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 CHAPTER 6
SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONES AND JOINTS
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter considers the functions of the skeletal system and emphasizes the structural and
functional types of bones. The chapter also presents the dynamic aspects of bone, including the
types of bone ossification, types of bone growth and bone remodeling and repair. General
considerations of bone anatomy are introduced, followed by an introduction to the major bones
of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Articulations, including the types of joints, are
considered. The types of synovial joints are discussed, along with three selected joints and the
formal terminology for describing the types of movement that are possible at a given joint. The
chapter is completed with a short discussion about the effects of aging on the skeletal system and
joints.

STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES

After reading this chapter, the students should be able to:

6.01A. Explain the functions of the skeletal system.

6.02A. Describe the components of the extracellular matrix, and explain the function of each.
6.03A. Explain the structural differences between compact bone and spongy bone.
6.03B. Outline the processes of bone ossification, growth, remodeling, and repair.
6.04A. Explain the role of bone in calcium homeostasis.
6.04B. Describe how parathyroid hormone and calcitonin influence bone health and calcium
homeostasis.
6.05A. List and define the major features of a typical bone.
6.06A. Name the bones of the skull and describe their main features as seen from the lateral,
frontal, internal, and inferior views.
6.06B. List the bones that form the majority of the nasal septum.
6.06C. Describe the locations and functions of the paranasal sinuses.
6.06D. List the bones of the braincase and the face.
6.06E. Describe the shape of the vertebral column, and list its divisions.
6.06F. Discuss the common features of the vertebrae and contrast vertebrae from each region of
the vertebral column.
6.06G. List the bones and cartilage of the rib cage, including the three types of ribs.
6.07A. Identify the bones that makeup the pectoral girdle, and relate their structure and
arrangement to the function of the girdle.
6.07B. Name and describe the major bones of the upper limb.
6.07C. Name and describe the bones of the pelvic girdle and explain why the pelvic girdle is more
stable than the pectoral girdle.

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6.07D. Name the bones that make up the coxal bone. Distinguish between the male and female
pelvis.
6.07E. Identify and describe the bones of the lower limb.
6.08A. Describe the two systems for classifying joints.
6.08B. Explain the structure of a fibrous joint, list the three types, and give examples of each type.
6.08C. Give examples of cartilaginous joints.
6.08D. Illustrate the structure of a synovial joint and explain the roles of the components of a
synovial joint.
6.08E. Classify synovial joints based on the shape of the bones in the joint and give an example of
each type.
6.08F. Demonstrate the difference between the following pairs of movements: flexion and
extension; plantar flexion and dorsiflexion; abduction and adduction; supination and pronation;
elevation and depression; protraction and retraction; opposition and reposition; inversion and
eversion.
6.09A. Describe the effects of aging on bone matrix and joints.

KEY POINTS TO EMPHASIZE WHEN TEACHING THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Relationship between structure and function:
The structure of bone includes collagen for flexible strength and the minerals in hydroxyapatite
(calcium and phosphate) for weight-bearing strength. It is a useful analogy to think of concrete
with steel reinforcing bars inside. Buildings must be strong enough to hold up the weight of the
building, but also flexible enough so that movement (such as an earthquake) does not cause
breakage. Students should also note the similarities between the plates of spongy bone and the
framework of bridges or buildings. A discussion of the arrangement of the strength elements
such as collagen fibers in tissues (cartilage vs. bone, etc.) and the direction of highest force may
also prove useful. Students should consider the proportions of spongy to compact bone in
different bones in the body based on the type and direction of force that each bone is subjected to.
Bone structure is constantly being modified along lines of stress, so structure is modified as
function changes. In bone formation, the structure-function relationship between fontanels, the
birth process, and brain growth is important. A good discussion/essay topic under the structure-
function theme is to have students articulate the relationship between the structure and functions
of the vertebral column. Another good discussion topic involves a comparison of the strength
and range of movement in different joints, for example, the shoulder joint and the hip joint. The
shoulder joint has a much wider range of motion, but is not nearly as strong as the hip joint.
Most of these differences in strength and mobility can be correlated to differences in structure.

Homeostasis:
The skeletal system is the major storage site for calcium in the body. Blood calcium levels are
maintained within very narrow limits by movement of calcium between the blood and bone
tissue. Blood calcium levels are important for normal function of nerve and muscle cells. Bone
repair is also a homeostatic mechanism, restoring bone to its original strength and function. The
clinical focus sections on bone and joint disorders describe what happens to structure when
function is altered and what happens to function when structure is altered. Students should be
encouraged to compare the pathophysiology of particular disease states to the normal condition,
paying special attention to the cause and effect relationships that exist between the underlying
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cause of the disease and all of its clinical manifestations.

