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Efficacy of pre-and post-emergence herbicides in onion and their carry over

effect on the succeeding crops

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 Efficacy
Ann. Agric. Res. New Series Vol. 35 (2) of pre-and
: 209-216 post-emergence herbicides in onion
(2014) 209

Efficacy of pre-and post-emergence herbicides in onion and their

carry over effect on the succeeding crops

A.D. Rathod1, R.M. Solanki2, J.M. Modhavadia3 and D.R. Padamani4

Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture

Junagadh Agricultural University, Jungadh-362 001 (Gujarat)
e-mail: rmsolanki@jau.in

Received : February 2013 ; Revised accepted : February 2014

ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted during the rabi seasons of 2007-08 and 2008-09 Junagadh
(Gujarat) to study the effect of pre-and post-emergence herbicides for weed management in onion
and their persistence. The results indicated that all the treatments reduced the density of major
weed species of onion and dry weight of weeds. Growth and yield attributes and bulb yield were
increased significantly over unweeded check. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.9 kg
ha-1 showed its negative effect on germination, plants height and dry matter accumulation of
indicator plant sorghum at 30 DAS which was disappeared at 60 DAS. Similarly, post-harvest study
on succeeding crops of groundnut, green gram, maize and ladies fingers indicated that there was
no residual phytotoxic effect of either pre- or post- emergence herbicides tested in onion.

