Scientific American Environmental Science For A Changing World 3Rd Edition Karr Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Scientific American Environmental
Science For A Changing World 3rd

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MODULE 6.1
Guiding Question 1
How is water distributed on Earth, and what are the sources of freshwater?
Multiple Choice
1. Refer to Infographic 1. Even though the planet is 75% water, only _________ of this
water is freshwater.
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. less than 1/100th of 1%
D. 3%
E. 5%
Answer: D
Section: Freshwater: Distribution and sources
Level: 1
Bloom’s Level: Remembering
2. Of all the freshwater on the Earth, approximately ________________ is trapped as ice.

A. 10%
B. 80%
C. 50%
D. 8%
E. 60%
Answer: B
Level: 1
3. Refer to Infographic 1. Which of the following contains the most surface freshwater?
A. groundwater
B. glaciers and ice caps
C. soil moisture
D. rivers
E. lakes
Answer: E
Level: 1
Bloom’s Level: Understanding
4. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A. Ocean water is toxic to humans in large doses.
B. Each region around the world faces unique water challenges.
C. Snowmelt from the Sierra Nevada Mountain could increase as a result of climate
change.
D. Up to 75% of the human body consists of water.
E. Nearly 80% of freshwater on the planet is trapped in ice caps at the poles and on
glaciers.
Answer: C
Level: 1
5. Out of all of the water on Earth, how much is usable by humans?

A. 50%
B. 10%
C. 5%
D. 1%
E. less than 1%
Answer: E
Section: Freshwater: Distribution and sources Level: 1
6. The largest potential source of freshwater is found in ________________.

A. groundwater
B. lakes
C. oceans
D. polar ice caps and glaciers
E. rivers
Answer: D
Level: 1
7. Water that has a low level of dissolved ions in it can be found in ____________.
A. glaciers
B. streams
C. lakes
D. groundwater
E. All of these answer choices are correct.
Answer: E
Section: Freshwater: Distribution and sources Level: 1
Guiding Question 2
How does water cycle through the environment?
Multiple Choice
8. The action by which plant roots pull water from the soil and then release some of it
into the atmosphere is known as _______________.
A. evaporation
B. transpiration
C. evapotranspiration
D. infiltration
E. condensation
Answer: B
Section: The water cycle
Level: 1
9. Gravity “powers” all of the following processes of the hydrological cycle EXCEPT
________________.
A. runoff
B. infiltration
C. precipitation
D. transpiration
Answer: D
Level: 2
Bloom’s Level: Applying
10. Which of the following contribute to the formation of precipitation?

A. cold air in the upper atmosphere
B. solar energy
C. the movement of groundwater
D. evaporation
Answer: E
Level: 1
Essay
11. Refer to Infographic 2. Explain how salty ocean water can be recycled to become
usable freshwater.
FEEDBACK: Solar energy heats the ocean water, causing it to evaporate into gaseous
water vapor. The salt remains behind. After rising, cooler air causes the water vapor to
condense as clouds. Eventually, the water in these clouds will fall back to Earth as
precipitation. Some of this may infiltrate into the groundwater, where it can be used as
freshwater. Some of it will remain as fresh, usable surface water. Of course, much of it
may also fall back into the oceans.
Level: 2
12. Refer to Infographic 2. Explain the steps and processes in the water cycle as water
moves from the ocean to the atmosphere to land and back to the ocean.
FEEDBACK: Water in the ocean is heated by solar energy, causing it to evaporate. As
this water rises and cools, it condenses over land to form clouds. This cloud water
eventually falls back to Earth as precipitation. On the Earth’s surface, precipitated water
can travel down a couple of paths. If it soaks into the ground, or infiltrates, it can enter
the groundwater supply, which will eventually bring it back to the ocean. Also, infiltrated
water can be absorbed by plants, transpired through them, and released back to the
atmosphere. If water lands on the surface and flows over the surface rather than
infiltrating, it becomes runoff and can flow into a lake, river, or other body of water,
eventually making its way back to the ocean. On the surface or from any body of water,
water can evaporate, condensate, and then re-precipitate.
Section: The water cycle Level: 2
13. Why is deforestation a problem in regard to the Earth’s freshwater supply?

FEEDBACK: Deforestation cuts down acres and acres of trees and other plants. As we
know from the water cycle, plants, especially large trees, take up water from underground
reserves (transpiration) and release it back into the atmosphere (evaporation). If these
plants were no longer present and able to do this process, the water cycle would be
broken and less freshwater would fall from the clouds to the Earth’s surface, resulting in
lower ground water supplies in more areas.
Level: 2
Bloom’s Level: Analyzing
Guiding Question 3
What is an aquifer, how does it receive or lose water, and what problems emerge
when too much water is removed?
Multiple Choice
14. The top of a rain-saturated region that may rise or fall seasonally is called the
_____________.
A. unconfined aquifer
B. confined aquifer
C. water table
D. infiltrator
E. porous rock
Answer: C
Section: Groundwater
Level: 1
15. What is an aquifer?

A. an area in which saltwater intrudes on freshwater supplies
B. a species of conifer that can live underwater
C. an underground region of permeable soil or rock saturated with water
D. the very top region of an underground water reservoir
E. a human-made underground water reservoir system
Answer: C
Level: 1
16. What is one important quality of an aquifer?