Change through time:

The processes of endochondral and intramembranous bone formation are excellent examples of
change through time. The changes can be extended past fetal development into changes at
adolescence and the osteoporosis of post-menopausal women. An interesting debate would be
whether or not the postmenopausal changes in bone density are normal or abnormal changes.

Cell theory and biochemistry:

The topic of bone remodeling brings up the ongoing dynamic equilibrium between the calcium
stored in the hydroxyapatite crystals, the calcium in the tissue fluid of bone around the
osteocytes, and the calcium in the blood plasma. The hormones involved in the regulation of
calcium levels are discussed in more detail in Chapter 10.

CONTENT OUTLINE

Topic Page(s) Figures

and Tables
6.1. Functions of the Skeletal System 110-111 Fig. 6.1, p. 111
A. Support
B. Protection
C. Movement
D. Storage
E. Blood cell production
6.2. Extracellular Matrix 111
A Case In Point: “Brittle Bone Disease” 111
6.3. General Features of Bone 111-117
A. Structure of Long Bone Fig. 6.2, p. 112
B. Histology of Bone Fig. 6.3, p. 114
1. Compact bone Fig. 6.4, p. 114
2. Spongy bone
D. Bone ossification Fig. 6.5, p. 114
1. Intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral ossification Fig. 6.6, p. 115
E. Bone growth
F. Bone remodeling Fig. 6.7, p. 116
G. Bone repair Fig. 6.8, p. 117
Clinical Impact: “Bone Fractures” 118 Fig. 6A
6.4. Bone and Calcium Homeostasis 117-119 Fig. 6.9, p. 118
A. Parathyroid hormone
B. Vitamin D
C. Calcitonin
6.5. General Considerations of Bone Anatomy 119-120 Table 6.1, p. 119
Table 6.2, p. 120
Fig. 6.10, p. 121

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6.6. Axial skeleton 120-129
A. Skull
1. Lateral view Fig. 6.11, p. 122
2. Frontal view Fig. 6.12, p. 123
3. Paranasal sinuses Fig. 6.13, p. 124
4. Interior of the cranial cavity
5. Base of skull seen from below Fig. 6.14, p. 124
6. Hyoid Fig. 6.15, p. 125
B. Vertebral column Fig. 6.16, p. 125
1. General plan of the vertebrae Fig. 6.17, p. 126
2. Regional differences in vertebrae Fig. 6.18, p. 126
Fig. 6.19, p. 127
C. Rib cage Fig. 6.20. p. 128
1. Ribs and Costal Cartilages Fig. 6.21, p. 129
2. Sternum
A Case In Point: “Rib Fractures” 128
6.7. Appendicular Skeleton 129-137
A. Pectoral girdle Fig. 6.22, p. 130
1. Scapula Fig. 6.23, p. 131
2. Clavicle Fig. 6.24, p. 132
B. Upper limb
1. Arm Fig. 6.25, p. 133
2. Forearm Fig. 6.26, p. 134
3. Wrist Fig. 6.27, p. 134
4. Hand Fig. 6.28, p. 134
D. Pelvic girdle Fig. 6.29, p. 134
1. Ilium, ischium, and pubis Fig. 6.30, p. 134
2. Comparison of male and female Fig. 6.31, p. 135
Fig. 6.32, p. 135
E. Lower limb Table 6.3, p. 134
1. Thigh
2. Leg Fig. 6.33, p. 136
3. Ankle Fig. 6.34, p. 137
4. Foot Fig. 6.35, p. 137
Fig. 6.36, p. 138
Clinical Impact: “Carpal Tunnel Syndrome” 131
6.8. Joints
A. Fibrous joints Fig. 6.37, p. 138
B. Cartilaginous joints
C. Synovial joints Fig. 6.38, p. 139
1. Types of synovial joints Fig. 6.39, p. 140
a) Plane joint Fig. 6.40, p. 140
b) Saddle joint
c) Hinge joint
d) Pivot joint
e) Ball-and-socket joint

