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7.1
Given: Equation describing the slope of a steady wave in a shallow liquid layer
Find: Nondimensionalization for the equation using length scale L and velocity scale V o. Obtain the dimensionless
groups that characterize the flow.
Solution: To nondimensionalize the equation all lengths are divided by the reference length and all velocities are divided by
the reference velocity. Denoting the nondimensional quantities by an asterisk:
h x u
h* x* u*
L L V0
h* L
u*V0 u *V0 h*
V02 * u *
Substituting into the governing equation: u
x* L g x* L x* gL x*
2
V0
The dimensionless group is which is the square of the Froude number.
g L
Problem 7.2
Problem 7.4 [Difficulty: 2]
7.2
x h u t
x* h* u* t*
L L V0 L V0
u *V0
* u *V0
h* L
Substituting into the governing equation:
t * L V0
u V
0
x* L
g
x* L Simplifying this expression:
V02 u * V02 * u * h * u * * u
*
gL h *
u g Thus: u
L t * L x * x * t * x * V02 x *
g L
The dimensionless group is which is the reciprocal of the square of the Froude number.
2
V0
Problem 7.6
Problem 7.3 [Difficulty: 2]
7.3
Solution:
Nondimensionalizing the velocity vector, pressure, angular velocity, spatial measure, and time, (using a typical velocity magnitude V
and angular velocity magnitude ):
V p x V
V* p* * x* t* t
V p L L
Hence
L
V VV * p p p * * x Lx* t t*
V
The second term on the left of the governing equation is the Coriolis force due to a rotating coordinate system. This is a very
significant term in atmospheric studies, leading to such phenomena as geostrophic flow.
Problem 7.4
(Difficulty 2)
7.4 Fluid fills the space between two parallel plates. The differential equation that describes the
instantaneous fluid velocity for unsteady flow with the fluid moving parallel to the walls is
𝜕𝜕 𝜕 2𝑢
𝜌 =𝜇 2
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
The lower plate is stationary and the upper plate oscillates in the x-direction with a frequency 𝜔 and an
amplitude in the plate velocity of 𝑈. Use the characteristic dimensions to normalize the differential
equation and obtain the dimensionless groups that characterize the flow.
Find: Use the characteristic dimensions to normalize the equation and obtain the dimensionless groups.
Solution: This is unidirectional flow with oscillating boundary with characteristic dimensions U and H.
We will normalize the variables using these characteristic dimensions as:
𝑢
𝑢∗ =
𝑈
𝑦
𝑦∗ =
𝐻
𝑡
𝑡∗ =
𝐻
𝑈
Substituting these dimensions into the differential equation we have:
𝜕(𝑈𝑈∗ ) 𝜕 2 (𝑈𝑈∗ )
𝜌 =𝜇
𝐻 𝜕(𝐻𝐻 ∗ )2
𝜕 � 𝑡 ∗�
𝑈
𝜕𝑢∗ 𝜇 𝜕 2 𝑢∗
=
𝜕𝑡 ∗ 𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜕𝜕 ∗2
At 𝑦 = 0, 𝑢 = 0 so we have:
𝑢∗ = 0 at 𝑦 ∗ = 0
At 𝑦 = 𝐻, 𝑢 = 𝑈 cos 𝜔𝜔 so we have:
𝑢∗ = cos 𝜔𝜔 at 𝑦 ∗ = 1
𝜕𝑢∗ 1 𝜕 2𝑢∗
=
𝜕𝑡 ∗ 𝑅𝑅 𝜕𝜕 ∗2
П = cos 𝜔𝜔
7.5
Given: The Prandtl boundary-layer equations for steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow neglecting gravity
Find: Nondimensionalization for the equation using length scale L and velocity scale V 0. Obtain the dimensionless
groups that characterize the flow.
Solution: To nondimensionalize the equation all lengths are divided by the reference length and all velocities are divided by
the reference velocity. Denoting the nondimensional quantities by an asterisk:
x y u v
x* y* u* v*
L L V0 V0
x* L y*L
0
L x * L y *
u * v *
0
x * y *
We expand out the second derivative in the momentum equation by writing it as the derivative of the derivative. Upon substitution:
*
u *V0
v V0
*
u *V0
1 p
u *V0 Simplifying this expression yields:
u V0
x* L y*L x* L
y*L y*L
u * * u
*
1 p 2 u * Now every term in this equation has been non-dimensionalized except the
u* v
x * y * V02 x * V0 L y * 2 pressure gradient. We define a dimensionless pressure as:
p*
p
Substituting this into the momentum equation: u
u *
*
v * u
*
1 p * V02
2u *
V02 x * y * V02 x * V0 L y * 2
u * * u
*
p * 2u *
Simplifying this expression yields: u* v
x * y * x * V0 L y * 2
ν
The dimensionless group is which is the reciprocal of the Reynolds number.
