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Literature Review:

“Family Interventions for Adolescent’s Behavior”

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1. Introduction

Adolescence is often a challenging phase of life where individuals undergo significant

physical, cognitive, and emotional changes. It is during this time that behaviors such as

substance abuse, aggression, delinquency, and rebelliousness may emerge. These behaviors can

lead to negative outcomes in various domains, including academic performance, relationships,

and overall well-being (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014). Family interventions have emerged as an

effective approach in addressing and managing these behavioral issues among adolescents.

In today’s digital age, adolescents are heavily influenced by the use of technology and

digital devices. This widespread usage often raises concerns about the impact it has on

adolescents' mental health, social relationships, and overall well-being (Ziol-Guest & McKenna,

2014). Digital interventions have emerged as potential tools to address these issues and support

adolescents in navigating the challenges they face. This literature review focuses on exploring

the effectiveness of digital interventions in addressing family issues and their impact on

adolescents

This study address the need to identify effective family interventions that can

successfully alleviate behavioral problems in adolescents. Adolescence is a crucial period for

development, and untreated behavioral issues during this time can have far-reaching

consequences. Therefore, it is crucial to identify evidence-based interventions that can

effectively support adolescents and their families in overcoming these challenges and promoting

positive behavior.

2. Literature Review

Family is an integral part of an individual’s life, serving as the foundation for growth,

development, and nurturing. Within the family system, parenting plays a crucial role in shaping
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the lives of adolescents (Turney & Halpern‐Meekin, 2020). Adolescence is a critical stage in a

person’s life, characterized by numerous physical, emotional, and psychological changes. These

changes are influenced by family dynamics, parenting styles, and the overall family environment

(Turney & Halpern‐Meekin, 2020). Therefore, it is essential to understand the literature

surrounding family, parenting, and their impacts on an adolescent’s life.

Family interventions for adolescent behavior have been widely studied and have shown

promising results in improving adolescent outcomes (Crespo et al., 2011). Adolescence is a

crucial period of human development where individuals undergo significant physical,

psychological, and social changes. It is also a time when many adolescents engage in risky

behaviors such as substance abuse, delinquency, and mental health issues (Crespo et al., 2011).

Family interventions are designed to address these problem behaviors by targeting the family

system as a whole.

Numerous studies have indicated that family dynamics significantly influence an

adolescent’s development and overall well-being. Researchers have found a strong correlation

between the quality of family relationships and an adolescent’s psychological adjustment. A

study conducted by Crespo et al. (2011) revealed that positive family relationships, including

greater warmth, cohesion, and expressiveness, were associated with higher levels of self-esteem,

life satisfaction, and lower levels of depression among adolescents.

Parenting styles also play a pivotal role in shaping an adolescent’s behavior, attitude, and

worldview (Turney & Halpern‐Meekin, 2020). Diana Baumrind’s renowned parenting styles

framework identified four types: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. Several

studies have explored the effects of these parenting styles on adolescents’ outcomes (Turney &

Halpern‐Meekin, 2020).
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Research has consistently shown that authoritative parenting, characterized by high

support and high demands, leads to positive outcomes in adolescents’ lives (Turney & Halpern‐

Meekin, 2020). Adolescents of authoritative parents generally exhibit higher academic

achievement, self-esteem, and social competence when compared to their counterparts raised in

other parenting styles (Turney & Halpern‐Meekin, 2020). Authoritative parents tend to provide

guidance, set reasonable boundaries, and encourage open communication, thereby fostering a

healthy parent-child relationship. On the other hand, authoritarian parenting, characterized by

high demands and low support, has been associated with negative outcomes in adolescents.

Adolescents raised by authoritarian parents often tend to have lower self-esteem, poorer social

skills, and exhibit higher levels of aggression and delinquency (Turney & Halpern ‐Meekin,

2020).

Permissive parenting, characterized by high support and low demands, has been linked to

mixed outcomes in adolescents’ lives. While some studies have found that permissive parenting

leads to higher levels of self-esteem and social competence, others have found an association

with negative outcomes such as academic underachievement and risky behaviors (Turney &

Halpern‐Meekin, 2020). Neglectful parenting, characterized by low support and low demands,

has consistently been associated with negative outcomes for adolescents (Turney & Halpern‐

Meekin, 2020). Such parenting is often linked to lower academic achievement, higher rates of

substance abuse, and increased likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors (Turney & Halpern‐

Meekin, 2020).

In addition to parenting styles, family environment and experiences also significantly

impact an adolescent’s life. Research has shown that family conflict, divorce, and other adverse

events within the family can result in detrimental outcomes for adolescents (Crespo et al., 2011).
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High levels of family conflict have been linked to increased risk of depression, anxiety, and

reduced academic achievement in adolescents (Crespo et al., 2011). Moreover, experiencing

parental divorce during adolescence has been associated with emotional distress, academic

difficulties, and increased risk of relationship instability in later life.