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 f) Ellipsoid joint
2. Types of movement
a) Flexion and extension Fig. 6.41, p. 142
b) Abduction and adduction
c) Pronation and supination
d) Eversion and inversion
e) Rotation
f) Protraction and retraction
g) Elevation and depression
h) Excursion
i) Opposition and reposition
j) Circumduction
A Case In Point: “Dislocated Shoulder” 143
6.9. Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints
A. Bone matrix becomes more brittle
B. Joints lose articular cartilage
Systems Pathology: “Osteoporosis” 144-145
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System 146

Learning Outcomes Correlation with Question Types

Question Type Question# Bloom’s Level Learning Outcome

Learn to Predict 1 Comprehension 6.6e,f
Predict 2 Comprehension 6.2a

Predict 3 Comprehension 6.3b

Predict 4 Comprehension 6.6b

Predict 5 Comprehension 6.8f

Predict 6 Comprehension 6.3b, 6.4a,b, 6.9a

Review/Comp 1 Knowledge 6.1a

Review/Comp 2 Knowledge 6.2a

Review/Comp 3 Knowledge 6.5a

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 Review/Comp 4 Comprehension 6.3a

Review/Comp 5 Comprehension 6.3a

Review/Comp 6 Comprehension 6.3b

Review/Comp 7 Comprehension 6.3b

Review/Comp 8 Comprehension 6.3b

Review/Comp 9 Knowledge 6.6a,e, 6.7a-e

Review/Comp 10 Knowledge 6.6d

Review/Comp 11 Knowledge 6.6c

Review/Comp 12 Knowledge 6.6d

Review/Comp 13 Comprehension 6.6a

Review/Comp 14 Comprehension 6.6f

Knowledge
Review/Comp 15 6.6f
Comprehension
Knowledge
Review/Comp 16 6.6g
Analysis
Review/Comp 17 Knowledge 6.7a,b

Review/Comp 18 Knowledge 6.7c,d

Review/Comp 19 Knowledge 6.7e

Knowledge
Review/Comp 20 6.8a
Analysis
Review/Comp 21 Comprehension 6.8d

Review/Comp 22 Knowledge 6.8e

Review/Comp 23 Comprehension 6.8f

Critical Thinking 1 Application 6.3b, 6.5a

Critical Thinking 2 Comprehension 6.7e

Critical Thinking 3 Comprehension 6.7b

Critical Thinking 4 Comprehension 6.7c,d

Critical Thinking 5 Comprehension 6.7d

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Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hannibal's
daughter
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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Title: Hannibal's daughter

Author: Andrew Haggard

Release date: November 20, 2023 [eBook #72182]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Hutchinson & Co, 1898

Credits: an anonymous Project Gutenberg volunteer

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HANNIBAL'S

DAUGHTER ***
Hannibal’s Daughter
BY
LIEUT. COL. ANDREW HAGGARD, D.S.O.
Author of
“Tempest Torn,” “Under Crescent and Star,” etc., etc.

LONDON
HUTCHINSON & CO.
PATERNOSTER ROW
1898
 Dedication.
TO HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS LOUISE,
MARCHIONESS OF LORNE.

Madam,
Surely never, in the history of the world, have events more
romantic been known than the career of Hannibal and of his eventual
conqueror, the youthful Scipio. Therefore, under the title of
“Hannibal’s Daughter,” it has been my humble effort to present to the
world in romantic guise such a story as may impress itself upon the
minds of many who would never seek it for themselves in the classic
tomes of history.
Having been commenced on the actual site of Ancient Carthage,
the local colouring of the opening chapters may be, with the aid of
history, relied upon as being correct. Throughout the whole work,
moreover, the thread of the story has been interwoven with a
network of those wonderful feats that are so graphically recorded for
us in the pages of Polybius and Livy.
To Your Royal Highness, with the greatest respect, I have the
honour to dedicate my work. Should there appear to be aught of art
in the manner in which I have attempted to weave a combination of
history and romance, may I venture to hope that a true artist like
Your Royal Highness, of whose works the nation is justly proud, may
not deem the results of my efforts unworthy.

I have the honour to be,

Madam,
Your most obedient servant,
ANDREW C. P. HAGGARD.

Alford Bridge, Aberdeenshire, May, 1898.