V0 L
Problem 7.6
(Difficulty 2)
7.6 Consider a disk of radius 𝑅 rotating in an incompressible fluid at a speed 𝜔. The equations that
describe the boundary layer on the disk are:
1 𝜕(𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) 𝜕𝑣𝑧
� �+ =0
𝑟 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
Use the characteristic dimensions to normalize the differential equation and obtain the dimensionless
groups that characterize the flow.
Find: Use the characteristic dimensions to normalize the equation and obtain the dimensionless groups.
Solution: This is unidirectional flow with oscillating boundary. We will normalize the variable with
the following characteristic dimensions. Because there is no characteristic velocity in the problem, we
will use the product 𝜔𝜔 as the characteristic velocity:
𝑣𝑟
𝑣𝑟∗ =
𝜔𝜔
𝑣𝜃
𝑣𝜃∗ =
𝜔𝜔
𝑣𝑧
𝑣𝑧∗ =
𝜔𝜔
𝑟
𝑟∗ =
𝑅
𝑧
𝑧∗ =
𝑅
Substitute these equations in to the differential equation we have:
Thus
Or
𝜌𝜔𝑅 2
𝑅𝑅 =
𝜇
�⃗
𝑉 𝜌𝜔𝑅 2
= 𝑓� �
𝜔𝜔 𝜇
Problem 7.7
Problem 7.8 [Difficulty: 2]
7.7
Solution:
Hence
Lt *
x Lx* y Ly* u c0 u * v c0 v * c c0 c * t L c0 *
c0
Substituting into the governing equation
2 * u *2 v *2 2 * 2 * 2 *
2 2
u *2
c * v *2
c * 2u * v * 0
t *2 t x *2 y *2 x * y *
7.8
Given: Functional relationship between pressure drop through orifice plate and physical parameters
Find: Appropriate dimensionless parameters
Solution: We will use the Buckingham pi-theorem.
1 p V D d n = 6 parameters
3 p V D d
M M M L L L
r = 3 dimensions
Lt 2 L3 Lt t
4 V D m = r = 3 repeating parameters
4 2
F L t
Check using F, L, t primary dimensions: 1 Checks
2 2 2 out.
L F t L
a b
a b c M M L Lc M0 L0 t0
Π2 μ ρ V D Thus: 3
L t L t
Summing exponents:
7.9
Given: At low speeds, drag F on a sphere is only dependent upon speed V, viscosity μ, and diameter D
Find: Appropriate dimensionless parameters
Solution: We will use the Buckingham pi-theorem.
1 F V D n = 4 parameters
3 F V D n = 4 parameters
ML L M L
r = 3 dimensions
t2 t Lt
4 V D m = r = 3 repeating parameters
F
Since the procedure produces only one dimensionless group, it must be a constant. Therefore: constant
μ V D
Problem 7.10
Problem 7.14 [Difficulty: 2]
7.10
Given: Functional relationship between buoyant force of a fluid and physical parameters
Find: Buoyant force is proportional to the specific weight as demonstrated in Chapter 3.
Solution: We will use the Buckingham pi-theorem.
1 FB V γ n = 3 parameters
FB V γ
3
3 F
F L
3 r = 2 dimensions
L
4 V γ m = r = 2 repeating parameters
3 F3
a b
a b 0 0
Π1 FB V γ Thus: F L F L
L
Summing exponents:
2 2
M L 1 t L
Check using M, L, t dimensions: 1
2 3 M
t L
FB
The functional relationship is: Π1 C C Solving for the buoyant force: FB C V γ Buoyant force is
V γ proportional to γ
(Q.E.D.)
Problem 7.11
(Difficulty 1)
7.11 Assume that the velocity acquired by a body falling from rest (without resistance) depends on
weight of body, acceleration due to gravity, and distance of fall. Prove by dimensional analysis that
𝑉 = 𝐶�𝑔𝑛 ℎ and is thus independent of the weight of the body.