A. Bacteria and other contaminants are filtered out of the water by rocks and soil.
B. The water supply is replenished through infiltration of rain and snowmelt.
C. It is a source of potable water.
D. Individual homes can access the water supply by digging wells into the aquifer.
E. All of these answer choices are important qualities of aquifers.
Answer: E
Level: 1
17. An aquifer that is separated by impermeable rock is called a(n) _____________
aquifer.
A. confined
B. unconfirmed
C. confirmed
D. unconfined
E. nonporous
Answer: A
Section: Groundwater Level: 1
18. Groundwater in aquifers is naturally replenished by _____________.

A. runoff
B. transpiration
C. infiltration
D. seepage from sewers
E. evaporation
Answer: C
Level: 1
19. Predict whether the water table would be higher or lower in New Mexico at the height
of summer.
A. higher
B. lower
Answer: B
Level: 2
20. Which of the following would reduce the amount of infiltration of water into an
aquifer?
A. paved roads
B. monoculture lawns
C. cement driveways
D. buildings
Answer: E
21. What happens when the water table drops below sea level in aquifers near the ocean?
A. saltwater intrusion
B. seawater conversion to freshwater
C. freshwater intrusion
D. contamination of the entire aquifer with saltwater
E. There is no consequence to this.
Answer: A
22. What is the most likely reason that more communities do not use the potable water
stored in confined aquifers?
A. It is usually contaminated with salt water.
B. It is impossible to access.
C. Bacteria are not filtered out of this water.
D. It is too expensive to reach and pump out.
E. Most aquifers are unconfined.
Answer: D
Level: 2
23. What is a consequence of too much water being removed from an aquifer?
A. saltwater intrusion
B. dry wells
C. cones of depression
D. lowered water table levels
Answer: E
Level: 1
24. Which of the following lists the path of water correctly?

A. surface → soil → water table → aquifer
B. surface → saturated zone → soil → aquifer → water table
C. surface → water table → soil
D. lake → soil → aquifer → water table
E. infiltration → soil → aquifer → water table
Answer: A
Level: 2
25. How did the Orange County Water District solve the problem of saltwater intrusion
into unconfined coastal aquifers?
A. It built a dam to block the seepage of saltwater into the aquifers.
B. It stopped using those aquifers as public water supplies.
C. It installed desalination plants to purify the water coming out of the aquifers.
D. It began to pump highly treated sewage wastewater into infiltrated wells.
E. It built sea walls along coastal areas to keep out advancing waves.
Answer: D
Level: 1
Essay
26. What is one way you can help protect, or advise others in order to protect, your local
aquifer?
FEEDBACK: Depending on where you live and what is present in your community, there
are different ways that you can protect your local aquifer. If you live in an urban area,
you could build your driveway out of porous materials to let rainwater seep through to
the groundwater below. You could also plant different species of grasses and plants in
your yard that could increase the amount of rainwater and snowmelt that are taken into
the ground instead of running off into the sewer. If you lived in a more agricultural area,
you could make sure that water runoff from your farm is reduced and free of pollutants
like fertilizer and pesticides. You could also invest in technology and methods that reduce
the amount of water needed for your crops or use different sources of water (perhaps
purified wastewater). All of these methods, including watching your personal water usage
and educating others on theirs, will help keep our aquifers healthy and full.
Level: 2
27. What are some potential impacts of global warming on aquifers?

FEEDBACK: Global warming is having and will have large effects on Earth’s
ecosystems. In terms of aquifers, some potential effects will include aquifers drying up
completely (especially in drought-stricken areas); lowered water tables to the point where
saltwater intrusion will occur; less snowfall on mountains, which means less snowmelt to
replenish the aquifer in the spring thaw; and rising temperatures, meaning less rainfall,
which would cause water table levels to drop, people to dig wells deeper, and more dry
wells to occur. All of these effects would be compounded by the likelihood that water
demand would rise, for both personal and commercial/agricultural use, in warming
temperatures.
Level: 3
Bloom’s Level: Evaluating
28. Refer to Infographic 3. Explain how the deeper well to the larger house affects the
water supply to each of the smaller houses.
FEEDBACK: The excess withdrawal of water by the larger house is causing what is
referred to as a cone of depression. This lowers the water table (top level of the aquifer)
so that the well from one of the smaller houses will dry up. This homeowner will be
forced to drill deeper or get water elsewhere. The other smaller house is closer to the
ocean. The depleted aquifer is now contaminated with salt water that has pushed into the
open space.
Level: 2
29. Refer to Infographic 3. Explain the relationships between the saturated and
unsaturated zones, precipitation and infiltration, and the water table.
FEEDBACK: The saturated zone is where the groundwater is located; the unsaturated
zone is where infiltration takes place, but the water doesn’t stay there. The water table is
the boundary between the two. Precipitation is the process that provides the water, and
infiltration is the process by which the water percolates through the unsaturated zone into
the saturated zone.
Level: 3
Guiding Question 4
What is the breakdown of water use by sector and national income level?
Multiple Choice
30. Which practice requires the greatest amount of water input?
A. flushing the toilet
B. taking a shower
C. making a cotton T-shirt
D. washing dishes
E. producing 1 pound of beef
Answer: E
Section: Global water use
Level: 1
31. Which of the following countries has the greatest domestic water use per capita?
A. United States
B. Australia
C. Canada
D. China
E. France
Answer: A
Level: 1
32. Globally, what is the biggest user of freshwater?

