LIFE SCIENCES

WALK IN FINAL EXAMINATION

REVISION
PAPER 2
LEARNER’S BOOKLET

17-19 NOVEMBER 2023

GRADE 12

The booklet consists of 30 pages

1
PAPER 2
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.2 Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions.
Write only the term next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.25) in the
ANSWER BOOK.

1.2.1 Structures found in the nucleus that are made up of a DNA molecule and
proteins
1.2.2 A section of a DNA molecule that codes for a specific characteristic

1.2.3 The scientist who proposed the principle of independent assortment

1.2.4 The bond that forms between two amino acids

1.2.5 The building blocks (monomers) of DNA

1.2.6 Undifferentiated animal cells that have the ability to change into any cell type

1.2.7 Having an upper or lower jaw that projects abnormally forward

1.2.8 The explanation that species experience long periods without physical
change, followed by short periods of rapid physical change

1.2.9 Undifferentiated cells that may be stimulated to develop into any type of
body cell

1.2.10 The point of crossing over between two adjacent chromosomes

1.2.11 The process by which genetically identical organisms are formed using
biotechnology

1.2.12 The nitrogenous base found in DNA but not in RNA.

1.2.13 A sex-linked disorder that affects the photoreceptors in the eye

1.2.14 A sudden change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases of a nucleic acid

1.2.15 The breeding of organisms by humans to achieve a desirable phenotype

1.2.16 The type of evidence for human evolution that includes tool-making
1.2.17 The mode of locomotion where an animal uses four limbs
1.2.18 The bond formed between amino acids

1.2.19 The part of the skull that houses the brain

1.2.20 A change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases

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1.2.21 A disorder due to the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair of
chromosomes in somatic cells of humans

1.2.22 Genetic evidence that is used to support the 'Out of Africa' hypothesis

1.2.23 The process by which genetically identical organisms are formed using
biotechnology

1.2.24 Type of dominance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype

1.2.25 Similar structures that are inherited from a common ancestor and
modified for different functions
(25 x 1) (25)
1.3. Indicate whether each of the statements in COLUMN I applies to A
ONLY, B ONLY, BOTH A AND B or NONE of the items in COLUMN II. Write
A only, B only, both A and B, or none next to the question numbers (1.3.1
to 1.3.8) in the ANSWER BOOK.
COLUMN Ι COLUMN ΙΙ
1.3.1 Caused by a gene mutation A: Haemophilia
B: Down Syndrome
1.3.2 Somatic cell A: Haploid
B: Skin cell
1.3.3 Alleles that are expressed only A: Recessive
when two copies are present B: Heterozygous
1.3.4 Division of the cytoplasm A: MeiosisI
B: MeiosisII
1.3.5 Crossing over A: Telophase I
B: Prophase II
1.3.6 Principle of Segregation A: Watson
B: Gregor Mendel
1.3.7 The genotype of a person with A: XhY
haemophilia
B: XhXh
Variation in human height A: Continuous variation
B: Discontinuous variation
1.3.8 Involved in the discovery of DNA A: Eldredge
molecule
B: Gould
(8 x 2) = 16

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SHORT QUESTIONS
1.1 The diagram below shows part of a process in a nucleic acid.

1.1.1 Name

(a) the process shown in the diagram (1)

(b) the nucleic acid shown in the diagram (1)

(c) the natural shape of the nucleic acid named in QUESTION 1.1.1 (b).
(1)

1.1.2 Identify:
(a) Bond 1 (1)

(b) Part 2 (1)

(c) Structure 3 (1)

1.1.3 Name the organelle that is found in plant cells only, where the nucleic acid
named in QUESTION 1.1.1 (b) is located. (1)
(7)

1.4 Study the diagram of two chromosomes below.

4
 D

p P

q Q

B
r R

s S

t T

1.2.1 Name the process taking place in the diagram above. (1)

1.2.2 During which phase of meiosis does the process occur? (1)

1.2.3 Provide labels for the following parts:

(a) A (1)

(b) B (1)

(c) C (1)

1.2.4 Draw chromatid D at the end of meiosis. (3)

(8)
1.3 In rabbits the inheritance of two characteristics were studied, hair colour and
eye colour. Each of these characteristics have two variations.

