Health Horizon

(Private & Govt. Hospitals)

BARN1AR13021
BARN1AR13035
BARN1AR13052
BARN1AR13067
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Aim:
As healthcare is one of the important amenity, our purpose is to study current scenario and to make N
improvement in construction industry of hospitals. T
An extensive review of hospital over mentioned parameters:
• Modular coordination
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• Advanced D
• Defects and Remedies
• Earthquake resistant construction
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Birla Hospital T
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Site Area: 20656 sq.m.
Built Area: 4547 sq.m.
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Near by place:
Vivaswan temple
Block A Railway station: 5.7 Km.

Parking
Block B

Site Plan
Location map
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Open sitting area Waiting lobby
Main Entry C
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Washroom/ toilets

Canteen
Entry block B
 MODULAR COORDINATION M
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Modular grids
Modular coordination is a concept of dimension and
space, in which buildings components are dimensioned
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Designs have to be expressed in two dimensions. To this end,
and positioned in a term of basic unit or module.
horizontal and vertical projections of the modular space grid are U
used, which are known as modular grids.
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A
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Multi-modular grids
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In addition to the basic module grid, multi-modular grids in which O
Modular coordination facilitates sustainable benefits the spacing of the lines is a multi-module may be used, This multi-
towards waste minimization and increases efficiency module may differ for each of the two directions of the grid.
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of productivity in the construction industry. Lines in a multi-modular grid normally coincide with lines in the
basic module grid.
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Basic module grid: Reference system
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A system of points, lines and planes to
The fundamental modular grid is
which sizes and positions of a building A
that in which the spacing of
component or assembly my be related.
consecutive parallel lines is equal T
to the basic module.
Modular space-grid
1M = 3Meter I
The main purpose of Modular Coordination is to achieve
A modular space-grid is a three- O
dimensional system of planes within
the Dimensional Compatibility between the Building which a building and its components are N
Dimensions, Span or Spaces and the Size of located. The distance between the planes
Components and Equipment by using related Modular in such a system is equal to the basic
Dimensions. module, or to a multi-module.

NOTE - This multi-module may differ for each oh the three directions of the modular space-grid.
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1M= 4.5m

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1M=3m
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1M=3.6m
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Modular grid as per horizontal & vertical
planning
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Basic module grid Irregularity in facial and axial
planning I
Plan ,elevation ,sections are expressed in two N
dimensions. These are horizontal and vertical
projections of the modular space grid. The
Ramp
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advantage of using is that they provide a
reference system continuous in a project T
provided that the basic modular grid is kept
uninterrupted through out the building. But I
here we found interruption in grid.
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Section of floor slab with slope N

Structural frame grid

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The lift cabs are not constructed to withstand impacts from beds. Doors O
are not heavy duty to withstand impacts and high usage cycles.
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The permanent magnet drive motors are not much capable of regenerating
accumulated energy back into the hospital electrical mains, aiding the U
building to achieve sustainable energy saving standards in context to
modular coordination. L
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GENERAL SPECIFICATION O
Load/Capacity: 2000kg to 3500kg O
Speed: 0.5 – 1.6 m/s
Maximum Travel: Up to 50 Meters R
Maximum Floors: 2 – 12 Floors
Entrances: Single entry – Front only /Through entry – Front & Back D
Drive System: Traction (Hydraulic available) I
Controller: Modern, low energy microprocessor
Door type: Automatic side/center Opening N
Clear Door Opening:
From 1300mm to 1500mm (in 100mm increments)
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Door Height: 2000mm – 2300mm
Car Dimensions: 1800mm wide x 2700mm deep
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Internal car Height:
2300mm high (clear sizes) standard I
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“’Hot spots’ such as operational theatres and intensive care units are as
much as possible surrounded by ‘soft spaces’ such as waiting areas,
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administration, and ancillary spaces.” Carthey, Chow, Jung, and Mills
201 0, p. 113
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ADVANCED:
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To go forward ,make progress and reach new position. V
Today’s generation of materials breaks new ground ,many are able to anticipate and A
respond to changes in the environment. Now dynamic and interactive ,materials
have the power to change how the human body experiences. N
New advanced materials offer opportunities to change the way in which we
construct and retrofit buildings. They give added value in terms of increased
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performance and functionality. New materials can also help address the new E
challenges of durability in a changing climate and help meet co2 reduction targets.