Key words: Onion, weed, herbicides, management.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most
important vegetable crops in India. Our country
accounts for one third of the world production
in onion due to intensive cultivation. In India, it
occupies an area of 1.02 m ha with production
of 14.82 m tonnes and productivity of 14605 kg
ha-1 and in Gujarat, it covered an area of 62000
hectares with a production of 1514000 tones and
productivity of 24419 kg ha -1 during 2010-11
(Anonymous, 2011). Severe weed problems in
onion and huge yield losses due to weed
competition are a global problem.
Weeds interfere with the development of
onion bulb by competing with moisture,
nutrients, light and space, thereby reducing bulb
yield to the extent of 40-80% (Verma and Singh,
Present Addresses: 1Krushi Vigyan Kendra, Ambuja
Nagar, At. Kodinar, Dist. Junagadh; 2Department of
Agronomy, Junagadh Agricultural University,
Junagadh; 3Instructional Farm, College of Agril. Engg.
and Technology, JAU, Junagadh; 4Main Dry Farming
Research Station, JAU, Targhadia (Rajkot).
1996). Owing to its inherent characteristics such
as short stature, non-branching habit, spare
foliage, shallow root system and extremely slow
initial growth and frequent irrigation provides
congenial condition for growth of weeds,
resulted in severe competition throughout the
crop growth. The conventional methods of weed
control i.e. hand weeding is no doubt effective
but it is time consuming, cumbersome and under
many situations becomes uneconomical.
Onion is sown at very narrow spacing,
therefore, cultural methods of weed control
could not be performed and manual control
becomes unaffordable. Hence, recommended
pre and post emergence herbicides to control
weeds in onion viz., pendimethalin, oxadiargyl,
quizalofop-ethyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl mostly
used by the farmers. The applied herbicides
persist in soil. The persistence of any herbicides
may differ with agro-climatic situations. The
residue chemist uses this concept to determine
210 Rathod et al.
the rate at which a herbicide is degraded in soil
which is costly. But cheap and easy method to
know the herbicide residue in soil is bioassay in
which, sensitive crops are grown in treated soil
and provides useful information regarding
herbicides residues.
No systematic research work has been
conducted to evaluate the persistence of most
popular pre-and post-emergence herbicides
against broad and narrow leaf weeds in onion
in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Therefore, the
present study was undertaken.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To study the efficacy of various herbicides
applied in onion and determination of their
residues in indicator plants as well as succeeding
kharif season crops, three different experiments
were conducted at Instruction Farm, College of
Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University,
Junagadh, Gujarat during 2007-08 and 2008-09.
The soil of the experimental fields was calcareous
clayey in texture and low in available N and P2O5
and high in K2O with slightly alkaline in reaction
(pH 8.05). In experiment-1, ten treatment
combinations viz., T1: Pendimethalin @ 0.9 kg ha-
1
pre-emergence + 1 HW at 45 DAT; T 2:
Oxadiargyl @ 90 g ha-1 pre-emergence + 1 HW
at 60 DAT; T3: 1 HW at 25 DAS + Oxadiargyl @
90 g ha-1 post-emergence at 60 DAT; T4: 1 HW
at 25 DAS + Quizalofop-ethyl @ 40 g ha-1 post-
emergence at 60 DAT; T5: 1 HW at 25 DAS
+ Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 75 g ha -1 post-
emergence at 60 DAT; T6: Pendimethalin @ 0.9
kg ha-1 pre-emergence + Oxadiargyl @ 90 g ha-1
post emergence at 60 DAT; T7: Pendimethalin @
0.9 kg ha-1 pre-emergence + Quizalofop-ethyl @
40 g ha -1 post-emergence at 60 DAT; T 8:
Pendimethalin @ 0.9 kg ha-1 pre-emergence +
Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 75 g ha-1 post-emergence
at 60 DAT; T 9: Weed-free and T 10 :Control
(Unweeded check) were laid out in randomized
block design with four replications. Onion
variety GWO-1 was grown by transplanting of
seedlings at 15 × 5cm spacing during 3rd week of
November, 2007 and 1st week of December, 2008.
Light irrigation was given immediately after
transplanting of seedlings. Recommended dose
of N, P and K i.e. 75 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 50 kg
K 2 O ha -1 was applied in the form of urea,
diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash.
Whole quantity of phosphorus and potash were
applied as basal before transplanting and
nitrogen in two equal splits 50% as basal and
50% as top dressing 30 days after transplanting
(DAT). The pre-emergence herbicides were
sprayed within 48 hours after transplanting of
seedlings by knapsack sprayer using flat fan
nozzle with 600 litre of water and post
emergence herbicides as per treatments were
applied 60 DAT. Other packages of practices
were followed as per recommendations made
for the onion cop. Growth, yield and quality
parameters were recorded from each plot by
randomly selected five plants and same were
used for analyzing purposes. In pot trial
(experiment-II), 500 gm of soils from each plot
were collected in 20 cm diameter plastic pot and
20 seeds of indicator plants sorghum and
cucumber were sown for different test. In
experiment-III, after harvest of onion, the lay
out was kept undisturbed and four kharif crop
(groundnut, greengram, maize and ladies
finger) were sown around end of June during
both the years as per recommended agronomic
practice for each crops. Germination percentage
10 DAS, plant height and dry matter production
at 30 DAS were recorded from randomly
selected five plants from each plot during the
experimentation period.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect on crop
Pre emergence application of pendimethalin
@ 0.9 kg ha-1 + post-emergence application of
oxadiagryl @ 90 g ha-1 60 DAT and weed free
treatment remain at par and recorded
significantly higher plant height, leaf area index,
bulb diameter, fresh and dry bulb weight and
bulb yield during individual years and in pooled
results over unweeded check (Tables 1 and 2).
Weed free treatment produced 87.2, 60.6 and
73.0% higher bulb yield and pre-emergence
application of pendimethalin @ 0.9 kg ha-1 + post
emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 90 g ha-1
produced 85.6, 58.7 and 71.4% higher bulb yields
over unweeded control during 2007-08, 2008-09
and on pooled basis, respectively (Table-2),
because of favorable environment in the root
Table 1. Effect of different weed control treatments on plant height, leaf area index and bulb diameter of onion
Treatments Plant height Leaf Area Index Bulb diameter

(cm) (cm)

T1- Pendimethalin @ 0.9 kg ha-1 PE + 1 HW at 45 DAT 57.5 54.4 56.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 5.4 5.2 5.3
T2- Oxadiargyl @ 90 g ha-1 PE + 1 HW at 60 DAT 57.6 56.4 57.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 5.5 5.0 5.3
T3 -1 HW at 25 DAS + Oxadiargyl @ 90 g ha-1 POE at 60 DAT 60.2 57.3 58.7 3.2 3.1 3.2 6.1 5.9 6.0
T4 -1 HW at 25 DAS + Quizalofop-ethyl @ 40 g ha-1 POE at 60 DAT 59.7 56.8 58.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 5.7 5.6 5.7
T5 -1 HW at 25 DAS + Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 75 g ha-1 POE at 60 DAT 58.1 56.8 57.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 5.4 5.3 5.4
T6- Pendimethalin @ 0.9 kg ha-1 PE + Oxadiargyl @ 90 g ha-1 POE at 60 DAT 64.5 60.8 62.7 3.3 3.2 3.2 6.3 6.1 6.2
T7- Pendimethalin @ 0.9 kg ha-1 PE + Quizalofop-ethyl @ 40 g ha-1 POE at 60 DAT 63.2 61.4 62.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 6.2 6.1 6.2
T8- Pendimethalin @ 0.9 kg ha-1 PE + Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 75 g ha-1 POE at 60 DAT 62.2 59.4 60.8 3.3 3.2 3.2 6.2 6.0 6.1
T9- Weed-free 63.5 61.4 62.5 3.3 3.4 3.3 6.2 6.1 6.1
T10- Control (Unweeded) 52.6 51.6 52.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 5.1 5.0 5.1
C.D. (P= 0.05 ) 6.96 5.85 4.45 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.83 0.84 0.58