 CONTENTS
PART I.
I. HAMILCAR
II. CARTHAGE
III. HANNIBAL’S VOW
PART II.
I. ELISSA
II. MAHARBAL
III. FOREWARNED
IV. FOUR CARTHAGINIAN NOBLES
V. PLOTS AND COUNTER-PLOTS
VI. CLEANDRA’S CUNNING
VII. MELANIA’S MISERY
VIII. LOVE FULFILLED
IX. A LAUGH AND A LIFE
PART III.
I. SOSILUS AND CHŒRAS
II. A GIGANTIC SCHEME
III. HANNIBAL’S DREAM
IV. FIRST BLOOD
V. AT THE FOOT OF THE ALPS
VI. OVER THE ALPS
VII. HANNIBAL’S FIRST TRIUMPH
VIII. EUGENIA
IX. THRASYMENE
X. FRIENDS MUST PART
XI. ELISSA AS A WARRIOR
XII. SOPHONISBA AND SCIPIO
XIII. ON THE BRINK
XIV. CANNÆ
PART IV.
 I. AFTER THE BATTLE
II. WIFE OR MISTRESS
III. FIGHTING WITH FATE
IV. THE FRUITS OF FOLLY
V. MARS VICTORIOUS
VI. CŒCILIA’S DEGRADATION
VII. A RENUNCIATION
PART V.
I. TO SYRACUSE
II. FROM SYRACUSE TO MACEDON
III. A SACRIFICE
IV. A LETTER FROM SCIPIO
V. A SCENE OF HORROR
PART VI.
I. A SPELL OF PEACE
II. ELISSA WRITES TO SCIPIO
III. A TERRIBLE SEA FIGHT
IV. ELISSA’S MISERY
V. HIS LEGAL WIFE
VI. A MOMENTOUS MEETING
VII. ZAMA
VIII. CONCLUSION
HANNIBAL’S DAUGHTER.
 PART I.

CHAPTER I.
HAMILCAR.

