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    Singapore Fire Code 1997, Chapter 2

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    2_Code of Practice for Fire Precautions In Building 1997

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    Singapore Fire Code 1997, Chapter 2

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    24 views50 pages

    2 - Code of Practice For Fire Precautions in Building 1997

    Uploaded by

    yunying21
    Singapore Fire Code 1997, Chapter 2

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    ie) CHAPTER 2 MEANS OF ESCAPE O ¢ 2d 221 (CHAPTER? MEANS OF ESCAPE GENERAL, ‘The provisions of this chapter of the Code shall serve to express the intentions for determining the design, construction, protection, location, arrangement and ‘maintenance of exit facilities to provide safe means of escape for occupants from all buildings hereafter erected, altered or changed in occupancy. DETERMINATION OF EXIT REQUIREMENTS ‘The determination of exit requirements for a building shall be based upon the type of use or occupancy of the building, the occupant load, the floor area, the travel distance’ to an exit and the capacity of exits as provided in Table 2.2A and herein. Every storey of @ building shall be provided with exit facilites for its ‘occupant load. Vertical exits provided from any storey above ground level may serve simultaneously all storeys above the ground level and vertical exits provided from any storey below ground level may serve all storeys below ground level, subject to the provisions of Cl. 2.35 which prohibit basement staircases being continuous with exit staircases serving the upper storeys, unless otherwise allowed by the Relevant Authority Where different parts of « building or storey of @ building are designed for different types of occupancies cor used for different purposes atthe same time, the exit requirements of the entire building or storey of the building shall be determined on the basis ofthat type of occupancy or usage having the strictest exit requirements or the exit requirements for each building section shall be determined separately. General Mixed Occupancy 2.23 22.4 228 ‘Where a building or storey of a building or a par of a building is used for multiple purposes involving different activities at different times, that purpose or use Involving the greatest number of occupants shall orm the basis for determining the ext requirements, ‘The floor areas of toilets, locker rooms, storage rooms, staff canteens, lobbies, corridors and sia cooms and spaces that serve other rooms and spaces on the same storey but are not occupied at the same time as such other rooms or spaces, may be omitted from the ‘occupant load caleulation ofthat storey of the building on which they ae located. ‘The capacity of exits, exit staircases, exit passageways, corridors, exit doors and other exit facilities shall be measured in units of width of one half of a metre, The umber of persons per unit of width shall be determined by the type of occupancy and ype of exit as listed under Table 2.2A.. In the determination of each exit width, fractions of a unit width less than 250 mm shall not be eredited. Where 250 mm or more fate added to one oF more Tull units, half of a unit of ‘wich shall be credited. ‘Where a room or space is required to be provided with to exits, cach exit shall be of sufficient width to accommodate not less than one helf the total eccupant load. The maximum travel distance for the respective types of occupancies shall be not greater than as laid dawn in ‘Table 2.2A readin conjunction wit the following: » ‘occupancy Non: simulta: occupancy Capacity of exits and exit facilities Determina tion of travel distance (@) In the ease of a floor area designed with minimum ‘wo exits, the maximum tavel distance as given in Table 2.2A shall be applicable. The maximum travel distance starting from the most remote point in any occupied space to the nearest exit, shall not exceed the limits specified in Table 2.24, and (B) In a large floor area sub-divided into rooms, corridors and so forth, the travel distance requirements of the foregoing paragraphs of this clause shall be deemed to be saisied ifthe travel distance’ does not exceed two-thitd of the ‘maximum ‘travel distance permitted under Table 22A, and (©) For the purpose of this clause, the most remote point from which the travel distance is measured shall be taken as being 400 mm from the enclosure walls ofthe room or space, and (@) Inthe case ofa hotel bedroom, travel distance shall be determined based on the provisions under Cl 2.7.4 for Exit Requirements for Hotels, and (©) In the case of residential apartment or maisonette, the travel distance shall be determined based on the provisions under Cl. 24,7 for Exit Requitements or Residential Occupancy, and (O Where Area of Refuge is provided in lieu of required exits, travel distance shall be measured to the exit door ofthe coridor leading to the Area of Refuge, and 227 (@) Where permitted under Cl. 2.3.3 for exit staircases to be entered without the provision ofan exit door, the travel distance shall be measured to a position ‘where the exit door would be installed if otherwise required. No exit, exit suirease or other exit facilities shall be narrower than the minimum width requirement as specified under Table 22A. The minimum clear width ‘ofan exit door opening shal be not fess than 850 mm, ‘The maximum width of exit staircases shall be not ‘more than 2000 mm, Where staireases exceed 2000 mm in width, handrails shall be used to divide the staircase imo sections of not less than 1000 mm of width or ‘more than 2000 mm of width, For the purpose of determining the exit capacity of a staircase that is wider than 2000 mm that foems part of the required means of escape from any storey of the Duilding, that part of its width in excess of 2000 mm shall not be taken into account, “The measurement of width refered to under Clauses 2.2.7 and 2.28 shall be the clear width: (@) In the ease of an exit starease, between - (the finished surfaces of the walls, if the staircase is enclosed on both sides by walls only, or a Minisaurs wid Maximum, width Measure- sent of width 227 228 229 (@) Where permitted under C1233 for exit saliéases to be centered without the provision of an exit door, the travel fistance shall be messured to a postion where the exit door ‘would be installed if otherwise required, (8) Where an ancillary office is housed within a space belonging to other purpose groups, the travel distance requirement for the ancillary office is allowed to be based on purpose group TV, provided (the ancillary offic is fire compartmented from spaces, belonging to the othee purpose groups; and (@ the ancillary office occupants shall have eccess 10 ceat() within the ancillary office compartmeat leading to direct discharge at ground level into a safe exterior Open space, info a protected ext staireate or {nternal/extermal exit passageway. [No exit, exit ssiease or other exit flies shall be narrower than the minimum width requirement 28 specified under Table 22A. ‘The minimum clear width of an exit door opening sball be not less than 850 mm. “The maximum with of ext staircases shall be not more than 2000 sam. Where staireases exceed 2000 mam in width handrails shall be ‘sed to divide the staicase into sections of not les than 1000 mm ‘of width or more than 2000 mm of width. ‘For the purpose of determining the exit capacity of staircase that is wider than 2000 mm that forms part ofthe required means of escape flom any storey of the building, that port ofits width in fexcess of 2000 mm shall not be taken info account “The measurement of width referred to under clauses 22.7 and 2.2.8 shal be the clear width: (@) Inthe case ofan exit staircase, between ~ © the Snished surfaces ofthe walls, if the staircase is enclosed on both sides by walls only, ot a Ancillary office ‘within other prpose groups ‘New sub-clause added under ‘Supplement 19199 dated ‘siDec 99 ‘Minimmor with Maximum width Measurement cof width 22.10 (the finished surface of the wall and the inner side of the balustrade, if the staircase has a wall on one side anda balustrade on the other side, or (ii) the inner sides of the balustrades if the staircase has balustrades on both sides, and the projection of handrail on each side of a staircase shall not exceed 80mm. () In the case of an exit door opening, between the edge ofthe door jamb or stop and the surface ofthe door when kept open at an angle of 90 degrees in the case of a single leaf door, and in the case of a double leaf door opening, between the surface of ‘one leaf to the other when both leaves are kept fopen at an angle of 90 degrees. See diagram 22.06). ‘There shall be atleast two door openings remote from each other and leading to exits from every room or enclosed space in which the total occupant load ‘exceeds the maximum permissible occupant load for ‘one door s listed in the table below: ‘Type of Occupancy | Maximum Oseupant Load with One Door igh Hazard 10 Patient accommodation area Is ‘Classrooms 25 Dormitories 20 Godowns, stores, and factories 50 not being of high hazard type ‘Rooms and spaces with occupancy of more than 30 persons shall comply with the requirements for "Number and Width of Exits’ under C1.2.8.2 for Assembly Occupancy. Number of exits from rooms and spaces 22.11 2212 (Note: For residential accupancy, see eL24 ii, For health care occupancy, see el.2.5. iil, For office occupancy, see c.2.6, iv. For hotels, see el.27, v. For assembly occupancy, ste eL2.8. There shall beat least two independent exit staircases ‘or other exits from every storey of a building, unless cthenvise permitted under other subsequent provisions ofthe code. All exits and access facilites shall be required to ‘comply with the following: (a) Exits and access facilites shall be clearly visible or thei locations shall be clearly indicated and shall be kept readily accessible and unobstructed tall ies, and (b) When more than one tenant occupy a building or a storey of a building, each tenant shall have direct access 10 the required number of exits without passing through the premises occupied by other tenants, and © When more than one exit is required from any oom or space or a storey ofa building, each exit shall be placed as remote as possible from the other as permitted under cl.1.2.60(2),(b) or (©). try at every storey evel to an exit staircase of any building or part of a building of more than four storeys above ground level shall be through: Number of| exits per storey Location ofexits & access ta ‘Smoke free approach 10 exit tae. 2211 22.12 2.213 ‘Note: i, For residential ocoupanoy, see e124, ji, For health care occupancy, see cl.2.5, iii, For office/shop/factoryhvarehouse cocupaney, see cl. 2.6, iv, For hotels, see el.2.7 v._ Forassembly occupancy, see cl2.8. ‘There shall be at least two independent exit staircases or other exits from every storey of a building, unless otherwise permitted under other subsequent provisions of the code. Allrexits and access facilities shall be required to ‘comply with the following: (@) Exits and access facilities shall be clearly visible cor their locations shall be clearly indicated and shall be kept readily accessible and unobstructed atall times, and (b) Every occupant or tenant within a building or @ storey of a building shall have direct access to the required exit or exits without the need to pass through the spaces or rooms occupied by other ‘occupants or tenants, (©) When more than one exit is required from any room or space or a storey of a building, each exit shall be placed as remote as possible from the other as permitted under el.1.2.60(a), (b) or (¢) Entry at every storey level to an exit staircase of any building or part of a building of more than four storeys above ground level shall be through: 4B Amended under ‘Supplement 3/98 dated 4 Aug 98 Number of exit stair- cases or exits per storey Location of exits & access to exits Amended under ‘Supplement 3198 dated 14 Aug 98 Smoke free approach to exit staircase (@) an extemal exit passageway or external corridor, ‘The openings for natural lighting and ventilation to the corridor shall be s0 located that they face and open upon: (the external space; oF (i) a street, service road ot other public space which is open to the sky; oF (Gi) an ar-well which opens vertically tothe sky and having a min. width of 6m and a superficial plan area of not less than 931, except that for residential occupancy, the extemal corridors for smoke free approach shall comply with the requirements of C1248 and 2.49, and in the case of hotel bedrooms being served by external corridors, such corridors shall comply with 2.7.2; (6) a lobby that is separated from the adjoining areas of the building by a wall having # fire resistance of atleast hour, “The exit door shall have fire resistance of at least half an hour fitted with automatic sel-losing device conforming to the requirements of C1392. The design of a smoke-stop lobby must be such as not to impede ‘movement of occupants through the escape route The floor area of a smoke-stop lobby shall be not less than 3m and if a smoke-stop lobby also serves as a fire fighting lobby, the flor area shall he not less than 6 