Table 2. Effect of weed control treatments on fresh and dry bulb weight, TSS, essential oil, bulb yield and net return of onion
Treatments Fresh bulb Dry bulb weight TSS Essential Oil Bulb yield Net
weight (g) (%) (%) (q/ha) return
(g) (Rs./ha)
2007 2008 Pooled 2007 2008 Pooled 2007 2008 Pooled 2007 2008 Pooled 2007 2008 Pooled
T1 57.3 59.0 58.1 34.5 32.8 33.6 14.56 15.47 15.02 0.013 0.013 0.013 239 270 254 28804
T2 59.1 60.3 59.7 33.0 30.4 31.7 15.47 15.42 15.44 0.012 0.013 0.013 243 248 246 18744
T3 59.5 61.6 60.5 43.5 45.0 44.2 15.84 15.60 15.72 0.014 0.015 0.015 257 283 270 25179
Efficacy of pre-and post-emergence herbicides in onion

T4 58.9 61.4 60.1 42.0 42.5 42.2 15.55 15.84 15.70 0.014 0.015 0.014 275 250 262 21595
T5 58.6 61.1 59.8 35.1 39.4 37.3 15.58 16.91 16.24 0.013 0.014 0.014 262 248 255 19134
T6 61.0 64.8 62.9 55.2 56.0 55.6 17.64 16.07 16.86 0.016 0.014 0.015 334 338 336 50538
T7 61.7 64.3 63.0 54.1 55.3 54.7 15.07 14.42 14.74 0.014 0.014 0.014 328 320 324 45201
T8 60.4 63.8 62.1 54.7 55.1 54.9 15.11 14.90 15.01 0.016 0.014 0.015 301 333 317 42304
T9 62.3 64.1 63.2 54.9 57.5 56.2 15.93 14.73 15.33 0.014 0.015 0.014 337 342 339 37628
T10 54.5 53.0 53.8 31.1 30.0 30.6 15.61 15.51 15.56 0.015 0.013 0.014 180 213 196 21992
C.D. (P= 0.05 ) NS 5.75 4.11 5.29 6.37 4.05 NS NS NS NS NS NS 44.15 45.78 31.09
211
212 Rathod et al.
zone resulting in absorption of more water,
nutrients and good control of weeds which
resulted into less weed crop competition
throughout the growth stage of crop and
enhance availability of nutrient, water, light and
space which might have accelerated the
photosynthetic rate thereby increasing the
supply of carbohydrates and overall improve-
ment in vegetative growth, which favorably
influenced the bulb diameter, fresh and dry bulb
weight and ultimately resulted into increased
bulb yield. These findings are in close vicinity
in those of Chopra (2007) with respect to bulb
diameter, Ghadage et al. (2006) in case of fresh
and dry bulb weight of onion and Saraf et al.
(2007) and Warade et al. (2008) regarding bulb
yield.
An appraisal of data on total soluble solids
and essential oil content (Table 2) revealed that
different weed management treatments did not
influence significantly the total soluble solids and
essential oil during both the individual years and
in pooled results. The results clearly showed that
there was no adverse effect of different
herbicides applied either as pre emergence or
as post emergence on total soluble solids and
essential oil of onion.
Effect on weeds
The predominant weeds in the experimental
field were Chenopodium album, Digera arvensis,
Cyperus rotandus, Echinochloa colonum and
Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Different weed
management treatments significantly reduced
the population of Chenopodium album, Cyperus
rotundus, Digera arvensis, Echinochloa colonum and
Dactyloctenium aegyptium as compared to
unweeded control which recorded maximum
population of respective weed species (Table 3).
Oxadiargyl @ 90 g ha-1 post emergence failed to
control Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa colonum
and Dactyloctenium aegyptium because basically
oxadiargyl controls broad leaf weeds,
quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 40 g ha-1 and fenoxaprop-
p-ethyl @ 75 g ha-1 post emergence at 60 DAT
failed to control Chenopodium album and Digera
arvensis. Primarily, both herbicides are narrow
spectrum herbicides and it is effective against
grass weeds, particularly Cyperus rotundus,
Echinochloa colonum, Digera arvensis, Phalaris
minor and Avena fatua, while pendimethalin is
used in various field crops for selective control
of many annual broad leaf weeds and grasses.
The population of Cyperus rotundus did not
influenced more due to different treatments.
This may be due to perennial nature and
underground net work of this weed.
Effectiveness of various herbicides against
different weed species in onion crop have been
reported by Angiras and Suresh (2005) and
Tripathi et al. (2008).
Dry weight of weeds was significantly
influenced by weed management treatments.
Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @
0.9 kg ha -1 + post-emergence application of
oxadiargyl @ 90 g ha-1 60 DAT proved superior
to rest of the treatments by recording minimum
dry weight of weeds 176 kg ha-1 on pooled basis
(Table 3). This was due to lower weed
population recorded under this treatment could
be attributed to the effective weed control at
early stage by herbicides application and later
stage through hand weeding. The findings
corroborate with those of Kathiresan et al. (2004)
and Angiras and Suresh (2005).
Different weed management treatments
exerted their remarkable effect on weed index
and weed control efficiency (Table 3). Among
the different weed management treatments,
significantly the lowest weed index (0.85%) and
highest weed control efficiency (91.93%) were
recorded when weeds were control through pre
emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.9
kg ha -1 + post emergence application of
oxadiargyl @ 90 g ha-1 at 60 DAT followed by
pre emergence application of pendamethalin @
0.9 kgha -1 + post emergence application of
quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 40 g ha-1 60 DAT. This might
be due to lower weed population and lower dry
matter production of weeds during initial stage
by pre emergence application of pendimethalin
and control of later weeds through post
emergence application of oxadiargyl provide
weed free and congenial environment to the
onion. Similar results were also reported by
Kolhe (2001) and Ghadage et al. (2006).
Maximum net return of Rs. 50538 ha-1 was
accrued under pre emergence application of
pendimethalin @ 0.90 kg ha-1 + post emergence
application of oxadiargyl @ 90 g ha-1 at 60 DAT
(Table 2) which was closely followed by pre
Table 3. Effect of different weed control treatments on individual weed species at 60 DAT, dry weed weight, WI and WCE in onion (Pooled of two years)
Treatments Species wise weed count (at 60 DAT )
Dry Weed Weed
Chenopodium Digera Cyperus Echinochloa Dactyloctenium Weight of Index Control
spp spp spp spp spp weeds (%) Efficiency
(kg /ha) (%)

