025adeadc8376-Cell The Unit of Life

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CHAPTER-06
CELL - THE UNIT OF LIFE

 Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
 Cell is the basic-unit of life.
 Anton von Leewenhoek first saw and described a live cell.
 All organisms are composed of cells. Some are composed of a single cell and are called unicellular
organisms, while others are multicellular (made of many cells).
 What is Cell
1. Unicellular organisms are capable of independent existence and performing the functions of life.
2. Anything less than a complete structure of cell does not ensure independent living.
3. Inventation of microscope and its improvement leading to electron micro scope revealed all the
structural details of cell.
 While others like us, composed of many cells are called Multicellular organism.
 Father of cytology – Robert hook.
 Robert Brown discovered Nucleus.
 CELL THEORY
 In 1838, Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, examined a large number of plants and observed
that all plants are composed of different kinds of cell which form the tissues of the plant.
 Schwann (1839), a British Zoologist, studied different types of animal cells and reported that cells
had a thin outer layer which is known as the plasma membrane.
 Schwann concluded, based on his studies on plant tissues, that cell wall is unique to plant cells
and proposed hypothesis that bodies of animals and plants are composed of cells and products of
cells.
 Schleiden and Schwann together formulated the cell theory.
 Rudolf Virchow (1855) 1st explained that cells divided and new cells are formed from pre-existing
cells (Omnis cellula-e-cellula) and modified the cell theory of Schleiden and Schwann.
 Cell theory states –
(I) All living organism are composed of cells and products of cells.
(II) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
 Overview of Cell –
 Plant cells has a cell wall as its outer boundary and just within it is cell membrane..
 Animal cell has cell membrane as outer membrane and deliminting structure of the cell.
 Inside each cells is a dense membrane bound structure called Nucleus.
 Nucleus contains the chromosomes which in turn contain the genetic material DNA.
 Cells that have membrane bound nuclei are called Eukaryotic.
Cell - The unit of Life [3]
 Cells that lack a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles are called
Prokaryotic.
 In both prokaryotic and eukaryoitc cells, a semi-fluid matrix called cytoplasm occupies the volume
of the cells.
 An Overview of cell :-
 Cytoplasm is main arena of cellular activities in both plant and animal cells and various chemical
reactions occur in it to keep the cell in ‘living state’.
 Besides the nucleus, the eukaryotic cells have other membrane bound distinct structures called
Organelles like the ER, the golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, microbidies and vacuoles.
 The prokaryotic cells lack such membrane bound organelles.
 Ribosomes are non-membrane bound organelles found in all cells, both eukaryotic as well as
prokaryotic.
 Within the cell in eukaryotes, ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm and within the two organelles,
Chloroplast (in plants), mitochondria and on rough ER.
 Animal cells contain another non-membrane bound organelle called centriole which help in cell
division.
 Cell differ greatly in size, shape and activities.
Fig. Diagram showing comparison of

eukaryotic cell with other
organisms
 For example :- Mycoplasmas, the smallest cells are only 0.3 m in length, RBC-7µm diameter,
size of bacteria is 3 to 5 m.
 The largest isolated single cell is the egg of an ostrich.
 Among multicellular organisms, human red blood cells are about 7.0 m in dameter, Nerve cells
are some of the longest cells.
 Cell varies in shape - may be polygonal, cuboid, columnar, disc-like, thread-like, irregular etc.
Shape may vary with function they perform.
Corporate Office : B-58, Goal Building, Budha Colony, Patna-1, Help line : 9334594165/66/67 Website : www.goalinstitute.org
Red blood cells White blood cells Columnar epithelial cells

(round and biconcave) (amoeboid) (long and narrow)
Nerve cell
(Branched and long)
Mesophyll cells
(round and oval)
A tracheid
(elongated)
Figure : Diagram showing different shapes of the cells
 PROKARYOTIC CELLS :–
 Lack a membrane bound Nucleus.
 The prokaryotic cells are represented by bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma and PPLO (Pleuro
Pneumonia like organisms).
 Generally smaller and multiply more rapidly than the eukaryotic cells.
 Vary greatly in shape and size.
 The four basic shapes of bacteria are bacillus (rod like), coccus (spherical), Vibrio (comma shaped),
and spirillum (spiral).
 The organisation of the prokaryotic cell is fundamentally similar even through prokaryotes exhibit a
wide variety of shapes and functions.
 All prokaryotes have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane.
 The fluid matrix filling the cell is the cytoplasm
 The genetic material is basically naked, not enveloped by a nuclear membrane.
 In addition to the genomic DNA (the single chromosome/circular DNA), many bacteria have small
circular DNA outside the genomic DNA that are called plamids.
 The plasmid DNA confers certain unique phenotypic characters to such bacteria, one such character
is resistance to antibiotics.
 Plasmid DNA is used to monitor bacterial transformation with foreign DNA.
 Nuclear membrane is found in eukaryotes.
 No organelles, like the ones in eukaryotes are found in prokaryotic cells except for ribosomes.
 Prokaryotes have unique forms of inclusions.
 A specialised differentiated form of cell membrane called Mesosome is the Characteristic of
Prokaryotes that are infoldings of cell membrane.
 CELL ENVELOPE AND ITS MODIFICATIONS.
 Most prokaryotic cells, have chemically complex cell envelope.
 The cell envelope consists of a tightly bound three layered structure i.e. the outermost glycocalyx,
followed by the cell wall and then the plasma membrane.
 Although each layer of the envelope performs distinct function, they act together as single protective
unit.
 Bacteria can be classified into two groups on the basis of the differences in the cell envelopes and
the manner in which they respond to the staining procedure developed by Gram those that take up
the gram stain are Gram positive and the other that do not are called gram negative bacteria.
 Glycocalyx differs in composition and thickness among different bacteria.
 Glycocalyx could be a loose sheath called the slime layer in some, while in others it may be thick
and tough, called the capsule.
 The cell wall determines the shape of the cell and provides a strong structural support to prevent
the bacterium from bursting or collapsing.
 Plasma membrane is selectively-permeable in nature and interacts with outside world, is similar
structurally to that of the eukaryotes.
 A special membranous structure is the mesosome which is formed by the extensions of plasma
membrane into the cells in the form of vesicles, tubules and lamellae.
 Mesosomes function –
(1) Help in cell wall formation.
(2) DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells.
(3) They also help in respiration, secretion processes, to increase the surface area of the plasma
membrane and enzymatic content.
 In some prokaryotes like cyanobacteria, there are membranous extensions into the cytoplasm
called chromatophores which contain pigments.
 Bacterial cells may be motile or non-motile. :-
 If motile, they have thin filamentous extensions from their cell wall called flagella.
 Bacteria show a range in the number and arrangment of flagella.
 Bacterial flagellum is composed of three part-filament, hook and basal body.
 The filament is the longest portion and extends from the cell surface to the outside.
 Besides flagella, pili and fimbriae are also surface structures of the bacteria but do not play a role in
motility.
 The pili are elongated tubular structures made of a special protein.
 The fimbriae are small bristle like fibres sprouting out of the cell that help bacteria to attach to rocks
in streams and also to the host tissues.
 Ribosomes
 In prokaryotes ribosomes are associated with the plasma membrane of the cell.
 Size-15 nm by 20 nm in size
 Made of two subunits – 50S and 30S units which when present together form 70S prokaryotic
ribosomes.
 Site of protein synthesis.
 Several ribosomes may attach to a single mRNA and form a chain called Polyribosomes or
polysomes.
 The ribosomes of a polysome translate the mRNA into proteins.
 Inclusion bodies :– Reserve material in prokaryotic cells are stored in the cytoplasm in the form
of inclusion bodies.
 These are not bounded by any membrane system and lie free in the cytoplasm e.g.: – Phosphate
granules, Cyanophycean granules and glycogen granules.
 Gas vacuoles are found in blue green and purple and green photosynthetic bacteria.
 EUKARYOTIC CELLS :–
 The eukaryotes include all the protists, plants, animals and fungi.
 In eukaryotic cells there is an extensive compartmentalisation of cytoplasm through the presence
of membrane bound organelles.
 Possess an organised nucleus with a nuclear envelope.
 In addition eukaryotic cells have a variety of complex locomotory and cytoskeletal structure.
 Their genetic material is organised into chromosomes.
 All eukaryotic cells are not identical.
 Plant and animal cells are different as the former possess cell walls, plastids and a large central
vacuole which are absent in animal cell.
 Animal cells have centrioles which are absent in almost all plant cells.
Fig. : Diagram showing : (a) Plant cell (b) Animal cell
 CELL MEMBRANE :–
 The detailed structure of the membrane was studied only after the advent of the electron microscope
in the 1950s.
 Chemical studies on cell membrane, specially in human RBC enabled the scientists to deduce
possible structure of cell membrane.
 Cell membrane is composed of lipids that are arranged in bilayer
 Lipids are arranged within the membrane with the polar head towards the outer sides and the
hydrophobic tails towards the inner part, which ensures that the nonpolar tail of saturated
hydrocarbons is protected from the aqueous environment.
 The lipid component of the membrane mainly consists of phosphoglycerides.
 Later biochemical investigation clearly revealed that the cell membranes also possess protein and
carbohydrate.
 The ratio of protein and lipid varies considerably in different cell types.
 In Human beings, the membrane of the erythrocyte has approximately 52% protein and 40% lipids.
 Depending on the ease of extraction, membrane proteins can be classified as integral or peripheral.
 Peripheral proteins lie on the surface of membrane while the integral proteins are partially or totally
buried in the membrane.
 An improved model of the structure of cell membrane was proposed by Singer and Nicolson (1972)
widely accepted as Fluid Mosaic Model.
 According to this, the quasi fluid nature of lipid enables lateral movement of proteins within the
overall bilayer fluid. which is measured as its fluidity.
 The fluid nature of the membrane helps in cell growth, formation of intercellular junctions, secretions,
Endocytosis, cell divisions.
 One of the most important function of cell membrane is transport of molecules across it.
 The membrane is selectively permeable to some molecules present on either side of it.
 Molecules that move across the membrane without any requirement of energy gradient is called
passive Transport.
Note
Fig. : Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane
 Passive transport is of 3 Types :–