A. agriculture
B. industry
C. domestic
D. mining
E. thermoelectric power plants
Answer: A
Level: 1
Guiding Question 5
What are the causes and consequences of water scarcity?
Multiple Choice
33. Not having access to enough clean water supplies is known as _______________.
A. drought
B. freshwater debt
C. groundwater depletion
D. water scarcity
E. none of these answers
Answer: D
Section: Water scarcity: Causes and consequences
Level: 1
34. In the Southwestern United States, the use of water is approaching or exceeding
sustainable limits. This is a good example of _______________.
A. economic water scarcity
B. physical water scarcity
C. inadequate sanitation
D. All of these answer choices are correct.
E. None of these answer choices are correct.
Answer: B
Level: 2
35. Which of the following continents has the greatest water scarcity?
A. North America
B. South America
C. Africa
D. Antarctica
E. Europe
Answer: C
Level: 1
36. Water scarcity can lead to _______________.

A. a short life span
B. malnutrition
C. conflict over water rights
D. cultural turmoil
Answer: E
Level: 1
37. Which statement about water use is INCORRECT?

A. The United Nations estimates that 2.8 billion people lack sufficient access to clean
water.
B. As the population increases, water scarcity and sanitation issues will also increase.
C. Because of their unsustainable practices, per capita water use in developing countries
is far greater than in developed nations.
D. In some areas of the world, there is enough water, but people do not have enough
money to purchase or dig wells to access it.
E. Middle Eastern nations are among the most water-stressed countries in the world.
Answer: C
Level: 2
Essay
38. Compare and contrast physical and economic water scarcity. How might solutions to
water scarcity differ for these two causes?
FEEDBACK: Physical water scarcity occurs when there is not enough water in any kind
of reservoir to meet the demand of the communities living around them. There is
“physically” not enough water to go around. Economic water scarcity occurs where there
is actually water available but the communities, due to economic reasons, cannot utilize
it. A solution to any problem must take into account the cause of the problem in the first
place. For example, changing agricultural water use policies and technology would likely
not help some communities with economic water scarcity because the water that is
available for use would still be contaminated by raw sewage. And vice versa, better home
water use policies may not greatly help a community where a physical scarcity is caused
by extensive agricultural use.
Level: 3
Bloom’s Level: Analyzing/Evaluating
39. How might global warming and climate change affect water scarcity in the future?
FEEDBACK: Climate change will affect many areas concerning water scarcity, but in
general, you can imagine that as the average temperature of the Earth rises, the need for
water, for all uses, will grow. If you add to that the exponential population growth that
the Earth is experiencing, you now have more people to feed, more sanitation issues to
deal with, and less water to provide solutions. Billions of humans are already
experiencing water scarcity, and unless area-specific policies and solutions are put into
place, that number is going to continue to grow.
Level: 3
Guiding Question 6
What are some of the ways that our wastewater is treated to make it potable or safe
to release into the environment?
Multiple Choice
40. Problems associated with poor sanitation include _______________.
A. disease transmission
B. exposure to toxins
C. dehydration
D. premature death
Answer: E
Section: Wastewater treatment
Level: 1
41. Which of the following areas has the lowest percentage of its population with access
to improved sanitation?
A. rural Latin America
B. urban East Asia
C. rural sub-Saharan Africa
D. urban South-Central Asia
E. None of these answer choices are correct.
Answer: C
Level: 1
42. To make wastewater ___________, or clean enough for consumption, it is put

through a process called reverse osmosis.
A. sanitary
B. desalinated
C. effluent
D. intrusive
E. potable
Answer: E
Level: 1
43. Wetland filtration systems differ from traditional high-tech filtration systems in that
_____________.
A. they create water that is not potable
B. they depend on nature to help purify sewage
C. they require a higher energy input than high-tech methods
D. none of these answers
E. they both create water that is not potable and depend on nature to help purify sewage
Answer: E
Level: 1
44. To ensure an ongoing water source, communities construct _____________, which

in turn create ______________.
A. wetland sewage filtration systems; reservoirs
B. reservoirs; aquifers
C. dams; reservoirs
D. water tables; aquifers
E. reverse osmosis plants; dams
Answer: C
Level: 1
45. __________ treatment is a physical process that removes large particles with a
screen.
A Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Potable
E. Clarifier
Answer: A
Level: 1
46. _____________ treatment is a biological process that uses microorganisms to break