Latest materials and technology in construction suitable for hospital:

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Lotusan
The lotus plant is a symbol of cleanliness and purity in some eastern religions
,which makes sense consideration that the plant essentially cleans itself. A
lotus plant’s leaves stay dry even after a rain fall. Water beads on the surface
and run off like mercury. Dirt and other residue roll off with the raindrops, so
the leaves look clean even after being splashed with mud.
Sto corp. has duplicated that “lotus effect” in lotusan ,its self cleaning silicone
exterior paint.

Product characteristics:
• Very high level of water- and dirt-repellence after drying of the coating.
• Highly resistant to soiling, pronounced self-cleaning effect.
• Resists the growth of mold, mildew, and algae.
• Excellent weather and chalk resistance, UV-stable.
• Ideal for new construction and recoat projects over concrete, stucco, EIFS,
and fibre cement board and primed or pre-painted wood substrates.
• High water vapour permeability.
• Smooth matte (flat) surface.
• Available in virtually any colour including custom colour matches.
• Can be recoated with traditional acrylic based paints, though with
the loss of the self cleaning properties of the Lotus-Effect technology.
 Features Benefits A
1. Super - •Extremely water repellent D
hydrophobic •Outstanding resistance to soiling
•Improved resistance to mold
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,mildew and algae A
2. Vapor Allows substrate to breathe
permeable naturally; resists blisters caused by
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trapped vapour. C
3. UV Excellent colour retention
Resistant
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4. Water Safe, non-toxic; cleans up with D
based water
5. Low VOC Safe for workers and the
INSTALLATION environment

Execution
1. Primer: (select “a” or “b” depending on surface conditions. Use mock-ups and testing as determined by the approving authority)
a. Apply 5-7 uniform wet mil coat of Sto Hot Prime with brush, roller or proper spray equipment to prepared surface and allow to dry.
Minimum final dry thickness shall be .068mm(2.7 mils).
b. Apply 4-6 uniform wet mil coat of Sto Primer Smooth with brush, roller or proper spray equipment to prepared surface and allow to dry.
Minimum final dry thickness shall be .046mm(1.8 mils).
2. Finish Top Coat: Apply two coats of Sto Coat Lotusan at 5 – 7 wet mils, per coat, by brush, roller, or appropriate spray equipment. Apply
first coat directly to primed substrate and allow to dry completely before applying second coat. Final thickness of StoCoat Lotusan shall be
minimum 2.5 dry mils, per coat.

Result
Dirt runs off with the rain. Facades stay clean for longer. Algae and fungal attack are sustainably stemmed.

Limitations
· Protect installed materials from rain, freezing, and continuous high humidity until completely dry.
· Apply when ambient and surface temperatures are 40ºF (4ºC) and rising.
· Do not apply if the surface temperatures is less than 5ºF (2.8ºC) above the ambient
dew point temperature.
· Do not apply in freezing conditions or during precipitation.
· Do not overcoat with solvent based materials.
· Do not use below grade, on horizontal surfaces, or in areas of still water.
· Dark colours and colours requiring organic pigments may not be available.
· Custom colour samples will not show hydrophobic properties until weathered.
Translucent concrete A
Translucent concrete light transmitting concrete is achieved by replacing aggregates with transparent alternate materials. Use of D
optical fibres and fine concrete also used as transparent concrete.
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History A
Transparent concrete was originally developed in 2001 by a Hungarian architect Aronlosonzi by using glass fibers. Transparent
concrete is produced by mixing 4% to 5% (by volume) optical fibers in the concrete mixture. This concrete has less weight compared N
to original concrete.
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Materials for Transparent Concrete: E
Transparent concrete is manufactured by using combination of fiber optics and fine concrete. These fibers blend into the concrete
like any other aggregates. These optical fibers can transmit light from natural and artificial sources into spaces enclosed by the D
translucent concrete panels. The main reason for using optical fiber in concrete is that it can transmit light even an incident angle
greater than 600.
Optical fiber consists of three layers called as core, cladding and buffer coating or jacket. The light is transmitted through the core of
the optical fiber.
Transparent concrete is manufactured using fine materials only. It does not contain coarse aggregates. This concrete can have the
compressive strength of that of high strength concrete around 70 MPa ( 10,000 psi).
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Materials used: D
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• Cement: As the optical fibre is only responsible for transmission of light, there is no special cement required. So, ordinary
Portland cement is used for transparent concrete. A
• Sand: Since the transparent concrete is manufactured only using fine materials, the size of sand should pass through 1.18mm N
sieve. The sand should be free from any impurities such as vegetation, large stones etc.