Eating depression, also known as disordered eating, is a pervasive issue among

adolescents worldwide. It refers to a range of irregular eating behaviors that can include

restrictive eating, binge eating, and purging behaviors (Fombey & Sennott, 2013). Adolescence

is a critical period for the development of eating disorders, as individuals experience various

physical, emotional, and psychological changes. Several factors contribute to the development of

eating depression in adolescents (Crespo et al., 2011). Social pressures, such as societal beauty

standards and media influence, play a significant role. Additionally, familial factors like family

dynamics, communication patterns, and parental attitudes towards weight, diet, and body image

can contribute to the development of disordered eating behaviors (Crespo et al., 2011). The

consequences of eating depression can be severe and long-lasting, including malnutrition, poor

physical health, compromised mental well-being, and diminished quality of life.

Numerous studies have shown that family interventions play a significant role in

improving adolescent behavior. According to Fombey & Sennott (2013), family-based

interventions have consistently demonstrated positive outcomes in reducing various behavioral

problems, including aggression, substance abuse, and delinquency (Fombey & Sennott, 2013).

These interventions often focus on improving family communication, problem-solving skills, and

parenting techniques (Fombey & Sennott, 2013). The ultimate goal is to create a supportive and

nurturing environment that fosters positive development and minimizes the risk factors

associated with negative behaviors.

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One commonly used family intervention is Multisystemic Therapy (MST). MST is an

intensive, home-based intervention that aims to address the multiple factors contributing to

adolescent behavioral issues (Fombey & Sennott, 2013). The therapy involves working closely

with the adolescent and their family, school, and community to develop strategies to promote

positive changes in behavior (Crespo et al., 2011). Several studies have demonstrated the

effectiveness of MST in reducing delinquency, substance abuse, and other behavioral problems

(Fombey & Sennott, 2013).

A comprehensive review of the literature reveals that family interventions have been

successful in reducing a range of behavior problems among adolescents. One of the most widely

studied family interventions is Multisystemic Therapy (MST), which focuses on improving the

family’s functioning, communication, and problem-solving skills (Turney & Halpern ‐Meekin,

2020). Numerous studies have shown that MST is effective in reducing delinquency, substance

abuse, and mental health issues among adolescents. For example, a meta-analysis conducted by

Turney & Halpern‐Meekin (2020) found that MST significantly reduced delinquent behavior and

substance abuse among participating adolescents.

Another widely used intervention is Functional Family Therapy (FFT). This intervention

focuses on improving family functioning and communication patterns by identifying and

addressing conflicts and negative interaction patterns (Turney & Halpern ‐Meekin, 2020).

Research has shown that FFT is effective in reducing substance abuse, delinquency, and violence

among adolescents (Crespo et al., 2011). Functional Family Therapy (FFT), which emphasizes

changing maladaptive family interactions and improving communication patterns. Research

indicates that FFT is effective in reducing behavior problems among adolescents. A meta-
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analysis conducted by Crespo and colleagues (2011) found that FFT had a medium-sized effect

on reducing conduct problems and substance abuse among adolescents.

While many family interventions have been successful, it is essential to consider the

specific needs and characteristics of the adolescent and their family. Tailoring interventions to

individual needs can enhance their effectiveness (Turney & Halpern ‐Meekin, 2020).

Additionally, studies have indicated that the long-term effects of family interventions vary, with

some interventions showing sustained benefits over time, while others may need booster sessions

to maintain positive outcomes (Turney & Halpern‐Meekin, 2020). Recognizing the importance

of familial influences on adolescent eating depression, many interventions have been developed

that involve the family. These interventions aim to enhance family functioning, improve

communication, and promote healthy eating habits among family members. Various approaches

have been employed, such as the Maudsley Model, behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral

therapy, and dialectical behavior therapy (Turney & Halpern‐Meekin, 2020).

The Maudsley Model, also known as Family-Based Treatment (FBT), has gained

substantial prominence in the treatment of eating disorders (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014). FBT

involves three phases: refeeding, establishing parental control over meals, and supporting

autonomy. Studies have reported positive outcomes of FBT, including higher remission rates,

improved weight restoration, and reduced psychological distress in adolescents with eating

depression (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014).

Furthermore, FBT has shown promising long-term outcomes, with sustained

improvements in weight and psychological symptoms. Behavioral therapy focuses on modifying

unhealthy habits and behaviors. Family-based behavioral therapy encourages parents to adopt a

proactive role in providing a supportive environment by modeling healthy eating behaviors,

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creating structure around meals, and reinforcing positive eating behaviors (Crespo et al., 2011).

Evidence suggests that behavioral therapy can lead to improvements in eating behaviors, weight

gain, and reduced depressive symptoms in adolescents.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) aims to identify and modify maladaptive thoughts

and beliefs related to food, weight, and body image (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014). Family-

based CBT extends these principles to the whole family, involving parents in fostering healthy

attitudes towards food and weight in their adolescent children. Studies have demonstrated the

effectiveness of family-based CBT in reducing eating disorder symptoms, improving body

image, and enhancing overall psychological well-being (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014).