(a) Simple diffusion – neutral solutes.
(b) Osmosis – water
(c) Facilitated diffusion – polar molecules by help of carrier molecules.
 A few ions or molecules are transported across the membrane against their concentration gradient
i.e. from lower concentration to higher concentration, and is an energy dependent process, in
which ATP is utilised and is called Active transport e.g. :– Na+/K+ pump.
 CELL WALL
 Non-living rigid structure called cell wall forms an outer covering for the plasma membrane of fungi
and plants.
 Cell wall not only gives shape to the cell and protects the cell from mechanical damage and infection,
it also helps in cell-to-cell interaction and provides barrier to undesirable macromoleunles.
 Algae have cell wall, made of cellulose, Galactans, mannans and minerals like calcium carbonate
 Plant cell wall consists of cellulose, Hemicellulose, pectins and proteins.
 The cell wall of a young plant cell, the primary wall is capable of growth, which gradually diminishes
as the cell matures and the secondary wall is formed on the inner side of the cell.
 The middle lamella is a layer mainly of calcium pectate which holds or glues the different neighbouring
cells together.
 The cell wall and middle lamellae may be traversed by plasmodesmata which connect the cytoplasm
of neighbouring cells.
Cell - The unit of Life [ 10 ]
 ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Their functions are coordinated and include ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles.
(1) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).
 Observed under electron microscope, these are network or reticulum of tubular structure present
in cytoplasm.
 ER divides the intracellular space into two distinct compartments, luminal (inside ER) and Extra
luminal (cytoplasm) compartments. It is of 2 types :-
a. The ER bearing ribosomes on their outer surface is called rough ER (RER)- helps in protein synthesis
– RER are extensive & continuous with outer mambrane of nucleus
b. ER not having ribosomes appear smooth and are called smooth ER (SER) :– helps in lipid &
steroid hormone synthesis.
Fig. : Endoplasmic reticulum

(2) Golgi Apparatus.
 Discovered by Camillo Golgi (1898) as densely stained reticular structures near the nucleus.
 These were later named golgi bodies after him.
 They consist of many flat, disc-shaped sacs or cisternae of 0.5 m to 1.0 m diameter, and are
stacked parallel to each other with varied number of cisternae.
 The golgi cisternae are concentrically arranged near the nucleus with distinct convex cis or the
forming face and concave trans or maturing face.
 The cis and the trans faces of the organelle are entirely different, but interconnected.
Fig. : Golgi apparatus

(a) The golgi apparatus helps in packaging of materials, to be delivered either to the intra-cellular
targets or secreted outside the cell in the form of vesicles which from the ER fuse with the cis face
of the golgi apparatus and move towards the maturing face. This explains, why golgi apparatus
remains in close association with the ER.
(b) Helps in protein modification & its release from transface. Which are synthesized by ribosomes on
ER.
 Site of formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
(c) LYSOSOMES.
 These are membrane bounded vesicular structures formed by the process of packaging in the
golgi apparatus.
 Rich in hydrolytic enzymes called hydrolases eg :– lipase, protease, carbohydrase etc. optimally
active at acidic pH & capable of digesting lipids, proteins, carbohydrates nucleic acids etc..
(d) Vacuoles :–
 Membrane bound space found in cytoplasm containing water, sap, excretory product not useful for
cell
 In plants it can occupy 90% of cell.
 Bounded by single membrane called tonoplast
 In plants, tonoplast helps in movement of ions & other materials against concentration gradient into
vacuole thus increasing their concentration inside vacuole than in cytoplasm.
 In Amoeba, contractile vacuole helps in excretion
 In many cells like protists & others, food vacuoles are formed by engulfing food particles.
 Microbodies –
 Many membrane bound minute vesicels containing various enzymes
 Present in both plant & animal cells.
 Cytoskeleton –
 Elaborate network of filamentous proteinaceous structure present in cytoplasm
 Helps in motility, mechanical support & maintaining shape of the cell.
 Ribosomes –
 Granular structures 1 st observed under electron Large
microscope as dense particles by George Palade in 1953 subunit
 Composed of RNA & proteins Small
subunit
 Not bounded by membrane.
 Eukaryotic ribosome is 80s (60s + 40s) & prokaryotic
ribosome is 70s (50s + 30s)
Fig. : Ribosome
 S-svedberg’s unit, stands for sedimentation coefficient
& indirectly measures density & size.
 Cila & flagella –
 Hair-like outgrowths of cell membrane
 Cilia are small & work like oars causing movement of either the cell or surrounding fluid.
 Flagella are longer & help in cell movement
 Structure :– Electron microscope studies shows that they :-
(1) Covered with plasma membrane
(2) Have core called axoneme
(3) Axoneme usually has nine pairs of doublets of radially arranged peripheral microtubules & a pair of
central microtubules. These microtubules run parallel to long axis.
(4) Central tubules are connected by bridges & enclosed in central sheath which is also connected to
one of peripheral tubules by radial spokes.
(5) There are 9 radial spokes
(6) Peripheral tubules are also inter connected by linkers.
 Both cilia & flagella emerge from centriole-like structure called BASAL BODIES.
Plasma
membrane
Peripheral
microtubules
Central (doublets)
sheath Interdoublet
bridge
Central
Radial microtuble
(b)
spoke
 Centrosome & Centrioles –
 Centrosome usually has 2 cylindrical structures called centrioles surrounded by amorphous
pericentriolar material.
 Both centriole lie perpendicular to each other and each has organization like cartwheel.
 Made up of 9 evenly spaced peripheral fibrils of tubulin protein in triplet form
 All adjacent triplets are inter-connected
 Central part of proximal region of centrioles is proteinaceous and is called hub which is connected
with peripheral tubules by radial spokes made of protein.
 Form basal body of cilia & flagella & form spindle apparatus during cell division, in animal cells.
 Mitochondria –
(a) Unless specifically stained it is not easily visible under microscope
(b) Its no. per cell varies according to physiological activity of cell & its shape & size also varies.
(c) Typically it is sausage or cylindrical-shaped with length 1.0 – 4.1 m & diameter 0.2 – 1.0 m. (avg
0.5m)
(d) Double membraned & outer & inner membrane divides lumen into outer & inner aqueous
compartments.
(e) Inner compartment is called matrix.
(f) Inner membrane has infoldings called cristae towards matrix to increase surface area.
(g) Outer membrane is continuous limiting boundary of mitochondria.
(h) It is site of aerobic respiration & each membrane has its own specific enzymes
(i) It produce energy in form of ATP so called ‘power house of cell’.
(j) Matrix contains single circular DNA & few RNA, 70S ribosomes & components required for proteins
synthesis.
(k) It divides by fission.
Outer
Inter-membrane
membrane Inner space
membrane
Matrix Crista
Fig. Structure of mitochondrion (Longitudinal section)

 Plastids –
(a) Found in all plant cells & euglenoids
(b) Have specific pigments & are large so easily observed under microscope
On type of pigments it is of 3 types :–
(a) Chromoplast – has fat soluble carotenoid pigments like carotene, xanthophylls and others to give
red, yellow or orange colour to plant
(b) Leucoplasts – colourless, varied shape & size with stored nutrients. Eg :– Amyloplasts store starch
like in potato aleuroplasts store proteins & elaioplasts store fats & oils.
 Chloroplast :–
1. Has green coloured chlorophyll to trap sunlight & does photosynthesis.
2. Majority of chloroplasts are found in mesophyll cells of leaves & are lens-shaped, oval, spherical,
discoid, ribbon-like with length (5-10 m) & width (2-4 m).
3. No. varies from 1 per cell in chlamydomonas to 20-40 per cell in mesophyll.
4. It is double - membraned with inner membrane less permeable & space limited by inner membrane
is called stroma.
5. Str oma has or ganised, fattened
membr aneous s acs c alled thy lakoids
arranged in stacks like piles of coins called
grana or intergranal thylakoids. Which are
inter connected by flat membranuous tubules Outer membrane
called stroma lamellae. Inner membrane
6. Space enclosed by thylakoid membrane is Granum
called lumen.
Thylakoid
7. Stroma contains small, double-stranded
circular DNA, ribosomes (70S) & enzymes Stroma
for synthesis of protein & carbohydrates. lamella
8. Chlorophyll is present in thylakoids. Stroma
Fig. Sectional view of chloroplast

 Nucleus –
(a) 1st described by Robert Brown in 1831 & Name ‘chromatin’ was given by Flemming by staining the
material of nucleus with basic dyes.
(b) Interphase nucleus has highly extended & elaborate nucleoprotein fibres called chromatin, nuclear
matrix & 1 or more spherical bodies called nucleoli.
(c) Electron microscopy has revealed that Nuclear membrane is double layered arranged parallely &
has space between them of 10 to 50 nm called perinuclear space.
(d) Outer membrane is usually continuous with RER
(e) At number of places outer & inner membrane fuses & forms nuclear pore through which movement
of RNA & protein takes place in both direction between nucleus & cytoplasm.
(f) Some cells have more than 1 nucleus per cell like in skeletal muscle and some cells like erythrocytes,
sieve tube cells have no nucleus.
(g) Nuclear matrix is called nucleoplasm & contains nucleolus & chromatin.
(h) Nucleoli are spherical & not bound by membrane so its content is continuous with rest of
nucleoplasm – It is site for rRNA synthesis
(i) Cells carrying out active protein synthesis have larger & more numerous nucleoli.
(j) During cell division, chromatin fibres condense to form chromosomes having DNA, RNA, basic
protein called histone & some non-histone proteins.
(k) Single human cell has approx 2 m long DNA thread distributed among 46 chromosomes.
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Nuclear pore
Nuclear
membrane
Fig. : Structure of nucleus