Solution:
All three primary dimensions are represented so r = 3. The number of repeating variables will
then be m = r = 3.
Π = 𝑉 𝑊 𝑎 𝑔𝑛𝑏 ℎ𝑐
So we get:
𝐿 𝑀𝑀 𝑎 𝐿 𝑏
Π = � 2 � � 2 � (𝐿)𝑐 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
We evaluate the coefficients by setting the coefficients of each dimension on the left hand side
equal to the coefficient for the dimension on the right hand side (which is 0).
𝑎=0
1+𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 =0
−1 − 2𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 0
Solving for the values of b and c
1
𝑏=−
2
1
𝑐=−
2
Thus
𝑉
Π = 𝑉𝑔𝑛−0.5 ℎ−0.5 =
�𝑔𝑛 ℎ
𝑉 = 𝐶�𝑔𝑛 ℎ
The coefficient a for the only variable that contains mass (the weight W) is zero, so it is clear that
𝑉 is independent of the weight of the body.
Problem 7.12
(Difficulty 2)
7.12 Derive by dimensional analysis an expression for the local velocity in established pipe flow through
a smooth pipe if this velocity depends only on mean velocity, pipe diameter, distance from pipe wall,
and density and viscosity of the fluid.
We have all three dimensions so r = m = 3. We need 3 repeating parameters that include all of
the dimensions and we pick the following three repeating parameters:
𝑉𝑚 𝑑 𝜌
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝐿 𝑎 𝑀 𝑐 𝐿
П1 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑑 𝜌 𝑉 = � � (𝐿) � 3 � � � = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑏
𝑡 𝐿 𝑡
𝑐=0
𝑎 + 𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 1 = 0
−𝑎 − 1 = 0
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝐿 𝑑 𝑀 𝑓
П2 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑑 𝜌 𝑦 = � � (𝐿) � 3 � (𝐿) = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑒
𝑡 𝐿
𝑓=0
𝑑 + 𝑒 − 3𝑓 + 1 = 0
−𝑑 = 0
𝑒 = −1
The second group is
𝑦
П2 =
𝑑
Similarly, for the third group, combining with the dimensional parameter µ
𝐿 𝑔 𝑀 𝑖 𝑀
П3 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑔 𝑑 ℎ 𝜌 𝑖 𝜇 = � � (𝐿)ℎ � 3 � � � = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝐿𝑡
𝑉 𝑦 𝜇
= 𝑓� , �
𝑉𝑚 𝑑 𝑉𝑚 𝑑𝑑
Problem 7.13
(Difficulty 2)
7.13 The speed of shallow water waves in the ocean (𝑒. 𝑔. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) depends
only on the still water depth and the acceleration due to gravity. Derive an expression for wave speed.
Solution:
Mass does not appear in any of the parameters so we need only 2 repeating variables
𝑟=2
We pick up the following two repeating parameters that include all of the dimensions:
𝑑 𝑔
𝑎+𝑏+1=0
−2𝑏 − 1 = 0
Solving for the values
1
𝑏=−
2
1
𝑎=−
2
The group is
𝑉
П1 =
�𝑑𝑑
𝑉 = 𝐶 �𝑑 𝑔
Problem 7.14
Problem 7.16 [Difficulty: 2]
7.14
Given: That speed of shallow waves depends on depth, density, gravity and surface tension
Solution:
V D g n = 5 parameters
V D g
r = 3 primary dimensions
L M L M
t L
L3 t2 t 2
g D m = r = 3 repeat parameters
a b
L M
1 g a b D cV 2 3 L M 0 L0t 0
c L
t L t
M: b0 b0
1 V
Summing exponents, L : a 3b c 1 0 c Hence 1
2 gD
1
t: 2a 1 0 a
2
a b
L M
2 g a b D c 2 3 L 2 M 0 L0t 0
c M
t L t
M: b 1 0 b 1
Summing exponents, L : a 3b c 0 c 2 Hence 2
gD 2
t: 2 a 2 0 a 1
L F
Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions 1
t 1 1
2 L 1
L Ft 2 2
L 2 L
2 L t 2 L4
t
1 f 2
V
The relation between drag force speed V is f
2
V gD f
2
gD gD gD
Problem 7.15
Problem 7.18 [Difficulty: 2]
7.15
Given: Functional relationship between boundary layer thickness and physical parameters
Find: Appropriate dimensionless parameters
Solution: We will use the Buckingham pi-theorem.