Hair may be grey or white and eyes may be black or red in colour.
The symbols G and g are used for the two variations in hair colour
and the symbols B and b are used for the two variations in eye
colour.

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 When two rabbits that were heterozygous for hair colour and eye colour were
crossed, the following results were obtained:

Number of offspring Characteristic

Grey hair and Black eyes 9
Grey hair and Red eyes 3
White hair and Black eyes 3
White hair and Red eyes 1

1.3.1 State the term for a genetic cross that involves two characteristics. (1)

1.3.2 Give all the possible gametes of the parents. (2)

1.3.2 Give the:

(a) Dominant allele for hair colour (1)

(b) Genotype for a white haired, red eyed rabbit (2)

(c) Phenotype of a rabbit that is heterozygous for hair colour and

homozygous dominant for eye colour (2)

1.4 The diagrams below show the pelvis of chimpanzee and Homo sapiens.
(not necessarily in that order)

A B

1.4.1 Give the LETTER of the pelvis belonging to the species that has the:

(a) Foramen magnum in a more backward position (1)

(b) S-shaped Spine (1)

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 1.4.2 Name the species that is represented by the pelvis shown in diagram:

(a) A (1)

(b) B (1)

1.4.3 State TWO visible structural differences between the pelvis in diagram
A and B. (4)

1.4.4 Give ONE significance of the shape of the pelvis shown in diagram A.
(1)
(9)

1.5 Three ladies each gave birth to a baby boy in a hospital. The babies were
accidentally swopped.

The diagram below shows a technique used in paternity testing and the results
of each parent and their baby boys.

1.5.1 Identify the technique shown above. (1)

1.5.2 Which baby (1, 2 or 3) belongs to the Smiths? (2)

1.5.3 State TWO other uses for the technique named in QUESTION 1.5.1. (2)
(5)

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1.6 An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of an antibiotic on
bacterial resistance.

The diagram below shows the effect of an antibiotic on a bacterial population.

Key

Resistant Bacteria

Non-Resistant
Bacteria

1.6.1 Give the:

(a) Dependent variable (1)

(b) Independent variable (1)

1.6.2 Name the type of evolution that occurs in this bacterial population. (1)

1.6.3 What is the change in the environment that brings about the change in the
bacteria population? (1)

1.6.4 Which variation can be found in greater proportion in the final population? (1)

1.6.5 What percentage of the bacteria in the original population was resistant to
antibiotics? (1)
(6)

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1.7 A genetic disorder is caused by a recessive allele (a).
An individual with the disorder is described as affected, and an individual
without it is described as unaffected. The affected individual is indicated by
a black circle or square.
The pedigree diagram below shows the inheritance of this disorder in a family.

1.7.1 How many of each of the following are present in the diagram?

(a) Males (1)

(b) Generations (1)

(c) Children of individuals A and B (1)

1.7.2 Give the:

(a) Possible genotype of individual D (2)

(b) Phenotype of individual C (1)

(6)

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SECTION B
CODE OF LIFE
2.1 The diagram below shows a part of the process involved in making a protein.

2.1.1 Provide the name of:

(a) Molecule 1 (1)

(b) Molecule 2 (1)

2.1.2 Name the process shown in the diagram above. (1)

2.1.3 In which organelle in the cell does the process mentioned in QUESTION 2.1.2
take place? (1)

2.1.4 Give the nucleotide sequence for molecule 2. Write out the complete
sequence from left to right (starting with the given base A). (3)

The table below shows the amino acids coded for by each tRNA anticodon.

tRNA anticodon Amino Acid

GAA Leucine
CUU Lycine
GGA Glycine
UGC Cystine
CGC Alanine
UAC Tyrosine
AGG Arginine
CAC Valine
ACC Threonine

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2.1.5 Use the table to determine the amino acid sequence, from left to right,
coded for by molecule 1. (3)

2.1.6 Explain how the error at point X on molecule 2 will change the protein
that forms. (4)
(14)

2.2 The diagram below represents part of the process of protein synthesis.

1
W
tRNA

U A A
X
2

Y
A U U
Z

2.2.1 Identify:
(a) Organelle X (1)

(b) Monomer 1 (1)