On a point of land on the Tœnia, a hundred paces or so to the south

of the canal connecting the sea with the Cothon or double harbour of
Carthage, stood a palatial residence. Upon the balcony, which ran
completely round the house on the first storey, stood a man gazing
steadily across the gulf towards the north-east, past the end of the
Hermæan Promontory, to the left, of which the distant Island of
Zembra alone relieved the monotony of the horizon. His face was
grave, and his short hair and beard were slightly grey, but he was
evidently a man from whom the fire of youth had not yet departed.
His eye was the eye of one born to command; his straight-cut, sun-
burned features told the tale of many campaigns. Near him, on a
stool covered with a leopard skin, was carelessly thrown a steel
helmet richly incrusted with gold, and with the crest and the crown
deeply indented, as if from recent hard usage. The golden crest was
in one place completely divided by a sword cut, the brighter colour of
the gold within the division plainly showing that the blow had been
but lately delivered. On the floor of the balcony, at the foot of the
stool, lay a long straight sword. Although the hilt was of ivory, and
the scabbard of silver inlaid with gems, the blood-stains on the
former and the absence of many of the gems from their sockets, told
that this was no fair-weather weapon for state occasions, but a lethal
blade which had been borne by its owner in the brunt of many a
combat. Only, the armour which the warrior wore—consisting as it
did merely of a bright steel breast-piece, upon the breast of which
was emblazoned in gold a gorgeous representation of the sun, the
emblem of the great god Baal or Moloch, and the back of which was
similarly inlaid with the two-horned moon, the attribute of the glorious
Astarte, Queen of Heaven, and further studded with golden stars, the
emblems of all the other and lesser divinities—seemed on first
appearance as if more intended for the court than the camp. A closer
examination, however, revealed the fact that this also was no mere
holiday armour, for it, too, bore severe marks of ill-usage. The
warrior’s arms were bare from the elbow downwards, save for a
couple of circlets of gold upon each wrist, which from their width
seemed more intended for defence than ornament. Beneath the
armour he wore a bright toga of pure white cloth, the lower part
falling in a kilted skirt below the knee, being adorned with a narrow
band of Tyrian purple. Upon his feet he wore cothurns or sandals
strongly attached with leather thongs, the thongs being protected
with bright chain mail. Some steel pieces for the protection of the
thigh and knee were lying close at hand.
Such was the attire of the great General Hamilcar Barca, as with
an ever-deepening frown upon his anxious brow, he gazed sternly
and steadily in deepest reverie across the sea.
At length his reverie seemed to be broken.
“Why gaze thus towards Sicily,” he muttered; “why dream of
vengeance upon the hated Romans, who now occupy from end to
end of that fair isle, where, for many years, by the grace of
Melcareth, the invisible and omnipotent god, I was able with my
small army of mercenaries to deal them so many terrible and
crushing blows?
“Have they not almost as much cause to hate and to dread me,
who did so much to lower their pride and wipe out the memory of
their former victories? Did I not brave them for years from Mount
Ercte, descending daily like a wolf from the mountain crest, to ravage
the country in front of their very faces in strongly-fortified Panormus,
from the shelter of whose walls, for very fear of my name, they
scarcely dared to stir, so sure were they that their armies would be
cut to pieces by Hamilcar Barca?
“Did I not firmly establish myself in Mount Eryx, half-way up its
slope in the city on the hill, and there for two years, despite a huge
Roman army at the bottom, and their Gallic allies holding the fortified
temple at the top, snap my fingers at them, ay, laugh them to scorn
and destroy them by the thousand? For all that time, was not their
gold utterly unable to buy the treachery of my followers—were not
their arms utterly futile against my person? Did they not indeed find
to their cost that I was indeed the Hamilcar my name betokens—him
whom the mighty Melcareth protects?”
Proudly glancing across the sea with a scornful laugh, he
continued:
“Oh, ye Romans! well know ye that had not mine own countrymen
left me for four long years without men, money, or provisions, Sicily
had even now been mine. Oh, Prætor Valerius! what was thy much
boasted victory of the Œgatian Islands over the Admiral Hanno but
the conquest of a mere convoy of ill-armed cargo vessels, whom
mine economical countrymen were too parsimonious to send to my
relief under proper escort. Where was then thy glory, Valerius? And
thou, too, Lutatius Catulus? how did I receive thy arrogant proposals
that my troops should march out of Eryx under the yoke? I, a
Hamilcar Barca, march out under the yoke!” The General’s swarthy
cheek reddened at the thought. “Did not I but laugh in thy beard and
lay my hand upon this sword—which I now lift up and kiss before
heaven,” he raised and kissed the blood-stained hilt. “Did not I, even
as I do now, but simply bare the well-known blade,” here he drew it
from its sheath, “and thou didst fall and tremble before me, and in
thine anxiety to rid Sicily of me didst willingly take back thine insult
and offer to Hamilcar and all his troops the full and free liberty to
march out with all the honours of war? Ah!” he continued, stretching
forth his sword menacingly across the sea, “for all that it hath been
mine own countrymen who were the main cause of my downfall, I yet
owe thee a vengeance, Rome, a vengeance not for mine own but for
my country’s sake, and, with the help of the gods, in days not long to