m= and not more than 10m" and ‘the minimum width along the narrow side shall be not less than 2m wide. The floor shall be graded from the lift door towards the lobby door with a {all not exceeding 1 in 200, Extemal approach ‘Smake-stop lobby ‘A smoke-stop lobby shall be ventilated by: 2) permanent fixed ventilation openings in the external wall of the lobby; such. ventilation ‘openings shall have an area of not less than 15 percent ofthe flor area of the lobby and Jocated not more than 9m from any part of the lobby, or Gi) mechanical ventilation complying with the requirements in Chapter 7, oF (Gil) permanently fixed ventilation openings of farea not less than 15 per cent of the floor area of the lobby and Jocated not more than 9 m from any part of the lobby, opening to fan open air well which is open vertically to ‘the sky for its full height. ‘The ar-well shall have a horizontal plan area of not less than 10m? of 0. Lam foreach 300 mam of height of the building, whichever is the greater, The minimum width of such space shall not be less than 300mm. The enclosure walls to the sir well shall have @ minimum fire resistance of 1 hour and have no openings ther than ventilation openings for the smoke-stop lobby, exit staircase and toilets, (iv) cross-ventilated corridar having xed ventilation openings in atleast two external walls, The openings 10 each part of the external walls shall not be less than SO per cent of the superficial area of the wall enclosing the coridors. No part of the floor area ofthe corridor shall be ata distance of ‘more than 13m fom any ventilation ‘openings. 45 (©) Exception: () whore an exit staircase of any building is cither fully pressurized in compliance with the requirements in Chapter 7 oF css ventilated through fixed unobstructed ventilation openings in at least evo external walls, the size of such opening being. not less than 10 per cent of the floor area per floor of the staircase on each of the wall, such exit staircase may be exempted from compliance with the requirements of (€12.2.13(), provided that * itis not a building belonging to purpose ‘group IIT and Vil, or a building with habitable height exceeding 60 m, and + itis nota fire fighting staircase adjacent to a fre lift as required in Chapter 6, and * doors opening into such exit staircase are fire doors of at least | hour fire resistance and fitted with automatic self-closing device to comply with the requirements of Cl. 3.9.2, of (Gi) when the occupied space adjacent to the exit. staircase achieves a smoke free condition, the Relevant Authority may consent to exemption from requirements for smoke free approach into the exit staircase 22.14 Smoke Free Approach to Exit Staircase in Basement Occupancy: ‘Smoke fee approach in basement (a) Ina building comprising more than 4 basement storeys, entry 10 exit staircases serving. the ‘basement storeys at every basement storey level shall be through stioke-stop lobbies, one of ‘whieh shall be designated as fire fighting lobby. ‘The ext tarcase connecting to the fie fighting lobby shall be pressurised to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7, and (©) In a building comprising 2, 3 or 4 basement storeys, enry at every basement storey level to at least one of the exit stireases serving the ‘basement storeys shall be through a smoke-siop lobby and where only one smoke-stop lobby is provided, i shall be required to serve as a fre fighting lobby, and (6) Smoke-siop lobbies in basement occupancies shall be required to comply with the relevant provisions under Cl. 2.2.13(b) and shall be mechanically ventilated to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7. ‘When a floor ares has access to Area of Refuge in compliance with following requirements in this Clause, the eccupant load for which vertical exits are to be accounted forthe Moor area may be reduced 10 half when one Area of Refuge is provided and to ‘one-third when two or more Areas of Refuge are provided, (a) An Area of Refuge shall be adequate in size to hold the occupant load it receives from the floor area it serves as provision for required exit, in addition to its own occupant load calculated on the basis of 0.3 m per person except for Health Care Occupancies when the occupant load shall ‘comply withthe provisions under Cl, 2.5.3 , and a Areaof refuge and exit reduction 23 (b) An Area of Refuge shall be entered through an extemal corridor and the room or space or Area of Refuge shall be separated from the coridor by ‘all with minimum 1 hour fire resistance and (©) Extemal corridors when used as entry into an ‘Area of Refuge shall conform to the requirements of external exit passageway for minimum width, ‘changes in floor level, roof protection, enclosure on the open side and provision of opening of wall, between the room or space and the exit passageway, and (@) Exit doors between the room or space or Area of Refuge and the extemal corridor shall have fire resistance of at least half an hour and fitted with automatic self-closing device to comply withthe requirements ofCL 39.2, and (6) Every fre compartment in which ext reduction is permitted in connection with Area of Refuge Shall have in addition to exit through the Area(s) of Refuge at least one staircase complying with 1233. MEANS OF ESCAPE REQUIREMENTS - (GENERAL Means of escape shall be provided forall buildings by ‘one ar more ofthe facilities listed herein, Access and exit facilities not specifically covered in this Code shall not be used without the approval of the Relevant Authority. Required exits shall be kept readily accessible, and doors shall be operable and ‘unobstructed at allies during the occupancy of the builaing. General 2.3.2 Exit passageways @ o Exit passegeways that serve as a means of escape ‘or required exits from any building or storey of @ building shall have the requisite fre resistance as specified under Cl 33. Internal exit passageway (]) an internal exit passageway which serves. as required exit ofthe building shall be enclosed with construction complying with the provisions of Cl 3.3, and the enclosure walls of an exit passageway shall have not more than two exit doors ‘opening into the ext passageway, and (Gi) ext doors opening into an exit passageway shall have fie resistance rating as required for exit doors opening into exit staircases, fiued with automatic self-closing device and complying with the requirements of Cl, 3.9.2 for fie resisting doors, and Gv) the minimum width and capacity of exit passageway shall comply with the requirements as provided in Table 2.2A, and (0) changes in level along an exit passageway requiring less than two risers shall be by 