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The Essential Cosmic Perspective, 6e (Bennett/Donahue/Schneider/Voit)
Chapter 8 Jovian Planet Systems

8.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) If Jupiter were scaled to the size of a basketball, Earth would be the closest to the size of
A) a pinhead.
B) a marble.
C) a baseball.
D) a grapefruit.
E) a basketball.
Answer: B

2) How many more times is the atmospheric pressure in Jupiter's core greater than the
atmospheric pressure at Earth's surface?
A) 10 thousand
B) 100 thousand
C) 1 million
D) 10 million
E) 100 million
Answer: E

3) How do astronomers think Jupiter generates its internal heat?

A) radioactive decay
B) internal friction due to its high rotation rate
C) chemical processes
D) nuclear fusion in the core
E) by contracting, changing gravitational potential energy into thermal energy
Answer: E

4) How do the size and mass of Jupiter's core compare to the size and mass of Earth?
A) It is the same size and mass.
B) It is about 10 times larger both in size and mass.
C) It is about 10 times larger in size and the same mass.
D) It is about the same size but is 10 times more massive.
E) Jupiter doesn't have a core–it is made entirely from hydrogen and helium.
Answer: D

5) Why is Jupiter denser than Saturn?

A) It is made of a different composition than Saturn, including a higher proportion of hydrogen
compounds and rocks.
B) The extra mass of Jupiter compresses its interior to a greater extent than that of Saturn.
C) Its core is much larger than Saturn's.
D) It has a greater proportion of helium to hydrogen compared to Saturn.
E) Scientists do not know why this is so.
Answer: B

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6) Why is Neptune denser than Saturn?
A) It has a different composition than Saturn, including a higher proportion of hydrogen
compounds and rocks.
B) It has a greater proportion of hydrogen than Saturn.
C) The extra mass of Neptune compresses its interior to a greater extent than that of Saturn.
D) Its hydrogen is molecular, whereas Saturn's hydrogen is atomic.
E) It is not denser than Saturn.
Answer: A

7) Why is Saturn almost as big as Jupiter, despite its smaller mass?

A) Jupiter's greater mass compresses it more and increasing its density.
B) Saturn's rings make the planet look bigger.
C) Saturn is further from the Sun, thus cooler, and therefore less compact.
D) Saturn has a larger proportion of hydrogen and helium than Jupiter, and is therefore less
dense.
E) Jupiter's strong magnetic field constrains its size.
Answer: A

8) How do the jovian planet interiors differ?

A) All have cores of about the same mass, but differ in the amount of surrounding hydrogen and
helium.
B) The core mass decreases with the mass of the planet.
C) The composition changes from mostly ammonia in Jupiter and Saturn to mostly methane in
Uranus and Neptune.
D) The composition changes from mostly hydrogen in Jupiter and Saturn to mostly helium in
Uranus and Neptune.
E) All have about the same amount of hydrogen and helium but the proportion of rocks is greater
in those planets closer to the Sun.
Answer: A

9) Why do the jovian planet interiors differ?

A) The more distant planets formed in a cooler region of the solar nebula and therefore contain a
greater proportion of ices than the closer jovian planets.
B) They differ due to giant impacts at the late stages of planet formation.
C) Accretion took longer further from the Sun, so the more distant planets formed their cores
later and captured less gas from the solar nebula than the closer jovian planets.
D) The more distant planets had longer to form than the closer planets, since the solar nebula
lasted longer at greater distances from the Sun.
Answer: C

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10) Why does Jupiter have several distinct cloud layers?
A) Different layers represent clouds made of gases that condense at different temperatures.
B) Different layers represent the various regions where the temperature is cool enough for liquid
water to condense.
C) Different gases are present at different altitudes in Jupiter's atmosphere.
D) Winds prevent clouds from forming at some altitudes, so we see clouds only at the other
altitudes.
E) Clouds form randomly, so on average there are always several layers.
Answer: A

11) Why are there no impact craters on the surface of Io?

A) It is too small to have been bombarded by planetesimals in the early solar system.
B) Jupiter's strong gravity attracted the planetesimals more strongly than Io and thus none landed
on its surface.
C) Io did have impact craters but they have all been buried in lava flows.
D) Any craters that existed have been eroded through the strong winds on Io's surface.
E) Io's thick atmosphere obscures the view of the craters.
Answer: C

12) What is the most important reason why an icy moon is more likely to be geologically active
than a rocky moon of the same size?
A) Ice has a lower melting point than rock.
B) Ice is less rigid than rock.
C) Ice contains more radioactive elements than rock.
D) Ice is affected by tidal forces to a greater extent than rock.
E) Ice is less dense than rock.
Answer: A

13) What mechanism is most responsible for generating the internal heat of Io that drives its
volcanic activity?
A) accretion
B) radioactive decay
C) differentiation
D) tidal heating
E) bombardment
Answer: D

14) Which of the following is not due to tidal forces?