come, those of my blood shall redden the plains and mountains of
Europe with the terrible vengeance of the Barcine sword.”
The General returned his sword to its sheath with an angry clang,
then striding across the wide balcony to where it overlooked a
beautiful garden on the other side of the house, he shouted loudly:
“Hannibal, Hannibal!”
 There was no reply, but down beneath the shelter of the fig trees
Hamilcar could plainly perceive three little boys engaged in a very
rough game of mimic warfare. They were all three armed with
wooden swords and small shields of metal. One of them was up in a
fig tree and striking downwards at the head of one who stood upon
the crown of a wall; while the third boy, who stood below the wall,
was striking upwards at his legs. The din of the resounding blows
falling upon the shields was so great that the boy at first did not hear.
“Hannibal, come hither at once,” cried out his father again in
louder tones.
Looking up and seeing his father, the boy on the wall threw down
his shield, a movement which was instantly taken advantage of by
each of the two other boys to get a blow well home. He did not,
however, pause to retaliate, but crying out, “That will I revenge later,”
threw down his sword also and rushed into the house and up to the
balcony, for even at his early age the boy had been taught discipline
and instant obedience, and he knew better than to delay. He
appeared before his father all out of breath and with torn clothing.
Notwithstanding that his forehead was bleeding from the result of the
last cut which had been delivered by the boy in the tree, he did not
attempt to wipe the wound, but with cast-down eyes and hands
crossed over his breast, silently awaited his father’s commands.
“What wast thou doing in the garden, Hannibal?”
“Waiting until Chronos the slave could take me up to see the burnt
sacrifice to Baal of the mercenaries whom thou hast conquered,” he
answered—then added excitedly, “Matho, who murdered Gisco and
his six hundred after mutilating them first, is to be tortured, thou
knowest, oh, my father, Chronos told me so, and I am going to see it
done.”
Hamilcar frowned.
“Nay, it is not my will that thou shalt go to see Matho tortured and
burnt; now, what else wast thou doing down there?”
The boy’s face fell; he did not like to be deprived of the pleasure of
seeing Matho tortured first and burned afterwards, for, boy as he
was, he knew that if ever man in this world deserved the torture, that
man was this last surviving chief of his father’s revolted mercenaries.
 But he made no protest at the deprivation of his expected
morning’s amusement, answering his father simply.
“I was playing with my brothers Hasdrubal and Mago at thine
occupation of the City on Mount Eryx, oh! my father. Mago was up in
the tree and represented the Gauls who had deserted and joined the
Romans. Hasdrubal was down below and took the place of the
Roman Army.”
“And thou wast in thy father’s place between the two, and like thy
father himself, hast been wounded,” replied Hamilcar, smiling grimly.
“Come, wipe thy face, lad, and tell me why didst not thou, being the
strongest, take the part of the Romans at the bottom of the hill?”
Fiercely the youth raised his head, and, looking his father straight
in the face, replied:
“For two reasons, my father. First, I am much stronger than
Hasdrubal, and the war would have been too soon over; secondly, I
hate the Romans, and for nothing in the world would I represent
them even in play.”
“Ah! thou hatest the Romans! And wilt thou then fight them one
day in earnest and avenge the torrents of Carthaginian blood they
have caused to flow, the hundreds of Carthaginian cities whose
inhabitants they have put to the sword; avenge, too, our defeat and
loss of forty-one elephants before Heraclea; the sacking of
Agrigentum and enslavement of 25,000 of its citizens; the terrible
loss of three hundred warships at Ecnomos; the invasion of
Carthaginia by Regulus; his sacking and burning of all the fair
domain between here and Clypea, across yonder Hermæan
Promontory; the capture by Cœcilius Metellus before Panormus of
120 elephants from Hasdrubal, all of them slaughtered in cold blood
as a spectacle for the Roman citizens in the Roman circus; the fight
at—”
“Stop, father, stop!” cried the young Hannibal, stamping his foot. “I
can bear no more. By thy sword here, which I can even now draw—
see I do so—I swear to fight and avenge all these disasters. By the
favour of the great god Baal, whose name I bear, I will wage war
against them all my life as soon as ever I am old enough to carry
arms.”
 “Good,” said his father, “thou art a worthy son of Hamilcar, and this
very day shalt thou swear, not in the bloody temple of Moloch, but in
the sacred fane of Melcareth, the god of the city, the god of thy
forefathers in Tyre, and the god of the divine Dido, the foundress of
Carthage, that never wilt thou relax the hatred to the Romans thou
hast even now sworn by thy father’s sword. Never shalt thou, whilst
life lasts thee, cease to fight for thy native city, thy native country.
Look forth, my lad, upon all thou canst see now, and say, is it not a
fair domain? Let all that lies before thine eyes now sink down deep
into the innermost recesses of thy memory, for soon I shall take thee
hence; but I would not have thee, when far away, forget the sacred
city for whose very existence thou and I must fight. When thou hast
gazed thy fill upon all that lies before us, thou must perform thine
ablutions, arrange thy disordered dress, and then thou shalt
accompany me, not to see the sacrifice of the mercenaries in the pit
of fire before the brazen image of Moloch, but to make thy vow in the
temple of the invisible and all-pervading mighty essence of godhead,
the eternal Melcareth.”
 CHAPTER II.
CARTHAGE.