(l) Chromosome has primary constriction called centromere on sides of which disc-shaped
kinetochores are present & few chromosomes have non-staining secondary constrictions at
constant location giving the appearance of small fragments called satellite.
 Based on centromere position chromosome is of 4 types :–
1. Metacentric-Middle centromere with 2 equal arms of chromosome.
2. Sub-metacentric-centromere slightly away from centre
forming 1 short & 1 long arm of chromosome.
3. Acrocentric-centrosome close to end forming 1 extremely
short & one very long arm of chromosome.
4. Telocentric-terminal centromere Kinetochore
5. Nuclear envelope forms a barrier between materials
present inside the nucleus and that of the cytoplasm.
Fig. : Chromosome with kinetochore

Satellite Secondary
constriction
Short arm
Short arm
Centromere
Long arm
Figure : Types of chromosomes based on the position of centromere
Exercise - 1
[NCERT BASED QUESTIONS]
Simple Questions (SECTION - A)
1. Many ribosome may attach to a ............... and form polysomes
(1) A single rRNA (2) A single tRNA
(3) A single mRNA (4) A single hRNA
2. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the major site for synthesis of lipid. In animal cells steroidal
hormones are synthesised in SER, which is
(1) Lipid (2) Protein (3) Carbohydrate (4) Lipid like
3. Following statements is related to “The quasi-fluid nature of lipid enables lateral movement of
proteins within the overall bilayer.
(1) Singer (2) Nicolson
(3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None
4. Ribosomes are denoted by NS (N= numbers like 80, 70, 60, 40). Here ‘s’ indirectly is a measure of
(a) Density (b) Size (c) Shape
(1) All are correct (2) All are wrong
(3) All are right except ‘a’ (4) All are right except ‘c’
5. Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates mainly constitute cell membrane. With respect to their mutual
proportions, which of the following statements, is correct
(1) All the three are in equal proportion
(2) Lipids are in least proportion
(3) Carbodydrates are in least proportion
(4) Proteins are in least proportion
6. Which one of the following pairs is incorrectly matched.
(1) Chloroplasts — Contains chlorophyll and carotenoids pigments
(2) Chromoplasts — Contains carotene and Xanthophylls pigments
(3) Leucoplasts — Includes amyloplasts and elaioplasts
(4) Aleuroplasts — Store carbohydrates (starch), e.g- Potato
7. ER shows characteristic arrangement of vesicles in different body cells, the incorrect among the
following is.
(1) Parallel rows in liver cells (2) Reticular in mammalian RBC
(3) Haphazard in pancreatic cells (4) Network in striated muscle cells
8. Which of the following statement is correct with respect to ribosomes.
(1) They remain united in absence of protein synthesis
(2) Mg2+ concentration affects the binding of two subunits
(3) More important for protein synthesis is larger subunit
(4) None of the above
9. The 70‘S’ prokaryotic ribosome can be split into.
(1) 30 S and 40 S subunits (2) 30 S and 50 S subunits
(3) 30 S and 60 S subunits (4) 20 S and 50 S subunits
10. Match the words in Column I with those in Column II
Column I Column II
(a) Cristae (i) disc-shaped sacs in Golgi apparatus
(b) Cisternae (ii) hydrolytic enzymes
(c) Thylakoids (iii) Infoldings in mitochondria
(d) Lysosomes (iv) pectic materials
(e) Middle lamella (v) condensed structure of DNA
(f) Chromatin (vi) Telocentric
(vii) Flat membranous sacs in stroma
(1) (a)- III, (b)- I, (c)- IV, (d)- II, (e)- VII, (f)- V (2) (a)- III, (b)- II, (c)- VII, (d)- I, (e)- IV, (f)- V
(3) (a)- V, (b)- I, (c)- VII, (d)- II, (e)- VI, (f)- III (4) (a)- III, (b)- I, (c)- VII, (d)- II, (e)- IV, (f)- V
11. Which of the following organelles are the cells ‘garbage disposal system’ ?
(1) Peroxisomes (2) Golgi complex (3) Phagosomes (4) Lysosomes
12. The nuclear membrane differs from the external cell membrane by having
(1) Different chemical constituents (2) Different number of layers
(3) Nuclear pores (4) None of these
13. Select the right option related to Schwann, reading the following statements.
(a) Reported that cells had a thin outer layer which is today known as the plasma membrane
(b) The presence of cell wall is a unique character of the plant cells
(c) Proposed the hypothesis that the bodies of animals and plants are composed of cells and
products of cells.
(3) All are correct except ‘a’ (4) All are correct except ‘c’.
14. The statement that was not explained in the cell theory formulated by Schleiden and Schwann.
(1) All living organisms are composed of cells
(2) All living organisms composed of cells and products of cells
(3) How new cells were formed
(4) None of the above
15. Which one of the following is a non-membrane bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells.
(1) Ribosomes (2) Centriole (3) Lysosomes (4) Both (1) and (2)
16. The organelle, which helps in cell division.
(1) Mitochondria (2) Ribosomes (3) Centriole (4) Lysosomes
17. Which one of the following is the right shape of mesophyll cells.
(1) Round and oval (2) Round and biconcave
(3) Amoeboid (4) Elongated
18. From the following statements, you have to select the option that contains all those statements which
are not wrong about prokaryotic cells
(a) They are generally smaller
(b) They are generally bigger
(c) They multiply more rapidly than the eukaryotic cells
(d) They multiply less rapidly than the eukaryotic cells.
(1) a, b & d (2) a, c & d (3) b & d (4) a & c
19. All the statements are right except
(1) The organisation of the prokaryotic cell is fundamentally similar
(2) Prokaryotes exhibit vide variety of shapes
(3) Few prokaryotes have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane
(4) Prokaryotes exhibit a wide variety of functions
20. In the prokaryotic cells a special membranous structure is formed by the extensions of plasma
membrane into cell. The extensions are in the form of
(a) Vesicles (b) Tubules (c) Lamellae
(3) All are correct except ‘a’ (4) All are correct except ‘c’
21. A surface structure in bacteria which a elongated tubular made of special protein
(1) Flagellum (2) Pili (3) Fimbrae (4) All of the above
22. Cells of which one of the following groups have a variety of complex locomotory and cytoskeletal
structures
(1) Protists (2) Plants (3) Fungi (4) All of the above
23. The membrane of the erythrocyte in human beings has approximately how many percent lipids
(1) 52% (2) 50% (3) 40% (4) 60%
24. Following statements is related to “The quasi-fluid nature of lipid enables lateral movement of
proteins within the overall bilayer.
(1) Singer (2) Nicolson (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None
25. The cell wall of which group have cell wall, made of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins and proteins
(1) Algae (2) Fungi (3) Bryophytes (4) Pteridophytes
26. Rough endoplasmic Reticulum is frequently observed in the cells actively involved in.
(1) Protein synthesis (2) Secretion
(3) Both I and II (4) None of the above
27. The important site of formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids is
(1) Mitochondria (2) Golgiapparatus (3) RER (4) Ribosomes
28. Which one of the following stores oils and fats.
(1) Amyloplasts (2) Aleuroplasts (3) Elaioplasts (4) Carotenoid
29. The stroma of the chloroplasts contains enzymes required for the synthesis of
(1) Carbohydrates (2) Proteins (3) Fats (4) Both (1) and (2)
30. Mycoplasmas, the smallest cells have length.
(1) 0.3 mm (2) 0.3cm (3) 0.3µm (4) 0.3nm
31. How many radial spokes are there in a cilium.
(1) Two (2) Six (3) Nine (4) Eleven
32. In case of which chromosome the centromere is situated close to its end forming one extremely
short and one very long arm.
(1) Acrocentric (2) Telocentric (3) Sub-metacentric (4) Metacentric
33. The first functional electron microscope was built in Canada at the university of Toronto electron
microscope allow us to see cell components that are not visible under, the best light microscopes.
which of the following cell structures can be seen only with an electron microscope
(1) Ribosomes (2) Lysosomes (3) Peroxisomes (4) Mitochondria
34. According to cell theory
(1) All cells are living (2) All cells have nuclei
(3) Cells reproduce by mitosis and meiosis (4) Cells are structural units of organisms.
35. Which of the following structures is not found in animal cell.
(1) Microbodies (2) Heterochromatin (3) Plasmodesmata (4) Microfilaments
36. The correct order of increase in the size of the structures listed below is.
(a) Proteins (b) Virus (c) Mitochondria (d) Ribosomes
(1) a, d, b, c (2) b, a, c or d (3) b, c, a d (4) c, b, a d
37. Which one of the following statements is not right about mitochondria.
(1) The mitochondria divide by fission
(2) The matrix possesses double circular DNA molecule
(3) Ribosomes (70S)
(4) Possesses compoments required for the synthesis of protein.
38. In fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane
(1) Upper layer is non-polar and hydrophilic
(2) Upper layer is polar and hydrophobic
(3) Phospholipids form a bimolecular layer in middle part
(4) Proteins form a middle layer
39. Select the right option about mesosome reading the following
(a) A specialised differentiated form of cell membrane
(b) The characteristic of prokaryotes
(c) They are essentially infoldings of cell membrane
(1) Only a & c (2) Only ‘a’ (3) a, b & c (4) Only a & b
40. In human beings, the cell membrane of the erythrocyte has approximately how many percent of
protein.
(1) 60% (2) 52% (3) 55% (4) 40%
41. Every chromosome essentially has a primary constriction or the centromere on the sides of which
disc shaped structure are present called.
(1) Chromatic (2) Metacentric (3) Histones (4) Kinetochore
42. Cell theory created a sense of mystery around living phenomena. This mystery was the requirement
of integrity of cellular organisation for living phenomena to be
(a) Demonstrated (b) Observed (c) Ommitted
(1) only a (2) only b (3) only a & c (4) only a & b
43. A german botanist examined a large number of plants and observed that all plants are composed
of different kinds of cells which form the tissues of the plant in
(1) 1935 (2) 1838 (3) 1939 (4) 1945
44. Glycocalyx differs in composition and thickness among different bacteria. It could be a loose
sheath called the
(1) Slime layer (2) Capsule (3) Cell wall (4) Mesosome
45. Select the right statements about smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(a) In animal cells lipid - like steroidal hormones are synthesised
(b) Major site for synthesis of lipid
(c) Actively involved in protein secretion
(d) Extensive and continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus
(1) Only a & c (2) Only a & d (3) Only a & b (4) a, b, c
46. In which of the following organisms cell contains only one chloroplast
(1) Chlamydomonas(2) Volvox (3) Funaria (4) None of the above
47. Which one of the following organelles present in the chloroplasts.
(1) Lysosome (2) Golgi body (3) Ribosome (4) Mesosome
48. The organelles which principally performs the function of packaging materials.
(1) Vacuoles (2) Lysosomes (3) Mitochondria (4) Golgi apparatus
49. The prokaryotic ribosomes are of
(1) 80s (2) 70s (3) 60s (4) 40s
50. Match column I with column II and select the right answer :
Column I Column II
(i) Robert Hooke (a) Cell theory
(ii) Matthias Schleiden (b) Spontaneous origin
(iii) Watson & Crick (c) Cellwall
(iv) Louis Pasteur (d) Molecular structure of DNA
(1) (i) -c, (ii) -a, (iii) -d, (iv) -b (2) (i) -c, (ii) -a, (iii) -b, (iv) -d
(3) (i) -a, (ii) -c, (iii) -d, (iv) -b (4) (i) -a, (ii) -d, (iii) -b, (iv) -c
51. Which one of the following structures manufactures energy
(1) Cell (2) Mitochondria (3) Nucleus (4) Ribosomes
52. The detailed description of form and appearance of living organisms only brought out their
diversity. Here you have to select that emphasised the unity underlying this diversity of forms.
(1) Cell (2) Cellular Organisation
(3) Cell Theory (4) Cell structure and cell growth
53. Which one of the following created a sense of mystery around living phenomena, i.e.,
physiological and behavioural processes. This mystery was the requirement of integrity of
cellular organisation for living phenomena to be demonstrated or observed.
(1) Physico-chemical approach (2) Cell theory
(3) Cellular structure (4) Cellular functions.
54. The scientist, studied different types of animal cells and reported that cells had a thin outer layer which
today known as the “Plasma membrane.”
(1) Schleiden (2) Schwann
(3) Nicolson (4) Singer and Nicolson
55. Here some statements are given below. You have to select the option which contains all those
statements that are right.
(A) Ribosomes are non-membrane bound organelles.
(B) Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm
(C) Ribosomes are found within the two organelles
(D) Centriole is a membrane bound organell helps in cell division.
(1) A, B & D (2) A, B & C (3) A, C & D (4) A & C
56. What is the diameter of human red blood cells.
(1) 7 m (2) 3 m (3) 5 m (4) 0.3 m
57. From the following statements you have to select the right option.
(a) Blue-green algae represents a prokaryotic cells
(b) Prokaryotic cells multiply more rapidly
(c) Prokaryotic cells are smaller in size
(d) Eukaryotic cells multiply less rapidly than prokaryotic cells.
(3) All are correct except ‘b’ (4) All are correct except ‘d’.
58. Presence of which one of the following makes bacteria resistant to antibiotics.
(1) Genomic DNA (2) Chromosomal DNA
(3) Circular DNA (4) Plasmid DNA
59. A high surface area to volume ratio in cells is important because it.
(1) Enables efficient transfer of wastes, nutrients and gases across the cell membrane
(2) Prevents overproduction of cell proteins due to structural limitations
(3) Allows many antigens on the surface for identification of self and none-self
(4) Provides for better structural support to cope with external physical pressure
60. Under the electron microscope you observe a cell with three different types of large organelles,
each bounded by two membranes. The cell is most likely to be from :
(1) A plant (2) An animal (3) A fungus (4) A bacterium
61. Which statement about microtubules is false.
(1) They form the spindle fibres involved in movement of chromosomes during mitosis and
meiosis.
(2) They are involved in cell support and shape
(3) They are involved in the movement of flagella
(4) They are made up of carbohydrate molecules called phospholipids.
62. Some statements are given here below. You have to select the option that contains all those
statements which are not wrong.
(i) Each layer of the envolope of bacteria performs distinct function
(ii) Cell envelope of the bacteria do not act together as a single protective unit.
(iii) The plasma membrane of bacteria is similar structurally and functionally to that of the
eukaryotes
(iv) The plasma membrane of bacteria is similar structurally to that of the eukaryotes.
(1) (i) & (iii) (2) (i) & (iv) (3) (ii) & (iv) (4) None of these
63. Select the wrong statement from the following
(1) There is compartmentalisation of cytoplasm in eukaryotes are seen
(2) Eukaryotic cells have a variety of complex locomotory structures.
(3) Eukaryotic cells possess an organised nucleus with a nuclear envelope.
(4) None of these
64. Chemical studies on the cell membrane, enabled, the scientist to deduce the possible structure of
plasma membrane, especially in
(1) Human sperm (2) Human neuron
(3) Human red blood cells (4) Human alveoli
65. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the major site for synthesis of lipid. In animal cells steroidal
hormones are synthesised in SER, which is
(1) Lipid (2) Protein (3) Carbohydrate (4) Lipid like
66. Cells sizes of different organism are