A) the synchronous rotation of the Moon around Earth
B) the volcanos on Io (a moon of Jupiter)
C) the rings of Saturn
D) the grooved terrain of Enceladus (a moon of Saturn)
E) the retrograde orbit of Triton (a moon of Neptune)
Answer: E

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15) What is the most abundant gas in Titan's atmosphere?
A) methane
B) nitrogen
C) hydrogen compounds
D) oxygen
E) argon
Answer: B

16) Which of the following statements about Titan is not true?

A) It may have an ocean of liquid ethane.
B) Its atmosphere is mostly nitrogen.
C) Its temperature is too cold for liquid water to exist.
D) Its surface is hidden from view by its thick atmosphere.
E) It is the coldest moon in the solar system.
Answer: E

17) Which moon did the Huygens spacecraft land on?

A) Ganymede
B) Callisto
C) Europa
D) Titan
E) Triton
Answer: D

18) What did the Huygens probe photograph as it landed on Titan?

A) dry, featureless plains
B) a water world of frozen ice sheets
C) a pockmarked surface covered with volcanos
D) hills, valleys and rivers
E) nothing; there was zero visibility due to the methane smog
Answer: D

19) How thick are Saturn's rings from top to bottom?

A) a few million kilometers
B) a few tens of thousands of kilometers
C) a few hundred kilometers
D) a few kilometers
E) a few tens of meters
Answer: E

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20) Which of the following best describes the composition of the particles forming Saturn's
rings?
A) Water ice
B) Metallic grains
C) Methane ice
D) Volcanic rock
E) Hydrogen and helium
Answer: A

21) Why are Saturn's rings so thin?

A) Saturn's gravity prevents particles from migrating upwards out of the rings.
B) The "gap" moons shepherd the particles and maintain its thin profile.
C) Any particle in the ring with an orbital tilt would collide with other ring particles, flattening
its orbit.
D) Solar radiation pressure keeps particles pressed into the rings.
E) The current thinness is a short-lived phenomenon that is special to this time.
Answer: C

22) Planetary rings are

A) nearer to their planet than any of the planet's large moons.
B) orbiting in the equatorial plane of their planet.
C) composed of a large number of individual particles that orbit their planet in accord with
Kepler's third law.
D) known to exist for all of the jovian planets.
E) all of the above
Answer: E

23) What is the Cassini division of Saturn's rings?

A) a dark ring, visible from Earth, composed of dark, dusty particles
B) a large gap, visible from Earth, produced by an orbital resonance with the moon Mimas
C) the imaginary circle marking the halfway point of Saturn's rings
D) the widest ring of Saturn, located between two large ring gaps
E) the most opaque ring of Saturn, made of highly reflective ice particles
Answer: B

24) Which of the jovian planets have rings?

A) Jupiter
B) Saturn
C) Uranus
D) Neptune
E) all of the above
Answer: E

8.2 True/False Questions

1) If Jupiter were 10 times more massive, it would actually have a smaller radius.
Answer: TRUE
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2) Hydrogen exists as a gas, liquid, and solid within Jupiter.
Answer: TRUE

3) If Jupiter were 10 times more massive, it would generate nuclear fusion in its core and be a
star instead of a planet.
Answer: FALSE

4) Jupiter's Great Red Spot is a low-pressure storm like a hurricane on Earth.

Answer: FALSE

5) Some of the moons of the jovian planets have significant atmospheres.

Answer: TRUE

6) The water-ice particles forming Saturn's rings are frozen together into a thin sheet that rotates
around Saturn like a solid body.
Answer: FALSE

7) The mass of Saturn can be determined by applying Kepler's 3rd Law to the motion of a single
ice particle in its rings.
Answer: TRUE

8) No spacecraft has landed on a Jovian planet moon.

Answer: FALSE

9) The Huygens landing showed that the surface of Titan is as hard as a rock.
Answer: FALSE

10) Titan's surface may contain lakes of liquid methane.

Answer: TRUE

8.3 Process of Science Questions

1) Unification in Science: One of the true pleasures of science is to discover that two rather
different phenomena are really manifestations of the same set of physical principles. To this end,
explain how the volcanoes on Io, the subsurface ocean on Europa, and the gaps in Saturn's rings
reflect the operation of the same physical principle.
Answer: Will vary.

2) Io's Volcanoes Predicted? The intense volcanic activity on Io came as somewhat of a surprise
to many when it was discovered by the Voyager mission in 1979. Nevertheless, argue that all of
the elements where in place to make a prediction of intense volcanic activity on Io before the
Voyager mission. Search on the web for the history of Io's volcanism to see if such a prediction
was actually made.
Answer: Will vary.

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3) Probing the Interior of Jupiter: Astronomers claim to have a reasonable model for interior
structure of Jupiter. What is the observational basis for this model? Does it make any predictions
that have been put to observational tests? How is the interior structure of the Earth known
(review Chapter 7 if necessary)? Do you think the interior structure of Jupiter is more or less
well-tested than that of the interior structure of he Earth? Explain.
Answer: Will vary.