down organic matter.
A Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Potable
E. Clarifier
Answer: B
Level: 1
47. When treatment marshes are used by sewage treatment facilities to treat wastewater,
the treatment marsh is acting as a form of ____________ treatment.
A primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. potable
E. clarifier
Answer: B
Level: 2
48. One of the first steps in the Orange County project for cleaning up water supplies
relied upon _______________.
A. wetlands
B. microfiltration
C. reverse osmosis
D. UV exposure
Answer: B
Level: 1
49. Final treatment of wastewater in the United States normally involves treatment with
___________ to make it safe.
A. alcohol
B. radon
C. nitrogen
D. antibiotics
E. chlorine
Answer: E
Level: 1
Essay
50. One of the ways wastewater in Orange County is treated is by using reverse osmosis,
UV light, and hydrogen peroxide. What does each process do in the treatment of
wastewater?
FEEDBACK: Reverse osmosis removes salt and other contaminants (such as
pharmaceutical drugs and toxic chemicals), UV light destroys bacteria and viruses, and
hydrogen peroxide converts dioxane and other toxic chemicals into harmless molecules.
Level: 2
51. How do traditional wastewater treatment plants differ from wastewater treatment
plants that mimic nature?
FEEDBACK: The goal of both types of plants is to treat wastewater and make it safe
before discharging it back into nature. Traditional wastewater plants use energy-intensive
high-tech methods that rely upon chemicals to treat the wastewater. Plants that mimic
nature use ponds and wetlands to naturally treat wastewater; the microorganisms and
plants in the ponds and wetlands purify the wastewater as it flows through them.
Level: 2
52. What could be some of the potential problems related to using wastewater treatment
plants that mimic nature in colder environments?
FEEDBACK: Wastewater treatment plants that mimic nature rely upon plants and
microorganisms to purify and treat the wastewater. The ability of plants and
microorganisms to treat the wastewater will decrease during colder weather as the plants
die off and the colder temperature decreases the metabolism of the microorganisms.
Level: 3
53. Why are two sets of marshes used in the Arcata wetland sewage treatment system?
FEEDBACK: The first marsh is referred to as the treatment marsh and accepts water
from holding ponds after the water has left the clarifier. These primary wetlands remove
the majority of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorous, as well as coliform bacteria. The
second set of marshes, called the enhancement marshes, further purifies the water and
also serves as a wildlife habitat. Water leaving the enhancement marshes enters
Humboldt Bay, and this water is treated to the point that it enhances the water quality of
the bay.
Level: 2
Guiding Question 7
What technologies can help provide more potable water and what are their
tradeoffs?
54. Which of the water projects discussed in this chapter was designed to produce potable
water?
A. Arcata
B. Orange County
C. Three Gorges Dam
D. both a and b
Answer: B
Level: 1
55. While dams are important, they lose large amounts of water every day due to
_____________.
A. infiltration
B. evaporation
C. runoff
D. transpiration
Answer: B
Section: Addressing water shortages with technology
Level: 1
56. Desalination, the process that removes ________________ from water, is

_______________.
A. bacteria; cheap
B. salt and other minerals; expensive
C. pollution; a biomimicry process
D. sewage; mandated by the federal government
E. organic matter; facilitated by reverse osmosis
Answer: B
Level: 1
57. In January 2008, Orange County implemented the Groundwater Replenishment

System, which reclaimed water that normally would have been wasted as ____________.
A. evaporation
B. runoff
C. ocean
D. landfill
Answer: C
Level: 1
Essay
58. Many countries have constructed dams and reservoirs as a method to solve water
shortages. What are some of the problems associated with dams and reservoirs?
FEEDBACK: Some of the problems seen with dams and reservoirs are political conflicts,
water losses that can range in thousands of gallons per day to evaporation, accumulation
of silt behind the dam, and the ecological impacts on habitats and biodiversity.
Level: 2
Guiding Question 8
How can conservation help address water scarcity issues?
Multiple Choice
59. Our per capita use of water is known as our ________________.
A. water footprint
B. ecological footprint
C. water scarcity
D. aquifer
E. ecosystem service
Answer: A
Section: Addressing water shortages with conservation
Level: 1
60. Refer to Infographic 8. Which of the following represents the largest single use of
water in a typical U.S. household?
A. leaks
B. baths
C. showering
D. washing clothes
E. toilets
Answer: E
Level: 1
61. How much less water do newer Energy Star washing machines use compared with
older models?
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
E. 90%
Answer: C
Level: 1
62. Switching to water-saving irrigation methods not only saves water but also
_______________.
A. limits water loss to evaporation
B. reduces runoff
C. protects surface water
D. prevents soil salinization
Answer: E
Level: 1
63. Currently, several states are using recycled water for nonpotable uses, including
_______________.
A. irrigating landscapes
B. irrigating crops
C. filling fountains
D. flushing toilets
Answer: E
Level: 1
64. Which of the following is a cheap way to maintain water supplies?

A. not waste so much water
B. use water-saving irrigation methods
C. create groundwater replenishment systems
D. install high-tech water filtration systems
E. both not waste so much water and use water-saving irrigation methods
Answer: E
Level: 1
65. Which statement about recycled water projects is true?