• Water: Water to be used for transparent concrete should be of drinking water quality, free from any impurities.
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• Optical fibres: Optical fibres in the range of 4 to 5% by volume is used for transparent concrete. Thickness of the optical
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fibers can be varied between 2 µm and 2 mm to suit the particular requirements of light transmission. D

Advantages of Transparent Concrete:

• The main advantage of transparent concrete is that it can transmit light. There, it can be used to make green buildings. Since it
can transmit light from natural as well as artificial sources, the building can have fewer lights to meet its demand for lighting.
Thus saving huge energy cost.

• Transparent concrete uses sunlight as source of light instead of electrical energy and reduces power consumption. This
concrete can also be used cold countries to transmit heat with sunlight.
Manufacturing process
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•Manufacturing process of transparent concrete same as regular concrete D
•Small layers of the concrete are poured into the mould and on top of each layers of fibers is infused
•Fabric and concrete are alternately inserted into moulds at intervals of 2mm to 5mm V
•Light transmitting concrete is produced by adding 4% to 5% optical fibers by volume into concrete mixture
•Smaller or thinner layer allow an increased amount of light to pass through the concrete. A
•The casted material is cut into panels or blocks of the specified thickness and the surface is then typically polished
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PROPERTIES
•Transparent concrete blocks suitable for floor, pavements and load-bearing walls.
•Facades, interior wall cladding and dividing walls based on thin panels.
•Partition wall and it can be used where the sunlight does not reach properly.
•In furniture for the decorative and aesthetic purpose.
•Light sidewalks at night.
•Increasing visibility in dark subway stations.
•Lighting indoor fire escapes, in the event of a power failure.
•Illuminating speed bumps on roadways at night.

Conclusion
•Translucent concrete has good light guiding property and ratio of
optical fiber volume to concrete is proportionate to transmission of light.
•It doesn’t loose the strength parameter when compared to regular
concrete and also it has very vital property from the aesthetic point of
view.
•This new kind of building material can integrate the concept of green
energy saving.

References:
•Victorian bailey , “translucent concrete” , MEEN
•www.litracon.hu/
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DAMPNESS
E
The three primary causes of dampness in building are F
•Poor quality of construction material(possess
interconnected void) E
•Faulty construction or bad workmanship(source of
water penetrate through building) C
Penetrating damp -Dampness occurs as a result of water
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ingressing horizontally through gaps in the building
structure. S
"Rising Damp" - damp penetration which is then
absorbed by the plaster which is highly absorbant and &
due to the chemical reactions taking place inside the wall