8.4 Short Answer Questions

1) Why does it make sense that the jovian planets farther from the Sun have less mass?
Answer: The differences in the sizes of the jovian planets are due to their capturing different
amounts of gas from the solar nebula, since their cores are all about the same size. Icy
planetesimals took longer to accrete in the outer solar system, because they were more spread out
there. Thus, more distant jovian planets didn't have as much time as Jupiter to capture gas from
the solar nebula before the nebula was cleared by the solar wind.

2) The satellite Amalthea orbits Jupiter at just about the same distance in kilometers at which
Mimas orbits Saturn. Yet Mimas takes almost twice as long to orbit. What can you deduce from
this difference qualitatively? Since Jupiter and Saturn are not very different in radius, what else
can you conclude?
Answer: The gravitational attraction of Saturn on Mimas is less than that of Jupiter on
Amalthea; therefore, Saturn's mass must be less than Jupiter's. If Saturn is less massive but
almost as large as Jupiter, its density must be lower.

3) Suppose the jovian planet atmospheres were composed 100 percent of hydrogen and helium
rather than 98 percent of hydrogen and helium. How would the atmospheres be different in terms
of color and weather?
Answer: Without ingredients besides hydrogen and helium, the jovian planets would all be gray
in color, and there would be no clouds or precipitation.

4) Describe the possible origins of Jupiter's vibrant colors. Contrast these with the origins of the
colors of the other jovian planets.
Answer: The white zones of Jupiter's atmosphere are white because of ammonia clouds. The red
and brown colors of the belts are produced by light reflected from deeper ammonium-
hydrosulfide clouds. Saturn's reds and tans probably come from the same compounds that
produce these colors on Jupiter. However, they are more muted because these cloud layers lie
deeper within Saturn's atmosphere, under a thicker layer of tan "smog." The blue colors of
Uranus and Neptune are produced by methane gas, which absorbs red light and transmits blue.

5) Contrast Jupiter's magnetosphere with that of Earth and of the other jovian planets.
Answer: Jupiter has the strongest magnetic field by far among the planets. It is 20,000 times
stronger than Earth's. Its strong field is able to deflect the solar wind about 40 Jupiter radii in
front of Jupiter. The magnetosphere around Saturn is smaller because it has a much thinner layer
of metallic hydrogen. Uranus and Neptune have no metallic hydrogen, and therefore much
weaker magnetic fields generated in their cores.

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6) Explain how the resonance among Io, Europa, and Ganymede makes their orbits slightly
elliptical.
Answer: For every orbit that Ganymede completes around Jupiter, Europa completes exactly
two orbits and Io completes exactly four. Therefore, all three planets line up for every orbit of
Ganymede, and Io and Europa line up twice each Ganymede orbit. The gravitational tugs from
their sister moons add up over time, and these tugs are always in the same direction. Therefore,
the moons' orbits become slightly elliptical over time.

7) What is "ice geology"? Give an example illustrating why it is important in the outer solar
system.
Answer: Ice geology is the formation of surface features due to ice melting and flowing, similar
to lava flows on Earth. The jovian moons are made of ices, and since these melt at far lower
temperatures than rock, even small amounts of heating (from tidal effects for example) can
sustain a surprising amount of geologic activity. An example is the sparsely-cratered regions on
Ganymede, whose presence suggest that liquid water erupted and refroze on the surface
relatively recently.

8) Describe some of the results from the Cassini/Huygens mission to Saturn and its moons.
Answer: Cassini has found a surprisingly active geology on many Saturn moons, e.g. Enceladus.
The Huygens probe landed on Titan and photographed hills, valleys, and possibly rivers. It
showed pictures of ice rocks on the surface of the planet and its soft landing suggested a slushy
ice/rock surface. Radar mapping of Titan showed what appear to be lakes of liquid methane and
ethane and Cassini has also photographed Saturn's rings and the gap moons in great detail.

9) Describe two leading scenarios for the origin of the planetary rings. What makes us think that
ring systems must be continually replenished?
Answer: One scenario is that the material near the planet was prevented from forming a moon in
the first place because of the strong tidal forces. However, frequent collisions between particles
or between particles and their planet's upper atmosphere cause ring particles to disintegrate
within a few million years. Therefore, since the ring particles are rapidly disappearing, they must
be continually replenished. The leading scenario, then, is one in which numerous small moons
orbiting the planets continuously supply new material for the rings.

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Use these choices for the following questions.

A. the most volcanically active body in the solar system

B. thought to have a deep, subsurface ocean of liquid water
C. probably a captured Kuiper Belt object
D. the target of the Huygens probe, which landed on its surface.
E. the largest moon in the solar system

10) Which of the above applies to Io?

Answer: A

11) Which of the above applies to Europa?

Answer: B

12) Which of the above applies to Triton?

Answer: C

13) Which of the above applies to Titan?

Answer: D

14) Which of the above applies to Ganymede?

Answer: E

15) Why is Triton such an unusual satellite?

