LECTURE 18

1 June 2021

Heat Transfer
PPE-211
Dr Atif Javaid

atifjavaid@uet.edu.pk
Department of Polymer & Process
Engineering, UET, Lahore
 Outline
 Introduction to Convection
 Boundary Layers
 Boundary Layer Similarity
 Reynolds Analogy

Theodore L. Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of

Heat and Mass Transfer, 8th Edition, Wiley, 2017. ISBN: ES8-1-119-32042-5. Ch 6
Introduction to Convection
Boundary Layer Similarity
• As applied to boundary layers, principle of similarity is based on determining
similarity parameters that facilitate application of results obtained for
surface experiencing one set of conditions to geometrically similar surfaces
experiencing different conditions. (Recall how introduction of the similarity
parameters Bi and Fo permitted generalization of results for transient, one -
dimensional conduction).
• Dependent boundary layer variables of interest are:
 s and q (or h)
• For prescribed geometry, the corresponding independent variables are:
Geometrical: Size (L), Location (x,y)
Hydrodynamic: Velocity (V)
Fluid Properties: Hydrodynamic: ρ, μ
Thermal: cp,k
Hence,
u  f  x , y , L, V ,  ,  
 s  f  x , L,V ,  ,  
Introduction to Convection
Boundary Layer Similarity
and
T = f(x, y, L,V, ρ, μ, cp, k, Ts, T∞)
h = f(x, L,V, ρ, μ, cp, k, Ts, T∞)

• Key similarity parameters may be inferred by non-dimensionalizing the

momentum and energy equations.
• Recast the boundary layer equations by introducing dimensionless forms of
the independent and dependent variables.

x y
x 
*
y 
*

L L
u 
u 
*
 
*

V V
T  Ts
T 
*

T  Ts
Introduction to Convection
Boundary Layer Similarity
• Neglecting viscous dissipation, the following normalized forms of the x-
momentum and energy equations are obtained:

u *
u *
dp *
1  2 *
u
u *
 *
 * 
x *
y *
dx ReL y*2

T *
T *
1  2 *
T
u *
 *

x *
y *
ReL Pr y*2

VL VL  Ratio of inertia and

ReL    the Reynolds Number
 v viscous forces
cp v
Pr    the Prandtl Number  Ratio of momentum
k  and thermal diffusivities
Introduction to Convection
Boundary Layer Similarity
How may the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers be interpreted physically?
• For a prescribed geometry,


u *  f x* , y* , ReL 
u  V  u
*
s     *
y y 0  L  y y*  0

The dimensionless shear stress, or local friction coefficient, is then

s 2 u *
Cf  
V 2 / 2 ReL y* y* 0
u *
y*

 f x* , ReL 
y*  0

Cf 
2
ReL
f x* , ReL 
What is the functional dependence of the average friction coefficient?
Introduction to Convection
Boundary Layer Similarity
• For a prescribed geometry,


T *  f x* , y* , ReL , Pr 
 k f T / y k f T  Ts  T * k f T *
y 0
h  
Ts  T L Ts  T  y * y*  0
L y * y*  0

The dimensionless local convection coefficient is then

hL T *
Nu 
kf
 *
y

 f x* , ReL , Pr 
y*  0

Nu→local Nusselt number (Ratio of convection to pure conduction heat transfer)

What is the functional dependence of the average Nusselt number?

How does the Nusselt number differ from the Biot number?
Nusselt no is to thermal boundary layer what friction coefficient is to velocity
boundary layer. Biot No. is ratio of internal thermal resistance of solid to
boundary layer thermal resistance.
Introduction to Convection
The Reynolds Analogy
Equivalence of dimensionless momentum and energy equations for negligible
dp *
pressure gradient ~ 0 and Pr ~ 1 :
dx *

u*  T *
u * T *
Hence, for equivalent boundary  *
conditions, solutions are of same form: y* y*  0
y y*  0

Re
Cf  Nu
2
Introduction to Convection
The Reynolds Analogy
or, with the Stanton number defined as,
h Nu
St  
Vc p Re Pr
With Pr = 1, Reynolds analogy, which relates important parameters of velocity
and thermal boundary layers, is
Cf
 St
2
Modified Reynolds (Chilton-Colburn) Analogy:
• An empirical result that extends applicability of the Reynolds analogy:

dp *
• Applicable to laminar flow if ~ 0.
dx *
dp *
• Generally applicable to turbulent flow without restriction on .
dx *