Built 20up 20rate 20method

CB 601 CONTRACT,
ESTIMATING, & COSTING

FOR BUILDING SERVICES
BUILT UP RATE METHODS

CHAPTER SUMMARY
 This chapter explains the Diploma of Building

Services students on discussion of estimation
method, pricing rate if construction materials
and labours for construction work and civil
engineering unit, simple taking off, sub-
structure, superstructure and exterior task
(M&E).
 Course Learning Outcome:

 Upon completing this course, the students should be
able to acquire and practice the preliminary
estimating methods, the built up rate method and the
quantity measurement. method correctly
Analyze the requirement and uses of price rate
Price rate is the price offered by the contractor to complete a unit of
work.
Example: price to complete 1 m2 of brickwork, price to complete
tiling works for 1 m2 of floor, price to complete 1 m3 of concrete.
Normally quotation of price rate is illustrated in tabular format
No Item Unit Unit Rate

(RM)
1 Hand excavation for pad foundation m3 3.80
not exceeding 1.00m depth
Credit: http://www.gwscontractors.com
Machine Cost
Material Cost Direct Cost Labour Cost
Components of Price Rate Profit
Management Cost
RM3.80/m3
Overhead
Credit: http://www.gwscontractors.com Ref: Abdullah (2006)

Q: How to derive a price rate?
A: Typically, a price
rate is determined
using “Method
Statement” analysis
Sample of Method Statement analysis
METHOD STATEMENT
Job Description:
y
Quantity Unit
No Activity Quantity Unit of Duration Material Machine Labour Direct

Measurement Cost Cost Cost Cost
Amount
a b c d=a+b+c
∑d
Total of Direct Cost e
Overhead f
Profit g=(∑d)+e+f g
Total Price g/y
Price Rate
Base of price rate calculation
Price Rate
Material Cost
Machine Cost
Labour Cost
Overhead
Profit
Material Cost
Material cost is one of the most substantial elements in price rate.

Normally material cost contributes up to 40% to 60% of the
construction cost.
Good material management will reduce wastages, hence reducing
the construction cost.
What should be included into the material cost?
- Transportation cost
- Loading & Unloading, Handling and Storage cost
- Wastage due to logistic, damages, stolen etc.
- Related small items to be used with the materials
Material Cost
Factors determine Material Management
Right Quality
Material Right Quantity
Right Time
Ref: Abdullah (2006)

Material Cost
Material procurement process
Supplier Selection
Material Order
Delivery
Inspection
Storage

Material Cost
Plan your materials procurement

Materials
No Item Quantity & Unit Unit Rate Amount
Total Amount of Material
Total amount of materials to be carried into ‘a’ column of the method

statement
Machine Cost
Machine is important to the duration of the project. Normally

machine intensive activity will helps in reducing the project duration.
There are two types of machines normally used: mechanical plant
and equipment.
Normally equipment is less expensive than plant and the cost of
having these equipment will be put under overhead.
Mechanical plants on the other hand are more expensive and
normally contractor will rent this plant on daily basis.
Machine Cost
Example of Contractor Equipment
Credit: http://www.supplierlist.com/photo_images/131939/Wheelbarrow.jpg
Credit: http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/8817870/2/istockphoto_8817870-construction-equipment.jpg
Machine Cost
Examples of Construction Plants
Credit: http://www.angkatan.com.my/images/15sky-lift-500x500-250x250.jpg
Credit: http://lewis.en.ecplaza.net/mainl.jpg Credit: http://www.publiccrane.com.my/app/data/images/products/Edited%20Mobile%20Crane%20Kato

%20NK450B-V-45T.JPG
Machine Cost
Examples of Construction Plants normally hired by contractors:

1. Backhoe 10. Pneumatic Hammer
2. Excavator 11. Pneumatic Compactor
3. Mobile Crane 12. Water Pump
4. Dumper Truck 13. Concrete Vibrator
5. Lorry
6. Tipper Lorry
7. Generator Set
8. Air Compressor
9. Concrete Mixer
Credit: http://www.ritchiestraining.com/images/07290335-Plantjpg.jpg
Machine Cost
Plan your plant hire
Machine
No Name of Machine Days Rental Rate Amount
Total Amount of Machine
Total amount of machines to be carried into ‘b’ column of the

method statement
Labour Cost
To determine the labour cost, type of labour, category and labour

productivity should be first determined.
Schedule of labour should be determined based on work programme
so that only required labours are hired at particular time.
Labour Types:
• Skill workers
• General workers
Labour Category:
• Men
• Women
Labour Cost
Go to CIDB website at
http://www.cidb.gov.my/v6/?q=en/information/695
to get statistic of labour wage rate
Machine Cost
Plan your labour hire

Labour
No List of Labour Days Salary / day Amount
Total Amount of Labour
Total amount of labour to be carried into ‘c’ column of the method

statement
Overhead Cost
Overhead cost is a part of management cost.

There are two types of management cost (site management and
overhead). Only overhead cost will be included into price rate and
site management cost should be itemised in the “Preliminary Items”.
Sometime there is no provision of “Preliminary Items” in a contract.
In this case, mobilisation and demobilisation of project staff should be
included in the overhead.
Typically, overhead cost is calculated in percentage amount. The
quantum of percentage is varied based upon the company’s turnover.
However, the typical value used by contractors are between 7% –
10% of the direct cost.
Overhead Cost
Overhead cost comprises of:

1. Staff salary including director’s salary (except labour hired for a
particular project).
2. Office rental.
3. Stationery and office equipment.
4. Utility bills.
5. Professional fees.
6. Office vehicle including its maintenance.
7. Financial charges.
8. Construction equipment (not including construction plant).
C2 -
21
Overhead Cost
Overhead cost calculation:
A. Last Year Turnover = 10,000,000.00
Less
B.1. Last Year Profit 500,000.00

B.2. Last Year Overhead 700,000.00 1,200,000.00
C. Net Turnover = 8,800,000.00
TheOverhead
percentage should be
Percentage = 700,000.00 x 100
carried into ‘e’ column of the 8,800,000.00
method statement
Ref: Abdullah (2006) – page 80
= 7.95 %
Profit
Profit is very important element to the contractor. If the profit margin set too high, the price
rate will be less competitive. If the profit margin is too low, the survival of the company will
at risk.
Profit can be determined by the percentage of direct cost or a lump sum figure.
Factors to be considered by contractor in determine the profit margin are:
1. Current workload
2. Market situation
3. Risk
4. Availability of resources.
Normally, the typical value used by contractors are between 7% – 10% of the direct cost.
Rate
Q: Why do we need price rate?
A: As pricing basis either in Bills of

Quantities (BQ) or Schedule of Rates.
Analyze the requirement and uses

of schedule of rate
What is schedule of rate?