Answer: Triton's orbit around Neptune is retrograde (opposite to the planet's rotation) and highly
inclined. It is a large, round satellite with an apparently active geology. Its large size and round
shape suggests it formed from the accretion of large numbers of planetesimals, yet its orbit
argues that it did not form in situ around Neptune as the planet condensed from the protosolar
nebula. It appears to have formed in the outer regions of the solar system, perhaps in the Kuiper
belt like Pluto, and was subsequently captured.

8.5 MasteringAstronomy Reading Quiz

1) Which of the following is not a general characteristic of the four jovian planets in our solar
system?
A) They are higher in average density than are the terrestrial planets.
B) They lack solid surfaces.
C) They are composed mainly of hydrogen, helium, and hydrogen compounds.
D) They are much more massive than any of the terrestrial planets.
Answer: A

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2) Which of the following best describes the internal layering of Jupiter, from the center
outward?
A) Core of rock, metal, and hydrogen compounds; thick layer of metallic hydrogen; layer of
liquid hydrogen; layer of gaseous hydrogen; cloud layer
B) Core of rock and metal; mantle of lower density rock; upper layer of gaseous hydrogen; cloud
layer
C) Solid rock core; layer of solid metallic hydrogen; layer of pure liquid hydrogen; cloud layer
D) Liquid core of hydrogen compounds; liquid hydrogen layer; metallic hydrogen layer; gaseous
hydrogen layer; cloud layer
Answer: A

3) Which of the following statements comparing the jovian interiors is not thought to be true?
A) They all have the same exact set of internal layers, though these layers differ in size.
B) They all have cores of roughly the same mass.
C) They all have cores that contain at least some rock and metal.
D) Deep inside them, they all have pressures far higher than that found on the bottom of the
ocean on Earth.
Answer: A

4) Overall, Jupiter's composition is most like that of ________.

A) the Sun
B) Earth
C) a comet
D) an asteroid
Answer: A

5) Jupiter's colors come in part from its three layers of clouds. Which of the following is not the
primary constituent of one of Jupiter's cloud layers?
A) Clouds of sulfuric acid
B) Clouds of water
C) Clouds of ammonium hydrosulfide
D) Clouds of ammonia
Answer: A

6) How do typical wind speeds in Jupiter's atmosphere compare to typical wind speeds on Earth?
A) They are much faster than hurricane winds on Earth.
B) They are about the same as average winds on Earth.
C) They are slightly faster than average winds on Earth.
D) They are slightly slower than average winds on Earth.
Answer: A

7) What is the Great Red Spot?

A) A long-lived, high-pressure storm on Jupiter
B) A hurricane that comes and goes on Jupiter
C) A place where reddish particles from Io impact Jupiter's surface
D) A region on Jupiter where the temperature is so high that the gas glows with red visible light
Answer: A
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8) What atmospheric constituent is responsible for the blue color of Uranus and Neptune?
A) Methane
B) Hydrogen
C) Water
D) Ammonia
Answer: A

9) How does the strength of Jupiter's magnetic field compare to that of Earth's magnetic field?
A) Jupiter's magnetic field is about 20,000 times as strong as Earth's.
B) Jupiter's magnetic field strength is about the same as Earth's.
C) Jupiter's magnetic field is about twice as strong as Earth's.
D) Jupiter's magnetic field is much weaker than Earth's.
Answer: A

10) Which of the following statements about the moons of the jovian planets is not true?
A) Most of the moons are large enough to be spherical in shape, but a few have the more potato-
like shapes of asteroids.
B) Some of the moons are big enough that we'd call them planets (or dwarf planets) if they
orbited the Sun.
C) One of the moons has a thick atmosphere.
D) Many of the moons are made largely of ices.
Answer: A

11) Which statement about Io is true?

A) It is the most volcanically active body in our solar system.
B) It is thought to have a deep, subsurface ocean of liquid water.
C) It is the largest moon in the solar system.
D) It is the only moon in the solar system with a thick atmosphere.
Answer: A

12) Which moon has a thick atmosphere made mostly of nitrogen?

A) Titan
B) Triton
C) Ganymede
D) Europa
Answer: A

13) The Huygens probe took numerous pictures as it descended to Titan's surface in 2005. What
did the pictures show?
A) Features or erosion, including what appeared to be dry river valleys and lakebeds
B) Primitive life forms
C) A densely cratered surface
D) Lava flows of molten basalt
Answer: A

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14) Which moon is considered likely to have a deep, subsurface ocean of liquid water?
A) Europa
B) Io
C) Miranda
D) Triton
Answer: A

15) Which large jovian moon is thought to have been captured into its present orbit?
A) Triton
B) Callisto
C) Titan
D) Io
Answer: A

16) Suppose you could float in space just a few meters above Saturn's rings. What would you see
as you looked down on the rings?
A) countless icy particles, ranging in size from dust grains to large boulders
B) a solid, shiny surface, looking much like a piece of a DVD but a lot bigger
C) dozens of large "moonlets" made of metal and rock, each a few kilometers across
D) Nothing up close, the rings would be so completely invisible that you'd have no way to know
they are there. They can be seen only from a distance.
Answer: A

17) Which statement about planetary rings is not true?