1 x U n = 5 parameters
3 x U
L L M M L
r = 3 dimensions
L3 Lt t
4 x U m = r = 3 repeating parameters
a c
L
M
L
a b c b L 0 0 0
Π1 δ ρ x U Thus:
3 M L t
t
L
Summing exponents:
t: 0c0
a c
a b c M M Lb L M0 L0 t0
Π2 μ ρ x U Thus: 3
L t L t
Summing exponents:
t: 1 c 0
F t L 1 t 1
4 2
2 2 L L
Check using F, L, t dimensions: The functional relationship is:
L F t Π1 f Π2
Problem 7.16
Problem 7.20 [Difficulty: 2]
7.16
Given: Functional relationship between the speed of a free-surface gravity wave in deep water and physical parameters
Find: The dependence of the speed on the other variables
Solution: We will use the Buckingham pi-theorem.
1 V λ D ρ g n = 5 parameters
2 Select primary dimensions M, L, t:
3 V λ D ρ g
L M L
L L r = 3 dimensions
t 3 2
L t
4 D ρ g m = r = 3 repeating parameters
L t 1
Check using F, L, t dimensions:
t L
b c
L L
M
a b c a L 0 0 0
Π2 λ D ρ g
3 2 M L t
Thus:
L t
Summing exponents:
t: 2 c 0
1
Check using F, L, t dimensions: L 1
L
f
λ
g D f
λ
V
The functional relationship is: Π1 f Π2 Therefore the velocity is: V
g D D D
Problem 7.17
(Difficulty 2)
7.17 Derive an expression for the velocity of very small ripples on the surface of a liquid if this velocity
depends only on ripple length and density and surface tension of the liquid.
Solution:
We need 3 repeating parameters that include all of the dimensions. We pick up the following
three repeating parameters:
𝐿 𝜌 𝜎
7.18 Derive an expression for the axial thrust exerted by a propeller if the thrust depends only on
forward speed, angular speed, size, and viscosity and density of the fluid. How would the expression
change if gravity were a relevant variable in the case of a ship propeller?
Solution:
All dimensions are present so the number of repeating variables is 𝑟 = 3. We pick the following
three repeating parameters that include all of the dimensions:
𝑉 𝑑 𝜌
We will have n – m = n – r = 7 – 3 = 4 nondimensional groups if we include gravity. If we do
not include gravity, we will have only three groups. For the first group we will combine the
force F with the repeating variables
𝐿 𝑎 𝑏 𝑀 𝑐 𝑀𝑀
П1 = 𝑉 𝑎 𝑑𝑏 𝜌𝑐 𝐹 = � � 𝐿 � 3 � 2 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝑡
We combine the viscosity with the repeating variables for the second group:
𝐿 𝑑 𝑒 𝑀 𝑓 𝑀
П2 = 𝑉𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝜌 𝑓 𝜇 = � � 𝐿 � 3 � � � = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝐿𝐿
Solving for the exponents
𝑓+1=0
𝑓 = −1
𝑑 + 𝑒 − 3𝑓 − 1 = 0
−𝑑 − 1 = 0
𝑑 = −1
𝑒 = −1
𝜇
П2 =
𝜌𝜌𝜌
Similarly for the third group that combines ω
𝐿 𝑔 𝑀 𝑖1
П3 = 𝑉𝑔 𝑑 ℎ 𝜌 𝑖 𝜔 = � � 𝐿ℎ � 3 � = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝑡
Solving for the exponents
𝑖=0
𝑔 + ℎ − 3𝑖 = 0
−𝑔 − 1 = 0
𝑔 = −1
ℎ=1
𝜔𝜔
П3 =
𝑉
For the three groups that do not include gravity, we have the relation
𝐹 𝜔𝜔 𝜇
2 2 = 𝑓� , �
𝜌𝜌 𝑑 𝑉 𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝐿 𝑗 𝑀 𝑙 𝐿
П3 = 𝑉𝑗 𝑑 𝑘 𝜌 𝑙 𝑔 = � � 𝐿𝑘 � 3 � � 2 � = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝑡
The exponents are then
𝑙=0
𝑗 + 𝑘 − 3𝑙 + 1 = 0
−𝑗 − 2 = 0
𝑗 = −2
𝑘=1
𝑔𝑔
П4 = 2
𝑉
𝐹 𝜔𝜔 𝜇 𝑔𝑔
2 2 = 𝑓� , , �
𝜌𝜌 𝑑 𝑉 𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑉 2
Problem 7.19
(Difficulty 2)
7.19 Derive an expression for drag force on a smooth submerged object moving through incompressible
fluid if this force depends only on speed and size of object and viscosity and density of the fluid.