2.2.2 Write down the DNA sequence for the base triplet 2. (1)

2.2.3 Name and explain the importance of process W in protein synthesis.(3)

2.2.4 Describe the role of tRNA in the process of protein synthesis. (3)

2.2.5 The table below shows the codons that code for different amino acids.

CODON AUC UAC UCG AUU UGC

AMINO ACID Isoleucine Tyrosine Serine Isoleucine Cysteine

With reference to the diagram in QUESTION 2.2 and the table above:

(a) State the amino acid that is coded by the DNA base triplet AGC(1)

(b) If the codon AUU on molecule Z change to AUC, explain the effect
it would have on this particular protein molecule. (3)
(13)

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2.3 The diagram below shows parts of two different processes that take place in the
nucleus and a process taking place at the ribosome.

2.3.1 Identify:

(a) Molecule A (1)

(b) Organelle B (1)

(c) Molecule C (1)

(d) The number of codons shown in the diagram on the

mRNA (1)

2.3.2 Give the anticodon for the second codon from left to right. (2)

2.3.3 Name AND describe the process that is taking place at X. (6)

2.3.4 Describe the role of mRNA in protein synthesis. (4)

(16)

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GENETICS AND INHERITANCE

3.1 Read the extract below.

Congenital night blindness is a sex-linked disorder. It is caused by a
recessive gene on the X-chromosome. People with this disorder struggle to
see clearly at night and experience other visual problems like short-
sightedness and loss of visual sharpness.

Use (N) for normal night vision and (n) for congenital night blindness.

3.1.1 State the:

(a) Genotype of the allele that causes congenital night blindness (1)

(b) Genotype of a female with congenital night blindness (2)

3.1.2 Give TWO reasons why people with this disease may not be able to get
a driver’s licence. (2)

3.1.3 A man with congenital night blindness has a son with a woman who does
not carry the allele.

(a) Give the phenotype of their son. (1)

(b) Explain your answer in QUESTION 3.1.3 (a). (3)

(9)
3.2 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited condition caused by a
sex- linked recessive allele (Xd).

The diagram below shows the inheritance of DMD in a family.

Key

B Unaffected
A
male

DMD male

C D Unaffected
female

DMD female

E F

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 3.2.1 Name this type of a diagram. (1)

3.2.2 How many males are unaffected in the second generation? (1)

3.2.3 State the phenotype of individual C. (1)

3.2.4 Give all the possible genotypes of individual:

(a) D (1)

(b) F (2)

3.2.5 Explain why individual A can only be heterozygous for this condition.(3)

3.2.6 Individual E marries a heterozygous female. Calculate the percentage

chance of their daughters having an allele for DMD. Show all working. (3)

3.2.7 Explain why DMD cannot be passed from father to son. (2)
(14)

3.3 Tay-sachs disease is an autosomal recessive (r) genetic disorder.

A boy has Tay-sachs disease and his sister is homozygous and unaffected.

Use a genetic cross to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of their parents. (6)

3.4 In dogs, black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b) and prick ear (E) is dominant
over drop ear (e). Drop ear is caused by a recessive allele.

A dog breeder crossed a black, drop-eared dog with a white, prick-eared dog.

The diagram below shows the parent dogs that were crossed and the
genotypes of their three offspring.

X
Parent 1 Parent 2

bbee bbEe BbEe

Offspring 1 Offspring 2 Offspring 3

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3.4.1 Name this type of genetic cross. (1)

3.4.2 Describe what a recessive allele is. (2)

3.4.3 How many of the three offsprings are white? (1)

3.4.4 Give the:

(a) Phenotype of offspring 3 (1)

(b) Genotype of parent 1 (2)

(c) Possible genotypes of the gametes of parent 2 (2)

3.4.5 Identify the offspring that:

(a) Has the same phenotype and genotype to that of parent 2 (1)

(b) Is homozygous for drop ear (1)

(11)

3.5 In guinea pigs, black fur (B), is due to a dominant gene and white fur
(b) is due to a recessive gene. Short fur (H) is due to a dominant gene
and long fur (h) is due to a recessive gene.