(1) (i) Eukaryotic cell - 10-20 µm
(ii) Bacteria - 1 - 2 µm
(iii) PPLO - 2 - 3 µm
(iv) Virus - 1 - 2 µm
(ii) Bacteria - 0.1 - 0.2 µm
(iii) PPLO - 0.1 - 0.2 µm
(iv) Virus - 0.02 - 0.2 µm
(iii) PPLO - about 0.1 µm
(iv) Virus - 0.02 - 0.2 µm
(iii) PPLO - about 0.1 µm
(iv) Virus - 0.02 - 0.2 µm
67. Chemical studies on the cell membrane, enabled, the scientist to deduce the possible structure of
plasma membrane, specially in
(1) Human sperm (2) Human neuron (3) Human red blood cells (4) Human alveoli
68. From the following statements, you have to select the option that contains all those statements which
are not wrong about prokaryotic cells
(a) They are generally smaller
(b) They are generally bigger
(c) They multiply more rapidly than the eukaryotic cells
(d) They multiply less rapidly than the eukaryotic cells.
(1) a, b & d (2) a, c & d (3) b & d (4) a & c
69. Why do large organisms consist of many cells rather than just one large cell.
(1) The surface area of one large cell’s membrane would be insufficient to meet the cells metabolic
needs
(2) As a cell increases in size, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area
(3) More chemical reaction occur in general as a cell increases in volume
(4) All of these are relevant explanations.
70. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved with the
(1) Replication of DNA
(2) Processing of newly synthesised proteins
(3) Breakdown of newly synthesised RNA
(4) Identification of foreign material
71. Vesicle, tubules and lamellae are the extensions of plasma membrane in the cell. They help in.
(1) Cell wall formation (2) DNA replication
(3) DNA distribution to daughter cells (4) All of the above
72. Which one of the following is the part of endomembrane system.
(1) Golgi complex (2) Mitochondria (3) Chloroplast (4) Peroxisomes
73. Sometimes a few chromosomes have non-staining secondary constrictions at a constant location.
This gives the appearance of a small fragment called the .
(1) Telomere (2) Submetacentric (3) Satellite (4) Bar body
74. Ribosomes found in mitochondria are of .
(1) 80 s (2) 70s (3) 60s (4) 50s
75. Among different bacteria, glycocalyx differs in
(1) Composition (2) Thickness
(3) Both of the above (4) None of the above
76. The Scientist who examined a large number of plants and observed that all plants are
composed of different kinds of cells which form the tissues of the plant.
(1) Schwann (2) Schleiden (3) Jeffreys (4) Kurosava
77. The lipids that are arranged within the membrane with.
(1) The polar head towards the inner sides
(2) Hydrophobic tails towards the outer sides
(3) The polar head towards the outer sides
(4) They are interchangeable.
78. The content of nucleolus is continuous with the rest of the nucleoplasm because.
(1) It is present in nucleoplasm (2) It is present in cytoplasm
(3) It is homogeneous structure (4) It is not a membrane bound structure
79. Structures serve as the sites of attachment of spindle fibres to the chromosomes is called
(1) Telomere (2) Metacentric (3) Kinetochores (4) None of the above
80. Core of a cilium or the flagellum is called
(1) Centrosome (2) Cytoskeleton (3) Axoneme (4) Hub
81. Camillo-Golgi first observed densely stained reticular structures near the nucleus in
(1) 1972 (2) 1898 (3) 1950 (4) 1859
82. Who for the first time saw and described a live cell
(1) Robert Brown (2) Anton von Leeuwenhoek
(3) Robert Hooke (4) Schleiden
83. Which one of the following is non-membrane bound organelle
(1) Centriole (2) Ribosomes (3) Golgi body (4) Both I & II
84. A membranous structure of prokaryotes, which is formed by the extensions of plasma membrane
into the cells is called.
(1) Vesicles (2) Tubules (3) Lamellae (4) Mesosome
85. In animal cells lipid-like steroidal hormones are synthesised in
(1) Ribosomes (2) RER (3) SER (4) Lysosomes
(SECTION - B)
01. The physio-chemical approach to study and understand living organism is called :
(1) Evolutionary Biology (2) Bio-chemistry
(3) Reductionist Biology (4) Bio-Physics/Biotechnology
02. Chromatin contains :
(1) DNA & some basic protein called histones (2) Non-histone and RNA
(3) tubulin & myoline protein (4) both (1) and (2)
03. (i) Single celled organism also survive independently.
(ii) Single celled organism cannot survive due to lack of inter-action of cells.
(iii) Multicellular organism can survive due to interaction among their cells.
(iv) Division of labour observed in unicellular organism.
(v) Division of labour observed in multicellular organism.
Select the correct option which has group of incorrect statements.
(1) (i), (ii) & (iii) (2) (i), (iii) & (v) (3) (ii) & (iv) (4) (iv) & (v)
04. Any thing less than a complete structure of a cell does not live independently. e.g.
(1) Blue green algae (2) Eubacteria
(3) Virus (4) Mycoplasma
05. Detailed structure of cell revealed after.
(1) Invention of light microscope (2) Electron microscope
(3) Simple microscope (4) Desection microscope
06. (a) Schleiden observed that all plants are composed of different kinds of cells which form the
tissue of the plant.
(b) Schwann reported thin outer layer in animal cell and cell wall unique character of plant cell.
(c) Rudolf virchow explained cells divided and new cells are formed from pre-existing cells.
(d) Cell theory formulated by Schleiden and Schwann did not explained, how new cells were
formed.
How many statement are wrong :
(1) Three (a), (b) & (c) (2) Two (b) & (a)
(3) Two (a) & (b) (4) None of these
07. Schleiden & Schwann given the cell theory in a final shape which is/are :
(1) All living organism are composed of cells and the products of cell.
(2) All cells arise from pre-existing cell.
(3) Both (1) & (2) complete the cell theory.
(4) Cell is the structural & functional unit of life.
08. Inside each cell is a dense membrane bound structure called A , this contains B
which is genetic material C .
A B C
(1) Mitochondria Matrix DNA
(2) Nucleus Chromosome DNA
(3) Plastid Stroma DNA
(4) Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosome
09. Prokaryotic cell are different from eukaryotic cells due to lack of :
(1) Nacked DNA, 70s ribosome, mesosome.
(2) Nucleus, 80 Ribosome, membrane bounded organelles.
(3) Cell wall, 80 ribosome, chloroplast
(4) Cell-envelop, mesosome, 70s ribosome
10. (a) Cytoplasm is main arena for cellular activity in plant & animals.
(b) Various chemical reactions takes place to keep it in “living state”.
(c) Besides nucleus, other membrane bounded structure present in Prokaryotes.
(d) Vacuole & Ribosome are non-membrane bound organelles.
(e) Cells differ greatly in size, shape and activities.
Select the option which has group of incorrect sentences.
(1) One only (d) (2) Two (c) & (d)
(3) Three (c), (d) & (e) (4) All four except (e)
11. Ribosome are present :
(1) in cytoplasm, ER and mitochondria (2) in Golgi bodies, Chloroplast, Nucleus.
(3) in lysosome & vacuole. (4) Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Vacuole.
12. Animal cell contain non-membranal structure:
(1) Nucleus, Nucleolus, Centriole. (2) Nucleolus, Ribosome, Golgi bodies.
(3) Vacuole, Centriole, Nucleolus. (4) Nucleolus, Centriole, Ribosome
13. _______ present only in animal cell and help in _______.
(1) Centriole, Cell-division (2) Ribosome, Cell-division
(3) Centriole, Protein synthesis (4) Ribosome, Protein synthesis
14. Match the Column A & B and select correct option :
Column A Column B
(i) Round & biconcave (a) Columnar epithelial cells
(ii) Amoeboid (b) Nerve cell
(iii) Long & narrow (c) Red Blood cells
(iv) Branched & Long (d) White Blood cells.
(1) (i-c); (ii-b); (iii-a); (iv-d) (2) (i-c); (ii-a); (iii-d); (iv-b)
(3) (i-c); (ii-d); (iii-a); (iv-b) (4) (i-c); (ii-d); (iii-b); (iv-a)
15. Which character is not present in prokaryotes
(i) no well-define nucleus.
(ii) Genetic material not eveloped
(iii) Single chromosome/circular DNA
(iv) Plasmid present universallyb in all prokaryotes
(1) One (iv) (2) Two (iii) & (iv)
(3) Three (ii), (iii) & (iv) (4) All of these
16. Plasmid :
(1) have antibiotic resistant gene. (2) use in bacterial transformation
(3) are extra chromosomal DNA (4) all are correct
17. Organelles present in both eukaryotes & prokaryotes.
(1) 55s ribosome & 80s. (2) 80s only
(3) 70s & 80s ribosome (4) 70s ribosome only
18. Glycocalyx can be loose sheath called A and it may be thick, tough called B .
A B
(1) Slime layer Capsule
(2) Capsule Slime layer
(3) Cell wall Capsule
(4) Slime layer Cell-wall
19. Extension of plasma membrane is/are :
(1) Mesosome (2) Vesicles, tubules and lamellae
(3) Chromatophores (4) All of these
20. Which one of the following help in cell wall formation, DNA replication respiration and secretion.
(1) Capsule (2) Slime layer
(3) Cell wall (4) Extension of PM
21. Chromatophores present in :
(1) Archaebacteria (2) Eubacteria (3) Cynobacteria (4) All of these
22. Non-membrane bounded organelles and bodies present in prokaryotic cell.
(1) Ribosome (2) DNA (3) Inclusion bodies (4) All
23. Match the following Column ‘A’ & ‘B’ and select correct option.
Column A Column B
(i) Bacteria (a) 10 – 20 m
(ii) Ribosome (b) 15 – 20 nm
(iii) PPLO (c) 1 – 2 m
(iv) Virus (d) 0.1 m
(v) Eukaryotic cell (e) 0.02 – 0.2 m.
(1) (i-d); (ii-b); (iii-c); (iv-a); (v-e) (2) (i-c); (ii-b); (iii-a); (iv-d); (v-e)
(3) (i-e); (ii-b); (iii-d); (iv-a); (v-e) (4) (i-c); (ii-b); (iii-d); (iv-e); (v-a)
24. Which one is incorrect matching.
(1) Inclusion bodies — Phosphate granules, Cyanophyceangranules
(2) Gas vacuole — blue green and purple bacteria.
(3) Flagellum — Filament, hook, basal bodies.
(4) Bacteria — Gram positive, Gram negative & Gram nutral
25. Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cell due to presence of :
(1) Organised nucleus with a nuclear envelope.
(2) Genetic material is organised into chromosome
(3) Variety of complex locomotary & cytoskeletal structure
(4) All of these
26. Select the wrong statement :
(1) Plant cell possess cell wall, plastids & large vacuole
(2) Centrioles present in animal cell
(3) Few plant cell contain centriole.
(4) Eukaryotic cells are not identical.
27. Carrier protein required for transport across the membrane.
(1) Polar molecules cannot pass through polar lipid bilayer
(2) Polar molecules cannot pass through non-polar lipid bilayer
(3) Non-polar molecules can pass through polar lipid bilary
(4) Non-polar molecules cannot pass through polr lipid bilayer
28. Identify the missing word.
Organism Nature of cell wall
Algae A
B Chitin & Polysaccharides
Plant Cellulose, C
A B C
Mannose, Pectin &
(1) Rhodophyleae
CaCO3 galactans
Cellulose, Hemicellulose
(2) Protista
galactance & Mannos e
Galactance, Pectins
(3) Euglenoids
CaCO3 & galactose
Mannose, Pectins
(4) Fungi
CaCO3 & Proteins
29. ER, Golgi complex, lysosome and vocules come under endo-membrane system due to :
(1) they work for same kind of molecules (2) they perform same kind of function
(3) they perform a co-ordinated function (4) structurally they are similar
30. Food vacuoles formed in :
(1) Higher plant (2) In animals (3) Amoeba (4) Bacteria
31. Select the correct statement regarding plasma membrane.
(1) Na+/K+ pump is an example of active transport
(2) Osmosis is a proton-pump mediated process
(3) Passive process is uphill process.
(4) Polar molecules can pass easily through lipid bilayer.
32. (i) Polar molecules require carrier protein for transport.
(ii) Middle lamella transverse by plasmodermata
(iii) Primary wall diminishes as the cell nature.
(iv) Calcium pectate is a part of primary wall.
(v) Steroid hormones are synthesed in RER.
Select the option having group of right/correct statement.
(1) (iii), (iv) & (v) (2) (i), (iii), (ii) & (v) (3) (ii), (iii) & (v) (4) (i), (ii) & (iii)
33. Select the incorrect matching of organelles with their function.
(1) Golgi apparatus — formation of glycoprotein & glycolipids
(2) Lysosome — High concentration of H+
(3) Tonoplast — Transport of number of ions
(4) Contractile vacuole — Excretion
34. (i) Both membrane of mitochondria differ from each other.
(ii) No. of mitochondria variable with physiological status of the cell
(iii) Both membrane have same kind of enzyme.
(iv) Presence DNA & 70s ribosome make mitochondria a semi autonomous.
(v) In folding of inner membrane called cisternae
Select the option which has a group of correct statement.
(1) (i), (ii) & (v) (2) (i), (ii) & (iv) (3) (iii), (iv) & (v) (4) (iii) & (iv)
35. Select the correct statement regarding ‘Power house” of the cell.
(1) Site of aerobic respiration and ATP formation
(2) Mitochondria divide by meiosis.
(3) Cristae reduce the surface area.
(4) Outer compartment called matrix.
36. Select the wrong statement regarding plastids.
(1) Carotenoids & Xanthophyll are fat soluble.
(2) Elaioplast store oils and fats.
(3) Protozoa contains plastids.
(4) Chlorophyll & canotenoid pigment trap light energy.
37. Select the correct statement regarding chloroplast.
(1) Inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplast is more per meable.
(2) The space limited by outer membrane of chloroplast is called stroma.
(3) Stroma having enzymes for synthesis of carbohydrate.
(4) Stroma having enzymes for synthesis of carbohydrate & Protein.
38. Microbodies are :
(1) Many membrane bound minute vesicles. (2) Contain various enzyme.
(3) Present in both animal & plant cells. (4) All are correct.
39. Select the wrong statement regarding ribosome
(1) Observed under the electron microscope
(2) Composed by ribonucleic acid & Protein
(3) ‘S’ svedberg’s unit stavels for sedimentation coefficient
(4) Made up by single unit.
40. Filamentous proteinaceous structure present in the cytoplasm collectively called as :
(1) ER (2) Plastids (3) Cytoskeleton (4) All
41. (i) 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules reveals by EM studies.
(ii) Core part of cilia or flagella is called Axonema.
(iii) Eukaryotic flagella similar to prokaryotic flagella.
(iv) Prokaryotic flagella possess 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules
(v) Basal body of cilia & Flagella made up by phosphate granules.
Select the wrong statement.
(1) All (2) (i) & (v) (3) (ii), (iii) & (iv) (4) (iii), (iv) & (v)
42. Centromsome :
(1) Contain two centriole perpendicular to each other.
(2) Attachment site where spindle fibre attached
(3) Primary constriction of chromosome
(4) Attachment site of chromatids.
43. Match the Column A and Column B.
Column A Column B
(i) Cilia and flagella (a) Without membrane
(ii) Centriole (b) Double membrane
(iii) Ribosome (c) 9 + 2 arrangement
(iv) Mitochondria (d) 9 + 0 arrangement
(v) Nucleolus (e) 70s & 80s
Select the correct option.
(1) (i-c); (ii-d); (iii-a); (iv-b); (v-e) (2) (i-c); (ii-a); (iii-e); (iv-b); (v-c)
(3) (i-c); (ii-d); (iii-e); (iv-b); (v-a) (4) (i-c); (ii-d); (iii-e); (iv-a); (v-b)
44. Centriole made up of nine evenly spaced peripheircal fibrils of A protein and its centre
region B also C in nature.
A B C
(1) Fibrin hub Proteinceous
(2) Myolin Core Protenaceous
(3) Tubulin hub Proteinaceous
(4) Tubuline Core Proteinaceous
45. Centriole forms :
(1) Basal body of cilia & flagella
(2) Spindle fibre that give rise to spindle apparatus
(3) Cart wheel organisation present in centriole
(4) Both (1) & (2)
46. Electron microscope revealed about :
(1) Nuclear membrane (2) Ribsome
(3) Elaborated study of cilia & flagella (4) All of these
47. Satellite present :
(1) after primary constriction (2) after secondary constriction
(3) at the end of chromosome (4) some portion around centromere.
48. Nuclear pore formed by :
(1) cutting and joining of two membrane (2) cutting of two membrane
(3) fusion of two membrane (4) breakage of two membrane
49. Nuclear pore allow to movement of :
(1) DNA & Protein in uni direction (2) RNA & Protein in both direction
(3) RNA & Protein in uni direction (4) RNA & DNA in both direction
(SECTION - C)
01. One can take a physico-chemical approach and use cell free systems to investigate.
(a) In studying and understanding the physiological processes
(b) In studying and understanding the behavioural processes.
Which one of the following options is true.
(1) Both (a) and (b) are true (2) Both (a) and (b) are false
(3) (a) is true but (b) is fase (4) (b) is true but (a) is false
02. In ‘Reductionist Biology’ we study living phenomena.
(1) On molecular basis (2) On cellular basis
(3) On organ system basis (4) On organismic basis
03. Reading the following statements select the right option.
(a) Anything less than a complete structure of a cell does not ensure independent living
(b) Unicellular organisms are capable of independent existence
(c) Unicellular organisms are capable of performing the essential functions of life
(d) Unicellular prokaryotes are not always capable of independent existence.
(1) a & b are true (2) all are true
(3) all are true except ‘d’ (4) all are true except ‘a’
04. Who examined a large number of plants and observed that all plants are composed of different
kinds of cells which form the tissues of the plant.
(1) Anton von Leeuwenhoek (2) Robert Brown
(3) Mathias Schleiden (4) Theodore Schwann
05. What do you mean by “Omnis cellula-e cellula”
(1) Cells are structural basis of organisms
(2) Cells are behavioural basis of life
(3) All organisms are composed of cells
(4) new cells are formed from pre existing cells
06.
What is represented by the diagram.