A. Public perception of recycled water projects is, for the majority, negative.
B. Public perception of recycled water projects depends on how plagued a community is
by water-scarcity issues.
C. When it comes to citizens’ understanding, the “toilet to tap” phrase is the best
explanation of recycled water projects.
D. Most recycled water projects are unsuccessful.
E. A statewide survey in Arizona, a drought-stricken state, found that residents did not
support recycled water projects.
Answer: B
Level: 1
Essay
66. Refer to the table. List two conservation strategies that individuals can use to reduce
their water use, and provide examples. Why are small changes important?
FEEDBACK: Individuals can reduce their water use in a number of ways, mainly by
using new water-efficient technologies and making behavioral changes. New water-
efficient technologies include low-flow toilets, low-flow showerheads, low-flow faucets,
and Energy Star–certified appliances. However, to really save water, these appliances
should be purchased only when new appliances are needed because production of these
items itself requires water. Some behavioral changes include flushing liquid waste less
frequently, turning off the shower head except to rinse, turning off the faucet while
brushing teeth, and running appliances (that is, dishwashers and washing machines) only
when they are full. These small changes are important because they can add up to saving
a lot of water in the long run.
Level: 2
67. Your job is to help households improve water conservation. What are some of the
recommendations you would make?
FEEDBACK: Install low-flow toilets, showerheads, and faucets. Replace old clothes
washers and dishwashers with Energy Star machines. Teach the importance of turning off
the faucet while you brush your teeth. Have the household wash their clothes or dishes
only when the machines are full.
Section: 14.5
Level: 2
68. Explain why it is cheaper to conserve water than it is to purify it or build a dam.
FEEDBACK: Purification projects, such as the GWRS project in California, can cost
almost $500 million just to build. And then they need money for operation and
maintenance. Most rivers that can be dammed have been. Reservoirs are prone to
evaporation. Also, there are many political issues involved in damming rivers. The
environmental issues in damming a river need to be considered, such as disrupting fish
life cycles and changing the temperature of the water. Finally, there are the issues of the
people and culture being displaced by a reservoir. For example, the Land between the
Lakes project in Kentucky and Tennessee covered over 300 cemeteries. The Three
Gorges Dam in China is forcing over 1 million people to move. In contrast, it is easier
and cheaper not to waste as much water in daily living. Many new technologies for the
home are being developed, such as low-flow toilets, faucets, washers, and dishwashers.
Just fixing a leak can conserve 14% of a household’s water use. New irrigation methods
in agriculture that reduce evaporation and runoff loss are also being developed.
Level: 3
69. Refer to the table. Explain how using less energy saves water.
FEEDBACK: The three main processes used to make electricity—nuclear, fossil fuels,
and hydroelectric—all require water. The first two require water to make steam to turn
the turbines. Nuclear energy also requires a lot of water to cool the reactor core. And
even though it consumes the least of the three, since the water to produce hydroelectric
power can also be used for other purposes, it does require water and alters the hydrologic
cycle.
Level: 2
70. Explain how the choice of crops or ornamental plants to plant can help conserve
water.
FEEDBACK: Choosing to plant native species and low-water-demand ornamental plants,
such as cacti, prairie flowers, or grasses, instead of high-water-demand grasses, like
Kentucky blue grass, can greatly reduce the amount of watering needed to maintain the
lawn and gardens. Choices of agricultural crops can also greatly reduce irrigation needs.
For example, cotton and rice are water-intensive crops. Farmers in drought-prone areas or
areas with less rain should consider crops that require less water and irrigation.
Level: 3
Matching
Match each term in the left-hand column to the statement that it best exemplifies.
1. wastewater the process of water soaking into the

ground
(*12)
2. freshwater the uppermost water level of the saturated
zone of an aquifer
(*13)
3. water cycle the water appropriated by industry to
produce products or energy; this includes
the water actually used and water that is
polluted in the production process
(*23)
4. surface water water found underground in aquifers
(*9)
5. transpiration the process of removing contaminants
from wastewater to make it safe enough to
release into the environment
(*17)
6. evaporation not having access to enough clean water
(*10)
7. condensation clean enough for consumption
(*18)
8. precipitation water that has few dissolved ions, such as
salt
(*2)
9. groundwater the removal of salt and minerals from
seawater to make it suitable for
consumption
(*22)
10. water scarcity the movement of water through various
water compartments, such as surface
waters, atmosphere, soil, and living
organisms
(*3)
11. aquifer an artificial lake formed when a river is
impounded by a dam
(*21)
12. infiltration the conversion of water from a gaseous
state (water vapor) to a liquid state
(*7)
13. water table an underground, permeable region of soil
or rock that is saturated with water
(*11)
14. saltwater intrusion the loss of water vapor from plants
(*5)
15. effluent rain, snow, sleet, or any other form of
water falling from the atmosphere
(*8)
16. domestic water use federal law that protects public drinking
water supplies in the United States
(*19)
17. wastewater treatment a structure that blocks the flow of water in
a river or stream
(*20)
18. potable the inflow of ocean (salt) water into a
freshwater aquifer that happens when an
aquifer has lost some of its freshwater
stores
(*14)
19. Safe Water Drinking Act (SWDA) political conflicts over the allocation of
water sources
(*24)
20. dam any body of water found aboveground,
such as oceans, rivers, and lakes
(*4)
21. reservoir wastewater discharged into the
environment
(*15)
22. desalination the conversion of water from a liquid state
to a gaseous state
(*6)
23. water footprint indoor and outdoor use of water by
households and small businesses
(*16)
24. water wars used and contaminated water that is
released after use by households, industry,
or agriculture
(*1)
MODULE 6.1
Linked Questions
Science Literacy
Use Infographic 8 to answer the next 5 questions.
1. What uses the greatest percentage of water in a U.S. household?

A. showering
B. washing clothes
C. flushing the toilet
D. leaks
Answer: C
Section: Science literacy
Level: 2
2. How many more gallons of water does it take to produce a pair of blue jeans than a
cotton T-shirt?
A. 2,100
B. 1,440
C. 660
D. 350
Answer: B
Level: 2
3. To conserve the most water, people should eat less

A. corn.
B. bread.
C. pork.
D. beef.
Answer: D
Level: 2
4. We can save the most water by using which type of electricity production?
A. nuclear energy
B. coal fired power plants
C. hydroelectric energy
Answer: C
Level: 2
5. How much water could be saved in gallons per minute if you use a low-flow faucet
instead of a traditional faucet?
A. 5
B. 1.5
C. 4.5
D. 3.5
E. 6
Answer: D
Level: 2
Making Connections
Use the following scenario to answer the next 5 questions:
Water scarcity is a concern to many countries around the world. To people living in
the United States, it may not seem like a critical issue, however, parts of the United
States experience heavy droughts which leave regions facing water challenges.
Much of our water from domestic and agricultural use comes from aquifers and
groundwater. You are working with the United Nations on Goal Six of the
Sustainability Developmental Goals: to ensure access to water and sanitation for all.
1. As part of your job, you have to know the distribution of water available on Earth.
You report that of the available freshwater, only ___% is available for use by humans.
A. 10
B. 1
C. 0.01
D. 0.001
Answer: D
Section: Making connections
Level: 2
2. Globally, the biggest use of freshwater is from