Solution:
All three dimensions are present and r = 3 so we need 3 repeating parameters that include all of
the dimensions. We pick up the following three repeating parameters:
𝑉 𝐿 𝜌
𝐿 𝑎 𝑀 𝑐
П1 = 𝑉 𝑎 𝐿𝑏 𝜌 𝑐 𝐷 = � � 𝐿𝑏 � 3 � 𝐿 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿
Equating the coefficients for each dimension and solving for the values
𝑐+1=0
𝑐 = −1
𝑎 + 𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 1 = 0
−𝑎 − 2 = 0
𝑎 = −2
𝑏 = −2
𝐿 𝑑 𝑒 𝑀 𝑓𝑀
П2 = 𝑉 𝑑 𝐿𝑒 𝜌 𝑓 𝜇 = � � 𝐿 � 3� = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝑓+1=0
𝑓 = −1
𝑑 + 𝑒 − 3𝑓 − 1 = 0
−𝑑 − 1 = 0
𝑑 = −1
𝑒 = −1
𝐷 𝜇
2 2 = 𝑓� �
𝜌𝜌 𝐿 𝜌𝜌𝜌
Problem 7.20
Problem 7.22 [Difficulty: 2]
7.20 (The solution to this problem was first devised by G.I. Taylor
in the paper "The formation of a blast wave by a very intense
explosion. I. Theoretical discussion," Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical
Sciences, Vol. 201, No. 1065, pages 159 - 174 (22 March 1950).)
Given: Functional relationship between the energy released by an explosion and other physical parameters
Find: Expression for E in terms of the other variables
4 ρ t R m = r = 3 repeating parameters
L: 2 3 a c 0
t: 2 b 0
4
L 2 1
Check using F, L, t dimensions: F L t 1
2 5
F t L
a
a b c M b c M
0 0 0
Π2 p ρ t R
3 t L M L t
Thus:
2
L t L
2
Summing exponents: The solution to this system is: p t
Π2
a 1 b2 c 2 2
M: 1 a 0 ρ R
L: 1 3 a c 0
t: 2 b 0
4
F L 2 1
Check using F, L, t dimensions: t 1
2 2 2
L F t L
E t
2 p t2 ρ R
5 p t2
The functional relationship is: Π1 f Π2 f E f
5 2 2 ρ R2
ρ R ρ R t
Problem 7.24
Problem 7.21 [Difficulty: 2]
7.21
Given: Functional relationship between the flow rate over a weir and physical parameters
Find: An expression for Q based on the other variables
Solution: We will use the Buckingham pi-theorem.
1 Q h g b n = 5 parameters
2 Select primary dimensions L, t:
3 Q h g b
3
L L r = 2 dimensions
L L
t 2
t
4 h g m = r = 2 repeating parameters
b
L L
a b a L 0 0
Π2 b h g
2 L t
Thus:
t
Summing exponents: The solution to this system is: b
Π2
a 1 b0 h
L: 1ab0
t: 2 b 0
1
Check: L 1
L
f
b
Q h g h f
b
Q 2
The functional relationship is: Π1 f Π2 Therefore the flow rate is:
2
h g D h h
Problem 7.22
Problem 7.27 [Difficulty: 2]
7.22
Given: Functional relationship between the load bearing capacity of a journal bearing and other physical parameters
Find: Dimensionless parameters that characterize the problem.
Solution: We will use the Buckingham pi-theorem.