A breeder made the following cross: BbHh x bbhh

3.5.1 State the phenotypes of the parents that the breeder crossed. (2)

3.5.2 Give the genotypes of ALL the possible gametes of the parents. (2)

3.5.3 Give:
a) All the possible phenotypes of the offspring (2)

b) The dominant allele for fur colour (1)

3.5.4 Explain Mendel's law of independent assortment. (3)

(10)

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3.6 Study the extract below.

Female fruit flies are approximately 2,5 mm long. Males are smaller and possess
a distinct black patch on their bodies. Females lay up to 400 eggs, which develop
into adults in 7 to 14 days. Fruit flies can survive and breed in small flasks
containing a simple nutrient medium consisting mainly of sugar. The gonosomes
of fruit flies are similar to that of humans (XX and XY).

3.6.1 Explain TWO reasons why the fruit fly is a useful organism for studying
genetic crosses. (4)
3.6.2 In fruit flies, the gene for eye colour is sex-linked and is carried on the X
chromosome.

The allele for red eyes R is dominant to the allele for white eyes r. A
male with white eyes is crossed with a homozygous female with red eyes.

Use a genetic cross to show the phenotypic ratio of the F1 offspring. (6)
(10)

3.7 Three men were seriously injured in a motor car accident and could not be
identified. One of them is suspected to be Sipho’s father. The blood types of the
three men was established and compared to the blood groups of Sipho and his
mother. This evidence was not conclusive and DNA profiling had to be
conducted.

The table below shows the blood types of Sipho, his mother and the three men.
INDIVIDUAL BLOOD TYPE
Sipho O
Sipho’s mother B
Man 1 A
Man 2 AB
Man 3 O

3.7.1 Give the:

(a) Genotype of Sipho’s mother (1)
(b) Blood type that is controlled by the recessive allele (1)

3.7.2 Name the type of dominance that is shown by the genotype of Sipho’s
mother in QUESTION 3.7.1 (a). (1)

3.7.3 Which man could NOT be Sipho’s father? (1)

3.7.4 Explain why Sipho’s father could not be identified by using blood groups
only. (5)
(9)

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3.8 Human blood types are determined by multiple alleles. Each person has only
two alleles in their DNA that code for their blood type.

Explain how an analysis of blood groups can be used to determine

paternity. (5)

3.9 Scientists wanted to determine which type of inheritance accounted for most
of the selected genetic disorders in dogs.

To do this they sequenced the genomes of many dogs of the same breed
that suffered from the genetic disorders.

The table below represents the type of inheritance for genetic disorders in
dogs.

TYPE OF PERCENTAGE OF GENETIC

INHERITANCE DISORDERS (%)
Autosomal recessive 71
Autosomal dominant 11
Sex-linked 10
Other 8

3.9.1 Define the term genome. (2)

3.9.2 State ONE factor that was kept constant in this investigation. (1)

3.9.3 Draw a pie graph to represent the information provided in the table. (6)
(9)

3.10 A woman identified two possible men that could be the father of her child.

Below are the results of a DNA profile paternity test and a blood paternity
test.

17
 Blood Test Results DNA Profile results
Baby Mother Dad 1 Dad 2
Blood Type
Baby O
Mother B
Dad 1 AB
Dad 2 A

3.10.1 Using the DNA profiling results, explain why Dad 2 is the father of the
baby. (3

3.10.2 Explain why Dad 1 cannot be the father of the child using the blood test
results. (3)

3.10.3 Use a genetic cross to show the percentage chance for the mother and Dad 2,
to have a baby with blood type O. (6)
3.10.4 Explain why blood test results are not reliable to determine paternity.
3.10.5 Name TWO other uses of DNA profiling besides paternity tests. (2)
(14)

MEIOSIS

4.1 The diagram below shows a cell undergoing meiosis.

CELL 1 CELL 2

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4.1.1 Give the phase of meiosis shown in the diagram above. (1)

4.1.2 Give ONE reasons for your answer in QUESTION 4.1.1. (1)

4.1.3 Give the functions of the following parts in meiosis:

(a) A (1)