 A schedule listing the works with the price rates to
provide a list of rates
 An element of contract document for tender based on
specification and drawing (PWD Form 203)
 An element of contract document for Design & Built
contract (PWD DB/T)
Analyze the requirement and uses of schedule of rate
How does schedule of rates looks like?
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT RATE

(RM)
A Excavate trench to receive m3 11.00
foundations starting from reduced
level maximum depth not exceeding
1.00 meter
B Remove excavated material 50.00 m3 10.60
meter distance
C Remove excavated material and m3 13.50

deposit in heaps 5km distance
Analyze the requirement and uses of schedule of rate
Schedule of Rates published by PWD

This schedule of rates document is limited for RM100,000.00 and
Title : Jadual Kadar below cost of work acquired by vote. It arranged according to
Harga Bagi Kerja- craftsmanship list work related with repair and modification.
kerja Kecil dan
This document will be updated 2 years once by Unit Cost, CKUB
Memperbaiki depends on current market price building-materials, wages of labor
and rental of plant / machinery.
Kadar Harga Bagi Kerja-Kerja Pukal's schedule is a part of contract

Title : Jadual document and it based on drawing and specification to be used as the basis
Kadar Harga Bagi in the assessment changes of works.
This schedule of rate will be revise within 2 years by Cost Unit, CKUB
Kerja-kerja Pukal depends on current price of materials, workers pay and rental of machineries.
* These are some examples, there are lot more schedules of rates published by PWD
Ref: http://www2.jkr.gov.my/v2/english/contractInfo/scheduleOfRates.htm
Concrete works
C o n c re t e Wo r k
Concrete works
Works related to concrete works

1. Formwork
2. Reinforcement
3. Concreting
1 2 3
Credit: http://www.bedec.com.sg/uploadedpic/ColumnFormwork.jpg Credit: http://www.crackerjackconstruction.com/concreting-services/images/concrete.jpg

Concrete works
Description:
Particulars of the following shall be given:
a. Kind and quality of materials for concrete.
b. Tests required of the materials.
c. Tests required of the finished work.
d. Mix or strength requirements of the concrete.
(Ref: F.1.1. SMM2)
Measurement Unit:
Cubic meter (m3)
(Ref: F.3.1. SMM2)
Concrete works
Building Element normally involved with concrete works

1. Piling
2. Work Below Lowest Floor Finishes
3. Frame (Column & Beam)
4. Upper Floor
5. Wall (stiffener)
6. Staircase
Concrete works
Example of Description for concrete Works

(RM)
A WBLFF m3
Reinforced insitu concrete Grade 20 in
isolated column stump
B Frame m3
beam
C Upper Floor m3
suspended floor slab not exceeding
100mm thick
Concrete works
Typical Concrete grades used in Malaysia: Grade 15, 20, 25 and 30.
However, there are other grades used base on Structural Engineer’s
design.
PRESCRIBED MIXES FOR GENERAL USE PER CUBIC METER OF CONCRETE BY WEIGHT BATCHING
Source: PWD Standard Specification 2005

Concrete works
PROPORTIONS AND STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESCRIBED MIXES BY VOLUME BATCHING
Source: PWD Standard Specification 2005
A concrete mixture must consists at least 3 elements:

• Cement
• Fine Aggregate
• Coarse Aggregate
Concrete works: concrete mixing machine vs hand
mixing
There are 2 ways of concreting namely as ready-mix or pre-mix and
hand mixing.
ready-mix or pre-mix hand mixing.
Credit: http://www.ap.cc.basf.com/SiteCollectionImages/PRODUCT/RMC%20home.jpg Credit: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_QrpBkoVF2fM/TEJXr4qpZfI/AAAAAAAADpg/YLq0-NakBes/s1600/DSC03045.JPG

Concrete works: concrete mixing machine
ready-mix or pre-mix Reason of usage:

• Reducing construction period
• Large volume
Batching • Limited space on site
Plant
• Quality Control
• Reducing general workers at site
Price Rate for the concrete includes:
Transport
• Concrete batching
• Transport
• Pouring (including crane)
Wastage:
• 2% - 5%
Pouring
(RM)
A Reinforced insitu concrete Grade m3
25 in isolated beams ?
Things to do:
1. To get quotations from local ready mix concrete supplier for a

given specification. (Material)
2. To get quotation for mobile crane to transport the concrete
vertically. (Machine)
3. To calculate number of labours needed & their productivity to
pour the concrete (Labour)
Assumption:
1. Best price of Ready Mix concrete is RM130/m3 (including transportation to
site)
2. Machine: 15 tonne crane rental is RM400.00 (inclusive crane operator & fuel).
Crane output = 15m3 concrete/day
3. Labour:
• 5 general workers needed to pour the concrete.
• RM40.00 per day per person.
• 5 nos x RM40 = RM200
Notes:
(RM400 + RM200) is the cost for vertical transport and pouring of 15m3
concrete using 15 tonne crane and 5 general workers
Hence, 1m3 concrete pouring will cost RM40.00
Price base: Year 2004
Calculation: METHOD STATEMENT
Job Description: Reinforced insitu concrete Grade 25 in isolated beams

Quantity 1 Unit m3
No Activity Quantity Unit of Duration Material Machine Labour Direct Cost

Measurement Cost Cost Cost Amount
a b c d=a+b+c
1 Supply & Transport Reinforced 1 m3 130.00 130.00

insitu concrete Grade 25 in
isolated beams
2 Wastage 5% Item 6.50 6.50
3 Vertical transport & Concrete 1 m3 40.00 40.00
Pouring
Total of Direct Cost 176.50

Overhead (7.5%) 13.24
Profit (7.5%) 13.24
Total Price 202.98
Price base: Year 2004 Price Rate 202.98

(RM)
A Reinforced insitu concrete Grade m3 202.98
25 in isolated beams
Concrete works: hand mixing
Hand mixing During determine the price rate of concrete

using hand mixing technique, contractor
should consider all built up rate elements
namely as:
Concrete  Material
mixing at
site  Machine
 Labour
Besides
 Overhead
Transport
 Profit
Pouring
Concrete works: hand mixing (Material)
Materials: Cement, Fine Aggregate (sand) Coarse Aggregate, & Water Ratio:
Cement : fine aggregate : coarse aggregate
Grade 30 = 1:1:2
Grade 25 = 1:1.5:3
Grade 20 = 1:2:4
Grade 15 = 1:3:6
Materials Volume Weight

(m3) (tonne)
Cement 1 1.40*
Fine Aggregate 1 1.52
Coarse Aggregate 1 1.62 1 tonne = 1,000kg
* 1.40 tonne cement = 28 packets of 50kg

Concrete works: hand mixing

(Material)
Shrinkage, wastage of density

In reality, volume of cement, coarse and fine aggregate will shrink
after the components mix with water. Besides that, there will be
wastage of materials during transportation and mixing process.
Hence, it is advisable for contractor to allocate 50% additional of
material cost for shrinkage and wastage.
Concrete works: hand mixing (Material)
To produce price rate:

Reinforced insitu concrete Grade 25 in isolated beams (1m 3)
ratio Grade 25 = 1:1.5:3
Materials
No Item Quantity & Unit Unit Rate Amount (RM)
1 Cement 28 packets 10.50 294.00
2 Fine Aggregate (Sand) 1.5 m3 28.00 42.00
3 Coarse Aggregate 3 m3 35.00 105.00
Sub Total for material cost 441.00
4 Add 50% shrinkage & wastage 220.50
Total Amount of Material (RM) 661.50
The mixture of 1m3 cement, 1.5 m3 fine aggregate and 3m3 coarse aggregate will produce 5.5m3 of Grade 25
Concrete
Hence, material cost for 1 m3 grade 25 concrete, = ( RM661.50 / 5.5 m3) = RM120.27


