Cam

25/11/2021

Mechanical and mechatronic engineering

HEMN SABAH RASHID
DR. WAEL
3RD YEAR REPORT FOR ( THEORY OF
MATION ) GROUP B
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OUT LINE:

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INSTRUCTIONS
A camshaft is a rod that rotates and slides against a piece of machinery to
turn rotational motion into linear motion. This change of motion is
accomplished by the camshaft moving further and closer from the axis of
rotation as the camshaft is pushed by the machinery .[2] These moving pieces
of the shaft are the cams. The linear distance moved is called the 'throw' and
can be seen in Figure1.
A camshaft on an internal combustion heat engine is a device that controls both the input of
fuel and the expulsion of exhaust fumes. It consists of several radial cams, each displacing
intake or exhaust valves.

CAM
This camshaft is connected to the crankshaft
via belt, chain, or gears. This ensures
consistent timing of the valves about the
motion of the pistons.[3] .
The function of a camshaft is dependent on
how a valve works and the function of the CAM SHAFT
cam itself. A valve on a cylinder head consists
of two basic parts, a stem, and ahead
The head plugs the nozzle that allows fuel VALVE
intake or exhaust flow and requires linear
motion.
[5] A cam, in its simplest definition, is a
mechanical link that converts rotational
motion into linear motion, or vice versa.[2]
The cams on a camshaft achieve this
displacement by the rotation of a radial
pattern and a follower which moves CRANK SHAFT
perpendicular to the rotational axis. The cam
pattern on a camshaft is non-circular with a
single lobe. The follower matches the
displacement of the cam as it rotates. This
FIGER 1 : CAR ENGINE
displacement is then translated to the stem of
the valve, allowing the head to rise as the
lobes of the cam pass through the follower.[5]

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CAM AND FOLLOWER MECHANISM

Cam and follower are a pair of higher links that are used to move links directly or
periodically

 The cam mechanism: Consider an imperfect circle or rather an oval shape

or an ellipse rotating about its minor axis, if an oval shape is taken into
consideration, we will notice that the movement will form a periodic outer
bulge in its locus. this outer can be used effectively for useful periodic
mechanical work provided the cam keeps on rotating. cams can be of
different forms which are single headcams or multiple head cams but the
single headcam is normally used especially in Internal Combustion Engine.

Hence a cam can be easily explained as a mechanical component that

transmits reciprocating, linear, or oscillating motion to other parts of a
machine usually the follower.

 the follower: the follower is a simple mechanism that is restricted to just a

push and pulls motion. while the push motion is done by the cam rotation
and the pull is either with the force of a spring or the effect of gravity. this
follower mechanism is simply a link that is used to transfer work or motion
to any required part of the machine, for example, the pump lever in a
manual fuel pump serves as the follower in the I.C.E which drives the tube
in the pump.

The cam and follower mechanism

are essential in the field of
engineering in that it is to drive
even the minute component in a
system. its also employed in lock
systems and central locks in cars.

Figer 2 : Cam and Fallower Mechanism

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TYPES OF CAM
Cams can be classified based on their physical shape.

a) Disk or plate cam The disk (or plate) cam has an irregular contour to
impart a specific motion to the follower. The follower moves in a plane
perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the camshaft and is held in contact
with the cam by springs or gravity

b) The cylindrical cam has a groove cut along its cylindrical surface. The roller
follows the groove, and the follower moves in a plane parallel to the axis of
rotation of the cylinder.

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c) Translating cam. The translating cam is a contoured or grooved plate

sliding on a guiding surface(s). The follower may oscillate (Fig.3 a)or
reciprocate (Fig. 3b). The contour or the shape of the groove is determined
by the specified motion of the follower.

NOMENCLATURE OF CAMS

Cam Profile The contour of the working surface of the cam.