The terrible war, known as the inexpiable or the truceless war, was
just at an end, after three years’ duration. The mercenaries who had
served so faithfully under Hamilcar in Sicily had by the bad faith of
the Carthaginian Government, headed by Hamilcar’s greatest
enemy, Hanno, been driven to a revolt to try and recover the arrears
of pay due to them for noble services for years past. When the effete
Hanno, after a first slight success, had allowed his camp to be
captured, the Government, at the last gasp, had begged Hamilcar to
fight against his own old soldiers. For the sheer love of his country,
he had, although much against the grain, consented to do so. But
the towns of Utica, the oldest Phœnician town in Africa, and of Hippo
Zarytus were joining in the revolt; the Libyans and Numidians had
risen en masse to join the revolutionists, and the Libyan women,
having sold all their jewellery, of which they possessed large
quantities, for the sake of the revolted mercenaries, there was soon
so much money in the rebel camp that the very existence of
Carthage itself was at stake. Therefore, although Hamilcar well knew
that all the mercenaries, whether Libyans or Ligurians, Balearic
Islanders, Greeks, or Spaniards, were personally well disposed to
himself, he had been forced to take up arms against them.
Under Spendius, a Campanian slave, and Matho, an African in
whom they had formerly placed great trust, the rebels had gained
various successes, and, on visiting them in their camp, had
treacherously made prisoner of Gisco, a general in whom they had
previously expressed the greatest trust, and whom they had asked to
have sent to them with money to arrange their difficulties. Hamilcar
had been at first much hampered by his enemy, Hanno, an
effeminate wretch, being associated in the command with himself;
but when the Carthaginians found that, by leaving Hanno to hamper
Hamilcar, with all these well-trained soldiers against them, they had
got the knife held very close to their own luxurious throats, they
removed Hanno, and left the patriotic Hamilcar in supreme military
command. Their jealousies of him would not have allowed the
aristocracy and plutocracy to have done so much for the man whom
they had deserted for so long in Sicily had they not known their own
very existence to be at stake. For they ran the risk of being killed
both by the Libyans and mercenaries outside, and by the
discontented people inside the walls.
When Hamilcar assumed supreme command, the war had very
soon commenced to go the other way. He forced the easy, luxurious
Carthaginian nobles to become soldiers, and treated them as
roughly as if they had been slaves. And he made them fight. He got
elephants together; he made wonderful marches, dividing the
various rebel camps; he penned them up within their own fortified
lines. Many deserted and joined him; many prisoners whom he took
he released; a great African chief named Naravas came over to his
side. All was going well for Carthage when Spendius and Matho
mutilated and murdered the wretched General Gisco and his six
hundred followers in cold blood. After that no more of their followers
dared to leave them for fear of the terrible retaliation that they knew
awaited them. But how Spendius and all his camp were at length
penned up and reduced to cannibalism, eating all their prisoners and
slaves, how Spendius and his ten senators were taken and crucified,
while Matho, at the same time issuing from Tunis, took and crucified
a Carthaginian general and fifty of his men, and how at length, after
slaughtering or capturing the 30,000 or 40,000 remaining rebels,
Hamilcar took Matho himself prisoner, are all matters of history.
On the morning of the opening of our story, there was to be a
terrible sacrifice offered up to the great Baal Hammon, the sun god
Moloch, the Saturn of the Romans: the terrible monster to whom in
their hours of distress the Carthaginians were in the habit of offering
up at times their own babies, their first-born sons, or the fairest of
their virgins, whose cruel nuptials consisted not in being lighted with
the torch of Hymen, but in being placed bound upon the
outstretched, brazen, red-hot hands of the huge image, from whose
arms, which sloped downwards, they rolled down into the flaming
furnace at his feet. And fathers and mothers, sisters and brothers,
yea, even the very lovers of the girls, looked on complacently,
thinking that in thus sacrificing their dearest and their best to the
cruel god, they were consulting the best interests of their country in a
time of danger. Nor were the screams of the victims, many of whom
were self-offered, allowed to be heard, for the drums beat, the
priests chanted, and the beautiful young priestesses attached to the
temple danced in circles around, joining the sound of their voices
and their musical instruments to the crackling of the fire and the
rolling of the drums.
When Hamilcar bid his boy, Hannibal, look forth upon the city
before him, on the sea in front and behind him, and upon the country
around, it was a lovely morning in early summer. The weather was
not yet hot; there was a beautiful north-west breeze blowing down
the Carthaginian Gulf straight into the boy’s face, tossing up little
white horses on the surface of the sea, of which the white-flecked
foam shone like silver on its brilliantly green surface. Across the gulf,
upon whose bosom floated many a stately trireme and quinquireme,
to the east side arose a bold range of rugged mountains with steep,
serrated edges. Turning round yet further and facing the south, the
young Hannibal could see the same mountain range, dominated by a
steep, two-horned peak, sweeping round, but gradually bearing back