(Material)
The mixture of 1m3 cement, 1m3 fine aggregate and 2m3 of coarse
aggregate will produce 4m3 of Grade 30 Concrete
The mixture of 1m3 cement, 1.5m3 fine aggregate and 3m3 of coarse
aggregate will produce 5.5m3 of Grade 25 Concrete
 Concrete works: hand mixing (Machine)
Machine involved during hand mixing concrete works:
There are 2 ways of mixing concrete:

 Hand Mixing
Productivity: ± 2 Hours per m3
 Concrete mixer:
 5/3 1
2
 7/5
 10/7
Concrete mixer size
 14/10
 18/12
Concrete Mixer Output
Size Labours Required Output/ Diesel/ Lubricants/

hour (m3) Hour (liter) Hour (liter)
5/3 1
2
1 operator + 1 GW 1.25 1.10 0.04
7/5 1 operator + 3 GW 2.25 1.60 0.06
10/7 1 operator + 4 GW 3.25 1.80 0.07
14/10 1 operator + 4 GW 4.50 2.10 0.08
18/12 1 operator + 6 GW 5.50 2.40 0.10
GW = General Workers

(Machine)
Reinforced insitu concrete Grade 25 in isolated beams (1m3)
 For manual mixing using hand, there will be no machine involved (direct cost will be
material cost and labour cost only)
 For hand mixing using concrete mixer, operating cost of the concrete mixer should be
carefully calculated to derive the machine cost
 There are two ways of concrete mixing possession:
 The contractor buy the concrete mixer

 The contractor rent the concrete mixer

If the contractor buy the concrete mixer:

Assumption: Cost Calculation (in RM):
1. Concrete mixer size = 7/5 1. Initial Cost 15,000.00

2. Optimum efficient usage = 4 years 2. Financial Interest (10%p.a x 4 years) 6,00.00
3. Market price = RM15,000
3. Maintenance Cost (10% x 15,000) 1,500.00
4. Market value at 5th year consumption = RM2,000
5. Financial Interest = 10% per annum 4. Logistic Cost (5% x 15,000) 750.00
6. Diesel price per liter = RM1.70 Total 23,250.00
7. Lubricant price per litter = RM20.00
8. Average usage per year = 200 days Less Market value at 5 Year
th
2,000.00
= 200 days x 8 hours Cost for 4 Years 21,250.00
= 1,600 hours
Cost for 1 year 5,312.50
Cost per hour usage RM 3.32
Add diesel & lubricant cost
Price base: Year 2004 = (1.60L x1.70) + (0.06L x20.00) = RM3.92 / hour

If the contractor buy the concrete mixer:

1. Concrete mixer size = 7/5 Cost per hour usage 3.32

2. Optimum efficient usage = 4 years add Diesel & Lubricant Cost 3.92
5. Financial Interest = 10% per annum Machine cost /hour RM 7.24
6. Diesel price per liter = RM1.70
8. Average usage per year = 200 days
= 200 days x 8 hours
= 1,600 hours
Output of the mixer = 2.25m3/hour
Hence, machine cost per m3 = RM3.22
7.24 ÷ 2.25
 Concrete works: hand mixing (Labour)

Labours Productivity
1. Manual concrete hand mixing = 2 Hours per m3
2. Concrete mixing (using concrete mixer)
Concrete Labours Required Output/

Mixer Size hour (m3)
5/3 12 1 operator + 1 GW 1.25
7/5 1 operator + 3 GW 2.25
10/7 1 operator + 4 GW 3.25
14/10 1 operator + 4 GW 4.50
18/12 1 operator + 6 GW 5.50
GW = General Workers

3. Handling and transportation (not using crane)
Item Hour Notes
Pad Foundation 6.00

Ground Floor
≤ 150mm thick 7.75
150 – 300mm thick 6.50
> 300 mm thick 5.00
Upper Floor Type of Worker = General Worker
≤ 150mm thick 9.25 Volume of Concrete = 1m3
150 – 300mm thick 7.50 Distance of Transportation =
> 300 mm thick 6.50 not exceeding 100m (to and fro)
Wall
≤ 150mm thick 10.00
150 – 300mm thick 8.50
> 300 mm thick 7.50
Beam & Column 8.00

Assumption:
Mixing concrete with hand (without cement
1. Concrete Mixer Operator’s Salary =
mixer) to produce 1m3 of concrete.= RM10.00
RM50 per person per day
RM6.25 per person per hour
(8 working hour/day)
2 Hours x RM5.00
2. General Worker =
RM40 per person per day
RM5.00 per person per hour
(8 working hour/day)

• Concrete works: hand mixing (Labour)
Labour Cost to produce 1 m3 of concrete using concrete mixer
Labours Required Labours Salary (RM/hour) Volume of

Concrete Labour Cost of
(nos) produced producing 1 m3
(m3) of concrete
Mixer Size Operator GW Operator GW Total
1
5/3 2 1 1 6.25 5.00 11.25 1.25 RM 9.00
7/5 1 3 6.25 15.00 21.25 2.25 RM 9.44
10/7 1 4 6.25 20.00 26.25 3.25 RM 8.08
14/10 1 4 6.25 20.00 26.25 4.50 RM 5.83
18/12 1 6 6.25 30.00 36.25 5.50 RM 6.59

GW = General Worker Assumption: 1 operator = RM6.25 / hour, 1 GW = RM 5.00/hour

Concrete works: hand mixing
Option 1
METHOD STATEMENT
Calculation:

Quantity 1 Unit m3

a b c d=a+b+c
1. Cement, fine aggregate & coarse 1 m3 120.27 120.27

aggregate to produce Grade 25
concrete
1 Manual hand mixing concrete 1 m3 10.00 10.00
2 Transport by labour & Concrete 1 m3 8.00 8.00

Pouring

Overhead (7.5%) 10.37
Profit (7.5%) 10.37
Total Price 159.01

Concrete works: hand mixing Option 2

Quantity 1 Unit m3

a b c d=a+b+c

concrete
1 Concrete mixing using Concrete 1 m3 9.44 9.44
mixer size 7/5
2 Transport by labour & Concrete 1 m3 8.00 8.00
Pouring

Overhead (7.5%) 10.33
Profit (7.5%) 10.33
Total Price 158.37

Concrete works: hand mixing Option 3

Quantity 1 Unit m3

a b c d=a+b+c

concrete
1 Concrete mixing using Concrete 1 m3 9.44 9.44
mixer size 7/5
2 Vertical transport & Concrete 1 m3 40.00 40.00
Pouring

Overhead (7.5%) 12.73
Profit (7.5%) 12.73
Total Price 195.17

Excavation works: excavation vs hand excavation
Excavation
Excavation works
Earthwork
 Site Preparation
 Excavation
 Cost of excavation determined by:
 Earth disposal 1. Scope of excavation
 Backfilling 2. Quantity
3. Earth conditions
4. Method of excavation
5. Earth transportation
C2 -
59
Excavation works
Excavation Unit - m3:
Volume to be measured
The quantities given for excavating and subsequent disposal shall be the bulk
before excavating and no allowance shall be made for any subsequent variations
to bulk or for any extra space required to accommodate earthwork support,
formwork for concrete and working space.
Depth classification
Depth of excavation shall unless otherwise required by this document be classified
as follows:
 Maximum depth not exceeding 0.25m
 and thereafter in 2.00m stages
Ref: SMM2 Page 17