T1 1.58 1.11 0.93 0.98 0.93 894 24.97 59.00

(2.09) (0.79) (0.38) (0.5) (0.39)
T2 2.25 1.80 1.47 1.26 1.42 811 27.58 62.82
(4.56) (2.83) (1.7) (1.23) (1.64)
T3 2.09 1.88 1.39 1.06 1.17 585 20.40 73.19
(3.9) (3.1) (1.5) (0.69) (0.91)
T4 2.12 1.91 1.43 1.13 1.30 630 22.62 71.10
(4.05) (3.21) (1.64) (0.81) (1.26)
T5 2.05 1.86 1.38 1.00 1.31 729 24.73 66.58
(3.75) (3.01) (1.48) (0.54) (1.31)
T6 1.96 1.53 1.30 0.89 1.15 176 0.859 1.93
(3.4) (1.9) (1.21) (0.31) (0.85)
T7 1.95 1.54 1.12 0.90 1.16 213 4.44 90.24
(3.49) (1.96) (0.8) (0.34) (0.85)
T8 1.88 1.67 1.09 0.92 1.15 271 6.63 87.57
(3.09) (2.41) (0.78) (0.36) (0.88)
T9 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0 0.00 100.00
(0) (0) (0) (0) (0)
T 10 5.11 4.53 2.99 2.45 2.97 2181 42.06 0.00
(25.88) (20.14) (8.51) (5.58) (9.04)
C.D. (P= 0.05 ) 0.32 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.40 121.98
* Data of weed density have been transformed to √X + 0.05 and figures in parentheses are original values
Efficacy of pre-and post-emergence herbicides in onion
213
214 Rathod et al.

emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.90

60DAS
0.55
0.54
0.55
0.58
0.53
0.56
0.57
0.53
0.54
0.54
kg ha -1 + post emergence application of

production
Dry matter
quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 40 g ha-1 at 60 DAT. the
results substantiated the findings of Singh and

(g)
30 DAS
Singh (2004), Mondal et al. (2005) and Kathepuri

0.18
0.36
0.37
0.40
0.35
0.20
0.18
0.19
0.36
0.36
et al. (2007) who reported that significantly
higher net return obtained by use of herbicide
with one hand weeding.