(1) Red blood cells (2) White blood cells (3) Mesophyll cells (4) Epithelial cells
07. Which one of the following unifies between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
(1) Presence of nucleus (2) Plasmid
(3) Nucleoid (4) Cytoplasm
08. Which one of the following is different from the others on the bais of cellular organisation
(1) Bacteria (2) Blue-green algae (3) Algae (4) Mycoplasma
09. Which is non-membrane bound
(1) Lysosome (2) Ribosome (3) Vacuole (4) Golgi apparatus
10. Read the following statements regarding plasmids and select the right option.
(a) Small circular DNA
(b) Confers certain unique phenotypic characters
(c) Genomic DNA
(d) Makes organisms reistant to antibiotics
(1) All are true except ‘c’ (2) All are true except ‘d’
(3) b & d are true (4) All are true except ‘a’
11. Which one of the following is not correctly matched.
(1) Inclusion bodies — Reserve material are stored
(2) Polysome — Translate the mRNA into proteins
(3) Mesosome — Help in cell wall formation
(4) Capsule — Glycocalyx in the form of a loose sheath
12. How many of the follole roles of mesosomes are right.
(a) DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells
(b) Help in respiration
(c) Helpful in secretion process
(d) Help to increase enzymatic content
(e) Increase the surface area of the plasma membrane.
(1) Two (2) Three (3) Four (4) Five
13. Chromatophores are found in :
(1) Cyanobacteria (2) Streptococeus (3) Spirullina (4) Chromoplasts
14. The chloroplasts are believed to be bacterial endosymbionts because.
(a) They are centres of synthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates
(b) They have their own protein synthesising mechinary
(c) It is bound by two membrane
(d) They are independent of nucleus.
(1) Only ‘c’ (2) a&c (3) b & c (4) only ‘b’
15. Different cells have different sizes. Arrange the following in an ascending order of their size.
(a) Mycoplasma (b) Ostrich eggs (c) Human RBC (d) Bacteria
(1) adcb (2) abcd (3) b  a  c  d (4) c  b  a  d
16. In which of the following features eukaryotic cells are different from prokaryotic cells.
(a) Having an extensive compartmentlisation of cytoplasm
(b) Having membrane bound organelles
(c) having an organised nucleus with a nuclear enveloped
(d) Having a variety of complex locomotory and cytoskeletal structures.
(1) a, b & d (2) a, b & c (3) a, c & d (4) a, b, c & d
17. Animal cells are differ from plant cells in having
(1) A large central vacuole (2) Centrioles
(3) Endoplasmic reticulum (4) Protein synthesising machinery
18. What did enable the scientists to deduce the possible structure of plasma membrane, specially in
human red blood cells.
(1) Physical studies on the cell membrane (2) Chemical studies on the cell membrane
(3) Magnetic fractionation of the cell membrane(4) The advent of the electron microscope
19. What is not true regarding cell membrane
(1) The ratio of protein and lipid varies considerably in different cell types
(2) The non-polar tail of saturated hydrocarbons is protected from the aqueous environment
(3) Peripheral proteins are partially or totally buried in the membrane
(4) Ability of lateral movement of proteins within the membrane is measured as its fluidity
20. Which of the following requires a carrier protein of the membrane to facilitate their transport across
the membrane.
(1) Polar molecules (2) Non-polar molecules
(3) Both polar and non-polar molecules (4) Lipids
21. Cell wall of algae does not contain
(1) Cellulose (2) Gatactans (3) Pectins (4) Mannans
22. Which one of the following organelles is not the part of endomembrane system.
(1) Mitochondria (2) Golgi apparatus
(3) Lysosomes (4) Endoplasmic reticulum
23. Which is incorrectly matched.
(1) Golgi body — Packaging materials
(2) SER — Synthesis of proteinous hormones
(3) Chromoplasts — Contains carotene
(4) Contractile vacuole — Excretion
24. Which of the following organelles is frequently observed in the cells actively involved in protein
synthesis and secretion.
(1) RER (2) SER (3) Golgi apparatus (4) Mitochondria
25. In nucleus, nuclear pores are formed by the :
(1) Absence of nuclear membrane
(2) Breakage of nuclear membrane
(3) Fusion of nuclear membranes
(4) Movement of cytoplasm through nuclear membrane
26. In cilia and flagella central sheath is connected to peripheral tubules by means of :
(1) Central microtubules (2) Interdoublet bridges
(3) Microtubule doublets (4) Radial spokes
27. Plastid differs from mitochondria on the basis of one of the following features.
(1) Presence of two layers of membrane (2) Presence of ribosomes
(3) Presence of chlorophyll (4) Presence of DNA
28. Which is not true for ribosome
(1) Made up of two subunits (2) Form polysome
(3) May attach to mRNA (4) Have no role in protein synthesis
29. Semiautonomic genome system is present in :
(1) Ribosome and Chloroplast (2) Mitochondria and Chloroplast
(3) Mitochondria and Ribosome (4) Mitochondria and Golgi body.
30. If the ribosomes of a cell are destroyed then
(1) respiration will not take place (2) protein will not be formed
(3) carbon assimilation will not occur (4) fats will not stored
Answer Exercise - 1
Section - A
1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (4) 5. (3) 6. (4)
7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (4) 11. (4) 12. (3)
13. (1) 14. (3) 15. (4) 16. (3) 17. (1) 18. (4)
19. (3) 20. (1) 21. (2) 22. (4) 23. (3) 24. (3)
25. (2) 26. (3) 27. (2) 28. (3) 29. (4) 30. (3)
31. (3) 32. (1) 33. (1) 34. (4) 35. (3) 36. (1)
37. (4) 38. (3) 39. (3) 40. (2) 41. (4) 42. (4)
43. (2) 44. (1) 45. (3) 46. (1) 47. (3) 48. (4)
49. (2) 50. (1) 51. (2) 52. (3) 53. (2) 54. (2)
55. (2) 56. (1) 57. (1) 58. (4) 59. (1) 60. (1)
61. (4) 62. (2) 63. (4) 64. (3) 65. (4) 66. (3)
67. (3) 68. (4) 69. (1) 70. (2) 71. (4) 72. (1)
73. (3) 74. (2) 75. (3) 76. (2) 77. (3) 78. (4)
79. (3) 80. (3) 81. (2) 82. (2) 83. (4) 84. (4)
85. (3)
Section - B
1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (4)
7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (2) 11. (1) 12. (4)
13. (1) 14. (3) 15. (1) 16. (4) 17. (4) 18. (1)
19. (4) 20. (4) 21. (3) 22. (4) 23. (4) 24. (4)
25. (4) 26. (3) 27. (2) 28. (4) 29. (3) 30. (3)
31. (1) 32. (4) 33. (2) 34. (2) 35. (1) 36. (3)
37. (4) 38. (4) 39. (4) 40. (3) 41. (4) 42. (1)
43. (3) 44. (3) 45. (4) 46. (4) 47. (2) 48. (3)
49. (2)
Section - C
01. (1) 02. (1) 03. (3) 04. (3) 05. (4) 06. (2)
07. (4) 08. (3) 09. (2) 10. (1) 11. (4) 12. (4)
13. (1) 14. (3) 15. (1) 16. (4) 17. (2) 18. (2)
19. (3) 20. (1) 21. (3) 22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (1)
25. (3) 26. (4) 27. (3) 28. (4) 29. (2) 30. (2)
Exercise - 2
[NEET Asked Questions]
1. Keeping in view the ‘fluid mosaic model’ for the structure of cell membrane, which one of the
following statement is correct with respect to the movements of lipids and proteins from one lipid
monolayer to the other (described as flipflop movement)?
(1) while proteins can flip-flop, lipids can not
(2) neither lipids, nor proteins can flip-flop
(3) both lipids and proteins can flip-flop
(4) while lipids can rarely flip-flop, proteins can not
2. The two sub-units of ribosome remain united at a critical ion level of
(1) magnesium (2) calcium (3) copper (4) manganese.
3. Vacuole in a plant cell
(1) lacks membrane and contains air
(2) lacks membrane and contains water and excretory substances
(3) is membrane-bound and contains storage proteins and lipids
(4) is membrane-bound and contains water and excretory substances.
4. In germinating seeds fatty acids are degarded exclusively in the
(1) peroxisomes (2) mitochondria (3) proplastids (4) glyoxysomes
5. Plasmodesmata are
(1) locomotary structures
(2) membranes connecting the nucleus with plasmalemma
(3) connections between adjacent cells
(4) lignified cemented layers between cells
6. Cytoskeleton is made up of
(1) callose deposits (2) cellulosic microfibrils
(3) proteinaceous filaments (4) calcium carbonate granules
7. Middle lamella is composed mainly of
(1) muramic acid (2) calcium pectate (3) phosphoglycerides (4) hemicellulose
8. Which one of the following structures between two adjacent cells is an effective transport pathway?
(1) plasmodesmata (2) plastoquinones (3) endoplasmic reticulum (4) plasmalemma.
9. Which one of the following has its own DNA?
(1) mitochondria (2) dictyosome (3) lysosome (4) peroxisome.
10. The main area of various types of activities of a cell is
(1) plasma membrane (2) mitochondrion
(3) cytoplasm (4) nucleus.
11. The plasma membrane consists mainly of
(1) phospholipids embedded in a protein bilayer
(2) proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer
(3) proteins embedded in a polymer of glucose molecules
(4) proteins embedded in a carbohydrate bilayer.
12. Identify the components labelled A, B, C and D in the diagram below from the list (i) to (viii) given
along with
C
A
D
B
Components :
(i) Cristae of mitochondria (ii) Inner membrane of mitochondria
(iii) Cytoplasm (iv) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(v) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (vi) Mitochondrial matrix
(vii) Cell vacuole (viii) Nucleus
The correct components are :
A B C D
(1) (v) (iv) (viii) (iii)
(2) (i) (iv) (viii) (vi)
(3) (vi) (v) (iv) (vii)
(4) (v) (i) (iii) (ii)
13. An elaborate network of filamentous proteinaceous structures present in the cytoplasm which helps in the
maintenance of cell shape is called
(1) thylakoid (2) endoplasmic reticulum
(3) plasmalemma (4) cytoskeleton
14. Important site for formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids is
(1) vacuole (2) Golgi apparatus (3) plastid (4) lysosome
15. Peptide synthesis inside a cell takes place in
(1) chloroplast (2) mitochondria (3) chromoplast (4) ribosomes.
16. In 'S' phase of the cell cycle :
(1) amount of DNA doubles in each cell
(2) amount of DNA remains same in each cell
(3) chromosome number is increased
(4) amount of DNA is reduced to half in each cell
17. The figure below shows the structure of a mitochondrion with its four parts labelled A, B, C and D. Select the
part correctly matched with its function.
D B
A C
(1) D (outer membrane) - gives rise to inner membrane by splitting.