A) Saturn's rings formed along with its moons 4.6 billion years ago.
B) All four jovian planets have rings.
C) Individual ring particles orbit their planet in accord with Kepler's laws, so that particles closer
in orbit faster than particles farther out.
D) Rings are always located closer to a planet's surface than any large moons.
Answer: A

8.6 MasteringAstronomy Concept Quiz

1) Which of the following gases is not a significant ingredient of the jovian planet atmospheres?
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Hydrogen
C) Helium
D) Water
Answer: A

2) Jupiter and the other jovian planets are sometimes called "gas giants." In what sense is this
term misleading?
A) They actually contain relatively little material in a gaseous state.
B) The materials they are made of are not the kinds of thing we usually think of as gases.
C) They are not in any sense "giants."
D) Actually, it's a great description, because these worlds are big and gaseous throughout.
Answer: A
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3) What would happen to Jupiter if we could somehow double its mass?
A) Its density would increase but its diameter would barely change.
B) Its density would decrease and its diameter would double.
C) Its density would stay about the same and its volume would double.
D) It would become a star, with nuclear fusion in its core.
Answer: A

4) According to our theory of solar system formation, why did Uranus and Neptune end up to be
much less massive than Jupiter and Saturn?
A) Particles in the solar nebula were more spread out at greater distances, so that accretion took
longer and there was less time to pull in gas before the solar wind cleared the nebula.
B) Ices were able to condense at the distance of Jupiter and Saturn, but only rock and metal
could condense at the distances of Uranus and Neptune.
C) The colder gas in the outer regions of the solar nebula had less gravity and therefore could not
gather up into such large balls as it could closer in.
D) The size differences are thought to be a random coincidence.
Answer: A

5) Why does Jupiter have three distinct layers of clouds?

A) The three layers represent clouds made of gases that condense at different temperatures.
B) Jupiter has three different types of wind, each of which makes a different type of cloud.
C) The three layers reflect regions of Jupiter's atmosphere with different overall chemical
compositions.
D) Clouds form randomly, so on average there are always three layers.
Answer: A

6) Which of the following best why we see horizontal "stripes" in photographs of Jupiter and
Saturn?
A) The light stripes are regions of high clouds, and the dark stripes are regions where we can see
down to deeper, darker clouds.
B) The dark and light stripes correspond to alternating bands of different chemical composition.
C) There are three different color stripes corresponding to the three different types of clouds
found on these planets.
D) Dark stripes are those in which there is a stratosphere and light stripes are those with no
stratosphere.
Answer: A

7) Uranus and Neptune have methane clouds but Jupiter and Saturn do not. Which factor
explains why?
A) Temperatures on Jupiter and Saturn are too high for methane to condense.
B) Jupiter and Saturn do not contain any methane gas.
C) The rapid rotation of Jupiter and Saturn prevents methane clouds from forming.
D) The stronger gravity on Jupiter and Saturn pulls methane downward so that it can't form
clouds.
Answer: A

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8) Which jovian planet should have the most extreme seasonal changes?
A) Uranus
B) Jupiter
C) Saturn
D) Neptune
Answer: A

9) Why is the radiation so intense in the region that traces Io's orbit around Jupiter (the Io torus)?
A) The region is full of gases that become ionized after they are released from volcanoes on Io.
B) Io's gravity allows this region to capture huge numbers of charged particles from the solar
wind.
C) An orbital resonance between Io, Europa, and Ganymede makes the radiation intense.
D) Jupiter's strong magnetic field makes the radiation intense everywhere, and the region around
Io is no different than any other region.
Answer: A

10) Which of the following best explains why many jovian moons have been more geologically
active than the Moon or Mercury?
A) Jovian moons are made mostly of ice that can melt or deform at lower temperatures than can
the rock and metal that make up the Moon and Mercury.
B) The jovian moons are considerably larger than the Moon and Mercury and therefore have
retained much more internal heat.
C) The jovian moons probably have far more internal heat generated by radioactive decay than
do the Moon or Mercury.
D) Because of their greater distances from the Sun, the jovian moons receive much less heat
from the Sun.
Answer: A

11) All the following statements are true. Which one is most important in explaining the
tremendous tidal heating that occurs on Io?
A) Io orbits Jupiter on an elliptical orbit, due to orbital resonances with other satellites.
B) Io is the closest to Jupiter of Jupiter's large moons.
C) Io exhibits synchronous rotation, meaning that its rotation period and orbital period are the
same.
D) Io orbits Jupiter in the Io torus, and therefore has a surface that is bombarded by many
charged particles.
Answer: A

12) Which of the following is not a piece of evidence supporting the idea that Europa may have a
subsurface ocean?
A) Astronomers have detected small lakes of liquid water on Europa's surface.
B) Europa has a magnetic field that appears to respond to Jupiter's magnetic field.
C) Photos of Europa's surface show regions that appear to consist of jumbled icebergs frozen in
place.
D) Europa's surface shows very few impact craters.
Answer: A

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13) Which of the following is most unlikely to be found on Titan?
A) Lakes of liquid water in the warmer equatorial regions
B) Lakes of liquid methane ethane
C) Rain or snow consisting of methane or ethane droplets or ice crystals
D) Volcanic outgassing of methane and other gases
Answer: A

14) Why do astronomers believe that Triton is a captured moon?