2 ramp complying with the provisions under 1238, and Fire resistance Internal exit passageway (vi) if the exit staircase which connects to the intemal exit passageway is pressurised, the intemal ext passageway shall not be naturally ventilated but shall be mechanically ventilated, and it shall be pressurised to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7 (6) Extemal exit passageway (an extemal exit passageway may be used as 2 External exit required exit in liew of an intemal exit passageway passageway, provided that the external wall between the exit passageway and the rest of the floor space may have venilaion ‘openings of non-combustible construction, fixed at or above a level 1.8m, measured from the finished floor level of the passageway to the sill level of the openings and such ventilation openings shall be located not lest than 3.0 m from any opening of an exit staircase and (i) an extemal exit passageway may not be subjected t the imitations of a maximum of to exit doors opening into the exit passageway, and (Gil), an extemal exit passageway may be roofed ‘over provided the depth of the roofed over portion shall not exceed 3m to avoid smoke logging, and (@v) an external exit passageway may be enclosed ‘on the open side by only a parapet wall ot solid balustrade of not more than 1.0 m in height, and o exit doors opening. into an extemal exit passageway shall have fire resistance for at Teast half an hour and fited with automatic self-closing device (@ Ventilation @ «wo all intemal exit passageways shall be neturally ventilated by fixed ventilation ‘openings in an external wall, such ventilation openings being not less than 15 per cent of the floor area ofthe exit passageway, and internal exit passageways that cannot be naturally ventilated shall be mechanically ventilated to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7, 23.3 Exit Staircase: (4) Invernal Exit Stairease @ «a an intemal exit staircase which serves as the required exit ofthe building shall be enclosed with construction complying with the provisions of Cl. 3.8, and ‘where an intemal exit staircase is directly approached fiom an external exit passageway ‘or external corridor, it shall not be necessary to provide such ‘enclosure between the staircase and the extemal exit passageway ot extemal corridor provided no unprotected ‘openings are located within 3 m from the exit staircase Ventilation Internal exit (Gi) there shall be no unprotected openings of ‘occupancy area within 1.5m horizontally ot within 3m vertically below any part of the ventilation openings located in the extemal wall oF the internal exit staircase. (©) External Exit Staircase (external exit staircase may be used as required ext in lieu of intemal ext staircase provided it complies with the requirements of exit stalrease, except for enclosure of an intemal staircase, and (ii) there shall be no unprotected openings within 3. m horizontally or within 3 m vertically below any part ofthe external exit (© Allexit staircases shall discharge at ground level directly into a safe exterior open space. However, in sprinkler protected building, maximum S0% of ‘the ‘otal building exits may be allowed to discharge directly to the ground level circulation space subject tothe following: (The discharge point of the exit staircase shall be at a location in the circulation space at ground level within sight of and with direct access toa safe exterior open space; and (Gi) The maximum distance between the discharge point ofan ext staircase andthe exterior open space shall nt exceed 10m. SiS Unproected openings External exit Discharge (Gi) The clear width ofthe exit doors leading t the safe exterior open space shall be adequate to receive the occupant load in the Ist storey cireulation space and the total number of people discharging ftom the internal exit (4) The minimum with and eapacity of ext staircases shall be as specified in Table 2.2A, and such staircases shall omply with the following: Landings Landings + exit. staircases shall be provided with landings at intervals of not more than 16 risers or less than 2 risers at every floor level, and © the minimum width of a landing and length shall be not less than the width of the staircase, and + on a staight-run exit staircase, the distance betwoen risers ofthe upper Hight ‘and lower flight need not be more than 1 i) Winders shall not be permitted in any Winders building other than for access staireases of | residential buildings and in such cases, there shall be not more than 1 winder per 90 degree (Gi) The height of riser for any exit staircase shall Risers and ‘not be more than 175 mm, and the size of treads tread shall be not less than 250 man, 8 © 0 @ (Gy) When permitted to serve as exit staircases, the width of treads measured atthe narrower end shall be not less than 100 mm in residential buildings and 125 mm in other buildings and ata distance of half metre from the narrower end shall be not less than 225 mm in residential buildings and 250 mm in other buildings Handrails (every exit staircase shall have walls, grilles ‘or handrails on both sides, except that slsireases that are 1250 mm or less in width ‘may have a handrail on one side only; and (i) where the width ofthe exit staircase exceeds 2000 mum, handrails shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of Cl 228. All exit staircases shall be ventilated by fixed ‘openings in the extemal walls, such openings being of area not less than 10 percent of the floor area per floor of the staircase, or mechanically ventilated 10 comply with the requirements in ‘Chapter 7, Exit staircase and occupancy area shall ‘ot share the same airvell or void for lighting and ventilation In any building of which the habitable height exceeds 24 m, any internal exit staircases without provision for natural ventilation shall be pressurised to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7. In a building comprising more than four basement storeys, the exit sisircase connecting to the fire fighting lobby shall be pressurised “Treads for circular! ‘geometric Handrails ‘Ventilation Pressurisatior 234 Scissor Ext Staircase (2) Where two separate intemal exit staircases are contained within the sume enclosure, each exit staircase shall be separated from the other by non-combustible construction having fre resistance for a minimum period equal to that required forthe enclosure, and (©) Such scissor exit staircases shall comply with all applicable provisions for exit staircase. Basement Exit Staircase (2) Any exit staircase which serves a basement storey ‘of a building shall comply with all the applicable provisions for