Students

Good
Morning
Ma ‘ am Christine
Student Teacher for EAPP
 Lesson 4
Importance of Summarizing
and Paraphrasing as
Writing Strategies
What is Summarizing
Summaries are shortened versions
of long and complicated texts.

They are useful for several reasons:

they help you focus on the main
idea,
combining key points that support
the main idea
makes it easy for the readers to
determine at first glance the content
and merit of a piece of writing
 What to remember?

Summary Summary
Summaries are not a place
Short account of the for :
central or main ideas Writing down everything
of a text. Opinions
Background Knowledge
Personal information
 Summary
There are 3 kinds of Summary.

All of them have the same objective-to highlight key

ideas.

All summaries have an introduction, body and

conclusion.

Each type emphasizes a different part depending on

its objective. Regardless of the type, all summaries
must be properly cited even if the author's exact
Descriptive Summary
is basically a list of topics without details and can
serve as a quick reference to the subject matter
discussed in the literature.

Imagine subject catalogues you might see in some

libraries but written in complete sentences.
Descriptive summaries can also be found in annotated
bibliographies
Example :
1. This manual aims to assist first-time users of the
PIXMa Printer. It presents state-of-the-art
technology that may be applied in diverse
situations and focuses on solutions to practical
problems in printing and troubleshooting The
information in this manual is presented in both
matrix and text form. The matrices explain the
process. The text provides answers to commonly
asked questions
Informative Summary
is longer as it gives context to the realization of
the study.

It provides the background of the problem and the

methods used to address the problem.

this kind of summary may also give a glimpse of the

document's merits and limits.

A page is enough to write an informative summary.

 Example :
Another related study considers the impact of oral examination on communication skills. Burke-
Smalley's study (2014) titled Using Oral Exams to Assess Communication Skills in Business
Courses' considers the fact that standardized testing is still utilized for assessment in the
business field. The study argues that the oral examination is an effective means to assess the
overall communication skills of business graduates Burke Smalley's study has similarities with the
current study in that both studies aim to generate information about the graduating students' use
of language using empirical means-survey and face-to-face dialogue In the case of Burke-
Smalley's study, the assessment was also done to improve the graduating student's language
proficiency, both in the written and spoken discourses to enable them to succeed in their future
careers
Burke-Smalley's study probes the importance of the oral exam as a tool for enhancing and
assessing the professional communication and oral dialogue skills needed and utilized by business
graduates Similar studies from the past were consulted.
Abstract
The summary you write for your research paper,
thesis, or any college paper is called an
abstract.

It is found at the beginning of the entire paper

and gives a brief but comprehensive description
of your work.
Parts of an Abstract
1. Intoduction
1.
This section answers the question:
What makes the article interesting?
Why should the readers know the problem and its
results?
What do the readers have to gain from reading the
full text?
Parts of an Abstract
1. Intoduction
1.
If the teaser isn't well-written, the readers will not be
interested to read the rest of the article.

It is in this section where the important aspects of the

text are highlighted, Including the author's reason for
conducting the study, its importance and its variables.
This is where the readers will find the rationale and
important ideas related to the study.
Example of an
Intoduction

Innovations in mobile technology have

recently made available to online users
digitized texts which are important reading
adjuncts in the learning context.
Parts of an Abstract
2. Statement of
the Problem
The abstract must also answer questions involving the
problem being solved, including the scope of the study.

The abstract is a shortened version of a much longer

academic text and it must state the study's reason for
being-that is, the main reason why the study was
carried out.
Parts of an Abstract
2. Statement of
the Problem It describes what the study is about.
the statement of the problem is stated at the
start of the abstract before the preview/
motivation.

This depends on the angle that the writer wants

to emphasize in the abstract.
Example of a
Statement of the
Problem This study investigates the impact of using
the electronic reading format on selected 21st
century Literature students of UST SHS The
purpose of this study is to examine if there is a
relationship between the preferred reading
mode of students and their level of reading
proficiency.
Parts of an Abstract
3. Approach
This part of the abstract tells your readers
how you solved the problem or made
progress in the study.

It is also here where you discuss the

materials and methods used and the scope of
the work done.
Example of an
Approach
This correlational research study examined
selected 21" century Literature students, who
participated in a survey that included the
Reading Level Questionnaire. A standard
multiple regression analysis was used to
determine if the factors of reading mode
choice predict level of reading proficiency.
Parts of an Abstract
4. Result
This part of the abstract tells the readers
the answer to the statement of the
problem, and how it was arrived at. Here,
exact figures and numbers are discussed,
not words that merely indicate proximity
and estimates.
Example of a
Result
The findings point to convenience as the reason for
their preference. The students interviewed credited e-
books as having contributed to their positive
perception about the course. In terms of changes in
reading behavior, no significant change occurred as a
result of e-book use. The results indicate that there is
no significant positive relationship between reading
mode choice and level of reading proficiency, which
suggests that students with a high appreciation of
reading will read books in whatever format.
Parts of an Abstract
5. Conclusion
This part of the abstract talks about the study's
significance implications to a particular field.
This is where you state whether results are
specific to a particular group or applies to a
larger group.
The conclusion is just as important as the
preview and should encourage your reader to
read your complete article
Example of a
Conclusion
The results provide insight into the selection of reading
materials by educators in the academic context Practical
implications are provided for integrating innovative and
meaningful reading resources into the secondary
curriculum This paper makes a unique contribution to the
existing literature on the teading phenomenon by
identifying which factors of reading resources beg
predict reading preferences among 21st century
learners
Guidelines in Writing Abstract
1.Prepare the abstract even while you're writing your
academic paper. While still in the writing phase of the
writing process, list important ideas in your paper that
you can use in your abstract. This way, you don't have to
wait until you have finished writing your paper before
you write the abstract.