SYMPTOMS
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•Plaster and paint deteriorate and wallpaper loosens.
• Stains, from the water, salts and from mold, mar E
surfaces.
•Externally, mortar may crumble and salt stains may
appear on the walls.
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•Steel & iron fasteners rust. E
• It may also cause respiratory illness in occupants.
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TREATMENT
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•A room should be sealed off with a left
running for the recommended time and E
then further instrument tests made.
•Insulation of cold surfaces and/or the S
elimination of water vapour at source .
•The cause of the dampness must first be
eliminated, by providing better drainage or
fixing leaking pipes. You can also install a
physical or chemical DPC.
•Then, any affected plaster or mortar must
be removed, and the wall treated, before
replacing the plaster and repainting.
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1. Permeability of concrete. 3. Creep M
• The first three are allied to the concrete strength as well. • Creep increases with increase in water and cement content, E
• The permeability of cement paste is a function of water- • water cement ratio and temperature
cement ratio given good quality materials,
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• . It decreases with increase in humidity of surrounding
• satisfactory proportioning and good construction practice atmosphere and age of material at the time of loading. I
• Amount of creep in steel increases with rise in E
temperature.
2. Thermal movement: S
• All materials more or less expand on heating and contract
on cooling. 4. Corrosion of Reinforcement
• The thermal movement in a component depends on a • A properly designed and constructed concrete is initially
number of factors such as temperature variations, water-tight and the reinforcement steel within it is well
dimensions, coefficient of thermal expansion and some other protected by a physical barrier of concrete cover which has
physical properties of materials. low permeability and high density. Concrete also gives steel
within it a chemical protection.
Repair Cracks in Plaster D
Two types of cracks are found on surface
A. Crack with hollow sound in plaster. E
B. Crack with no hollow sound in plaster. Hollow sound can be checked by striking the plaster.
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A. Repair cracks giving hollow sound
• Remove plaster applying proper cut Defective plaster should be removed and the edges should be slightly cut in square or E
rectangular shape to provide a neat joint.
• Prepare the surface thoroughly Clean the surface with wire brushes and wash it. Wet the surface 24 hours before application of C
cement mortar.
• Apply fresh cement mortar and finish the surface Defective portion should be filled in with cement mortar. Keep the surface wet at T
least for 3 days. When surface is dry, finish it according to adjoining area on the wall.
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B. Repair cracks if it is solid without hollow sound
Clean cracked portion of all loose materials and fill crack seal sealants in cracked portion. Finally finish the surface according to
adjoining area. &