60DAS
11.96
12.44
12.40
12.40
12.56
12.74
12.36
12.34
12.89
11.90
Pot study

Plant height
Sorghum
The results on persistence effect of different

(cm)

30 DAS
herbicides applied in onion crop and on indicator

10.64
10.91
11.01
10.69

11.17
11.61
5.53

6.39
5.52
5.53
plant cucumber and sorghum furnished in Table 4

Table 4. Persistence effect of different herbicides on bioassay parameters of cucumber and sorghum (Pooled of 2 years)
revealed that germination, plant height and dry
matter production at 30 and 60 DAS of indicator

60DAS
plant cucumber had no any significant influenced

61.95
63.83
59.67
56.70
57.27
56.38
58.36
54.53
59.67
58.50
during both the years of experimentation. These
Germination
indicator plants were used to detect the presence
(%)
of residue of herbicides, the results supported
by those of Dixit and Gogoi (2005) and Ghorai
30 DAS
36.88
59.25
59.25
59.88
59.75
37.25
39.13
37.38
59.63
58.88
(2008) reported that half life of quizalofop-ethyl
and fenoxaprop-p- ethyl ranges 7 to 10 days at
different spray volume. Pre-emergence appli-
cation of pendimethalin @ 0.90 kg ha-1 showed
60DAS
0.62
0.61
0.63
0.58
0.62
0.62
0.60
0.60
0.64
0.63
significant persistence effect and reduced
germination, plant height and dry matter
production
Dry matter

production in sorghum at 30 DAS over control

(g)

as well as other treatments. The results clearly

30 DAS
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.40
0.45
0.42
0.41
0.47
showed that persistence effect of different
herbicides on sorghum was disappeared at 60
DAS which was found significant at 30 DAS.
Thus, it seems that pendimethalin @ 0.90 kg ha-1
60DAS
6.10
6.25
6.09
6.13
6.30
6.33
6.06
6.49
6.26
6.14

remain biologically active up to 30 DAS in

Plant height

medium black calcareous soil of experimental

Cucumber

site. The half life of pendimethalin in field has

(cm)

been observed up to 25 to 44 days in different

30 DAS
4.10
4.08
4.16
4.10
3.93
4.09
4.07
4.01
4.07
4.05

types of soil in India (Rao, 2001). Basically,

grasses are more sensitive to pre emergence
application of these herbicides. The results
confirms the findings of Kulshrestha and
60DAS
58.50
60.63
58.25
58.50
61.13
60.50
60.75
64.63
63.88
64.88
Germination

Yaduraju (1987) and Pahwa and Bajaj (1997).

(%)

Post-harvest field study

30 DAS
58.88
60.50
55.63
61.88
59.38
55.63
58.50
57.50
55.75
58.88

Different pre and post emergence herbicides

applied in onion crop to control the weeds and
their residual effects on germination, plant
height and dry matter production of succeeding
Treatments

groundnut, green gram, maize and ladies finger

crops are given in Table 5. The two years mean
results showed that germination, plant height
T10
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
 Efficacy of pre-and post-emergence herbicides in onion 215

and dry matter production of succeeding crops

Ladies finger
0.95
0.97
0.96
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.94
0.94
0.97
0.92
had nrny significant effects due to various weed

NS
Dry matter Production (g/plant)

management practices followed in onion crop.

The results clearly indicated that there was no
any residual phytotoxic effect in the soil after
harvesting of onion crop during both the years
Maize
0.65
0.67
0.65
0.66
0.64
0.64
0.66
0.67
0.69
0.64
Table 5. Residual effect of different treatments on groundnut, green gram, maize and ladies finger after harvest of onion (Pooled of 2 years)

NS
of experimentation.
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0.61
0.62
0.64
0.60
0.59
0.64
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0.64
0.64
0.64
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1.06
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8.64
8.56
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9.13
9.06
8.54
8.56
NS

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70.25
68.88
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