1 W D l c ω μ n = 6 parameters
2 Select primary dimensions F, L, t:
3 W D l c ω μ
1 F t
F L L L r = 3 dimensions
t 2
L
4 D ω μ m = r = 3 repeating parameters
b c
a b c
F L
a 1 F t 0 0 0
Π1 W D ω μ Thus: 2 F L t
t L
L: a 2 c 0
t: b c 0
M L 1 L t l c
Check using M, L, t dimensions: t 1 By inspection, we can see that: Π2 Π3
2 2 M D D
t L
f
W l c
The functional relationship is: Π1 f Π2 Π3
2
D ω μ D D
Problem 7.23
(Difficulty 2)
7.23 Derive an expression for the drag force on a smooth object moving through compressible fluid if
this force depends only on speed and size of object, and viscosity, density and modulus of elasticity of
the fluid.
Solution:
All three dimensions are present so 𝑟 = 3. We need 3 repeating parameters that include all of
the dimensions and we will pick the following three repeating parameters:
𝑉 𝐿 𝜌
We will have n – m = n – r = 6 – 3 = 3 dimensionless variables. The first group will combine the
dimension D
𝐿 𝑎 𝑏 𝑀 𝑐
П1 = 𝑉 𝐿 𝜌 𝐷 = � � 𝐿 � 3 � 𝐿 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑡 𝐿
Equating the exponents of the dimensions and solving for their values
𝑐+1=0
𝑐 = −1
𝑎 + 𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 1 = 0
−𝑎 − 2 = 0
𝑎 = −2
𝑏 = −2
𝐷
П1 =
𝜌𝜌 2 𝐿2
For the second group we will combine the viscosity:
𝐿 𝑑 𝑒 𝑀 𝑓𝑀
П2 = 𝑉 𝑑 𝐿𝑒 𝜌 𝑓 𝜇 = � � 𝐿 � 3� = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝑓+1=0
𝑓 = −1
𝑑 + 𝑒 − 3𝑓 − 1 = 0
−𝑑 − 1 = 0
𝑑 = −1
𝑒 = −1
𝐿 𝑔 𝑀 𝑖 𝑀
П3 = 𝑉𝑔 𝐿ℎ 𝜌 𝑖 𝐸 = � � 𝐿ℎ � 3 � 2 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝐿𝑡
𝑖+1=0
𝑖 = −1
𝑔 + ℎ − 3𝑖 − 1 = 0
−𝑔 − 2 = 0
𝑔 = −2
ℎ=0
𝐸
П3 =
𝜌𝑉 2
The relation among the groups is then
𝐷 𝜇 𝐸
2 2 = 𝑓� , 2�
𝜌𝜌 𝐿 𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝑉
Problem 7.24
(Difficulty 2)
7.24 A circular disk of diameter 𝑑 and of negligible thickness is rotated at a constant angular speed, 𝜔, in
a cylindrical casing filled with a liquid of viscosity 𝜇 and density 𝜌. The casing has an internal diameter 𝐷,
and there is a clearance 𝑦 between the surfaces of disk and casing. Derive an expression for the torque
required to maintain this speed if it depends only on the foregoing variables.
Solution:
All three dimensions are present so r = 3. We need 3 repeating parameters that include all of the
dimensions and we will pick the following three repeating parameters:
𝜔 𝑑 𝜌
1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑀 𝑐 𝑀𝐿2
П1 = 𝜔𝑎 𝑑 𝑏 𝜌 𝑐 𝑇 = � � 𝐿 � 3� = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝑡2
Equating the exponents of the dimensions and solving for the exponents
𝑐+1=0
𝑐 = −1
𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 2 = 0
𝑏 = −5
−𝑎 − 2 = 0
𝑎 = −2
𝑇
П1 =
𝜌𝜌 2 𝑑 5
For the second group, we will combine the repeating variable with the viscosity
1 𝑎 𝑀 𝑐𝑀
П2 = 𝜔𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝜌 𝑓 𝜇 = � � 𝐿𝑏 � 3 � = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝑓+1=0
𝑓 = −1
𝑒 − 3𝑓 − 1 = 0
𝑒 = −2
−𝑑 − 1 = 0
𝑑 = −1
1 𝑎 𝑀 𝑐
П3 = 𝜔 𝑔 𝑑 ℎ 𝜌 𝑖 𝐷 = � � 𝐿𝑏 � 3 � 𝐿 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿
𝑔=0
𝑖=0
ℎ=1
𝐷
П3 =
𝑑
1 𝑎 𝑀 𝑐
П4 = 𝜔 𝑗 𝑑 𝑘 𝜌 𝑙 𝑦 = � � 𝐿𝑏 � 3 � 𝐿 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿
𝑗=0
𝑙=0
𝑘=1
𝑦
П4 =
𝑑
The relation among the groups is
𝑇 𝜇 𝐷 𝑦
2 5 = 𝑓� , , �
𝜌𝜌 𝑑 𝜌𝜌𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑
Problem 7.25
(Difficulty 2)
7.25 Two cylinders are concentric, the outer one fixed and the inner one movable. A viscous
incompressible fluid fills the gap between them. Derive an expression for the torque required to
maintain constant-speed rotation of the inner cylinder if this torque depends only on the diameters and
lengths of the cylinders, the viscosity and density of the fluid, and the angular speed of the inner
cylinder.