A) Triton orbits Neptune in a direction opposite that of Neptune's rotation.
B) Triton is very small and potato-shaped, which is common of captured moons.
C) Triton is too large to have been formed in the "miniature solar nebula" thought to have
surrounded Neptune in its very early history.
D) Triton appears to be made mostly of ice.
Answer: A

15) Which statement about Saturn's rings is not true?

A) The rings must look much the same today as they did shortly after Saturn formed.
B) The large gap known as the Cassini Division is shaped by an orbital resonance with the moon
Mimas, which orbits well outside the rings.
C) Some features of the rings are shaped by small moons that actually orbit within the ring
system.
D) The rings are so thin that they essentially disappear from view when seen edge-on.
Answer: A

16) According to current understanding, which of the following is required in order for a planet
to have rings?
A) The planet must have many small moons that orbit relatively close to the planet in its
equatorial plane.
B) The planet must be at least as massive as Saturn.
C) The planet must orbit its star at a distance greater than Mars orbits the Sun.
D) The planet must once have had a large moon that came too close to it, shattering the moon
and creating the ring particles.
Answer: A

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 A Superlatively Good Mystery
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Angel Esquire
By EDGAR WALLACE
Angel Esquire, of Scotland Yard, has his hands full in
helping Jimmy Stannard, as he is known to the criminal
element of London, solve the puzzle of the great safe
which held the fortune of Old Reale who had placed it
there, and who had taken the precaution to hide the
combination in a bit of doggerel verse that served as a
cryptogram.
When Old Reale’s Will was read it was found that four
people might benefit by it. Two of them, known as
members of the famous “Borough Lots” gang would stop
at nothing to gain possession of the fortune. Jimmy and
his friend are pitted against them in a story that constitutes
the finest entertainment for the person liking excitement,
love and mystery combined.

OTHER BOOKS
BY THIS AUTHOR:
THE BLACK ABBOT
THE CLUE OF THE NEW PIN
THE DOOR WITH SEVEN LOCKS
THE MELODY OF DEATH
A KING BY NIGHT
THE RINGER
THE SINISTER MAN
THE TERRIBLE PEOPLE
TERROR KEEP
TRAITOR’S GATE
 A. L. BURT COMPANY
Publishers · New York
See Reverse Side of Jacket for Complete
List of 75c Fiction
 ANGEL ESQUIRE

By EDGAR WALLACE
Author of
“The Girl from Scotland Yard,” “The Traitors’ Gate,”
“The Clue of the New Pin,” “The Green Archer,”
“The Hairy Arm,” “Blue Hand,” “The Black
Abbott,” “The Sinister Man,” “Terror
Keep,” “The Ringer,” “The Door with
Seven Locks,” “A King by Night,”
“The Melody of Death,” “The
Four Just Men,” “Jack
O’Judgment,” etc.

A. L. BURT COMPANY
Publishers New York

Published by arrangement with

Lincoln Mac Veagh, The Dial Press

Printed in U. S. A.
 Copyright, 1908,
BY
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

Copyright, 1927,
BY
SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY
(Incorporated)

Printed in the United States of America

ANGEL ESQUIRE
 CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER I.
THE LOMBARD STREET DEPOSIT 1
CHAPTER II.
THE HOUSE IN TERRINGTON SQUARE 10
CHAPTER III.
ANGEL ESQUIRE 35
CHAPTER IV.
THE “BOROUGH LOT” 59
CHAPTER V.
THE CRYPTOGRAM 85
CHAPTER VI.
THE RED ENVELOPE 107
CHAPTER VII.
WHAT THE RED ENVELOPE HELD 129
CHAPTER VIII.
OLD GEORGE 149
CHAPTER IX.
THE GREAT ATTEMPT 172
CHAPTER X.
SOME BAD CHARACTERS 202
CHAPTER XI.
THE QUEST OF THE BOOK 223
CHAPTER XII.
WHAT HAPPENED AT FLAIRBY MILL 238
CHAPTER XIII.
CONNOR TAKES A HAND 260
 CHAPTER XIV.
OPENING THE SAFE 283
CHAPTER XV.
THE SOLUTION 306
ANGEL ESQUIRE
 CHAPTER I
THE LOMBARD STREET DEPOSIT