exit staircase, and (©) Such exit staircase shall not be made continuous with any other exit staircase which serves a non-basement storey of te building, and (©) Basement exit staiteases which are vertically aligned with the exit staircases of non-basement storeys shall be separated from such other exit staircases by construction having fire resistance fora minimum period equal to that required forthe enclosure, (@) Where upper storey staircase is allowed by the Relevant Authority to be continuous with that serving the basement which is naturally ventilated, the following shall be complied with ss Scissor exit stairease Basement exit Separate protected shaft Upper storey basement 236 (@) o (the entry into the basement staircase shall be through a protected lobby, or directly from the basement occupancy area provided the door tothe basement staircase is minimum 1- hour fire rated, (Gi) t prevent occupants exiting continuously from upper storeys into the basement storey during an emergency, a physical barrier in the form of a door or gate could be provided scr0ss the starease landing at ground level 10 separate the discharge route of upper storeys fom the basement staircase; (Gi) smoke stop lobby shall be provided for entry imo the staircase at all storeys, including ‘basement if the staircase serves more than 4 storeys, including basement; (jv) appropriate signages shall be provided inside the staircase enclosure to direct occupants ‘out ofthe building at ground level Hardwood staircase shall only be permitted as internal access staircase in residential buildings of purpose groups I and Il, unless otherwise permitted, at the discretion of the Relevant Authority ‘Where timber staircases are permitted in units Under purpose groups I and I buildings, which are rot under conservation, the structural elements such asthe stinger supporting the treads and risers shal be constructed of non-combustible materials % Barrier Smoke stop lobby Signages Haniwood staircase Apartment or maisonette uni within residential building 237 Spiral Staircase (2) Spiral staircases shall not serve as required exits ‘except that external unenclosed spiral staircases ‘when built of non-combustible materials and hhaving tread length of atleast 750 mm may serve fas required exit from mezzanine floors and balconies or any storey having an occupant load not exceeding 25 persons, and (©) Such spiral staireases shall be not more than 10 m high, Internal and external exit ramps may be used as exits in lieu of interal and extemal exit staircases. subject to ‘compliance to the applicable requirements of Cl 2.3.3. and tothe following: (@) The slope of such exit ramps shall not be steeper than {in 10, and () Exit ramps shall be straight with changes in direction being made at level platforms ot landings ‘only, except that exit ramps having a slope not ‘ereater than I in 12 at any place may be curved, and (©) Platform @) level platforms oF landings shall be provided at the bottom, at intermediate levels where required and atthe top ofall exit ramps, and (Gi) level platforms shall be provided at each door ‘opening into or from an exit ramp, and Spiral Exitramp Slope Changes in rection Platform Oo i) the minimum width of platform oF landing and length shall be not less than the widkh of the ramp, except that on a staight-un ramp, the length of the level platform or landing need not be more than I'm, and (@) Exit ramps shall have walls, guards or handrails and shall comply with the applicable requirements ‘of CL2.3.3(d) for exit staireases, and (©) All exit ramps shall be provided with nomlip surface finishes, and (Exit ramps shall be ventilated to comply with the requirements for ventilation of exit sttircases, and (@) Exitramps serving as means of escape to only one basement storey need not be protected by enclosure walls. Doors and Exit Doors (@) Exit doors shall be capable of being opened ‘manually, anc (©) Exit doors which are required to have fire resistance rating shall comply with the relevant provisions for fire resisting doors under Cl. 3.9.2, and (©), Doors and exit dors shall open inthe direction of exit travel: Guards and handrails Surface Veatiation Enclosure exemption Doors and exit doors 24 (when used in an exit or protected enclosure, (ii) when serving a high hazard area, or (Gi) when serving @ room or space with more than 50 persons, and (@ Exit doors opening into exit stsirases and exit passageways shall not impede the egress. of ‘occupants when such doors swing open, and (©) Fie door to protected stairease and smoke stopifire IIR lobby shall be constructed to Incorporate a vision panel. ‘The clear opening for installation of the vision panel shall not exceed 45,000 mm* with a clear width of minimum 150mm. The vision pane! shall have the requisite fire resistance rating and shall not turn opaque ‘when subject to heat. The vision panel shall be located with the bottom edge not lower than 120mm and the top edge not higher than 1700mm measured fom the finished floor level, The provision of vision panel shall not apply f0 exit ors of residential apartment or maisonette units (9, Revolving doors shall not be used as exit doors for required exis RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCY Means of escape for a building or a separate part of @ building of single occupancy of purpose group T not exceeding 4 storeys, may be provided via access staircases, and exit staircase under the provision of 12.3 is not required. Where the building has 4 storeys or levels, inclusive of attic and basement, sub-lause 3.2.4) on the provision of automatic fire alarm system fr an unenclosed extemal staircase shall be complied with, Vision pane! Residential buildings of purpose group 1 a 24 24. ‘when used in an exit or protected enclosure, or ‘when serving a high hazard area or (ii) when serving & room or space with more than $0 persons, and (® Exit doors opening into exit staiteases and exit passageways shall not impede the egress of occupants ‘when such doors swing open, and (©) Fire door to protected staircase and smoke stopltire lift lobby shall be constructed 10 incorporate a vision pane. ‘The clear opening for installation of the vision pane! shall ‘ot exceed 45,000 mm? with a clear width of minirmam 150mm. The vision panel shall have the requisite fire resistance rating and shall not turn opaque when subject to Jheat. The vision pane! shal be located with the bottom edge ‘ot lower than 1200mm and the top edge not higher than 170mm measured from the finished floor level. The provision of vision panel shall not apply to ext doors of ‘residential apartment or maisonette unit, Revolving doors shall not be used as exit doors for required exit. (2) Exit door ofeach esideaial ust shall be Jeated at not more than S00mm from the sata line to prevent the ‘eation of large entrance alcovelcorridor. However, in situation where the entrance alcovelcorior leads into an ‘open sided common crsdor which meets the requirements for smoke ffee approach under cl2.48, the separation distance between the entrance aleovelcoridor and the nearest ent aircase shal not be less hun 3000r=n [RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCY ‘Means of escape fora building or a separate part ofa building of | single occupancy of purpose group I, may be provided via access staireases, and exit staircase under the provision of cl.23 is not require. 