Solution:
All of the primary dimensions appear and we have r= 3. We need 3 repeating parameters that
include all of the dimensions and we pick the following three repeating parameters:
𝜔 𝑑1 𝜌
1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑀 𝑐 𝑀𝐿2
П1 = 𝜔𝑎 𝑑1𝑏 𝜌 𝑐 𝑇 = � � 𝐿 � 3� = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝑡2
Equating the exponents of the dimensions and solving for the value of the exponents
𝑐+1=0
𝑐 = −1
𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 2 = 0
𝑏 = −5
−𝑎 − 2 = 0
𝑎 = −2
The first group is then
𝑇
П1 =
𝜌𝜔 2 𝑑15
For the second group, we will combine the repeating variables with the viscosity:
1 𝑑 𝑀 𝑓𝑀
П2 = 𝜔𝑑 𝑑1𝑒 𝜌 𝑓 𝜇 = � � 𝐿𝑒 � 3 � = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝑓+1=0
𝑓 = −1
𝑒 − 3𝑓 − 1 = 0
𝑒 = −2
−𝑑 − 1 = 0
𝑑 = −1
1 𝑔 𝑀 𝑖
П3 = 𝜔 𝑔 𝑑1ℎ 𝜌 𝑖 𝑑2 = � � 𝐿ℎ � 3 � 𝐿 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿
𝑔=0
𝑖=0
ℎ = −1
𝑑2
П3 =
𝑑1
The fourth group is similar to the third with the parameter L1:
1 𝑗 𝑀 𝑙
П4 = 𝜔 𝑗 𝑑1𝑘 𝜌 𝑙 𝐿1 = � � 𝐿𝑘 � 3 � 𝐿 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿
𝑗=0
𝑙=0
𝑘 = −1
And the fourth group is
𝐿1
П4 =
𝑑1
The fifth group is similar to the previous two groups, and could be obtained by inspection
1 𝑚 𝑀 𝑜
П5 = 𝜔𝑚 𝑑1𝑛 𝜌 𝑜 𝐿2 = � � 𝐿𝑛 � 3 � 𝐿 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝐿
𝑚=0
𝑜=0
𝑛 = −1
𝐿2
П5 =
𝑑1
𝑇 𝜇 𝑑2 𝐿1 𝐿2
2 5 = 𝑓 �𝜌𝜌𝑑 2 , 𝑑 , 𝑑 , 𝑑 �
𝜌𝜌 𝑑1 1 1 1 1
Problem
Problem7.26
7.28 (In Excel) [Difficulty: 2]
7.26
Given: That drain time depends on fluid viscosity and density, orifice diameter, and gravity
Solution:
We will use the workbook of Example 7.1, modified for the current problem
M L t
1 -3
g 1 -2
d 1
GROUPS:
M L t M L t
t 0 0 1 1 -1 -1
1: a = 0 2: a = -1
b = 0.5 b = -0.5
c = -0.5 c = -1.5
M L t M L t
0 0 0 0 0 0
3: a = 0 4: a = 0
b = 0 b = 0
c = 0 c = 0
Hence 1 t
g and 2
2 with 1 f 2
d 1 3
gd 3
2
g 2d 2
d 2
The final result is t f 2 3
g gd
Problem 7.27
Problem 7.30 [Difficulty: 2]
7.27
Given: Functional relationship between the time needed to drain a tank through an orifice plate and other physical
parameters
Find: (a) the number of dimensionless parameters
(b) the number of repeating variables
(c) the Π term which contains the viscosity
1 τ h0 D d g ρ μ n = 7 parameters
2 Select primary dimensions M, L, t:
3 τ h0 D d g ρ μ
L M M
T L L L r = 3 dimensions
2 3 L t
t L
7.28
Given: Functional relationship between the flow rate of viscous liquid dragged out of a bath and other physical
parameters
Find: Expression for Q in terms of the other variables
4 ρ V h m = r = 3 repeating parameters
L: 3 3 a b c 0
t: 1 b 0
3
L t 1
Check using F, L, t dimensions: 1
t L 2
L
a b
M
a b c M c 0 0 0 L
Π2 μ ρ V h Thus:
L M L t
L
L t 3 t
L: 1 3 a b c 0
t: 2 b 0
2
L t
Check using F, L, t dimensions: L 1
2 2
t L
ρ V h V2 ρ V h V2
Q
f Q V h f
2
The functional relationship is: Π1 f Π2 Π3
V h
2 μ g h μ g h
Problem 7.29
(Difficulty 2)
7.29 Derive an expression for the frictional torque exerted on the journal of a bearing if this torque
depends only on the diameters of journal and bearing, their axial lengths (these are the same), viscosity
of the lubricant, angular speed of the journal, and the transverse load (force) on the bearing.