Mr. William Spedding, of the firm of Spedding, Mortimer and

Larach, Solicitors, bought the site in Lombard Street in the
conventional way. The property came into the market on the death of
an old lady who lived at Market Harborough, who has nothing to do
with this story, and it was put up to auction in the orthodox fashion.
Mr. William Spedding secured the site at £106,000, a sum sufficiently
large to excite the interest of all the evening papers and a great
number of the morning journals as well.
As a matter of exact detail, I may add that plans were produced and
approved by the city surveyor for the erection of a building of a
peculiar type. The city surveyor was a little puzzled by the interior
arrangement of the new edifice, but as it fulfilled all the requirements
of the regulations governing buildings in the City of London, and no
fault could be found either with the external appearance—its façade
had been so artfully designed that you might pass a dozen times a
day without the thought occurring that this new building was anything
out of the common ruck—and as the systems of ventilation and light
were beyond reproach, he passed the plans with a shrug of his
shoulders.
“I cannot understand, Mr. Spedding,” he said, laying his forefinger on
the blue print, “how your client intends securing privacy. There is a
lobby and one big hall. Where are the private offices, and what is the
idea of this huge safe in the middle of the hall, and where are the
clerks to sit? I suppose he will have clerks? Why, man, he won’t
have a minute’s peace!”
Mr. Spedding smiled grimly.
“He will have all the peace he wants,” he said.
“And the vaults—I should have thought that vaults would be the very
thing you wanted for this.” He tapped the corner of the sheet where
was inscribed decorously: “Plan for the erection of a New Safe
Deposit.”
“There is the safe,” said Mr. Spedding, and smiled again.
This William Spedding, now unhappily no longer with us—he died
suddenly, as I will relate—was a large, smooth man with a suave
manner. He smoked good cigars, the ends of which he snipped off
with a gold cigar-cutter, and his smile came readily, as from a man
who had no fault to find with life.
To continue the possibly unnecessary details, I may add further that
whilst tenders were requested for the erection of the New Safe
Deposit, the provision of the advertisement that the lowest tender
would not necessarily be accepted was justified by the fact that the
offer of Potham and Holloway was approved, and it is an open secret
that their tender was the highest of all.
“My client requires the very best work; he desires a building that will
stand shocks.” Mr. Spedding shot a swift glance at the contractor,
who sat at the other side of the desk. “Something that a footling little
dynamite explosion would not scatter to the four winds.”
The contractor nodded.
“You have read the specification,” the solicitor went on—he was
cutting a new cigar, “and in regard to the pedestal—ah—the
pedestal, you know——?”
He stopped and looked at the contractor.
“It seems all very clear,” said the great builder. He took a bundle of
papers from an open bag by his side and read, “The foundation to be
of concrete to the depth of twenty feet.... The pedestal to be
alternate layers of dressed granite and steel ... in the center a steel-
lined compartment, ten inches by five, and half the depth of the
pedestal itself.”
The solicitor inclined his head.
“That pedestal is to be the most important thing in the whole
structure. The steel-lined recess—I don’t know the technical phrase
—which one of these days your men will have to fill in, is the second
most important; but the safe that is to stand fifty feet above the floor
of the building is to be—but the safe is arranged for.”
An army of workmen, if the hackneyed phrase be permitted,
descended upon Lombard Street and pulled down the old buildings.
They pulled them down, and broke them down, and levered them
down, and Lombard Street grew gray with dust. The interiors of
quaint old rooms with grimy oak paneling were indecently exposed to
a passing public. Clumsy, earthy carts blocked Lombard Street, and
by night flaring Wells’ lights roared amidst the chaos.
And bare-armed men sweated and delved by night and by day; and
one morning Mr. Spedding stood in a drizzle of rain, with a silk
umbrella over his head, and expressed, on behalf of his client, his
intense satisfaction at the progress made. He stood on a slippery
plank that formed a barrow road, and workmen, roused to unusual
activity by the presence of “The Firm”—Mr. Spedding’s cicerone—
moved to and fro at a feverish rate of speed.
“They don’t mind the rain,” said the lawyer, sticking out his chin in the
direction of the toiling gangs.
“The Firm” shook his head.
“Extra pay,” he said laconically, “we provided for that in the tender,”
he hastened to add in justification of his munificence.
So in rain and sunshine, by day and by night, the New Safe Deposit
came into existence.
Once—it was during a night shift, a brougham drove up the deserted
city street, and a footman helped from the dark interior of the
carriage a shivering old man with a white, drawn face. He showed a
written order to the foreman, and was allowed inside the unpainted
gate of the “works.”
He walked gingerly amidst the debris of construction, asked no
questions, made no replies to the explanations of the bewildered
foreman, who wondered what fascination there was in a building job
to bring an old man from his bed at three o’clock on a chill spring
morning.
Only once the old man spoke.
“Where will that there pedestal be?” he asked in a harsh, cracked
cockney voice; and when the foreman pointed out the spot, and the
men even then busily filling in the foundation, the old man’s lips
curled back in an ugly smile that showed teeth too white and regular
for a man of his age. He said no more, but pulled the collar of his fur
coat the tighter about his lean neck and walked wearily back to his
carriage.
The building saw Mr. Spedding’s client no more—if, indeed, it was
Mr. Spedding’s client. So far as is known, he did not again visit
Lombard Street before its completion—even when the last pane of
glass had been fixed in the high gilded dome, when the last slab of
marble had been placed in the ornate walls of the great hall, even
when the solicitor came and stood in silent contemplation before the
great granite pedestal that rose amidst a scaffolding of slim steel
girders supporting a staircase that wound upward to the gigantic
mid-air safe.
Not quite alone, for with him was the contractor, awed to silence by
the immensity of his creation.
“Finished!” said the contractor, and his voice came echoing back
from the dim spaces of the building.
The solicitor did not answer.
“Your client may commence business to-morrow if he wishes.”
The solicitor turned from the pedestal.
“He is not ready yet,” he said softly, as though afraid of the echoes.
He walked to where the big steel doors of the hall stood ajar, the
contractor following.
In the vestibule he took two keys from his pocket. The heavy doors
swung noiselessly across the entrance, and Mr. Spedding locked
them. Through the vestibule and out into the busy street the two men
walked, and the solicitor fastened behind him the outer doors.
“My client asks me to convey his thanks to you for your expedition,”
the lawyer said.
The builder rubbed his hands with some satisfaction.
“You have taken two days less than we expected,” Mr. Spedding
went on.
The builder was a man of few ideas outside his trade. He said again
—
“Yes, your client may start business to-morrow.”
The solicitor smiled.
“My client, Mr. Potham, may not—er—start business—for ten years,”
he said. “In fact, until—well, until he dies, Mr. Potham.”
 CHAPTER II
THE HOUSE IN TERRINGTON SQUARE