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Repair Cracks in Masonry Walls
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Two types of cracks are seen in masonry walls i.e. A. Crack in mortar joints of walls. B. Crack in bricks/Diagonal Cracks
A. Repair cracks in mortar joints of walls
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•Remove mortar The mortar should be removed from cracked joint with the help of iron tools at least up to 25 mm depth.
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• All loose material should be cleaned from cracked portion. S
Wet the surface and apply cement mortar Cracked portion must be kept moist at least for 24 hours before doing repair.
•Do curing and finishing After filling the joints with cement mortar, keep the repaired surface wet at least for 3 days.
B. Repair cracks in bricks/diagonal cracks
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Remove broken bricks E
•Before doing any repair of cracks, make sure that the cracks are stabilized and are not widening further. Remove broken bricks by F
scratching cement mortar from the joints
gently. E
•Prepare the surface All loose material should be cleaned from the portion by brushing and washing.
• Fill all joints around bricks with mortar tightly with the help of iron tools. C
Do curing and finishing The repaired surface should be kept moist up to 7 days.
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(i) Symmetry: The building as a
whole or its various blocks should
be kept symmetrical about both
the axis. Asymmetry leads to
torsion during earthquakes and is
dangerous,
8m
Key map
GENERAL PLANNING AND DESIGN ASPECTS E
Plan of building L≤ 3B A
(ii) Regularity: Simple rectangular R
shapes, behave better in an
earthquake than shapes with many T
projections. Torsional effects of B
ground motion are pronounced in
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long narrow rectangular blocks. Q
Therefore, it is desirable to restrict
the length of a block to three times U
Both the blocks are at same axis its width. A
K
E
(iii) Separation of Blocks: For
preventing hammering or (iv) Simplicity: Ornamentation
pounding damage between involving large cornices,
blocks a physical separation of
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vertical or horizontal cantilever
3 to 4 cm throughout the projections, facia stones and E
height above the plinth level the like are dangerous and
will be adequate. The undesirable from a seismic
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separation section can be viewpoint. I
treated just like expansion
joint or it may be filled with a S
weak material which would T
easily crush and crumble None of blocks have projections.
during earthquake. A
N
T
(v) Separate Buildings for
Different Functions: It may be Block A Block B
economical to plan separate C
blocks for different functions
so as to affect economy in
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strengthening costs. N
A- cancer ,emergency department with ICUs, general wards S
& OPDs.
B- heart specialty department .
 Separate adjacent buildings by joints Favour compact plan configurations E
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Q
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Damage resulted from the pounding of two, very
•When designing a building, it is important to visualise the A
dynamic behaviour of the structure as realistically as possible.
different, buildings (Mexico 1985). K
The threat of collapse is greatest when the floor slabs of •In this L-shaped building, the stiffness of the two wings, E
adjacent buildings are at different levels and hit against the respective to each principal direction, are very different.
columns of the neighbouring building.
This implies the following: •This leads to large additional stresses, particularly at the R
1) the joints must have a certain minimum width (specified in corners of the floor slabs and at the end of each wing.
the building codes) • E
2) the joints must be empty (no contact points) •The problem can be avoided by separating the two wings by a
joint respecting relevant seismic design rules.
S
Use the slabs to tie in the elements and I
distribute the forces Secure connections in prefabricated buildings S
T
A
N
T
the entire roof structure collapsed
(Adana Ceyhan, Turkey 1998).
C
A corner area of this building collapsed Short support lengths, weak or missing dowels, and
(Armenia 1988). unsatisfactory overturning restraints of girders are frequently O
the cause of collapse. N
In multi-storey buildings the floor slabs must be nearly rigid
diaphragms. They must be properly connected to all the gravity Therefore, mobile bearings must have a minimum support S
load bearing elements to act as diaphragms. They distribute the length in accordance with the seismic building codes,
seismic forces and displacements between the various vertical Additionally, the beams must usually be secured against
.
structural elements according to their individual stiffness. lateral overturning movement.
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Avoid asymmetric bracing Avoid bracing offsets (Switzerland 2001)
(Switzerland 1994). A
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Asymmetric bracing is a frequent cause of building collapses Horizontal bracing offsets, in plane result when the position K
during earthquakes. In these two sketches only the lateral of the bracing changes from one storey to another. The
bending moments and the shear forces induced by the offset E
bracing elements are represented (walls and trusses).
cannot be fully compensated, despite substantial additional
The columns, which «only» have to carry the gravity loads, costs.
should however be able to follow the horizontal
R
The offsets disturb the direct flow of forces, weaken the resistance
displacements of the structure without loosing their load and reduce the ductility of the bracing. E
bearing capacity.
Avoid «bracing» of frames with masonry infills S
Avoid mixed systems with columns and structural I
masonry walls
S
T
A
N
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structural stairway (Switzerland 2001).
(Erzincan, Turkey 1992).
Mixed structural systems with concrete or steel columns C
It is still a common opinion that filling in frame structures
and structural masonry walls behave very unfavourably O
with masonry walls improves the behaviour under horizontal
during earthquakes. The columns in combination with the
loads including seismic actions. The combination of two very
slabs or beams form frames, which have a substantially
different and incompatible construction types performs
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smaller horizontal stiffness than the masonry walls.
When masonry walls fail due to the seismic actions or
poorly during earthquakes S
deflections, they can no longer carry the gravity loads, The frame structure is relatively flexible and somewhat .
which usually leads to a total collapse of the building. ductile, while unreinforced masonry is very stiff and fragile
Mixed systems of columns and structural masonry walls and may «explode» under the effect of only small
must therefore be absolutely avoided. deformations
TWO SLENDER REINFORCED AVOID SHORT COLUMNS E
CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALLS IN A
EACH PRINCIPAL DIRECTION R
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A
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•Reinforced concrete structural walls of rectangular cross-
section constitute the most suitable bracing system against •The shear failure of so-called «short columns» is a frequent
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seismic actions for skeleton structures. cause of collapse during earthquakes.
•The walls may be relatively short in the horizontal direction. •It concerns squat columns, i.e. columns that are relatively thick
•Reinforced concrete walls with rectangular cross-section compared to their height, and are often fixed in strong beams R
(standard thickness or slabs. E
30 cm) •An alternative is to design and detail the columns in
accordance with the rules of capacity design, whereby the shear S
DESIGN DIAGONAL STEEL BRACING capacity I
must be increased to account for the over strength of the
CAREFULLY vertical reinforcement. S
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AVOID PARTIALLY INFILLED FRAMES A
N
T

•For the bracing of builidings, in particular industrial buildings,

steel truss systems can be used. C
•The common truss bracing with centre connections and slender O
diagonal members may show a very unfavourable behavior under •The infill of parapet walls into a frame structure without
cyclic actions. the addition of joints can cause short column phenomena. N
•The diagonals yield under tension, lengthen more with each •Shear failure occurs, or – in cases of sufficient shear
cycle and end up buckling under compression. strength – a sway mechanism develops with possibly
S
•Steel truss systems with eccentric connections significant second order effects .
and compact members behave much better than trusses with
centre connections and slender members