƌ͘EŝŚĂůĂWĂƌǀĞĞŶďĂĐŬĞƌ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϱϰ
ϭϬϴ ƌ͘ĂƌƟĂůĂƐĂŚĞď:ĂLJƐŚƌĞĞ:ĂĚŚĂǀ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϱϱ
ϭϬϵ ƌ͘zĂƐŚsŝũĂLJĞĞƉĂůŝWĂƟů Maharashtra ϮϴϬϱϲ
ϭϭϬ ƌ͘ĞƐŚĂďŚĂLJŶƵƉĂŵĂsĂŝƐŚĂŵƉĂLJĂŶ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϱϳ
ϭϭϭ ƌ͘ZĂŵLJĂ,' <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϱϴ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ϭϭϮ ƌ͘ZĂǀŝ<ƵŵĂƌ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ ϮϴϬϱϵ
ϭϭϯ ƌ͘ĚŝƚLJĂ<ĂŵĂƚŚ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϲϬ
ϭϭϰ ƌ͘ŬĂƐŚs <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϲϭ
ϭϭϱ ƌ͘WƌŝLJĂŶŬĂWƌĂŬĂƐŚWƌĂĚŶLJĂŚĂůĞŬĂƌ 'ŽĂ ϮϴϬϲϮ
ϭϭϳ ƌ͘ďƵ^ĂůĞŚ hƩĂƌWƌĂĚĞƐŚ ϮϴϬϲϰ
ϭϭϴ ƌ͘^ĂƌĚĞĞƉ Haryana ϮϴϬϲϱ
ϭϭϵ ƌ͘WƵůŬŝƚŚŽƵĚŚĂƌLJ Haryana ϮϴϬϲϲ
ϭϮϬ ƌ͘^ŚƵďŚĂŵƐŚŝƐŚZŝƚƵWĂƚǁĂƌŝ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϲϳ
ϭϮϭ ƌ͘^ŚŽďĂŶĂ< Tamil Nadu ϮϴϬϲϴ
ϭϮϮ ƌ͘^ŽŶƵDŽŚĂŶƚLJ Odisha ϮϴϬϲϵ
ϭϮϯ ƌ͘^ŝŶĚŚƵZĂŐĂǀŝ^ Tamil Nadu ϮϴϬϳϬ
DECEMBER 2023

ϭϮϰ ƌ͘sŝŬŶĞƐŚZ Tamil Nadu ϮϴϬϳϭ

ϭϮϱ ƌ͘<ĂŶŶƵƌŝ^ƌŝŶŝǀĂƐĂZĂŽ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϬϳϮ
ϭϮϲ ƌ͘&ĂŝnjĂŶ,ƵƐƐĂŝŶW <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϳϯ
ϭϮϳ DƐ͘ZŝĐŚĂĂŬƐŚŝ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ ϮϴϬϳϰ
ϭϮϴ ƌ͘^ĂďLJĂƐĂĐŚŝĂƐ Odisha ϮϴϬϳϱ
ϭϮϵ ƌ͘ŬƐŚĂLJW <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϳϲ
ϭϯϬ ƌ͘dŚĂŶƚŚŽŶĚƌŝƐǁĂƌĂŶ^ Tamil Nadu ϮϴϬϳϳ
ϭϯϭ ƌ͘WƌĂŶĂď^ǁĂŝŶ Odisha ϮϴϬϳϴ
ϭϯϮ ƌ͘^ƌĞĞ/ƐŚŝƚŚĂƌŝƐĞƩLJ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϬϳϵ
ϭϯϯ ƌ͘^ŚĂůŝŶŝ<ĂŶƚ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϬϴϬ
ϭϯϰ ƌ͘<ĂƩŽũƵWƌĞĞƚŚŝsŝŶƵƚŶĂ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϬϴϭ
ϭϯϱ ƌ͘^ĂŶƚŚŽƐŚZĂũZ Tamil Nadu ϮϴϬϴϮ
ϭϯϲ ƌ͘ŶŝŬĞƚ^ĂŵďŚĂũŝEŝŵďĂůŬĂƌ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϴϯ
ϭϯϳ ƌ͘ŽĚĚŝ'LJĂŶĂ:ĂƐǁĂŶƚŚ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϬϴϰ
ϭϯϴ ƌ͘:ĂŝĚĞĞƉ^ŝŶŐŚZĂũƉƵƌŽŚŝƚ Rajasthan ϮϴϬϴϱ
ϭϯϵ ƌ͘ŝƐŚǁĂƌLJĂ^ĂŶũĞĞǀ^ŚĞŶǀŝ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϴϬϴϲ
ϭϰϬ ƌ͘^ĂŶŐŚĂŵŝƚƌĂ^ĂƌŬĂƌ tĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů ϮϴϬϴϳ
ϭϰϭ ƌ͘sŝƌĂũ<ŝƐŚŽƌĞ^ŚŝƚŽůĞ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϴϴ
ϭϰϮ ƌ͘^ƌŝŬĂŬƵůĂƉƵsĞŶŬĂƚĂWƌĂĚĞĞƉ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϬϴϵ
ϭϰϯ ƌ͘<ĞũĂůŽƐŚŝ 'ƵũĂƌĂƚ ϮϴϬϵϬ
ϭϰϰ ƌ͘sŝŐŶĞƐŚW Tamil Nadu ϮϴϬϵϭ
ϭϰϱ ƌ͘WƵƐŚƉĞŶĚƌĂ^ŝŶŐŚ hƩĂƌWƌĂĚĞƐŚ ϮϴϬϵϮ
ϭϰϲ ƌ͘,ĂŶŝĂ,ĂĨĞĞƐ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϵϯ
96
ϭϰϳ ƌ͘^ŝŵŵĂdŝůĂŬ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϬϵϰ
ϭϰϴ ƌ͘DŝĚŚƵŶD <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϵϱ
ϭϰϵ ƌ͘ĞĞƉƚŚŝ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϬϵϲ
ϭϱϬ ƌ͘EŝŬĞĞƚĂ^ŚƌĞLJĂƐŚEĞŚĞƚĞ Maharashtra ϮϴϬϵϳ
ϭϱϭ ƌ͘EŝƟŶĂůŝ Punjab ϮϴϬϵϴ
ϭϱϮ ƌ͘^ĂŶŬƌŝƟ'ƵƉƚĂ hƩĂƌĂŬŚĂŶĚ ϮϴϬϵϵ
ϭϱϯ ƌ͘ŝǀLJĂŶŬŐĂƌǁĂů hƩĂƌĂŬŚĂŶĚ ϮϴϭϬϬ
ϭϱϰ ƌ͘ĚŝƚLJĂŐƌĂǁĂů Odisha ϮϴϭϬϭ
ϭϱϱ ƌ͘,ĂƌƐŚŝƚ^ŝŶŐŚ Punjab ϮϴϭϬϮ
ϭϱϲ ƌ͘WĂŶŬĂũ<ƵŵĂƌ Bihar ϮϴϭϬϯ
ϭϱϳ ƌ͘^ŝǀĂ<ƌŝƐŚŶĂZĂŬƵƌƚŚŝ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϭϬϰ
ϭϱϴ ƌ͘ZŝƐŚĂƵďĂŝƌDĂŶĚĂLJĂWƵƌĂƚŚ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϭϬϱ
ϭϱϵ ƌ͘^ĂŚŝďĂ'ƵƌŵŝŶĚĞƌ:ĂŐŵĞĞƚDĂĚĂŶ Maharashtra ϮϴϭϬϲ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ϭϲϬ ƌ͘WƌĂƐŚĂŶƟZĂŽ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϭϬϳ

ϭϲϭ ƌ͘^ŽŵĂŝŶĂ/ƐůĂƌLJ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϭϬϴ
ϭϲϮ ƌ͘dĂŶnjĞĞůŚŵĞĚ Punjab ϮϴϭϬϵ
ϭϲϯ ƌ͘DŽŽŵŝŶ'ƵƩŽŽ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ ϮϴϭϭϬ
ϭϲϰ ƌ͘DŽƵŶŝƐ^ŚĂƌŝĨ:ĂůůĂ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ Ϯϴϭϭϭ
ϭϲϱ ƌ͘DĂĚĞĞŚĂƐůĂŵ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ ϮϴϭϭϮ
ϭϲϲ ƌ͘WĂŬĂůĂƉĂƟ^ŝŶĚŚƵ>ĂŚĂƌŝ Andhra Pradesh Ϯϴϭϭϯ
ϭϲϳ ƌ͘DĂďŝŶĞƐŚD <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϭϰ
ϭϲϴ ƌ͘ƚŚƵůdEĂƌĂLJĂŶĂŶ <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϭϱ
ϭϲϵ ƌ͘dĂƐĂĚƵƋ^ŚĂŚ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ Ϯϴϭϭϲ
ϭϳϬ ƌ͘ĞǀŝŬĂ< <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϭϳ
 DECEMBER 2023
ϭϳϭ ƌ͘^ŚƌĞĞEĂƚŚ Northern Ϯϴϭϭϴ
ϭϳϮ ƌ͘^ƵďŚĂůĂdžŵŝ^ĂŚƵ Odisha Ϯϴϭϭϵ
ϭϳϯ ƌ͘sŝƐŚŶƵWƌĂŬĂƐŚZ Tamil Nadu ϮϴϭϮϬ
ϭϳϰ ƌ͘/ƋďĂů^ŝŶŐŚ Punjab ϮϴϭϮϭ
ϭϳϱ ƌ͘sŝĚLJĂ^ Tamil Nadu ϮϴϭϮϮ
ϭϳϲ ƌ͘DĂŶŽũ<ƵŵĂƌ tĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů ϮϴϭϮϯ
ϭϳϳ ƌ͘ZŽŚŝƚ^ŝŶŐŚ Rajasthan ϮϴϭϮϰ
ϭϳϴ ƌ͘ƌƵŶ<ƵŵĂƌW Tamil Nadu ϮϴϭϮϱ
ϭϳϵ ƌ͘ŚŝǀLJĂZ Tamil Nadu ϮϴϭϮϲ
ϭϴϬ ƌ͘ZƵŬŚƐĂƌZĂƐŚŝĚ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ ϮϴϭϮϳ
ϭϴϭ ƌ͘EĂƌĞŶĚƌĂDĂĚŚĂǀWĂƌƉƵĚŝ Maharashtra ϮϴϭϮϴ
ϭϴϮ ƌ͘ůďĞƌƚ:ŽƐĞ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϭϮϵ
ϭϴϯ ƌ͘>ĂŬŬĂŵƌĂũƵ>ĂŬƐŚŵŝEĂƌĂLJĂŶĂsĂƌŵĂ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϭϯϬ
ϭϴϰ ƌ͘sŝƐŚŶƵWƌŝLJĂŶZ Tamil Nadu Ϯϴϭϯϭ
ϭϴϱ ƌ͘zŽŐŝƚĂ:ĂŐĚŝƐŚzĞĚĞŬĂƌ Maharashtra ϮϴϭϯϮ
ϭϴϲ ƌ͘<ĂƐŚLJĂƉƐŚǁŝŶďŚĂŝWĂƌƐĂŶĂ 'ƵũĂƌĂƚ Ϯϴϭϯϯ
ϭϴϳ ƌ͘DĂŶŽũƌƵŶ'ƵŶũĂů Maharashtra Ϯϴϭϯϰ
ϭϴϴ ƌ͘EĂƌĞƐŚ^ Tamil Nadu Ϯϴϭϯϱ
ϭϴϵ ƌ͘^ĂƋŝďEĂnjŝƌ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ Ϯϴϭϯϲ
ϭϵϬ ƌ͘DƵũĞĞďEĂƐĞĞƌŚĂƚ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ Ϯϴϭϯϳ
ϭϵϭ ƌ͘:ŝŐLJĂƐŽƌĂ Assam Ϯϴϭϯϴ
ϭϵϮ ƌ͘sŝŐŶĞƐǁĂƌĂŶ< Tamil Nadu Ϯϴϭϯϵ
ϭϵϯ ƌ͘^ĂŶƚŚĂŶƚŚŵĂŶĂŵ^^ Tamil Nadu ϮϴϭϰϬ
ϭϵϰ ƌ͘EĂŐƵůĂƉĂůůŝ'ŶĂŶĂWƌĂĚĞĞƉ Andhra Pradesh Ϯϴϭϰϭ 97

ϭϵϱ ƌ͘ZŽŚĂŶƵƩĂ Assam ϮϴϭϰϮ

ϭϵϲ ƌ͘ƐƚŚĂ<ƵůƐŚƌĞƐŚƚŚĂ hƩĂƌWƌĂĚĞƐŚ Ϯϴϭϰϯ
ϭϵϳ ƌ͘^ŚĂŚƌĂŶZĂƐŚŝĚ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ Ϯϴϭϰϰ
ϭϵϴ ƌ͘DƵŶĂĨŵŝŶ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ Ϯϴϭϰϱ
ϭϵϵ ƌ͘EŽŽƌĂ<ĂŵĂů <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϰϲ
ϮϬϬ ƌ͘ĂďŝƚĂWƌĂĨƵůŚŚĂũĞƌ Tamil Nadu Ϯϴϭϰϳ
ϮϬϭ ƌ͘EĂƵĨĂŶ< <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϰϴ
ϮϬϮ ƌ͘^ĂƌǀĞƐŚ<ƵŵĂƌ^ĂŚƵ Madhya Pradesh Ϯϴϭϰϵ
ϮϬϯ ƌ͘DƵĚƌĂŐĂĚĂƌĂǀŝŶĚ Andhra Pradesh ϮϴϭϱϬ
ϮϬϰ ƌ͘ŚĂŝƚƌĂ^ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ Ϯϴϭϱϭ
ϮϬϱ ƌ͘WĂƌŝŶŝƚĂ,ĂƟ tĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů ϮϴϭϱϮ
ϮϬϲ ƌ͘dĂŵĂůŚĂƵĚŚƵƌŝ tĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů Ϯϴϭϱϯ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
ϮϬϳ ƌ͘WƌŝLJĂŶŬĂ: <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϱϰ
ϮϬϴ ƌ͘^ŚĂŚŝĚ^ŚŽǁŬĂƚ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ Ϯϴϭϱϱ
ϮϬϵ ƌ͘^ĂƵƌĂďŚĂůĂƐĂŚĞďEŝŵĂƐĞ Maharashtra Ϯϴϭϱϲ
ϮϭϬ ƌ͘DĂLJĂŶŬŚĂƵĚŚĂƌLJ Rajasthan Ϯϴϭϱϳ