A. domestic water use.
B. agricultural irrigation.
C. industrial use for thermoelectric plants.
D. These all use the same amounts of freshwater.
Answer: B
Level: 2
3. One recommendation you can make to businesses in your city to improve

infiltration to recharge the local aquifer is
A. withdrawing more water for industry use.
B. constructing a new parking lot using traditional asphalt.
C. planting a rain garden in the front of the building.
D. All of these will improve infiltration of the aquifer.
Answer: C
Level: 2
4. You are working in Africa to help developing nations with water scarcity. To
decrease the number of people dying each day from waterborne diseases, you
propose a program which will
A. install pit latrines away from water sources.
B. build a treatment plant for decontamination of waste water.
C. support the local community to improve water management.
D. these are all parts of your program which would decrease waterborne diseases.
Answer: D
Level: 2
5. You are asked to talk to a school group about the importance of water
conservation. Which of the following would not be a conservation method you could
talk about?
A. Farmers using irrigation methods to limit loss to evaporation and runoff.
B. Choosing to plant crops more suited to the environment they are growing in.
C. Reducing use of our resources and being aware of our consumer choices.
D. All of these answer choices are ways in which we can conserve water.
Answer: D
Level: 2
Another random document with
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boots not to inquire, with the beautiful daughter of the Laird o’ the
Haugh. I felt it through every vein of my body, and every fibre of my
heart, and I fondly imagined from sundry stealthy glances and sweet
suggestive smiles that the dear creature had perceived and
reciprocated my attachment. The golden silence of love is the highest
eloquence, and the most entrancing song. As good luck and
favouring fortune would have it, I had no sooner left the dining-hall
than the object of my adoration came tripping down stairs alone. In
looking over the drawing-room window a rich flower from her
lustrous hair had fallen to the ground, and the lovely creature was
now hastening to secure the lost treasure. Here was an opportunity
little anticipated, but long remembered. It was impossible that I
could be so ungallant as allow her to search for the fallen flower by
herself, and we therefore went out into the open air together. There
was no moon, but the stars were shining full and brilliant in the
firmament. Tall holly bushes and other shrubs surrounded the house
within the outer circle of trees. The only two sounds I distinctly
heard were the beating of my heart, and the humming sound of the
minister’s voice as he narrated the incidents of his pilgrimage to the
Eternal City. I blessed the good man for his unconscious kindness in
granting me this opportunity. Jessie and I proceeded to the place
where the flower was supposed to be. I saw it at once, and she saw it
at once; but both of us pretended that we had not seen it, and so the
sweet search continued. Need I describe, O amiable reader! how in
searching and stooping I felt the touch of her ringleted hair, the
warmth of her breath, the delicate softness of her cheek, and imbibed
the honey-balm of her lips? At last the flower was found,—I blessed it
unaware,—and, under the starlight, replaced it on that lovely head
from which it had not been untimely plucked, but had most
opportunely fallen.
We returned to the house undiscovered. The Laird, I knew, was in
that pleased and placid state when he could have listened for many
hours to the Man of the Moon describing the incidents of his celestial
travels and the wonders he had seen from his specular tower. I
parted with Jessie at the foot of the staircase, pressed her soft warm
hand, and re-entered the room which I had rather unceremoniously
left. The minister had got upon the Pope, and all the symptoms of
“tired nature” were apparent on the faces of most of the listeners.
They had the look of a congregation when the thirteenth “head” is
being propounded with due deliberation from the pulpit. The Laird
had not seen me depart, but he saw me enter. He evidently placed in
me the most implicit reliance, and there was no suspicion in his look.
“Hae ye been snuffin’ the caller air, doctor?” he inquired.
I answered in the affirmative with a look of perfect innocence, and
then the Laird added, wishing apparently to cut short the minister’s
harangue, “Ay, weel, let’s join the leddies noo.”
After that evening I was a frequent and welcome visitor at the
Haugh. Prince Charlie soon knew the way to his own stall in the
Laird’s stables. Some golden opportunities occurred when the Laird
was absent for interviews and conversations with Jessie. We plighted
our mutual troth, and were devoted to each other heart and soul. The
one grand difficulty in the way of our happiness was the removal of
the Laird’s scruples with regard to the marriage of his daughter. At
last, when jogging leisurely homeward to Oakbank one evening, I hit
upon a scheme which ultimately resulted in complete success, and
gave me possession of the being whom I loved dearer than life.
A wealthy and winsome widow lady resided in the neighbourhood
of St Dunstan, and the project entered my brain to make her believe
that Laird Ramsay had some notions of her, and also to make him
believe that she had a warm side of her heart to him. If I could only
get the Laird to marry the widow, I knew that Jessie would soon
thereafter be mine. The Laird was open to flattery; he was fond of
what Mr Barlas called “butter;” and I did not despair of being able to
make him renew his youth. Tact was required in such a delicate
undertaking, and I resolved to do my spiriting gently. I began with
the Laird first one evening when he was in his mellow after-dinner
state. I praised the graces and winsome ways of Mrs Mackinlay, and
drew from the Laird the confession that he thought her a “very gude
and sociable-like leddy.” I then tried a few dexterous passes before
hinting that she had a warm side to the Laird o’ the Haugh.
“Ye dinna mean to say that Mrs Mackinlay is castin’ a sheep’s e’e at
me, do ye, doctor?”