(2) B (inner membrane) - forms infoldings called cristae.
(3) C (crista) - possesses single circular DNA molecule and ribosomes.
(4) A (matrix) - major site for respiratory chain enzymes.
18. Which one of the following is not considered as a part of the endomembrane system?
(1) golgi complex (2) peroxisome (3) vacuole (4) lysosone
19. Which one of the following does not differ in E.coli and Chlamydomonas?
(1) Ribosomes (2) Chromosomal organization
(3) Cell wall (4) Cell membrane.
20. What is true about ribosomes?
(1) The prokaryotic ribosomes are 80S, where “S” stands for sedimentation coefficient.
(2) These are composed of ribonucleic acid and proteins.
(3) These are found only in eukaryotic cells.
(4) These are self-splicing introns of some RNAs.
21. Select the correct statement from the following regarding cell membrane.
(1) Na+ and K+ ions move across cell membrane by passive transport.
(2) Proteins make up 60 to 70% of the cell membrane.
(3) Lipids are arranged in a bilayer with polar heads towards the inner part.
(4) Fluid mosaic model of cell membrane was proposed by Singer and Nicolson.
22. Which one of the following structures is an organelle within an organelle?
(1) Ribosome (2) Peroxisome (3) ER (4) Mesosome.
23. Which one of the following cellular parts is correctly described?
(1) Thylakoids - flattened membranous sacs forming the grana of chloroplasts.
(2) Centrioles - sites for active RNA synthesis.
(3) Ribosomes - those on chloroplasts are larger (80S) while those in the cytoplasm are smaller
(70S).
(4) Lysosom
24. The Golgi complex plays a major role
(1) as energy transferring organelles
(2) in post translational modification of proteins and glycosylation of lipids
(3) in trapping the light and transforming it into chemical energy
(4) in digesting proteins and carbohydrates.
25. Which one of the following organelle in the figure correctly matches with its function?
(1) Golgi apparatus, formation of glycolipids