Ϯϭϭ ƌ͘^ŚŝǀĂŶŝ^ <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϱϴ
ϮϭϮ ƌ͘:ĞƌŽŵĞĞŶŚƵƌ<͘ Tamil Nadu Ϯϴϭϱϵ
Ϯϭϯ ƌ͘ŶŬŝƚ^ŚĂƌŵĂ Madhya Pradesh ϮϴϭϲϬ
Ϯϭϰ ƌ͘^ĂĚĂĨĂĨƌĞĞŶtĂŚĞĞĚEĂLJĂŬ Maharashtra Ϯϴϭϲϭ
Ϯϭϱ ƌ͘hĚŚĂLJĂZĂũĂŶE Tamil Nadu ϮϴϭϲϮ
Ϯϭϲ ƌ͘ƌŽŵĂůZ/ <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϲϯ
Ϯϭϳ ƌ͘ŚŝƌĂŐ Punjab Ϯϴϭϲϰ
DECEMBER 2023

Ϯϭϴ ƌ͘'ŽŬƵůĂDƵƌĂůŝ<E Tamil Nadu Ϯϴϭϲϱ

Ϯϭϵ ƌ͘DĂŶŝƐŚWƌĂĚŚĂŶ Odisha Ϯϴϭϲϲ
ϮϮϬ ƌ͘^ƵŚĂƐ,ĂŶŵĂŶƚEĂůĂǁĂĚĞ Maharashtra Ϯϴϭϲϳ
ϮϮϭ ƌ͘ZĂũ<ƵŵĂƌZ^ Tamil Nadu Ϯϴϭϲϴ
ϮϮϮ ƌ͘tĂƐŝŵ^ŚŽǁŬĂƚ :ĂŵŵƵΘ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ Ϯϴϭϲϵ
ϮϮϯ ƌ͘^ƵŐĂŶLJĂ^ Tamil Nadu ϮϴϭϳϬ
ϮϮϰ ƌ͘WƌĞŵŬƵŵĂƌzĂƐŚǁĂŶƚůĂůWĂƌĚŚŝ Maharashtra Ϯϴϭϳϭ
ϮϮϱ ƌ͘WŽŽũĂEŝƟŶŝŚĂŶŝ tĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů ϮϴϭϳϮ
ϮϮϲ ƌ͘,ŝƌĞŶŬƵŵĂƌWƌĂǀŝŶďŚĂŝŚŝŶŐĂƌĂĚŝLJĂ 'ƵũĂƌĂƚ Ϯϴϭϳϯ
ϮϮϳ ƌ͘ĞǀĞŶĚƌĂ<ƵŵĂƌ^ŝŶŐŚ hƩĂƌĂŬŚĂŶĚ Ϯϴϭϳϰ
ϮϮϴ ƌ͘ZĂũĂǀĞůƵZ Tamil Nadu Ϯϴϭϳϱ
ϮϮϵ ƌ͘zĂƟŶĚƌĂzĂƐŚǁĂŶƚWĂƟů Maharashtra Ϯϴϭϳϲ
ϮϯϬ ƌ͘sŝũĂLJƌƵŶ<ŚĂƌĂĚĞ Maharashtra Ϯϴϭϳϳ
Ϯϯϭ ƌ͘^ƵĚŚĞĞŶĚƌĂEĂŝŬ</ <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϳϴ
ϮϯϮ ƌ͘^ĂƌĂƚŚ^ĂƚŚĞĞƐŚ <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϳϵ
Ϯϯϯ ƌ͘:ĞĮŶ:ŽƐĞ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϭϴϬ
Ϯϯϰ ƌ͘ƌĞĞŶďĚƵůůĂ^ĂďŝŚĂƩĂƌŝ Maharashtra Ϯϴϭϴϭ
Ϯϯϱ ƌ͘^ĂŶũĂLJW <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϭϴϮ
Ϯϯϲ ƌ͘DƵƌƐŚŝĚ<ŚĂŶ Madhya Pradesh Ϯϴϭϴϯ
Ϯϯϳ ƌ͘ŶĂŵŝŬĂŶŝů <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϴϰ
Ϯϯϴ ƌ͘WƌĂƚŚĂŵĞƐŚĂƩĂƚƌĂLJDƵƐĂůĞ Maharashtra Ϯϴϭϴϱ
Ϯϯϵ ƌ͘ZŽŶŝƚdƵŬĂƌĂŵWĂǁĂƌ Maharashtra Ϯϴϭϴϲ