(b) B (1)

4.1.4 Name the type of chromosomal mutation occurring at X. (1)

4.1.5 Explain TWO processes shown in the diagram that leads to variation in
the offspring. (4)

4.1.6 How many chromosomes will be found in CELL 2 at the end of meiosis? (2)
(11)

4.2 The diagrams below show part of a phase in meiosis.

Diagram I Diag ram II

4.2.1 Identify:
(a) The phase represented in diagram II. (1)

(b) Part A (1)

4.2.2 Name the type of cell that results from meiosis. (1)

4.2.3 How many chromosomes were present in the cell at the beginning of
meiosis? (1)

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 4.2.4 The cell in diagram I is undergoing abnormal meiosis:

(a) Give the term for abnormal meiosis. (1)

(b) Name the genetic disorder that would result in humans if this
abnormal meiosis occurs in chromosome pair number 21. (1)

4.2.5 Explain why the cell in diagram II does not belong to a human. (2)
(8)

4.3 The diagram below represents chromosomes in a cell that is undergoing

meiosis.

4.3.1 Identify:

(a) Chromosome pair A (1)

(b) Structure B (1)

(c) Part C (1)

4.3.2 Which process is illustrated in the diagram? (1)

4.3.3 During which phase of meiosis does the process named in

QUESTION 4.3.2 take place? (1)

4.3.4 What is the importance of the process named in

QUESTION 4.3.2? (1)

4.3.5 Describe ONE other process in meiosis which will ensure the same
outcome as the one stated in QUESTION 4.3.4. (3)
(9)

4.4 Tabulate THREE differences between meiosis I and meiosis II. (7)

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EVOLUTION

5.1 Lamarckism refers to the theory of evolution suggested by Jean Baptiste

de Lamarck.

Answer the following questions on Lamarck's theory.

5.1.1 State the TWO principles (laws) that Lamarck used to explain evolution.
(2)
5.1.2 Explain ONE reason why most scientists reject this theory. (2)
(4)
5.2 Read the extract below.
The quagga was a subspecies of the plains zebra. They were hunted to
extinction in the 19th century. They had shorter and wider bodies than the
plains zebra and had pale brown fur with black markings. The plains
zebras has white fur with black markings across the whole body. The
quagga only had stripes on the front part of their bodies. Scientists have
been interbreeding plains zebras with characteristics similar to those of the
quagga and have now produced about 200 animals that resembles the
extinct quagga in South Africa.

5.2.1 Name the process used by scientists to breed the quagga. (1)

5.2.2 From the extract, give TWO characteristics that scientists are looking for in
the plains zebra that they are interbreeding. (2)

5.2.3 How can scientists determine if the quagga is still the same species as the
plains zebra? (2)

5.2.4 Explain how extinction can have a positive effect on biodiversity. (2)
(7)

21
 5.3 In 2012, Professor Lee Berger discovered a new species of hominin,
which was named Australopithecus sediba. Three years later, in
2015, another new hominin species was discovered.

This new species was named Homo naledi. Fossils of both these
hominin species were found in an area of South Africa known as the
‘Cradle of Humankind’.

Australopithecus sediba Homo naledi Homo sapiens

5.3.1 Which of the two fossils (Australopithecus sediba or Homo naledi) is

thought to be more closely related to modern humans? (1)

5.3.2 Give ONE reason for your answer in QUESTION 5.3.1. (1)

5.3.3 Describe THREE anatomical features that Professor Berger would

have looked for when he examined the fossils, to determine that
Australopithecus sediba was bipedal. (3)

5.3.4 Give the scientific name of ONE other hominin species of which
fossils were discovered in the Cradle of Humankind. (1)

5.3.5 Why is this area named, the ‘Cradle of Humankind’? (2)

5.3.6 Explain how mitochondrial DNA is used to prove that modern humans
originated in Africa. (4)
(12)
5.4 The theory of evolution is based on many lines of evidence.

5.4.1 Define biological evolution. (2)

5.4.2 Why is the Theory of Evolution regarded as a scientific theory? (2)

5.4.3 Tabulate ONE difference between a theory and a hypothesis. (3)

5.4.4 Name TWO sources where scientists find evidence for evolution. (2)
(9)

22
5.5 Read the passage below on human evolution.