Excavation works
Excavation normally involves in:

 Top soil excavation
 Pit excavation for pad foundation
 Trench excavation for strip foundation or ground beam
 Basement excavation
Original ground level

Level after topsoil removal
Reduced level / Proposed level
Depth of Excavation
Maximum excavation depth

Excavation works: excavator vs hand excavation
Excavation Method
Using Excavator
Excavation
Hand Excavation
Using Excavator Hand Excavation

Excavation works: earthwork support
Earthwork Support
D.13 Generally
Sheet piling, contiguous piling, secant piling, ground anchors, diaphragm wall,
soldier piling, close timber piling and guniting shall each be given separately in
accordance with the various Sections.
D.14 Definitions
Earthwork support shall be deemed to mean providing everything requisite to
uphold the side of excavation by whatever means necessary (other than
interlocking driven sheet steel piling) and shall be deemed to be included with the
various items of excavation. (Earthwork support includes the use of timber
planking and strutting, plywood trench sheeting, light steel trench sheeting and
strutting). Interlocking driven sheet steel piling is not covered by the terms
"Earthwork support” and where this is required by the design or specification not at
the Contractor's choice, it should be measured in accordance with Section E.
Ref: SMM2, Page 19

Excavation works
Example of Description for excavation work

(RM)
A Excavation of top soil average 100mm m3
depth
B Excavation to reduced level max m3

depth not exceeding 0.25m
C Trench excavation to receive strip m3

foundation starting from reduced level
maximum depth not exceeding 2.0m
Excavation works: Hand Excavation

Trench excavation to receive strip foundation starting from reduced level maximum depth not exceeding 2.0m
(m3)
Hand excavation using hoe, shovel, shallow open basket, bucket, pail
etc.
Labours required are normally general workers
Hoe shovel shallow open basket bucket pail

2.1. BUILT UP RATE METHODS
 Excavation works: Hand Excavation

(m3)
Labour Productivity (1 no of general worker)
Type of Excavation Unit Hours Required for
(Normal Soil) 1 unit excavation
Excavation of topsoil average depth 150mm m2 0.35 hour

Excavation to reduce level m3 1.75 hours
Pit excavation maximum depth not exceeding 1.00m m3 3.50 hours
Pit excavation maximum depth not exceeding 2.00m m3 4.50 hours
Trench excavation maximum depth not exceeding 1.00m m3 2.75 hours
Trench excavation maximum depth not exceeding 2.00m m3 4.00 hours
Type of Soil Multiplying Example:

factor
To excavate 3 m3 trench with maximum depth 1.50m of normal soil
Sand 0.75 using 1 general worker will consume 12 hours (3m 3 x 4 hours).
Clay 1.50 To excavate 3 m3 trench with maximum depth 1.50m of clay using 1
Soft rock 3.00 general worker will consume 18 hours (3m3 x 4 hours x 1.50
Rock 6.00 multiplying factor).
C2 -
66
Excavation works: Using Excavator

(m3)
Machines that are normally used for excavation works:
 Dredger
 Excavator
 Backhoe
Dredger Excavator Backhoe


(m3)
Machine Productivity (1 no of excavator)
Excavator Bucket Loading Average output (m3/hour)
0.250 m3 8 m3
0.375 m3 9 m3
0.500 m3 12 m3
0.750 m3 18 m3
1.000 m3 25 m3
Example:
Type of Soil Multiplying To excavate 3 m3 trench with maximum depth 1.50m of normal soil
factor using 0.250m3 bucket excavator will consume 0.375 hour (1 x ⅜
Sand 1.00 hours) = 22.5 minutes.
Clay 1.25 To excavate 3 m3 trench with maximum depth 1.50m of clay using
Soft rock 1.50
0.250m3 bucket excavator will consume 0.469 hour (0.375 hours x
Rock 4.50
1.50 multiplying factor) = 28.1 minutes.

(m3)
Machine Operational Cost (1 no of excavator)
Excavator Bucket Loading Diesel / Hour (liter) Lubricants / Week (liter)
0.250 m3 4.00 9.00

0.375 m3 5.00 12.00
0.500 m3 6.00 14.00
0.750 m3 7.00 16.00
1.000 m3 9.00 18.00
Optimum efficient usage of an excavator is about 5 years Ref: Abdullah (2006)
Reminder:
Do not forget to include operator wage when calculating excavator operation cost.
If you are asked to find the rental charges of an excavator, do clarify with the
rental company whether the operator wage is included in the quotation or not.

(m3)
If the contractor buy the excavator:

1. Excavator size = 0.500 m3 1. Initial Cost 150,000.00

2. Optimum efficient usage = 5 years 2. Financial Interest (10%p.a x 5 years) 75,000.00
3. Maintenance Cost (10% x 150k) 15,000.00
5. Financial Interest = 10% per annum 4. Logistic Cost (5% x 150k) 7,500.00
6. Diesel price per liter = RM1.70 Total 247,500.00
8. Operator wage = RM50.00 per day Less Market value at 5th Year 8,000.00
= RM 6.25 per hour Cost for 4 Years 239,500.00
Cost for 1 year 47,900.00
= 200 days x 8 hours
= 1,600 hours Cost per hour usage RM 29.94
Add diesel & lubricant cost
Price base: Year 2004 = (6L x 8 x RM1.70) + ([14L÷7d] x RM20) = RM121.60/day


(m3)
If the contractor buy the excavator:

1. Excavator size = 0.500 m3 Cost per hour usage 29.94

2. Optimum efficient usage = 5 years add Diesel & Lubricant Cost / hour 15.20
Add Operator / hour 6.25
5. Financial Interest = 10% per annum Machine cost /hour RM 51.39
6. Diesel price per liter = RM1.70
8. Operator wage = RM50.00 per day
= RM 6.25 per hour
= 200 days x 8 hours Output of the excavator = 12m3/hour
= 1,600 hours
51.39 ÷ 12

(m3)
If the contractor rent the excavator:

1. Excavator size = 0.500 m3 Cost per hour rental 37.50

2. Rental price = RM300/day add Diesel & Lubricant Cost / hour 15.20
4. Rental terms = Including transportation to site but
Add Operator / hour 6.25
exclusive of fuel, lubricants and excavator operator.
6. Diesel price per liter = RM1.70 Machine cost /hour RM 58.95
8. Operator wage = RM50.00 per day
= RM 6.25 per hour
Output of the excavator = 12m3/hour

58.95 ÷ 12
Excavation works: Earthwork Support
Earthwork Support
Earthwork support is a temporary structure to ensure the stability of
excavated soil. Cost for earthwork support is included in the price rate of
excavation.
Shoring
Credit:
http://www.excavservices.com/img/full/shoring.jpg Credit: http://http://www.schnabel-
eng.com/Images/Portfolio/37/BlueLineLargo_1500Thm.j
pg
Traditional Trench-Shoring
Modern Steel Trench-Shoring