“I can assure you, Mr Ramsay,” I rejoined, “that she speaks of you
always with great respect, and seems to wonder why you do not
honour her with a visit occasionally.”
“Ay, doctor, it’s queer what way I never thocht o’ that. She’s a
sensible leddy after a’, Mrs Mackinlay. I think I could do worse than
look ower at her hoose some o’ these days.”
“It’s the very thing you ought to do, Mr Ramsay,” I replied. “You
will find her company highly entertaining. She has an accumulated
fund of stories and anecdotes.”
“Has she, doctor?—has she? Weel, I’ll gang; but what would Jessie
say, I wunner?”
I had now put the Laird on the right scent, and I tried my best also
with Mrs Mackinlay. I made her aware of the Laird’s intended visit,
and hinted tenderly its probable object. After a lengthened
conversation, in which I exercised all the ingenuity I possessed, I left
her with the impression on my mind that Laird Ramsay’s addresses
when he called would be met half-way. The meeting did take place—
it was followed by another and another—and the upshot of the
matter was that the eccentric Laird and the wealthy widow were duly
wedded, to the astonishment of the whole district. I allowed six
months of their wedded bliss to slip past before I asked the Laird’s
consent to have Jessie removed from the Haugh to Oakbank. A sort
of dim suspicion of the whole affair seemed to cross the Laird’s mind
when I addressed him. A pawky twinkle lit up his eye as he replied,
“Ah, ye rogue!—tak her, an’ my blessin’ alang wi’ her. Ye ken whaur
to look for a gude wife, an’ I daursay ye’ll no mak the warst o’
gudemen.” Thus I won the Laird’s daughter, and the paradise of
Oakbank, in the village of St Dunstan, was complete in happiness.
MOSS-SIDE.
By Professor Wilson.
Gilbert Ainslie was a poor man; and he had been a poor man all
the days of his life, which were not few, for his thin hair was now
waxing gray. He had been born and bred on the small moorland farm
which he now occupied; and he hoped to die there, as his father and
grandfather had done before him, leaving a family just above the
more bitter wants of this world. Labour, hard and unremitting, had
been his lot in life; but, although sometimes severely tried, he had
never repined; and through all the mist and gloom, and even the
storms that had assailed him, he had lived on from year to year in
that calm and resigned contentment which unconsciously cheers the
hearthstone of the blameless poor. With his own hands he had
ploughed, sowed, and reaped his often scanty harvest, assisted, as
they grew up, by three sons, who, even in boyhood, were happy to
work along with their father in the fields. Out of doors or in, Gilbert
Ainslie was never idle. The spade, the shears, the ploughshaft, the
sickle, and the flail, all came readily to hands that grasped them well;
and not a morsel of food was eaten under his roof, or a garment worn
there, that was not honestly, severely, nobly earned. Gilbert Ainslie
was a slave, but it was for them he loved with a sober and deep
affection. The thraldom under which he lived God had imposed, and
it only served to give his character a shade of silent gravity, but not
austere; to make his smiles fewer, but more heartfelt; to calm his
soul at grace before and after meals, and to kindle it in morning and
evening prayer.
There is no need to tell the character of the wife of such a man.
Meek and thoughtful, yet gladsome and gay withal, her heaven was
in her house; and her gentler and weaker hands helped to bar the
door against want. Of ten children that had been born to them, they
had lost three; and as they had fed, clothed, and educated them
respectably, so did they give them who died a respectable funeral.
The living did not grudge to give up, for a while, some of their daily
comforts for the sake of the dead; and bought, with the little sums
which their industry had saved, decent mournings, worn on Sabbath,
and then carefully laid by. Of the seven that survived, two sons and a
daughter were farm-servants in the neighbourhood, while two
daughters and two sons remained at home, growing, or grown up, a
small, happy, hard-working household.
Many cottages are there in Scotland like Moss-side, and many such
humble and virtuous cottagers as were now beneath its roof of straw.
The eye of the passing traveller may mark them, or mark them not,
but they stand peacefully in thousands over all the land; and most
beautiful do they make it, through all its wide valleys and narrow
glens—its low holms, encircled by the rocky walls of some bonny
burn—its green mounts, elated with their little crowning groves of
plane-trees—its yellow corn-fields—its bare pastoral hill-sides, and
all its heathy moors, on whose black bosom lie shining or concealed
glades of excessive verdure, inhabited by flowers, and visited only by
the farflying bees. Moss-side was not beautiful to a careless or hasty
eye; but, when looked on and surveyed, it seemed a pleasant
dwelling. Its roof, overgrown with grass and moss, was almost as
green as the ground out of which its weather-stained walls appeared
to grow. The moss behind it was separated from a little garden, by a
narrow slip of arable land, the dark colour of which showed that it
had been won from the wild by patient industry, and by patient
industry retained. It required a bright sunny day to make Moss-side
fair, but then it was fair indeed; and when the little brown moorland
birds were singing their short songs among the rushes and the
heather, or a lark, perhaps lured thither by some green barley-field
for its undisturbed nest, rose ringing all over the enlivened solitude,
the little bleak farm smiled like the paradise of poverty, sad and
affecting in its lone and extreme simplicity. The boys and girls had
made some plots of flowers among the vegetables that the little
garden supplied for their homely meals; pinks and carnations,
brought from walled gardens of rich men farther down in the
cultivated strath, grew here with somewhat diminished lustre; a
bright show of tulips had a strange beauty in the midst of that
moorland; and the smell of roses mixed well with that of the clover,
the beautiful fair clover that loves the soil and the air of Scotland,
and gives the rich and balmy milk to the poor man’s lips.