Fossil evidence indicate that modern humans originated in Africa and then
migrated to other continents. The following fossils serve as evidence for this
migration: Ardipithecus, Australopithecus and Homo (Homo habilis, Homo
erectus and Homo sapiens).

5.5.1 Name the hypothesis on human evolution that is described in the

passage. (1)

5.5.2 From the passage, identify TWO of the:

(a) Oldest fossils that were found in Africa (2)

(b) Fossils that were found in Africa only (2)

5.5.3 Name the family to which Homo sapiens belong. (1)

5.5.4 Give ONE evidence other than the fossil indicating that modern
humans originated in Africa. (1)
(7)

5.6 Maize plants are affected by the European corn borer which is a small
worm that feeds on the maize plant and causes destruction of whole
crops for farmers. The Bt gene which is found in bacteria produces a
poison which kills the European corn borer without harming humans.
Scientists have managed to extract this gene from the bacteria and
insert it into the DNA of maize plants. When the European corn borer
eats the maize plant, it will die very quickly.

5.6.1 Name the process by which the genetic makeup of an organism is

altered to include a new characteristic. (1)

5.6.2 Give the term that refers to DNA to which a gene was added. (1)

5.6.3 Explain ONE way in which corn with the Bt gene can benefit farmers
economically. (2)

5.6.4 Explain ONE reason why using Bt genes in maize plants may have a
negative effect on the environment. (2)
(6)

23
5.7 Read the extract below:

Salmonellosis is a bacterial disease that affects the human

intestinal tract. This disease is caused by salmonella bacteria. Most
infected people have diarrhoea, stomach cramps and fever. The
antibiotic, Ciprofloxacin, is used to control salmonella in humans.
This antibiotic kills the salmonella, but it can also cause nausea
and eye discomfort. It has been found that salmonella developed
resistance to Ciprofloxacin treatment.

Salmonellosis was treated with Ciprofloxacin from 2005 to 2011

and the percentage of Ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria was
recorded.

The results are shown in the graph below.

3,5

2,5

1,5

0,5

0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year

5.7.1 From the extract, identify TWO:

(a) Negative side effects of ciprofloxacin (2)

(b) Symptoms of salmonellosis (2)

5.7.2 Explain how the use of the antibiotic resulted in the evolution of
ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria. (6)
(10)

24
5.8 Dark brown mice migrated to the Sand Hills of Nebraska. A mutation
in one gene for fur colour resulted in light brown mice. Light brown mice
camouflage well against the sand. Predators feed on the mice in the
sand.

The colour of the mice depends on the mutation in a gene for fur colour.

Scientists carried out an investigation to determine the effect of fur

colour on the percentage of mice killed by predators. The mice were
not allowed to migrate from 1970 to 1974 and the percentage of mice
killed by predators was recorded every year.

The table below shows the results of their investigation.

MICE KILLED BY PREDATORS (%)

YEAR LIGHT BROWN MICE DARK BROWN MICE
1970 2 4
1971 1.5 6
1972 2 6.5
1973 1 7
1974 0.5 10

5.8.1 Identify:

(a) Dependent variable (1)

(b) Independent variable (1)

5.8.2 Name ONE advantage of the mutation to the mice. (1)

5.8.3 Give ONE way in which the reliability of the results was ensured. (1)

5.8.4 State ONE conclusion that can be drawn from the results of the
investigation. (2)

5.8.5 Draw two bar graphs for the first three years on the same set of axes
to represent the information in the table. (6)
(12)

25
5.9 The diagrams of giraffes below show evolution.

A B C

5.9.1 Give ONE reason why Giraffe B may be described as a transitional

species? (1)

5.9.2 Describe how Lamarck had explained the evolution of the long neck of
the giraffe. (4)
(5)

5.10 Read the passage below:

Squirrels are believed to have been evolved from one common ancestor
species.