Credit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/43/Excavation-timbering.png
Excavation works
Earthwork Support
However, Sheet piling, contiguous piling, secant piling, ground anchors,
diaphragm wall etc are not considered as earthwork support in this purpose
diaphragm wall Sheet piling
Credit:
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wlripz_EFvQ/SgKayrJDydI/A Credit: http://sheetpilespiling.com/wp-
AAAAAAAF6o/RtYLAy5JxBU/s400/Diaphragm+wall+(2). content/uploads/2009/12/singlewall2.jpg
jpg

(m3)
Assumption:
1. Trench length = 20.00m

2. Carpenter-Joinery salary = RM60.00/day/person
3. General Worker salary = RM40.00/day/person
4. Timber price = RM900.00/tonne (1.40m 3) 200mm x 38mm
5. Nail price = RM4.50/kg poling board for
6. Nail usage = 0.10 kg/m2 of supported surface area. every 1.50m interval
7. Reusable limitation of shoring = 15 times
8. Labour productivity: 1.5 m
(Cutting and installation) 100mm x 75mm

 1 no Carpenter-Joinery = 2.25 hour/m 3 struts for every
 1 no general worker = 2.25 hour/m3 1.50m interval
600 mm
(Removal)
 1 no Carpenter-Joinery = 2.25 hour/m3
 1 no general worker = 2.25 hour/m3


(m3)
Materials
200mm x 38mm poling board for every 1.50m interval
20.00m
1. No of poling board: + 1 X 2 = 30 nos
1.50m
2. Volume of timber needed: = 0.20m x 0.04m x 1.50m x 30 nos

= 0.36m3
100mm x 75mm struts for every 1.50m interval
20.00m
1. No of struts: + 1 X 2 = 30 nos
1.50m

= 0.13m3

(m3)
Both sides of the trench
How to get the dimension? surface
20.00m
1. No of poling board: + 1 X 2 = 30 nos
1.50m

20 m
= 0.36m3
1.5m
0.6m
20.00m Max. depth of the trench

1. No of struts: + 1 X 2 = 30 nos
1.50m 0.60m – (2 x 0.04)

= 0.13m3

(m3)
Materials
Nails
Nail usage = 0.10 kg/m2 of supported surface area.
Supported surface area = 20m x 1.5m x 2 sides

= 60m2
Hence nail required = 60 x 0.10
= 6 kg
Excavation works: Price Rate
Problem:
Develop price rates for excavation work using hand excavation and excavator.
Compare the price rates derived.
Scope of work: Trench excavation to receive strip foundation starting from
reduced level maximum depth not exceeding 2.0m
1500
20000 600
Plan Elevation
Assumption: Labour
• Type of Soil = Sand Wage Rates

• Earthwork Support Requirement = Yes Excavator Operator wage =
• Type of Earthwork Support = Shoring. RM50.00/day/person
 200mm x 38mm poling board for every 1.50m Carpenter-Joinery wage = RM60.00/day/person
interval General Worker wage = RM40.00/day/person
 100mm x 75mm struts for every 1.50m interval
 Nail usage = 0.10 kg/m2 of supported surface Labour productivity:
area. • Trench Excavation by 1 general worker
 Reusable limitation of shoring = 15 times = 3hours/m3
• Overhead = 7.5%, Profit = 7.5% • Shoring:
(Cutting and installation)
1 no Carpenter-Joinery = 2.25 hour/m3
1 no general worker = 2.25 hour/m3
(Removal)
Machines:
1 no Carpenter-Joinery = 2.25 hour/m3
1 no general worker = 2.25 hour/m3
• Excavator size = 0.500 m3
• Rental price = RM300/day
• Rental terms = Including transportation Materials Price
to site but exclusive of fuel, lubricants
and excavator operator. • Timber price = RM900.00/tonne (1.40m3)
• Machine Productivity = 12m3/hour • Nail price = RM4.50/kg
• Diesel Consumption = 6 litre/hour • Diesel price per litre = RM1.70
• Lubricant consumption = 14litre/week • Lubricant price per litre = RM20.00

Things to do:
1. Find the quantity
• Calculate volume of earth to be excavated
• Calculate quantity of timber & nail needed
2. Identify method of work
• Using machine (excavator)
• Manual (hand excavation)
3. Calculate resources to be used
• Machine (including its operator, fuel & lubricants)
• Labours required
1. Find the quantity

• Calculate volume of earth to be excavated
Volume of earth = 1.5 x 0.6 x 20 = 18m3
• Calculate quantity of timber & nail needed

number of polling board = [(20÷1.5)+1] x 2 = 30
volume timber for polling board = (0.2 x 0.04 x 1.5) x 30 = 0.36m 3

number of struts = [(20÷1.5)+1] x 2 = 30
volume of timber for struts = (0.1 x 0.08 x 0.52) x 30 = 0.13m3
Total volume of timber required = 0.36 + 0.13 = 0.49m3 = 0.69 tonne
Nail usage = 0.10 kg/m2 of supported surface area.

Supported surface area = (20 x 1.5) x 2 = 60m2
Nail required = 0.10 x 60 = 6kg
Using machine (excavator) Manual (hand excavation)

Total excavation = 18m3 Total excavation = 18m3
Total working hour = 1 x (18÷12) Total working hour = 18 x 3
= 1.5 hours = 54 hours
Total carpentry works = 0.49m3 Total carpentry works = 0.49m3

Cutting & Installation Cutting & Installation
Total working hour = 0.49 x 2.25 Total working hour = 0.49 x 2.25
= 1.1 hours = 1.1 hours
Removal Removal
Total working hour = 0.49 x 2.25 Total working hour = 0.49 x 2.25
= 1.1 hours = 1.1 hours
C2 -
84
Using machine (excavator) Manual (hand excavation)

Total working hour = 1.5 hours Total working hour = 54 hours
Operation Cost Total Operation cost = RM0.00
1. Operator = (50÷8) x 1.5
= RM9.38
2. Diesel = 6 x 1.5 x 1.70
= RM15.30
3. Lubricants = (14x20)÷(5x8)
= RM7.00
Total Operation Cost = RM31.68
Using Excavator
METHOD STATEMENT
Job Description:
Trench excavation to receive strip foundation starting from reduced level maximum depth not exceeding 2.0m (Using Excavator)
Quantity 18 Unit m3

Amount
a b c d=a+b+c
1 Trench Excavation by 18 m3 54 h 87.93 87.93
excavator
2 Shoring for Earthworks support 1 Item 129.60 27.50 157.10

Overhead (7.5%) 18.38
Profit (7.5%) 18.38
Total Price 281.78
Price Rate 15.65
By Hand
METHOD STATEMENT
Job Description:
Trench excavation to receive strip foundation starting from reduced level maximum depth not exceeding 2.0m (by hand)
Quantity 18 Unit m3

Amount
a b c d=a+b+c
1 Trench Excavation by hand 18 m3 54 h 270.00 270.00
2 Shoring for Earthworks 1 Item 129.60 27.5 157.10
support

Overhead (7.5%) 32.03
Profit (7.5%) 32.03
Total Price 491.17
Price Rate 27.29
Built Up Rate Methods
Material Cost – For excavation using machine and excavation by hand
Materials
No Item Quantity Req. Wastage Quantity Buy Unit Unit Rate Amount
1 Timber for shoring 0.69 0.069 0.76 tonne 900.00 621.00
2 Nail for shoring 6 0.6 6.60 kg 4.50 27.00
Sub total 648.00
Reusable factor
5 times 129.60
Total Amount of Material 129.60