88 Vision panel Resident bualdings of purpose group T 244 245 ‘Means of escape fora building ora separated part of a building of purpose group If shall comply with the provision of cL.23, In a block of residential apartments or maisonettes, at Teast two independent exit staircases or other exits from every storey shall be provided in compliance with the requirements of CL22.11 unless otherwise permitted. Ina block of residential apartments or maisonettes not ‘exceeding 24m in habitable height, one exit staircase ‘only may be allowed to serve every upper storey, subjectto: (@) The exit staircase shall comply with the requirements of C1. 23.3. (8) IF the building consists of more than four storeys, approach to the exit staircase on all storeys shall comply with the requirements of smoke free approach to exit staircase under C1.2.2.13, (©) Access to the building for fire fighting appliances being provided for in compliance with the requirements in Chapter 4 In a block of residential apartments or maisonettes exceeding 24 m in height, ne exit staircase only may be allowed to serve every upper storey, subject 1 - (@) The height not exceeding 60 m unless otherwise permitted by the Relevant Authority, and (b) The single ext staircase shall serve not more than four apartments or maisonettes at each storey level, and Residential buildings of purpose group No of exit staircases oF exits per storey Provision for buildings not exceeding 24m in height Provision for buildings exceeding. 24min height (©) Provision of exits from each residential apartment ‘or maisonette shall comply with the requirements under C1246, and {(@) Travel distance from the most remote exit door to the exit staitcase fom each apartment or maisonette shall not exceed 15 m, and (@) Exit staircase shall comply with the requirements ofC123.3 forexitstaireases, and (8 Approach to the exit staircase shall be through cross-ventilted lobby. The ventilation openings having a minimum width of 2000 mm shall be ‘unobstructed from parapet wall or balustrade level ‘upwards and be positioned on opposite sides ofthe lobby such that they provide cross-ventlation ‘throughout the entre space of the lobby. Where ‘multiple ventilation openings are provided on ‘opposite sides ofthe lobby, the minimum width of cach opening shall not be Tess than 1000 mm, provided the aggregate width of the openings at ‘each opposite side isnot less than 200mm. See diagram 2.45(). (@) Fire lift shall be provided to comply with the requirements in Chapter 6, and (b) Dry tising main shall be provided to comply with the requirements in Chapter 6, and {@) Access to the building for firefighting appliances shall be provided to comply withthe requirements in Chapter 4 C 2.4.6 Exits from Residential Unit (2) In each residemtial apartment or maisonette unit, the exit or exits shall be provided such that the travel distances measured from any point within the unit tothe exit door or doors shall not exceed 201 (see diagram 2.4.6(a); and (©) In addivon, in the ease of a maisonette unit comprising not more than two storeys, where & single door is provided, the door shall not be located on the upper storey ofthe unit; and i) the oor area of the upper storey shall not exceed 60 m', unless a separate exit is provided on this upper storey (€) all exits ftom residential or maisonette units shall hhave direct access to exit. staircase, exit passageway or exterior open space 2.4.7 Travel distance shall be measured fiom the door oF doors of the residential apartment or maisonette unit ‘Where a residential apartment is required to be provided with two doors atthe same storey level, and if only one way escape or one exit staircase only is provided, the travel distance shall be measured from the most remote door. IF two way escape is achieved, the travel distance shall be measured from each ofthe doors 24.8 Ina block of residential apartments or maisonettes, smoke ffee approach to an exit staircase may be permitted by means of an external corridor subject to ‘compliance with the following Exits from residential Measurement of travel distance ‘Smoke free approach to exit staircase 249 (@) Such external corridors conform to the requirements of external exit passageways for ‘minimum width, headroom clearance, changes in floor level, provision of parapet wall or solid ‘balustrade which shall ot exceed 1000mm height along the outer side of the corridor. ‘The corridor ‘may be roofed over, provided the depth of the roofed over portion shall not exceed 300mm, (©) The residential apartment or maisonette shall be separated ftom the extemal corridor by an cexteral wall with fire resistance rating ofa least hour, except that ventilation openings of non-combustible construction may be fixed at or above a level of I.1 m, measured from the finished floor level ofthe external corridor tothe sill level of the opening. ‘Travel Distance (@) In a block of residential apartment or maisonete ‘where the means of escape is through an external corridor, the one-way travel distance measured from the door of the apartment oF maisonette to exit staircase may be extended to 20m provided that such provision shall not apply to residential apartments or maisonettes in «building exceeding 24m permitted under Cl 24.5, and (&) Ina block of residential apartments or maisonettes, the two-way travel distance may be extended 10 45 m if the means of escape is through an external cortdor a in Cl. 2.48, In the case of buildings which are required to be provided with rising mains, the number and distribution of rising mains specified in Chapter 6 shall be complied with, « 2) One-way travel distance Two-way travel distance 24.10 241 24.2 The provisions of CL2.3.3(a)i) and (bKi) that there shall be no unprotected openings within 3m horizontally or vertically below ventilation openings of ext staircases may not be applicable inthe case of exit staircases for