and so away from the shores of the shallow salt water lake then
known as the Stagnum, now called the Lake of Tunis. This lake was
separated, by the narrow strip of land called the Tœnia, from the
Sirius Carthaginensis, or Gulf of Carthage, upon the extremity of
which is now built the town of Goletta. There was in those days, as
now, a canal dividing this isthmus in two, and thus giving access for
ships to Tunis, a distance of ten miles from Carthage, at the far end
of the Tunisian lake.
Turning back again and looking to the north and north-west,
Hannibal saw stretching before him the whole noble City of
Carthage, of which his father’s palace formed one of the most
southern buildings within the sea wall. Close at hand were various
other palaces, with gardens well irrigated and producing every kind
of delicious fruit and beautiful flower to delight the palate or the eye.
Here waved in the breeze the feathery date palm, the oleander with
its wealth of pink blossom, the dark-green and shining pomegranate
tree with its glorious crimson flowers. Further, the fig, the peach tree,
the orange, the lemon, and the narrow-leaved pepper tree gave
umbrageous shelter to the winding garden walks. Over the
cunningly-devised summer-houses hung great clusters of blue
convolvulus or the purple bourgainvillia, while along the borders of
plots of vines gleaming with brilliant verdure, clustered, waist-high,
crimson geraniums and roses in the richest profusion. Between
these palaces lay stretched out the double harbour for the merchant
ships and war ships, a canal forming the entrance to the one, and
both being connected with each other. The harbour for the merchant
ships was oblong in shape, and was within a stone’s throw of the
balcony upon which the boy was standing. The inner harbour was
perfectly circular, and surrounded by a fortification; and around its
circumference were one hundred and twenty sets of docks, the gates
of each of which were adorned with beautiful Ionic pillars of purest
marble.
In the centre of this cup, or cothon as it was called, there was an
island, upon which was reared a stately marble residence for the
admiral in charge of the dockyards, and numerous workshops for the
shipwrights. All were designed and built with a view to beauty as well
as utility.
For that day only, the clang of hammers had ceased to be heard,
and all was still in the dockyards, for there was high holiday and
festival throughout the whole length and breadth of the City of
Carthage on the glad occasion of the intended execution, by fire, of
Matho and the remaining rebels who had not fallen by the sword in
the last fight at Tunis.
Just beyond the war harbour, there was a large open place called
the Agora, and a little beyond and to the left of it Hannibal could
descry the Forum placed on a slight elevation. It was a noble
building, surrounded by a stately colonnade of pillars, the capitals of
which were ornamented in the strictly Carthaginian style, which
seemed to combine the acanthus plant decoration of the Corinthian
capital, with the ram’s horn curves of the Ionic style. Between the
pillars there stood the most beautiful works of art, statues of Parian
marble ravished in the Sicilian wars, or gilded figures of cunning
workmanship of Apollo, Neptune, or the Goddess Artemis, being the
spoils of Macedon or imported from Tyre. The roof of the Forum was
constructed of beautiful cedar beams from Lebanon, sent as a
present by the rulers of Tyre to their daughter city, and no pains or
expense had been spared to make the noble building, if not equal in
grandeur, at any rate only second in its glorious manufacture to the
magnificent temple of Solomon, itself constructed for the great king
by Tyrian and Sidonian workmen.
A couple of miles away to the left could be seen the enormous
triple fortification stretching across the level isthmus which
connected Carthage, its heights and promontories, with the
mainland. This wall enclosed the Megara or suburbs, rich with the
country houses of the wealthy merchant princes. It was forty-five feet
high, and its vaulted foundations afforded stabling for a vast number
of elephants. It reached from sea to sea, and completely protected
Carthage on the land side. Between the city proper and this wall
beyond the Megara, everywhere could be seen groves of olive trees
in richest profusion, while between them and the frequent intervening
palaces, were to be observed either waving fields of ripening golden
corn, or carefully cultivated vegetable gardens, well supplied with
running streams of water from the great aqueduct which brought the
water to the city from the mountains of Zaghouan sixty miles away.
To the north of the Forum and beyond the Great Place, the city
stretched upwards, the width of the city proper, between the sea and
the suburbs, being only about a mile or a mile and a half. It sloped
upwards to the summit of the hill of the Byrsa or Citadel, hence the
boy Hannibal, from his position on the sea level in rear of the
harbours, was able to take in, not only the whole magnificent coup
d’œil of palaces and temples, but also that of the high and
precipitous hill forming Cape Carthage, which lay beyond it to the
north, whose curved and precipitous cliffs enclosed on the eastern
side a glittering bay, wherein were anchored many vessels of
merchandise.
The summit of this mountain was, like the suburbs of the Megara
to the west of the city, studded with the rich country dwellings of the
luxurious and ease-loving inhabitants of Carthage.
But it was not on the distant suburbs that the lad fixed his eager
gaze, it was on the gleaming city of palaces itself. Here, close at
hand on the right, he could see the temple of Apollo with its great