Machine Cost – For excavation using machine only
Machine
No Name of Machine Hour Rate Amount
Excavator 0.500 1.5 37.50 56.25
Add Operation cost 1 31.68 31.68
Total Amount of Machine 87.93

Labour Cost – For excavation using machine
Labour
No Type of Labour Hours Wage / hour Quantity Amount
1 Carpenter - Shoring 2.2 7.50 1 16.50
2 GW - Shoring 2.2 5.00 1 11.00
Sub Total 27.50
Total Amount of Labour 27.50

Labour Cost – For excavation by hand
Labour
No Type of Labour Hours Wage / hour Quantity Amount
1 GW - Trench excavation 54 5.00 1 270.00
Sub Total 270.00
2.1 Carpenter - Shoring 2.2 7.50 1 16.50
2.2 GW - Shoring 2.2 5.00 1 11.00
Sub Total 27.50
Total Amount of Labour

Excavation works
Example of Description for excavation work

(RM)
A Trench excavation to receive strip m3 15.65
using Machine
B Trench excavation to receive strip m3 27.29
by hand
Brickwork
Brickwork
Brickwork
Brickwork Unit - m2:
Classification
Brickwork might be involved in one or more item below:
a. Foundations.
b. Load bearing superstructure.
c. Non-load bearing superstructure.
Area to be measured
Brickwork shall be measured the mean length by average height of the wall
Description
Particulars of the following shall be given:
a. Kind, quality and size of bricks.
b. Type of bond.
c. Composition and mix of mortar.
d. Wall Thickness
e. Work Classification
Ref: SMM2 Page 43,44

Brickwork
Besides walls, brickwork also involved in following classes

a. Walls.
b. Filling existing openings.
c. Skins of hollow walls.
d. Dwarf support walls.
e. Projections (measured beyond the face of the wall) of footings and chimney-breasts.
f. Isolated piers and chimney-stacks (grouped together). Isolated piers defined as walls having
a length on plan not exceeding four times their thickness (except where caused by
openings).
g. Battering walls defined as walls of uniformed thickness built battered.
h. Brickwork used as formwork. Temporary stnutting shall be given in the description.
j. Backing to masonry. Cutting and bonding to masonry shall be given in the description.
k. Refactory brick linings to fiues. Those bonded to surrounding brickwork shall be so
described.
l. Brick damp-proof courses.
m. Work in raising existing structures, stating the starting height above ground at which the
brickwork commences.
Ref: SMM2 Page 44

Brickwork
Example of Description for Brickwork

(RM)
A Half brick wall in common bricks in m2
cement lime mortar (1:1:6) in
Stretcher bond with brick
reinforcement at every forth course,
non-load bearing
B One brick wall in facing bricks in m2

cement mortar (1:6) in English bond
with brick reinforcement at every forth
course, non-load bearing
Brickwork
Brick Size = 215mm x 102.5mm x 65mm

65 mm
215 mm
Type of Bricks normally used:
 Clay Bricks (common, facing & engineering)
102.5 mm
 Cement Sand Bricks
Bond
 All half brick walls shall be built in Stretcher Bond.
 All other brickwork shall be built in English Bond or as shown in the Drawings.
Ref: PWD Standard Specification 2005
Stretcher Bond. English Bond

Brickwork
10mm mortar
Mortar
All bricks shall be properly bedded in mortar and all joints shall be thoroughly flushed up and
raked out to a depth of 13mm as the work proceeds. No joint shall exceed 10mm in
thickness.
Cement : Fine Aggregate
1:3 for sub-structure and 1:6 for super-structure
 Mortar shall consist of one (1) part of cement to six (6) parts of sand, with the addition of
an approved mortar plasticiser used strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions. The ingredients for mortar shall be measured in proper gauge boxes and
shall be mixed on a clean boarded platform or in an approved mechanical batch mixer.
 All mortar shall be used within 45 minutes of mixing and no remaking up of mortar shall
be permitted thereafter.
 Mortar for brickwork below damp proof course or ground floor level shall be in the
proportion of one part of cement and three parts of sand.

Brickwork
Brick reinforcement
All half brick (113mm) walls and partitions shall be reinforced at every fourth
course with approved brick reinforcement commencing two courses above
floor level.
Brickwork
Damp-proof Course (DPC)
1. Particulars of the following shall be given:

a. Kind and quality of damp-proof material.
b. Gauge, thickness or substance of sheet material.
c. Number of layers.
d. Composition and mix of bedding material.
2. Damp-proof courses over 225mm wide shall be given in square metres. Such work not exceeding 225mm
wide shall be given in metres stating the width. No allowance in measurement shall be made for laps and
this shall be stated in the description. No deduction shall be made for voids not exceeding 0.50m2.
Horizontal, raking, vertical and curved work shall each be so described. Cutting to curve shall be given in
the description of work in curved walls.
Ref: SMM2 (Page 50)
Brickwork
Materials
1.0. Bricks
Quantity for 1m2 Half Brick Wall in Stretcher Bond

1m2 = 1000mm x 1000mm Stretcher Bond.
1 brick size including mortar = 215mm + 10mm = 225mm (horizontally) and
1 brick size including mortar = 65mm + 10mm = 75mm (vertically)
1000mm width of brick wall consists of (1000mm ÷ 225mm) = 4.44 bricks

1000mm height of brick wall consists of (1000mm÷75mm) = 13.33 bricks
Hence, 1 m2 of brick wall consists of (4.44 x 13.33) = 60 bricks

Add 5% wastage = 60 + 3 = 63 bricks
2.0. Mortar
For every 1m2 Half Brick Wall in stretcher bond it is estimated to have 0.025m3 of mortar
(Abdullah, 2006)
Brickwork
English Bond
Materials
Wall Thick Brick Quantity (no) Mortar Volume (m3)

Half Brick thick 63 0.025
One Brick Thick 125 0.050
1.5 Brick Thick 188 0.075

Brickwork
Brick reinforcement
All half brick (113mm) walls and partitions shall be reinforced at every fourth course with
approved brick reinforcement commencing two courses above floor level.
1m2 wall = 1000mm Width x 1000mm Height

1000
Length of Brick reinforcement = X 1m
4 x 75
= 3.33m
Add 8% for wastage and lapping = 0.27m
Total Length of Brick Reinforcement = 3.50m, for every 1m2 half brick wall
Brickwork
Damp Proof Course
Damp-proof courses over 225mm wide shall be given in square metres. Such work not
exceeding 225mm wide shall be given in metres stating the width. No allowance in
measurement shall be made for laps and this shall be stated in the description.
1m2 wall = 1000mm Width x 1000mm Height
Length of DPC = 1.00m
Add 5% for wastage and lapping = 0.05m
Total Length of DPC = 1.05m, for every 1m2 half brick wall
Brickwork
Labours
1. Need Bricklayer and general worker