residential apartments or ‘maisonettes provided (@) the exit staircases are eross-ventlated and maintained under smoke-free condition at all times; and (b) unprotected openings of the apartment or maisonette units are not facing or ventilating into the exit staircase enclosures as shown in diagram 24.10, Doors of residential apartments or maisonettes opening into extemal corridors neod not have fire resistance rating, ‘An attic in buildings under purpose group 1 and IL ‘may be constructed of timber boaedings on timber joists, provided that: (2) itis protected to achieve the fire resistance rating required of the elements of structure of the building or compartment; and (6) the floor area does not exceed 25 39 m. HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCY The provisions stated herein shall apply to Health Care Occupancies which may be identified under the following categories: Protection of Residential doors opening io external corridors Alte Bee. General (@) Hospital ~ A building used for medical and surgical care and shall include general hospitals, hospitals for psychiatric care, children's hospitals, ‘with 24 hours or in-patient service. (6) Nursing Home - A building or par thereof, used for the housing and nursing care of persons, who because of mental or physical incapacity, may be ‘unable to care for their own needs and safety without the assistance of other persons. Such buildings shall include nursing and convalescent homes and homes for the aged (©) Custodian Care Facility - A building ot part thereof, used forthe housing, on a 24 hour basis, of persons who, because of age, or physical oF mental disabilities, are unable to care for their self preservation and safety. Such buildings shall include nurseries for children under 6 years of age and hospitals and institutions for the ‘mentally retarded. (@ Supervisory Care Facility - A building or part thereof, used forthe housing, on a 24 hour basis, ‘of mental health patients who may be capable of self preservation but require supervision and are receiving therapy traning or other heath related ceare and for whom there may be security _measures not under their control (©) Ambulatory Health Care Centre - A building of part thereof, used for providing services on an ‘out-patient Bass for (@)teatment for patients which would render them incapable of taking action for self preservation or safety under emergency conditions without assistance from others, such as hemolilysis units, or 26 252 Gi) surgical teatment requiring general anesthesia, Number of Doors (2) In compliance with the provisions of Cl. 2.2.10 for number of doors from rooms and spaces, ro ‘openings for doors located remote from each ‘other stall be provided for any patient's sleeping room or suite of patient’ sleeping room having aan oecupaney load exceeding 15 persons, and (b) Rooms and spaces with occupancy of more than 50 persons shall comply with the requirements of CL. 2.82 for Assembly Occupancy. Where Area of Refuge serves as required exit, the calculation of area for refuge occupants shall be based on the following: (a) Hospitals - 2.8 mfperson (©) Nursing Homes - 2.8 miperson (c) Custodian Care Facility ~ 1.4 mijperson (@)_ Supervisory Care Facility ~ 0.56 m'lperson (e) Ambulatory Health Care Centre - 1.4 m/person OFFICEISHOPIFACTORY/WAREHOUSE, OCCUPANCY Inan office, shop, factory and warehouse building, at least (0 independent exit staircases or other exits shall be provided in compliance with the requirements of Cl. 22.11, except that ane exit staircase may be permitted if the building is of ron-combustible construction and not exceeding four storeys, subject to: Number of doors ‘Area of refuge - ‘ecupaney load Number of exit staircases per storey (@) The maximum travel distance on any storey ‘complying with column (i of Table 2.24; and () Exit staircase conforming tothe requirements of 1233, and (©) With the exception of office building, the gross floor area of shop, factory and warehouse building not exceeding 185m" oa any storey, including service ducts, li shafts, toilets, staircase et (@) The habitable height of the shop, factory or warehouse building not exceeding 15m ‘measured from the outside average ground level 1 the finished floor level ofthe highest floor or 4-storey whichever is lower; and (©) Access to the building for fre fighting appliances being provided for in compliance ‘with the requirements in Chapter 4 HOTELS: Hotel bedrooms with access through an intemal corridor shall comply with the requirements as follows: (8) Hotel bedrooms shall be separated from the internal corsidor by a wall having fire resistance ‘of at east | hour, and (©) Doors opening into intemal corridors shall have fire resistance of at least half an hour and fitted ith automatic self-closing device 10 comply ‘withthe requirements of CI. 3.9.2, and o Internal corridor to hotel Bedrooms. 273 (©) Internal corridors shall be naturally ventilated with fixed openings in an external wall, such ventilation openings being not less than 15 per cent oF the floor area oF the internal corridor, and intemal corridors which cannot be naturally ventilated shall be pressurised to comply with ‘the requirements in chapter 7. (@) Other rooms or spaces which open into or form part of the bedroom corridor which may prejudice the means of escape provision shall be required 10 bbe compartmented to the same extent as the bedrooms, at the discretion of the Relevant Authority Hotel bedrooms with access through an extemal corridor shall comply with the requirements as follows: (2) Hotel bedrooms shall be separated from the ‘extemal coridor by a wall having fire resistance fof at least 1 hour, except that ventilation ‘openings of non-combustible construction may be fixed at or above a level of 1.1 m, measured fiom the finished floor level of the extemal corridor to the sill height ofthe opening, and (b) Doors opening into the external corridor shall ‘ot be required to have fire resistance rating, and (©) External corridors shall conform to the requirements of external exit passageway for minimum width, changes in floor level, root protection and enclosure on the open side (2) One exit door only shall be required from the hotel bedroom or suite provided thatthe distance ‘measured fiom the most remote point in the ‘bedroom or suite to the door shall not exceed 15 m, and Extemal corridor Number of exit doors from hotel bedrooms (©) Where the distance measured ftom the most remote point in the hotel bedroom or suite tothe exit door exceeds 15 m, there shall be at least ‘010 exit doors located remote from each other in accordance with e.1.2.60, and (©) Inthe