Scientists conducted an investigation to find out whether the grey and brown
squirrels belong to the same species. They allowed grey and brown squirrels
to interact in the same habitat for three years. They observed that the
population of brown squirrels bred from April to June only, whereas grey
squirrels bred from August to October only.
5.10.1 Based on the passage, name the type of reproductive isolation
mechanism displayed by the grey and brown squirrels. (1)

5.10.2 State TWO reproductive isolation mechanisms in animals other than

the one named in QUESTION 5.10.1. (2)

5.10.3 Explain how would scientists confirm if the two squirrel types belong
to different species? (2)
(5)

5.11 In South Africa tuberculosis bacteria became resistant to many of the

usual treatments for TB. Rifampicin is currently the most effective drug
used to treat TB. There are however a number of tuberculosis
bacterium strains that have become resistant to this drug as well.
Rifampicin-resistant bacteria may be treated with bedaquiline.

26
Two types of bedaquiline treatments are available:
• Tablets which can be taken at home daily
• An injection where the patient must go back to the clinic every week for
the injection

Scientist wanted to determine which treatment would have the highest

survival rate after 24 months.

• A group of 200 participants with rifampicin-resistant TB were selected.

• All participants were aged 18 years or older.
• 100 patients were given the tablet treatment for 9 months.
• 100 patients were given the injection treatment for 9 months.
• Their health status was measured 24 months after they started the
treatment.

The table below shows the success rate of the two treatments.

Treatment Number of Number of Number of Number of

participants participants participants Participants
that had that did not that died of that were
recurrence of complete the TB cured of TB
TB treatment
Tablets 1 4 24 71

Injection 2 12 28 X

5.11.1 Give the independent variable. (1)

5.11.2 Give ONE reason why this study may be considered reliable. (1)

5.11.3 Calculate the number of participants that took the injection treatment,
that were cured of TB. (3)

5.11.4 Explain ONE possible reason why more people did not complete the
injectable-containing treatment. (2)

5.11.5 Explain how tuberculosis bacteria may have developed resistance to

rifampicin according to Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. (5)

5.11.6 Give TWO ways in which the scientists could improve the validity of this
study. (2)

5.11.7 Explain why the health status of the participants was only recorded after
24 months of taking the treatments. (2)
(16)
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5.12The baobab tree belongs to the genus Adansonia. Different species are
found in Africa and Australia. Originally these two continents formed part
of Gondwanaland, as shown in the diagram below.

Explain how the different species of baobab could have evolved on the
different continents. (6)

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 5.13 Read the extract below.

Warblers/songbirds belong to a large group of birds grouped together in the

same bird family. In Siberia, Russia, two distinct species of greenish warblers
coexist, one in the west and one in the east. A large region of desert, where
they cannot survive, separates the two groups of warblers. Their distributions
only narrowly overlap in central Siberia, where they do not interbreed. The
two species differ, in the songs that males sing to attract females. Also,
females of each species do not recognise the song of the other species but
respond strongly to the song of the males from their own species.

5.13.1 Name AND describe the reproductive isolation mechanism

described in the extract. (3)

5.13.2 Mention TWO other reproductive isolation mechanisms that keep

species separated. (2)
(5)

5.14 The diagrams below show the pelvic structure of two species not drawn
to scale.

5.14.1 Which diagram represents the pelvis of a hominid? (1)

5.14.2 Explain ONE reason why Diagram B is better suited for a bipedal mode
of locomotion. (2)

5.14.3 Explain TWO advantages of bipedalism. (4)

(7)

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5.15 The diagrams below represent the side and ventral views of the skulls
of three primates: A gorilla, Australopithecus africanus and Homo
sapiens. The diagrams showing the side views are not necessarily in
the same order as the diagrams showing the ventral views.

5.15.1 Name the family that all these primates belong to. (1)

5.15.2 Which diagram (I, II or III) represents the ventral view of skull B? (1)

5.15.3 Give TWO visible reasons for your answer to QUESTION 5.15.2. (2)

5.15.4 Describe THREE visible differences between the jaws in diagrams II and III,
which show trends in human evolution. (6)

5.15.5 Based on the differences in dentition, what conclusion can be made about
the difference in the diet of the organisms in diagrams II and III? (2)
(12)

Good luck in your PAPER 2

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