2. 1 general worker can help 3 to 4 bricklayers
3. Productivity of bricklayer & general worker for bricklaying:
Wall Thick Bricklayer General Worker
(hour/m2) (hour/m2)
Half Brick thick in common brick 1.00 0.35
One Brick thick in common brick 1.75 0.70
Half Brick thick in facing brick 2.00 0.50
One Brick thick in facing brick 3.50 1.00
4. Productivity of a general worker for mortar mixing is 2 hours/m3

Brickwork: Price Rate
Problem:
Develop price rate for Half brick wall in common bricks in cement lime mortar (1:1:6) in Stretcher bond with
brick reinforcement at every forth course, non-load bearing
Assumption:
Material
• Brick price = RM0.24/no Brick = 63no x RM0.24 = RM 15.12
• Mortar = RM112.33/m3
• Brick Reinforcement = RM0.60/m Mortar = 0.025m3 x RM112.33 = RM 2.81
• Bricklayer wage = RM60.00/day Brick Reinforcement= 3.50m x RM0.60 = RM 2.10
• General Worker = RM40.00/day
RM 20.03
• Overhead & Profit = 15%
Labour
Bricklayer = 1h x (RM60.00÷8) = RM 7.50
General Worker = 0.35h (RM40÷8) = RM 1.75
RM 9.25
Total RM 29.28
Add 15% Overhead & Profit RM 4.39
Price Rate / m2 RM 33.67

• Reinforcement works
Reinforcement
Reinforcement works
Reinforcement Type:
ō Bar Reinforcement
:: mild steel (R)
:: high yield (Y) - corrugated
mild steel
ō Steel Fabric Reinforcement

:: Type A (Square)
:: Type B (Rectangular) high yield
Steel Fabric Type B Steel Fabric Type A

C2 -
108
Reinforcement works
F8 Bar reinforcement
1. Particulans of the following shall be given:

a. Kind and quality of steel. b. Section of bars if other than plain circular.
c. Tests of bars. d. Restrictions of bending.
2. Bar reinforcement shall be given in kilogrammes or tonnes stating the diameters. Each diameter shall
be given separately.
3. Cutting to lengths, bends, hooks, tying wire, distance blocks, ordinary spacens and chairs shall be
deemed to be included. No allowance in calculating the weight of reinforcement shall be made for tying wire,
ordinary spacers or rolling margin.
4. Classification of bar reinforcement shall be as follows:

a. In foundations, which shall be deemed to include column and pier bases, ground beams, pile
caps and the like.
b. In ground slabs, which shall be deemed to include beds, roads, footpaths and pavings.
c. In suspended slabs which shall be deemed to include attached beams, upstand, kerbs and
lintels.
d. In walls, which shall be deemed to include columns.
e. In casings to steel columns and beams (grouped together).
f. In steps, staircases and strings and associated landings (grouped together).
g. In tops and cheeks of dormens.
h. In machine bases.
j. In isolated columns, beams and lintels (grouped together).
CONTINUE…
5. Within each of the above categories the following shall be shown separately:
a. Straight and bend bars, which shall be deemed to include hooked bars
(grouped together).
b. Curved bars irrespective of radius.
c. Links, stirrups, binders and the like (grouped together).
d. Spacers and chairs not at the Contractor's choice (grouped together).
6. Horizontal bars and bars sloping not more than 30° from the horizontal
(grouped together)
over 12.00m long shall be so described stating the length in further stages of
3.00m.
7. Vertical bars and bars sloping more than 30° from the horizontal (grouped
together) over
6.00m long shall be so described stating the length in further stages of 3.00m.
Cited From: SMM2 Page 30 & 31

Reinforcement works
F.9 Fabric reinforcement
1. Particulars of the following shall be given:

a. Kind and quality of steel.
b. Section of bars making up the fabric if other than plain circular.
c. Tests of fabric.
d. Restrictions on bending.
2 Fabric reinforcement shall be measured as the area covered. No allowance shall be made for laps and no deductions shall
be made for voids not exceeding 1.00m2. Tying wire and distance blocks shall be deemed to be included.
3. Fabric reinforcement shall be given in square metres stating the mesh, the weight per square metres and the minimum
extent of sides and end laps. Classification shall be in accordance with clause F.8.4.
4. Strips required to be in one width (including those in foundations to walls, tension strips to floors and roofs, etc.) shall be
given in metres stating the width, the mesh, the weight per square metre, the direction of main bars and the minimum extent of
end laps.
5. Self-centering fabric reinforcement shall be so described. Temporary strutting shall be given in the description and where
exceeding 3.50m high shall be so described stating the height in further stages of 1.50m.
6. Raking cutting and curved cutting shall be deemed to be included with the items.
7. Bending fabric reinforcement and notching fabric reinforcement around obstructions shall be deemed to be included in the
items
Cited From: SMM2 Page 31 & 32

Reinforcement worksBar Reinforcement - Material
Bar Weight There is no special item for tying wire. So
Diameter (kg/m) contractor should include the tying wire cost into
(mm)
the reinforcement work rate. (refer SMM2 F8.3)
6 0.222
8 0.395
10 0.616
12 0.888 Bar Tying wire
Diameter weight for
16 1.579
(mm) every
20 2.466 tonne bar
25 3.854 weight
32 6.313 (kg)
40 9.864
6-12 10
50 15.413
16-25 6
32-50 5
• Additional 5% from the reinforcement bar cost should be made for wastage and distance blocks if the bar
is cut on site.
• Additional 2% only from reinforcement bar cost should be made for wastage and distance blocks if the
bar is precut.
Reinforcement worksBar Reinforcement - Labour
2 types of labours required:

1. General Worker – To unload and stack the bar on site.
2. Barbender – To cut, bend and install the bar according to
predetermined specification.
Productivity of general worker to unload and stack reinforcement bar on

site is 1.5 hour for every tonne of bar / person

Reinforcement works Bar Reinforcement - Labour
Barbender Productivity: Cut & Shape

Hours required for every tonne of bar
6-8mm 10-12mm 16-20mm > 20mm
Location dia dia dia dia
Straight & Bend Bar 40 30 20 15
Stirrup 65 50 30 -

Reinforcement works Bar Reinforcement - Labour
Barbender Productivity: Installation
Hours required for every tonne of bar
6-8mm 10-12mm 16-20mm > 20mm

Location dia dia dia dia
Foundation & Ground Floor 40 30 25 20
Upper Floor & Roof 50 40 30 25
Wall, Column, Beam &
Staircase 70 50 35 30
Stirrup 90 70 60 -

Reinforcement works : Price Rate (example 1)
Problem:
Develop price rate for 16mm diameter high tensile steel reinforcement in straight and bend bars in foundation - kg
Assumption:
Material
• 16mm high tensile steel 1000kg 16mm steel bar = RM 1,800.00
reinforcement bar price =
RM1,800/tonne 5% wastage & distance blocks = RM 90.00
• Bars are cut on site Tying wire = 6kg x RM3.50 = RM 21.00
• Tying Wire = RM3.50/kg
• Barbender wage = RM55/day RM 1,911.00
• General Worker = RM40/day Labour
Barbender = RM 309.38
Barbender (Cut on site) = General Worker = 1.50h (RM40÷8) = RM 7.50
1. Cut & bend RM 316.88
20h x (RM55.00÷8) = RM 137.50 RM 2,227.88
2. Installation Total
RM 334.18
25h x (RM55.00÷8) = RM 171.88 Add 15% Overhead & Profit
RM 2,562.06
Total Barbender Cost = 309.38 Price Rate / 1000kg RM 2.56
Price Rate / kg