(2) Rough endoplasmic reticulum, protein synthesis
(3) Rough endoplasmic reticulum, formation of glycoproteins
(4) Golgi apparatus, protein synthesis.
26. A major site for synthesis of lipids is
(1) symplast (2) nucleoplasm (3) RER (4) SER
27. Which structures perform the function of mitochondria in bacteria ?
(1) Nucleoid (2) Ribosomes (3) Cell wall (4) Mesosomes
28. The solid linear cytoskeletal elements having a diameter of 6nm and made up of a single type of
monomer are known as :
(1) Microbules (2) Microfilaments
(3) Intermediate filaments (4) Lamins
29. Match the following and select the correct answer :
(A) Centriole (i) Inflodings in Mitchondira
(B) Chlorophyll (ii) Thylakoids
(C) Cristate (iii) Nucleic acids
(D) Ribosomes (iv) Basal body cilia or flagella
(1) A-iv, B-ii, C-i, D-iii (2) A-i, B-ii, C-iv, D-iii
(3) A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv (4) A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii
30. Match the columns and identify the correct option: AIPMT - 2015
Column - I Column - II
A Thylakoids (i) Disc-shaped sacs in Golgi apparatus
B Cristae (ii) Condensed structure of DNA
C Cisternae (iii) Flat membranous sacs in stroma
D Chromatin (iv) Infoldings in mitochondria
(1) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(ii) (2) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i)
(3) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii) (4) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(ii)
31. Which of the following structures is not found in a prokaryotic cell? AIPMT - 2015
(1) Mesosome (2) Plasma membrane
(3) Nuclear envelope (4) Ribosome
32. Cellular organelles with membranes are AIPMT - 2015