Solution:
All of the dimensions are present so 𝑟 = 3. We will have 3 repeating parameters and we pick the
following three repeating parameters that include all of the dimensions:
𝑑1 𝜔 𝐹
1 𝑏 𝑀𝑀 𝑐 𝑀𝐿2
П1 = 𝑑1𝑎 𝜔𝑏 𝐹 𝑐 𝑇 = 𝐿𝑎 � � � 2 � = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡2
We equate the exponents of the dimensions and solve for their values
𝑐+1=0
𝑐 = −1
𝑎+𝑐+2=0
𝑎 = −1
−𝑏 − 2𝑐 − 2 = 0
𝑏=0
𝑇
П1 =
𝐹𝑑1
For the second group we will combine the repeating variables with the diameter d2:
1 𝑒 𝑀𝑀 𝑓
П2 = 𝑑1𝑑 𝜔𝑒 𝐹 𝑓 𝑑2 = 𝐿𝑑 � � � 2 � 𝐿 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0 𝑓 = 0
𝑡 𝑡
Equating the exponents of the dimensions and solving for their values
𝑑+𝑓+1=0
𝑑 = −1
−𝑒 − 2𝑓 = 0
𝑒=0
𝑑2
П2 =
𝑑1
𝑔 1 ℎ 𝑀𝑀 𝑖
П3 = 𝑑1 𝜔ℎ 𝐹 𝑖 𝐻 = 𝐿𝑔 � � � 2 � 𝐿 = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝑡
𝑔 = −1
ℎ=0
𝑖=0
The third group is similar to the second group and could have been determined by inspection
𝐿
П3 =
𝑑1
For the fourth group we combine the viscosity with the repeating variables:
𝑗 1 𝑏 𝑀𝑀 𝑐 𝑀
П4 = 𝑑1 𝜔𝑘 𝐹 𝑙 𝜇 = 𝐿𝑎 � � � 2 � = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡𝑡
𝑙+1=0
𝑙 = −1
𝑗+𝑙−1= 0
𝑗=2
−𝑘 − 2𝑙 − 1 = 0
𝑘=1
𝜇𝜔𝜔12
П4 =
𝐹
The relation among the groups is
𝑇 𝑑2 𝐿 𝜇𝜔𝜔12
= 𝑓� , , �
𝐹𝑑1 𝑑1 𝑑1 𝐹
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XIII
LE PROFESSEUR PAUL WEYMAN
PHOTOGRAPHIE KAZAN ET LOUVE
GRISE
Dix-neuf ans plus tôt, ces mêmes rumeurs avaient déjà couru et
la Terreur Rouge avait suivi. L’horreur en subsistait encore parmi
tous les gens du Wild, car des milliers de tombes sans croix, qu’on
fuyait comme une pestilence, et qui se disséminaient de James Bay
au Lac Athabasca, témoignaient du droit de péage qu’exigeait sur
son passage le fléau [27] .
[27] James Bay, ou la Baie James, forme le creux le
plus méridional de la Baie d’Hudson. Le Lac Athabasca
est situé à un millier de kilomètres nord-ouest, entre le
60e degré et le Cercle Arctique. C’est sur la rive nord de
l’Athabasca que se trouve la région dénommée le Fond-
du-Lac.