Problem:
Develop price rate for 12mm diameter high tensile steel reinforcement in straight and bend bars in wall - kg
Assumption:
Material
• 12mm high tensile steel 1000kg 12mm steel bar = RM 2,000.00
reinforcement bar price =
RM2,000/tonne 2% wastage & distance blocks = RM 40.00
• Bars are precut into sizes Tying wire = 10kg x RM3.50 = RM 35.00
• Tying Wire = RM3.50/kg
• Barbender wage = RM55/day RM 2,075.00
• General Worker = RM40/day Labour
Barbender = 50h x (RM55.00÷8) = RM 343.75
General Worker = 1.50h (RM40÷8) = RM 7.50
RM 351.25
RM 2,426.25
Total
RM 363.94
Add 15% Overhead & Profit
RM 2,790.19
Price Rate / 1000kg RM 2.79
Price Rate / kg

Reinforcement worksSteel Fabric - Material
There is no special item for tying wire. So contractor should include

the tying wire cost into the reinforcement work rate. (refer SMM2 F8.3)
Lapping Additional
(mm) For
lapping
(%)
150 12
200 16
250 20
300 25
• Additional 5% for wastage and another 10% for distance block

and tying wire from the steel fabric material cost.

Nominal mass
Diameter of wire
per m2
Fabric Reinforcement (BRC) BS4483 or
Type MS 145 ref Main Cross
mm mm kg
Square Mesh
A12 A565 12 12 8.88
A10 A393 10 10 6.16
A9 A318 9 9 4.99
A8 A252 8 8 3.95
A7 A193 7 7 3.02
A6 A142 6 6 2.22
A5 A98 5 5 1.54
A4 A63 4 4 0.99
Rectangular Mesh
B12 B1131 12 8 10.9
B10 B785 10 8 8.14
B9 B636 9 8 6.97
B8 B503 8 8 5.93
B7 B385 7 7 4.53
B6 B283 6 7 3.73
B5 B196 5 7 3.05
Reinforcement worksSteel Fabric - Labour
General workers are required to unload, stack, bend, cut, place and
install the steel fabric reinforcement.
Productivity of general worker to unload and stack steel fabric
reinforcement is 0.15 hour/m2/person
Productivity of general worker to bend, cut, place and install the steel
fabric reinforcement can be shown in the table below:
Location Productivity
(hour/m2)
Floor and Roof 0.20
Foundation 0.25
Wall 0.33
Staircase 0.50
Credit:
http://www.weldedwiremesh.net/weldedwiremeshim
ages/welded_mesh_reinforcement.jpg

Problem:
Develop price rate for fabric reinforcement to B.S.4483 Ref A193 with 150mm side and end laps in suspended floor
slab – m2
Assumption:
Material
• A193 fabric reinforcement price A193 fabric reinforcement = RM 12.00
= RM12/m2
• General Worker = RM40/day Additional allowance (27%) = RM 3.24
RM 15.24
Labour
Unload & Stacking= 0.15h (RM40÷8) = RM 0.75
Cut & Install= 0.20h (RM40÷8) = RM 1.00
Additional for lapping, RM 1.75
wastage, etc. =
Total RM 16.99
1. Lapping = 12%
Add 15% Overhead & Profit RM 2.55
2. Wastage = 5%
Price Rate / m2 RM 19.54
3. Tying wire & distance block =
10%
Total Allowance = 27%

 Reference:
 Ahmad Abdullah (2006), ANGGARAN KOS KERJA

BANGUNAN, EDISI KEDUA.
 Ahmad Abdullah, Dr. Khairuddin Abdul Rashid (2004),

PENGUKURAN KUANTITI BANGUNAN, EDISI KEDUA.
 Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia (2005), STANDARD

SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING WORKS 2005
 PWD website at
http://www2.jkr.gov.my/v2/english/contractInfo/schedul
eOfRates.htm
 The Institute of Surveyors Malaysia (2000), MALAYSIAN

STANDARD METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF
BUILDING WORKS, SECOND EDITION (SMM2).

Built 20up 20rate 20method

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Built 20up 20rate 20method

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CB 601 CONTRACT,

ESTIMATING, & COSTING

BUILT UP RATE METHODS

 This chapter explains the Diploma of Building

 Course Learning Outcome:

No Item Unit Unit Rate

Material Cost Direct Cost Labour Cost

Components of Price Rate Profit

Credit: http://www.gwscontractors.com Ref: Abdullah (2006)

Q: How to derive a price rate?

No Activity Quantity Unit of Duration Material Machine Labour Direct

Material cost is one of the most substantial elements in price rate.

Factors determine Material Management

Material Right Quantity

Ref: Abdullah (2006)

Material procurement process

Ref: Abdullah (2006)

Plan your materials procurement

Total Amount of Material

Total amount of materials to be carried into ‘a’ column of the method

Machine is important to the duration of the project. Normally

Example of Contractor Equipment

Examples of Construction Plants

Credit: http://lewis.en.ecplaza.net/mainl.jpg Credit: http://www.publiccrane.com.my/app/data/images/products/Edited%20Mobile%20Crane%20Kato

Examples of Construction Plants normally hired by contractors:

Plan your plant hire

No Name of Machine Days Rental Rate Amount

Total Amount of Machine

Total amount of machines to be carried into ‘b’ column of the

To determine the labour cost, type of labour, category and labour

Plan your labour hire

No List of Labour Days Salary / day Amount

Total Amount of Labour

Total amount of labour to be carried into ‘c’ column of the method

Overhead cost is a part of management cost.

Overhead cost comprises of:

B.1. Last Year Profit 500,000.00

C. Net Turnover = 8,800,000.00

Q: Why do we need price rate?

A: As pricing basis either in Bills of

Analyze the requirement and uses

What is schedule of rate?

Analyze the requirement and uses of schedule of rate

How does schedule of rates looks like?

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT RATE

C Remove excavated material and m3 13.50

Analyze the requirement and uses of schedule of rate

Schedule of Rates published by PWD

Kadar Harga Bagi Kerja-Kerja Pukal's schedule is a part of contract

Works related to concrete works

Credit: http://www.bedec.com.sg/uploadedpic/ColumnFormwork.jpg Credit: http://www.crackerjackconstruction.com/concreting-services/images/concrete.jpg

Building Element normally involved with concrete works

Example of Description for concrete Works

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT RATE

Source: PWD Standard Specification 2005

PROPORTIONS AND STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESCRIBED MIXES BY VOLUME BATCHING

Source: PWD Standard Specification 2005

A concrete mixture must consists at least 3 elements:

ready-mix or pre-mix hand mixing.

Credit: http://www.ap.cc.basf.com/SiteCollectionImages/PRODUCT/RMC%20home.jpg Credit: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_QrpBkoVF2fM/TEJXr4qpZfI/AAAAAAAADpg/YLq0-NakBes/s1600/DSC03045.JPG

ready-mix or pre-mix Reason of usage:

1. To get quotations from local ready mix concrete supplier for a

Calculation: METHOD STATEMENT