(1) endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and nuclei
(2) lysosomes, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria
(3) nuclei, ribosomes and mitochondria
(4) chromosomes, ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
33. Which of the following are not membrane bound? AIPMT - 2015
(1) Lysosomes (2) Mesosomes (3) Vacuoles (4) Ribosomes
34. DNA is not present in AIPMT - 2015, Cancelled
(1) nucleus (2) mitochondria (3) chloroplast (4) ribosome
35. Nuclear envelope is a derivative of AIPMT - 2015, Cancelled
(1) microtubules (2) rough endoplasmic reticulum
(3) smooth endoplasmic reticulum (4) membrane of Golgi complex
36. The structures that are formed by stacking of organised flattened membranous sacs in the
chloroplasts are AIPMT - 2015, Cancelled
(1) Stroma lamellae (2) stroma (3) cristae (4) grana
37. Select the correct matching in the following pairs, AIPMT - 2015, Cancelled
(1) Rough ER - Synthesis of glycogen (2) Rough ER - Oxidation of fatty acids
(3) Smooth ER - Oxidation of phospholipids (4) Smooth ER - Synthesis of lipids
38. The chromosomes in which centromere is situated close to one end are
AIPMT - 2015, Cancelled
(1) telocentric (2) sub-metacentric (3) metacentric (4) acrocentric
39. Which one of the following is not an inclusion body found in prokaryotes?
AIPMT - 2015, Cancelled
(1) Glycogen granule (2) Polysome
(3) Phosphate granule (4) Cyanophycean granule
40. Mitochondria and chloroplast are
(A) semi-autonomous organelles
(B) formed by division of pre-existing organelles and they contain DNA but lack protein synthesising
machinery
Which one of the following options is correct: NEET - 2016
(1) (A) is true but (B) is false (2) Both (A) and (B) is false
(3) Both (A) and (B) are correct (4) (B) is true but (A) is false
41. Microtubules are the constituents of NEET - 2016
(1) centrioles, spindle fibres and chromatin
(2) centrosome, nucleosome and centrioles
(3) Cilia, flagella and peroxisomes
(4) spindle fibres, centrioles and cilia
42. Which one of the following cell organelles is enclosed by a single membrane? NEET - 2016
(1) Lysosomes (2) Nuclei (3) Mitochondria (4) Chloroplasts
43. Which of the following components provides sticky character to the bacterial cell ? NEET - 2017
(1) Nuclear membrane (2) Plasma membrane
(3) Glycocalyx (4) Cell wall
44. Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for extracting energy from carbohydrates to
form ATP ? NEET - 2017
(1) Ribosome (2) Chloroplast (3) Mitochondrion (4) Lysosome
45. Spliceosomes are not found in cells of; NEET - 2017
(1) Fungi (2) Animals (3) Bacteria (4) Plants
46. Which of the following is true for nucleolus? NEET - 2018
(1) Larger nucleoli are present in dividing cells.
(2) It is a membrane-bound structrue.
(3) It takes part in spindle formation
(4) It is a site for active ribosomal RNA synthesis.
47. The Golgi complex participates in NEET - 2018
(1) fatty acid breakdown (2) formation of secretory vesicles
(2) respiration in bacteria (4) activation of amino acid
48. Which of the following events does not occur in rough endoplasmic reticulum? NEET - 2018
(1) Protein folding (2) Protein glycosylation
(3) Cleavage of signal peptide (4) Phospholipid synthesis
49. Select the incorrect match. NEET - 2018
(1) Lampbrush chromosomes - Diplotene bivalents
(2) Allosomes - Sex chromosomes
(3) Sub-metacentric chromosomes - L-shaped chromosomes
(4) Polytene chromosomes - Oocytes of amphibians
50. Which of the following pair of organelles does not contain DNA? NEET - 2019
(1) Lysosomes and Vacuoles (2) Nuclear envelope and Mitochondria
(3) Mitochondria and Lysosomes (4) Chloroplast and Vacuoles
51. The shorter and longer arms of a submetacentric chromosome are referred to as: NEET - 2019
(1) q-arm and p-arm respectively (2) m-arm nd n-arm respectively
(3) s-arm and l-arm respectively (4) p-arm and q-arm respectively
52. Which of the following statements regarding mitochondria is incorrect? NEET - 2019
(1) Inner membrane is convoluted with infoldings.
(2) Mitochondrial matrix contains single circular DNA molecule and ribosomes.
(3) Outer membrane is permeable to monomers of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
(4) Enzymes of electron transport are embedded in outer membrane.
53. The concept of “Omnis cellula-e cellula” regarding cell division was first proposed by :
(1) Schleiden (2) Aristotle NEET - 2019
(3) Rudolf Virchow (4) Theodore Schwann
Answer Exercise - 2
1. (4) 2. (1) 3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (3) 6. (3)
7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (3) 11. (2) 12. (1)
13. (4) 14. (2) 15. (4) 16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (2)
19. (4) 20. (2) 21. (4) 22. (1) 23. (1) 24. (2)
25. (2) 26. (4) 27. (4) 28. (2) 29. (1) 30. (4)
31. (3) 32. (2) 33. (4) 34. (4) 35. (2) 36. (4)
37. (4) 38. (4) 39. (2) 40. (1) 41. (4) 42. (1)
43. (3) 44. (3) 45. (3) 46. (4) 47. (2) 48. (4)
49. (4) 50. (1) 51. (4) 52. (4) 53. (3)
Note
Exercise - 3
[AIIMS Asked Questions]
1. Zonula adherens is a kind of

(1) filament (2) desmosome (3) membrane (4) mesosome
2. Desmosomes are found in
(1) epithelial tissue (2) muscular tissue (3) nervous tissue (4) all of these
3. Photosynthetic pigments in chloroplast are embedded in the membrane of
(1) thylakoids (2) matrix
(3) chloroplast envelope (4) photoglobin
4. The cell organelle associated with photorespiration is
(1) mesosome (2) ribosome (3) peroxisome (4) lysosome
5. In nucleoplasm, a conspicuous body of spherical shape attached to a particular chromosome on
a definite position is called.
(1) plasmid (2) karyolymph (3) nucleolus (4) nuclear reticulum
6. The term chromatophore was coined by
(1) Schmitz (2) Comparethi
(3) W. Pfeiffer (4) Singer and Nicholsan
7. The structure between cell wall of two cells is called.
(1) lomasome (2) lysosome (3) microsome (4) middle lamella
8. Which of the following is responsible for the mechanical support, protein synthesis and enzyme
transport?
(1) cell membrane (2) mitochondria
(3) dictyosome (4) endoplasmic reticulum
9. The vacuoles are surrounded by a thin membrane called
(1) plasmodesmata (2) hydathodes
(3) tonoplast (4) both (2) and (3)
10. Which of the following is related to glycosylation of protein?
(1) lysosome (2) mitochondria
(3) peroxisome (4) rough endoplasmic reticulum
11. Plasmodesmata connections help in :
(1) cytoplasmic streaming (2) synchronous mitotic divisions
(3) locomotion of unicellular organism (4) movement of substances between cells
12. DNA is present in
(1) chromosomes and dictyosomes (2) chloroplasts and lysosomes
(3) mitochondria and chloroplasts (4) mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
13. Three of the following statements regarding cell organelles are correct while one is wrong. Which
one is wrong?
(1) lysosomes are single membraned vesicles budded off from golgi apparatus and contain
digestive enzymes
(2) endoplasmic reticulum consists of a network of membranous tubules and helps in transport,
synthesis and secretion.
(3) leucoplasts are bound by two membranes, lack pigment but contain their own DNA and
protein synthesizing machinery.
(4) sphaerosomes are single membrane bound and are associated with synthesis and storage
of lipids.
14. In which one of the following would you expect to find glyoxysomes?
(1) endosperm of wheat (2) endosperm of castor
(3) palisade cells in leaf (4) root hairs
15. Genes present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are found in
(1) mitochondria and inherited via egg cytoplasm
(2) lysosomes and peroxisomes
(3) golgi bodies and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(4) plastids and inherited via male gamete
16. What is common between chloroplasts,, chromoplasts and leucoplasts?
(1) presence of pigments (2) possession of thylakoids and grana
(3) storage of starch, proteins and lipids (4) ability to multiply by a fission-like process
17. What are Singer and Nicolson known for?
(1) one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis (2) plasma membrane modifications
(3) fluid-mosaic model of plasma membrane (4) structure of DNA
18. Who invented electron microscope?
(1) Janssen (2) Edison (3) Knoll & Ruska (4) Landsteiner
19. Cell theory was proposed by
(1) a botanist (2) a zoologist
(3) a botanist and a zoologist (4) a psychologist
20. In a 50gm living tissue, what would be the amount of water?
(1) 15 - 25 gm (2) 25 - 30 gm (3) 35 - 45 gm (4) 70 - 90 gm
21. Na+/K+ pump is associated with
(1) passive transport (2) active transport (3) osmosis (4) imbibition
22. The microscope usually used for seeing living cells or tissues is
(1) compound microscope (2) electron micrscope
(3) phase contrast microscope (4) light microscope
23. Which of the following organelles contain DNA? [2013]
(i) Mitochondria (ii) Chloroplasts (iii) Golgi bodies (iv) Ribosomes
(1) (i) and (ii) (2) (ii) and (iii) (3) (i) only (4) (iv) only
24. Chromatin is made up of : [2013]
(1) DNA and protein (2) DNA and histone
(3) DNA, RNA, protein (4) RNA, histone and oil bodies
25. Which one of the following is correct for the transmembrane proteins in lipid bilayer of plasma
membrane ? [2016]
(1) They are absent in animal cells (2) They act as channel proteins
(3) They are absent in plant cells (4) They are only externally located
26. Identify the accurate explanation of the mesosome. It is : [2017]
(1) A specialized structure of prokaryotic cell formed by extension of plasma membrane into the
cell
(2) The middle layer of the prokaryotic organism
(3) The organelle of eukaryotic cells which helps in lipid synthesis
(4) It is the middle layer of eukaryotic cell wall
27. Fluid mosaic model was given by : [2017]
(1) Singer & Nicolson (2) Alexander (3) Griffith (4) D . U BOSE
28. Synthesis of lipids & carbohydrates is regulated by- [AIIMS 2018]
(1) SER (2) RER (3) Ribosomes (4) Lysosomes
29. Choose the incorrect about mitochondria - [AIIMS 2018]
(1) Has 80S ribosome (2) Naked circular DNA
(3) ETS on inner mitochondrial membrane (4) Power house of the cell
30. Where does glycosylation of protein occur? [AIIMS 2018]
(1) Endoplasmic reticulum (2) Lysosomes
(3) Mitochondria (4) Chloroplast
31. Hormone secreted by ƒÑ-cells of Pancreas? [AIIMS 2018]
(1) Insulin (2) Glucagon (3) Somatocrinin (4) Somatostatin
32. Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is [AIIMS 2018]
(1) Synthesis of lipid (2) Synthesis of minerals
(3) Synthesis of protein (4) None
Answer Exercise - 3
1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (3) 6. (1)
7. (4) 8. (4) 9. (3) 10. (4) 11. (4) 12. (3)
13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (1) 16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (3)
19. (3) 20. (3) 21. (2) 22. (3) 23. (1) 24. (2)
25. (2) 26. (1) 27. (1) 28. (1) 29. (1) 30. (1)
31. (2) 32. (1)

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CELL - THE UNIT OF LIFE

Fig. Diagram showing comparison of

Red blood cells White blood cells Columnar epithelial cells

Fig. : Diagram showing : (a) Plant cell (b) Animal cell

Fig. : Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane

 Passive transport is of 3 Types :–

Fig. : Endoplasmic reticulum

Fig. : Golgi apparatus

Fig. Structure of mitochondrion (Longitudinal section)

Fig. Sectional view of chloroplast

Fig. : Structure of nucleus

Fig. : Chromosome with kinetochore

Figure : Types of chromosomes based on the position of centromere

66. Cells sizes of different organism are

What is represented by the diagram.

(1) D (outer membrane) - gives rise to inner membrane by splitting.

(1) Golgi apparatus, formation of glycolipids

32. Cellular organelles with membranes are AIPMT - 2015

1. Zonula adherens is a kind of

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