case of hote bedrooms in a building fitted ‘oughout with an automatic sprinkler system ‘which complies with the requirements in Chapter 6, the distance measured from the most remote point in the bedroom or suite 10 the door shall, not exceed 20m, for bedrooms with provision for one door. 2.74 (@) The travel distance shall be measured ftom the Measurement ‘exit door ofa hotel bedroom or suite tothe exit of travel door of an exit stirase, exit passageway oF distance exterior open space, and (®) If only one way escape is provided along the corridor, the travel distance shall be measured from the most remote exit door of the bedroom, and if two way escape is provided, the travel distance shall be measured from each ofthe exit ‘doors of the bedroom, 2.1.5 (@) Intemal corridors which are not naturally Spacing ventilated shall be subdivided by smoke bariers of smoke into the following lengths: barrier ‘Building protected by sprinkle system 45m Building not protected by sprinkler 30m system (©) The smoke barirs shall consist of non- combustible parions containing, smoke check doors. The smoke bariers, including the enclosing walls the corridor, stall_ be consructed to fll height, carted righ upto form A clase joint wih th soit ofthe floor slab above, cor an imperforate noo-ombustible ceiling or the roof coverings 28 (©) the smoke barriess shall be sited: at suitable Tocations across the corridor to create multiple sections, with each having free and direct access to an exit of exit stairease, ext passageway oF exit ramp, (@) smoke check doors excluding glass doors, shal be provided with clear glass vision panels having at Teast 25% ofthe surface area ofeach door lea, {€)_ smoke cheek doors shall be self-closing, swinging ‘ype and may be double-swing but shall close the ‘opening completely with only such clearance as is reasonably necessary for proper operation. The doors shall be closely fitted around their edges and the botiom clearance gup between such doors and ‘the flor shall not exeeed 4m; (0) smoke check doors shall normally be in the closed position. However, they may be left open if they are arranged to close automatically by an approved electomagnetic or electro-mechanical device ‘hich can be activated by the presence of smoke and/or the building fire alarm system, ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCY ‘Assembly Occupancy include all buildings or portions ‘of buildings used for gathering together more than 50 persons for such purpose as deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating, drinking, amusement or awaiting transportation, ‘Assembly Occupancies include but are not limited to Vision panel General 28. Theatres, Cinemas, Assembly Halls, Auditoriums, Exhibition Halls, Museums, Skating Rinks, Gymnasiums, Bowling Establishments, Pool Rooms, Armoures, Mortuary Chapels, Libraries, Restaurants, Nightclubs, Discotheques, Churches, Dance Halls, Cub Rooms, Passenger Stations and Terminals of Public Transportation Facilities, Courtroom, Conference Rooms and Drinking Establishments. 2 Number and minimum width of exits for assembly ceccupancies shall comply with the provisions tabulated as follows Nook MinNoof | Min.Widthof Occupants Doors Coridors [0-200 2 1000 rm aor 500 2 71250 mm 301 = 1000) 3 1250 mm ‘exceeding 1000 4 1250 mm 28, 3 Assembly Occupaney with Fixed Seating: (Theatres, Cinemas, Auditoriums, Concert Halls etc) Aisles and Gangways (2) clear sisles or gangways of not less than the minimum width of corridors shall be provided round the auditorium, stalls and. baleoni leading to doors or exit doors, and (©) sisles or gangways shall be provided with intersecting rows of seating and the number of seals in a r0W shall be in accordance with the provisions tabulated as follows: n Number and ‘width oF exit facilities Aisles and pangways ‘Table 2.8.3(a)i) Number of seats in a row ‘Seaiway widih] Maximum No ofeatsina row Gangway on | Gangway on mm one side tw sides 30010 324 7 14 325 0349 8 16 35010 374 9 18 375 10 399 10 20 400 10 424 u 2 42510 449 | ) 24 4500474 |) 12 26 475 0499 |) 28 500 ormore | ) Limited by the travel distance ‘The seatway shall be the minimum clear width between rows, which shall not be less than 300mm, measured asthe clear horizontal distance fiom the back of the row ahead (including seats that tip up automatically) and the nearest projection of the row behind when the seats are in upright positon. The seatway Widths shall be constant throughout the length of the row. (See diagrams 2.8.3(aXii) - A and By (6) for changes of level, steps shall not be used to overcome differences in level in aisles or gangways unless the slope of such gangways ‘exceeds | in 10, and (@) handrails shall be provided, where steps of a pitch exceeding 30 degrees or ramps of a slope exceeding I in 10 are provided in aisles or igangways flanking the seating, and 284 (©) Mooring for the surface of steps and ramps forming the aisles or gengways shall be finished using non-slip materials, and (illumination of steps shall be such that each step is clearly visible when the general lighting is switched off ‘The mumber and capacity of exits from a theatre, cinema or concert hall shall be provided within its ‘wn compartment without having fo take into account exits provided for its adjoining parts of the same ‘building in which itis housed. Exception may be permitted where the occupancy load does not exceed 200, in which case atleast half the capacity of exits ‘must be provided within the compartment. ‘Where a building or part ofa building is designed as a cineplex to house multiple mini- cinemas, the means ‘of escape to be provided may be shared by all the mini-inemas. Each cineplex shall be treated as single big cinema for the purpose of determining the exit requirements under sub-clause 2.8.4 WORKERS’ DORMITORIES Dormitories include buildings or spaces in buildings ‘where group sleeping accommodation is provided for workers under joint occupancy and single ‘management, with or without meals, but without individual cooking facilities. The phrase “without individual cooking facilities” refers to the absence of cooking equipment in any room or unit ofa dormitory. Dorm 2.9.2 (a) Each dormitory bedroom shall not exceed 120m® and occupant load of 40 persons. (b) The occupant load shall be based on gross floor sea on the basis of 3m” per person or bated on the actual number of oecupants for which each ‘occupied space ofthe floor is designed as shown ‘on the plan, whichever is greater. () There shall be atleast two door openings remote from each other and leading to exits fiom every

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