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) offers a comprehensive treatment approach by combining

individual therapy with skills training and family therapy. It seeks to address emotional

dysregulation, self-destructive behaviors, and underlying psychological distress. Incorporating

the family into therapy sessions helps individuals develop a supportive network and ensures

consistent reinforcement of therapeutic strategies (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014). DBT has

demonstrated significant

In addition to these evidence-based interventions, other family-based approaches have

also shown promising results. For instance, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) focuses on

improving parent-child relationships through play therapy and behavior management techniques

(Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014). Research has found that PCIT is effective in reducing behavior

problems among adolescents, particularly externalizing behaviors such as aggression and rule-

breaking (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014). Furthermore, studies have highlighted the importance

of cultural considerations in family interventions. Families from diverse cultural backgrounds

may have unique beliefs, values, and experiences that influence their response to interventions.
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Researchers have emphasized the need for culturally sensitive interventions that consider the

cultural norms and values of the families involved (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014).

Digital interventions refer to programs or applications that utilize technology to provide

support, education, or treatment for various psychological, social, or health conditions. These

interventions can take the form of mobile apps, online therapy platforms, or digital games with a

therapeutic purpose (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014). The goal of these interventions is to deliver

evidence-based strategies and resources to promote adolescent well-being and address family

issues. The presence of digital media has altered the dynamics within family relationships (Ziol-

Guest & McKenna, 2014). The excessive use of digital devices can lead to decreased family

communication and engagement, lower levels of empathy, and increased conflict between

parents and adolescents (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014). Digital interventions provide an

opportunity to address these family issues by promoting better communication, fostering

empathy, and finding a balance between digital media usage and family time.

Several studies have investigated the efficacy of digital interventions in addressing family

issues among adolescents. For instance, research conducted by Ziol-Guest & McKenna et al.

(2014) found that a digital intervention that promotes family bonding and communication

effectively reduced family conflict and improved parent-child relationships. Similarly, a study by

Crespo et al. (2011) demonstrated that a mobile app-based intervention improved family

communication and reduced family conflict, leading to better mental health outcomes for

adolescents. While digital interventions have shown promising results, there are challenges that

need to be addressed to maximize their effectiveness (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014). One

challenge is the engagement and adherence of both adolescents and parents to these

interventions. Strategies to increase engagement could include gamification elements,

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personalized content, and rewards for consistent usage (Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014).

Additionally, privacy and safety concerns should be thoroughly addressed to ensure that the

interventions do not compromise the privacy and well-being of adolescents

Despite the overall positive findings, it is important to note that not all family

interventions are equally effective. Factors such as the intensity and duration of the intervention,

the qualifications and training of the interventionists, and the specific characteristics of the target

population can influence the outcomes (Turney & Halpern‐Meekin, 2020). Moreover, some

studies have found mixed results or limited effects of family interventions, suggesting the need

for further research and refinement of interventions. Family interventions for adolescent behavior

have proven to be effective in reducing a range of behavior problems among adolescents (Turney

& Halpern‐Meekin, 2020).

Multisystemic Therapy, Functional Family Therapy, and Parent-Child Interaction

Therapy are some of the evidence-based interventions that have shown promising results.

Moreover, cultural considerations are critical in designing and implementing family

interventions (Turney & Halpern‐Meekin, 2020). Nonetheless, further research is needed to

better understand the factors that influence the effectiveness of these interventions and to

continue improving their outcomes (Crespo et al., 2011). Ultimately, addressing problem

behaviors during adolescence through family interventions has the potential to significantly

improve the well-being and future prospects of adolescents.

3.1. Conclusion

In conclusion, the literature on family, parenting, and their impacts on adolescents’ lives

is vast and diverse. Positive family relationships, authoritative parenting styles, and a nurturing
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family environment have been consistently associated with positive outcomes for adolescents.

Conversely, negative family dynamics, authoritarian. Family-based interventions have emerged

as effective approaches for addressing eating depression in adolescents. The multifaceted and

complex nature of disordered eating behaviors necessitates interventions that involve the family

system. The Maudsley Model, behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and dialectical

behavior therapy have shown promising results in improving eating behaviors, psychological

well-being, and overall functioning in adolescents. However, more research is needed to

determine the long-term sustainability of these interventions and to identify the optimal approach

for specific populations. Ultimately, family-based interventions offer hope in mitigating the

detrimental effects of eating depression and promoting healthier living among adolescents.
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References

Crespo, C., Kielpikowski, M., Pryor, J., & Jose, P. E. (2011). Family rituals in New Zealand

families: links to family cohesion and adolescents' well-being. Journal of Family

Psychology, 25(2), 184.

Fomby, P., & Sennott, C. A. (2013). Family structure instability and mobility: The consequences

for adolescents’ problem behavior. Social Science Research, 42(1), 186-201.

Turney, K., & Halpern‐Meekin, S. (2020). Parental relationship churning and adolescent well‐

being: Examining instability within families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(3),

965-980.

Ziol‐Guest, K. M., & McKenna, C. C. (2014). Early childhood housing instability and school

readiness. Child development, 85(1), 103-113.