2. Re-read your academic paper with the intention to

edit it later. Highlights important sections and ideas in
your paper that you can include in your abstract
Guidelines in Writing Abstract
3. Conciseness is the name of the game, so avoid
jargon, clichés and vague expressions such as "a
number of "relatively few," "certain groups," "sometime
this year." Use exact phrases and keywords that
describe your work

4. Be mindful of the word count and make sure your

abstract conforms to the standards
Guidelines in Writing Abstract
5. Check to make sure the keywords accurately
describe the abstract.

6. Your abstract should include information about the

following. What was the study about? What did you find
out? What are the implications of your study? Re-read
your finished abstract to make sure all these essential
parts have been included
What is Paraphrasing
is the method of rewriting a passage from an academic text in the
paraphraser's manner and style and no longer that of the author.

you adopt the author's ideas and translate them into your own
words to make the ideas suit your style of writing.

Your goal is to make the article clearer and shorter, or about the
same length as the original.
What is Paraphrasing

You should neither distort the ideas nor merely mimic the words and
the sentence structure of the original article.

bringing in your own perspective combined with that of the write when
you paraphrase.
What is Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is used extensively in research for the following
purposes:

to cite important facts and information,

to situate a topic in context, and

to support an argument
What is Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing makes use of the ideas in the original academic text,
you should be careful to cite your source to make sure credit is
given to the original author.

(You can make use of the introductory tag According to... (known as
the author heading format) at the start of the paraphrase;

In case an article does not have an author, cite the title of the
article instead.
 Read and Learn!!!
Refer to the short paragraph below and compare it with the
paraphrased versions.
Original article

The disillusionment with traditional forms of assessment is due to

the inability of traditional assessmente quantitative tests-to reflect
a full range of learning outcomes attained Quantitative tests rely on
norm-based systems which evaluate student in relation to the
performance of other students doing the same examination In a
norm-based scenario, a large number of students will fare below-
average, thus, educators must see the need to shift to a criterion-
referenced evaluation scheme, or a more qualitative evaluation
scheme such as portfolios, where individual performance is
evaluated regardless of the performance of other students in the
same class (Billanes, 2015)
 Read and Learn!!!
Plagiarized version

The growing discontent with usual forms of assessment is

because of the failure on the part of traditional assessment such
as quantitative tests to attain a complete set of learning
outcomes Quantitative tests use norm-based systems which
assess a student based on other students' performance in the
same examination. In this kind of setting, many students will
perform poorly Therefore, those in the academe must choose the
qualitative assessment system or the criterion-based method of
assessment, where the performance of an individual is assessed
without being compared with that of his/her classmates (Billanes,
2015).
 Read and Learn!!!
Good paraphrase

The trend towards an attainment of learning outcomes augurs

well for the qualitative or criterion-based assessment which
evaluates students based on their individual merit. This mode
of assessment assures the student of an above-average
rating not guaranteed in the usual forms of assessment such
as the norm-based quantitative tests where students'
performance is assessed in relation to that of their peers
Educators would do well to shift to this non- traditional
assessment mode (Billanes, 2015)
Read and Learn!!!
In the plagiarized version, note that the words
have been replaced with synonyms, while the
sentence structure remains the same.

In the good paraphrase version, the meaning

has been retained, but the words and structure
no longer resemble the original.
Importance of Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is a necessary skill that you should
master.
In Paraphrasing, you can shorten long passages
without deviating from the original text.
Paraphrasing reflects your understanding of the
text.
Paraphrasing also becomes a reading strategy.
Keep in Mind!!!
Paraphrasing doesn't allow copy-pasting original text in
any way — copy-pasted text is considered plagiarism
unless you use it as a citation.
Guidelines in Paraphrasing text
After reading the text,

take time to understand it.

Keep notes and write marginal notes on

the text to help you understand the
author's intended meaning.

Re-read the text if necessary.

Guidelines in Paraphrasing text
As you read,

Interact with the text by asking relevant

questions pertaining to it.

Be sure the questions will lead you to a

better understanding of the text you are
examining.
Guidelines in Paraphrasing text
In your own words,

Answer the questions that you raised.

These would allow you to determine how

well you drafted the questions in relation
to the text.
Guidelines in Paraphrasing text
Take another look at your ideas and put
them all together.

Find what is common among them and

organize them into a coherent paragraph.

Be sure that you have included all the

necessary information.
Guidelines in Paraphrasing text
Acknowledge your source

by citing the author's name,

year of publication,

when necessary, the page number.