ϮϰϬ ƌ͘<ƌƵŶĂůũĂLJŬƵŵĂƌWĂƚĞů 'ƵũĂƌĂƚ Ϯϴϭϴϳ
ϵϴ
Ϯϰϭ ƌ͘ŵŝů:ĞĂŶ <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϴϴ
ϮϰϮ ƌ͘WƌŝLJĂŶƐŚsLJĂƐ Rajasthan Ϯϴϭϴϵ
Ϯϰϯ ƌ͘ZĂũĞĞƐŚdŚĂLJLJŝů <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϭϵϬ
Ϯϰϰ ƌ͘^ŚŝůƉĂd <ĞƌĂůĂ Ϯϴϭϵϭ
Ϯϰϱ ƌ͘DŽŚĚ͘ZĂƐŚŝĚĞĞŶ^ĂŝĮ hƩĂƌWƌĂĚĞƐŚ ϮϴϭϵϮ
Ϯϰϲ ƌ͘zĞƌƌĂŚĂƌŝƚŚĂ Andhra Pradesh Ϯϴϭϵϯ
Ϯϰϳ ƌ͘ZƵĐŚŝZĂŵĞƐŚĐŚĂŶĚƌĂ'ĂŶĚŚŝ 'ƵũĂƌĂƚ Ϯϴϭϵϰ
Ϯϰϴ ƌ͘WƌĂĚŝƉ'ŽŐŽŝ Assam Ϯϴϭϵϱ
Ϯϰϵ DƐ͘ŶĂŵ^ŚĂŚĞĞŶ hƩĂƌWƌĂĚĞƐŚ Ϯϴϭϵϲ
ϮϱϬ ƌ͘^ĂĐŚŝŶ'ĂũĂŶĂŶDĂŶŐůĂdĂŬƚŽĚĞ Maharashtra Ϯϴϭϵϳ
Ϯϱϭ ƌ͘,ĂƌƐŚǁĂƌĚŚĂŶ Rajasthan Ϯϴϭϵϴ
ϮϱϮ ƌ͘ZŽŚŝƚ^ŚĂƌŵĂ tĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů Ϯϴϭϵϵ
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

Ϯϱϯ ƌ͘ZĂĨŶĂƐWD <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϮϬϬ

Ϯϱϰ ƌ͘ŚĂƐŬĂƌŝĞǀŝ Assam ϮϴϮϬϭ
Ϯϱϱ ƌ͘ŵĞĞŶĂ^ŚĂŚƵů <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϮϬϮ
Ϯϱϲ ƌ͘ƐǁŝŶZĂũĞĞǀ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϴϮϬϯ
Ϯϱϳ ƌ͘^ŽƵŬƟŬŚĂƩĂĐŚĞƌũĞĞ tĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů ϮϴϮϬϰ
Ϯϱϴ ƌ͘ŝƉůŽďĂƐ Assam ϮϴϮϬϱ
Ϯϱϵ ƌ͘ZĂũĂŶŝŐĂŶƚŚ Tamil Nadu ϮϴϮϬϲ
ϮϲϬ ƌ͘LJƵƐŚŝŶĞƐŚŐƌĂǁĂů Maharashtra ϮϴϮϬϳ
Ϯϲϭ ƌ͘<ƌŝƟŬĂŐĂƌǁĂů Rajasthan ϮϴϮϬϴ
ϮϲϮ ƌ͘sŝũĂLJĂƌĂũĂŶZ Tamil Nadu ϮϴϮϬϵ
Ϯϲϯ ƌ͘ZĂũŝůŝƉŬƵŵĂƌEĞĞůƵDĞǀĂĚĂ Madhya Pradesh ϮϴϮϭϬ
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IIA PUBLICATION POSTED AT PATRIKA CHANNEL SORTING OFFICE, MUMBAI-400001
POSTAL REGD. NO.MCS/007/2021-23 PUBLISHED ON 14TH OF EVERY FOLLOWING MONTH AND
POSTED ON 15TH & 16TH OF EVERY FOLLOWING MONTH

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