A man turned into Terrington Square from Seymour Street and

walked leisurely past the policeman on point duty, bidding him a curt
“good night.” The officer subsequently described the passer, as a
foreign-looking gentleman with a short pointed beard. Under the light
overcoat he was apparently in evening dress, for the officer
observed the shoes with the plain black bow, and the white silk
muffler and the crush hat supported that view. The man crossed the
road, and disappeared round the corner of the railed garden that
forms the center of the square. A belated hansom came jingling past,
and an early newspaper cart, taking a short cut to Paddington,
followed; then the square was deserted save for the man and the
policeman.
The grim, oppressive houses of the square were wrapped in sleep—
drawn blinds and shuttered windows and silence.
The man continued his stroll until he came abreast of No. 43. Here
he stopped for a second, gave one swift glance up and down the
thoroughfare, and mounted the three steps of the house. He fumbled
a little with the key, turned it, and entered. Inside he stood for a
moment, then taking a small electric lamp from his pocket he
switched on the current.
He did not trouble to survey the wide entrance hall, but flashed the
tiny beam of light on the inside face of the door. Two thin wires and a
small coil fastened to the lintel called forth no comment. One of the
wires had been snapped by the opening of the door.
“Burglar-alarm, of course,” he murmured approvingly. “All the
windows similarly treated, and goodness knows what pitfalls waiting
for the unwary.”
He flashed the lamp round the hall. A heavy Turkish rug at the foot of
the winding staircase secured his attention. He took from his pocket
a telescopic stick, extended it, and fixed it rigid. Then he walked
carefully towards the rug. With his stick he lifted the corner, and what
he saw evidently satisfied him, for he returned to the door, where in a
recess stood a small marble statue. All his strength was required to
lift this, but he staggered back with it, and rolling it on its circular
base, as railway porters roll milk churns, he brought it to the edge of
the rug. With a quick push he planted it square in the center of the
carpet. For a second only it stood, oscillating, then like a flash it
disappeared, and where the carpet had lain was a black, gaping
hole. He waited. Somewhere from the depths came a crash, and the
carpet came slowly up again and filled the space. The unperturbed
visitor nodded his head, as though again approving the
householder’s caution.
“I don’t suppose he has learnt any new ones,” he murmured
regretfully, “he is getting very old.” He took stock of the walls. They
were covered with paintings and engravings. “He could not have
fixed the cross fire in a modern house,” he continued, and taking a
little run, leapt the rug and rested for a moment on the bottom stair. A
suit of half armor on the first landing held him in thoughtful attention
for a moment. “Elizabethan body, with a Spanish bayonet,” he said
regretfully; “that doesn’t look like a collector’s masterpiece.” He
flashed the lamp up and down the silent figure that stood in
menacing attitude with a raised battle-ax. “I don’t like that ax,” he
murmured, and measured the distance.
Then he saw the fine wire that stretched across the landing. He
stepped across carefully, and ranged himself alongside the steel
knight. Slipping off his coat, he reached up and caught the figure by
the wrist. Then with a quick jerk of his foot he snapped the wire.
He had been prepared for the mechanical downfall of the ax; but as
the wire broke the figure turned to the right, and swish! came the ax
in a semicircular cut. He had thought to hold the arm as it
descended, but he might as well have tried to hold the piston-rod of
an engine. His hand was wrenched away, and the razor-like blade of