Trace Point The point at the knife-edge of a follower, or the center of a roller, or the
center of a spherical
face.
Pitch Curve The path of the tracer
point.
Base Circle The smallest circle drawn,
tangential to the cam profile, with its
center on the axis of the cam
Shaft. The size of the base circle
determines the size of the cam.
Prime Circle The smallest circle
drawn, can be drawn from the center of
the cam and tangent to the
pitch curve.
Prime circle radius = Base circle
radius for knife-edge and flat-faced
follower
Prime circle radius = Base circle
radius + radius of roller for a roller
follower

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Pressure Angle The angle between the normal to the pitch curve and the direction of
motion of the
follower at the point of contact
Lift of stroke: It is the maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to the
topmost position.
The maximum rise is called lift
Pitch Point: It is a point on the curve having a maximum pressure angle
Pitch Circle: It is the circle drawn from the center of the cam through the pitch points

TYPES OF FOLLOWER MOTION:

Cam follower systems are designed to achieve a desired oscillatory motion.

Appropriate displacement patterns are to be selected for this purpose, before
designing the cam surface. The cam is assumed to rotate at a constant speed and
the follower raises, dwells, returns to its original position, and dwells again
through
specified angles of rotation of the cam, during each revolution of the cam. Some
of the standard follower motions are as follows:
They are, follower motion with

(a)Uniform velocity
(b)Modified uniform velocity
(c)Uniform acceleration and deceleration
(d)Simple harmonic motion
(e)Cycloidal motion

Displacement diagrams:
In a cam-follower system, the motion of the follower is very important. Its displacement can be
plotted against the angular displacement θ of the cam and it is called the displacement
diagram. The displacement of the follower is plotted along the y-axis and angular displacement θ of
the
cam is plotted along the x-axis. From the displacement diagram, velocity y and acceleration of the
follower
can also be plotted for different angular displacements θ of the cam. The
displacement, velocity, and acceleration diagrams are plotted for one cycle of operations.e., one
rotation of the cam. Displacement diagrams are basic requirements for the construction of cam
profiles. Construction of displacement diagrams and calculation of velocities and accelerations of
followers with different types of motions are discussed in the following sections .

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(a)Follower motion with Uniform velocity:

Fig.3.8shows the displacement, velocity, and acceleration patterns of a follower having
a uniform velocity
type of motion. Since the follower moves with constant velocity, during rising and fall,
the displacement varies
linearly with θ. Also, since the velocity changes from zero to a finite value, within no
time, theoretically, the
acceleration comes infinite at the beginning and end of rising and fall.

Follower motion with modified uniform velocity:

It is observed in the displacement diagrams of the follower with the uniform velocity
that the acceleration of the follower becomes infinite eat the beginning and end of
rising and return strokes. To prevent this, the displacement diagrams are slightly
modified. In the modified form, the velocity of the follower
changes uniformly during the beginning and end of each stroke. Accordingly, the
displacement to the follower varies parabolically during the periods. With this
modification, the acceleration becomes
constant during the periods, instead of being infinite a sin the uniform velocity type of
motion.

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b)Simple Harmonic Motion:

In fig 10, the motion executed by point Pl, which is the projection of point P
on the vertical diameter is called simple harmonic motion. Here, P moves With
uniform angular velocity ωp, along a circle of radius r (r=s/2).

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C)Cycloidal motion:
A cycloid is a path generated by a point on the circumference of a circle, as the circle
rolls without slipping, on a straight/flat surface. The motion executed by the follower
here, is similar to that of the
projection of a point moving along a cycloidal curve on a vertical line as shown in the
figure. 11

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REFRENCE

1. MsC Technology. (2011). Eccentric Cam [Online]. Available:

2. MsC Technology. (2011). Mechanical Design [Online]. Available

3. Engine Basics. (2009). Understanding Camshafts [Online]. Available

4. Zephyris. (2010). 4 Stroke Engine [Online]. Avaliable

5. D. Fuhller. (2014). Camshaft FAQs: What is Lobe Separation? What are Intake and Exhaust
Centerlines? (And More) [Online]. Available

6. D. Fuller. (2014). Camshaft [Online]. Available

7. An article by ( Saif M ) about “What is Camshaft” , In “ the engineer post . Web.” . 2016

8. An article by ( Saif M ) about “Cam and follower” . In “ The Engineer post.Web.”.2016

9. Report about (Camshaft vs Crankshaft: What Is the Difference? ) , in “ handyman.Web”.by (

bob lacivita

10. Ppt. lecture . about ( Cams ) .. By .(Dr. Mohammad Suliman Abuhiba, PE) .

CAM 11