In this cottage, Gilbert’s youngest child, a girl about nine years of
age, had been lying for a week in a fever. It was now Saturday
evening, and the ninth day of the disease. Was she to live or die? It
seemed as if a very few hours were between the innocent creature
and heaven. All the symptoms were those of approaching death. The
parents knew well the change that comes over the human face,
whether it be in infancy, youth, or prime, just before the departure of
the spirit; and as they stood together by Margaret’s bed, it seemed to
them that the fatal shadow had fallen upon her features. The surgeon
of the parish lived some miles distant, but they expected him now
every moment, and many a wistful look was directed by tearful eyes
along the moor. The daughter who was out at service came anxiously
home on this night, the only one that could be allowed her; for the
poor must work in their grief, and servants must do their duty to
those whose bread they eat, even when nature is sick—sick at heart.
Another of the daughters came in from the potato-field beyond the
brae, with what was to be their frugal supper. The calm, noiseless
spirit of life was in and around the house, while death seemed
dealing with one who, a few days ago, was like light upon the floor,
and the sound of music, that always breathed up when most wanted;
glad and joyous in common talk—sweet, silvery, and mournful, when
it joined in hymn or psalm. One after the other, they all continued
going up to the bedside, and then coming away sobbing or silent, to
see their merry little sister, who used to keep dancing all day like a
butterfly in a meadowfield, or, like a butterfly with shut wings on a
flower, trifling for a while in the silence of her joy, now tossing
restlessly on her bed, and scarcely sensible to the words of
endearment whispered around her, or the kisses dropped with tears,
in spite of themselves, on her burning forehead.
Utter poverty often kills the affections; but a deep, constant, and
common feeling of this world’s hardships, and an equal participation
in all those struggles by which they may be softened, unite husband
and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters, in thoughtful
and subdued tenderness, making them happy indeed, while the circle
round the fire is unbroken, and yet preparing them every day to bear
the separation, when some one or other is taken slowly or suddenly
away. Their souls are not moved by fits and starts, although, indeed,
nature sometimes will wrestle with necessity; and there is a wise
moderation both in the joy and the grief of the intelligent poor,
which keeps lasting trouble away from their earthly lot, and prepares
them silently and unconsciously for heaven.
“Do you think the child is dying?” said Gilbert, with a calm voice,
to the surgeon, who, on his wearied horse, had just arrived from
another sick-bed, over the misty range of hills, and had been looking
steadfastly for some minutes on the little patient. The humane man
knew the family well, in the midst of whom he was standing, and
replied, “While there is life there is hope; but my pretty little
Margaret is, I fear, in the last extremity.” There was no loud
lamentation at these words; all had before known, though they would
not confess it to themselves, what they now were told; and though
the certainty that was in the words of the skilful man made their
hearts beat for a little with sicker throbbings, made their pale faces
paler, and brought out from some eyes a greater gush of tears, yet
death had been before in this house, and in this case he came, as he
always does, in awe, but not in terror. There were wandering and
wavering and dreamy delirious fantasies in the brain of the innocent
child; but the few words she indistinctly uttered were affecting, not
rending to the heart, for it was plain that she thought herself herding
her sheep in the green silent pastures, and sitting wrapped in her
plaid upon the lown and sunny side of the Birk-knowe. She was too
much exhausted—there was too little life, too little breath in her
heart—to frame a tune; but some of her words seemed to be from
favourite old songs; and at last her mother wept, and turned aside
her face, when the child, whose blue eyes were shut, and her lips
almost still, breathed out these lines of the beautiful twenty-third
Psalm:—
The Lord’s my shepherd, I’ll not want.
He makes me down to lie
In pastures green: He leadeth me
The quiet waters by.
The child was now left with none but her mother by the bedside,
for it was said to be best so; and Gilbert and his family sat down
round the kitchen fire, for a while, in silence. In about a quarter of an
hour, they began to rise calmly, and to go each to his allotted work.
One of the daughters went forth with the pail to milk the cow, and
another began to set out the table in the middle of the floor for
supper, covering it with a white cloth. Gilbert viewed the usual
household arrangements with a solemn and untroubled eye; and
there was almost the faint light of a grateful smile on his cheek, as he
said to the worthy surgeon, “You will partake of our fare, after your
day’s travel and toil of humanity?” In a short silent half-hour, the
potatoes and oat-cakes, butter and milk, were on the board; and
Gilbert, lifting up his toil-hardened but manly hand, with a slow
motion, at which the room was as hushed as if it had been empty,
closed his eyes in reverence, and asked a blessing. There was a little
stool, on which no one sat, by the old man’s side. It had been put
there unwittingly, when the other seats were all placed in their usual
order; but the golden head that was wont to rise at that part of the
table was now wanting. There was silence—not a word was said—
their meal was before them—God had been thanked, and they began
to eat.
While they were at their silent meal a horseman came galloping to
the door, and, with a loud voice, called out that he had been sent
express with a letter to Gilbert Ainslie; at the same time rudely, and
with an oath, demanding a dram for his trouble. The eldest son, a lad
of eighteen, fiercely seized the bridle of his horse, and turned its head
away from the door. The rider, somewhat alarmed at the flushed face
of the powerful stripling, threw down the letter and rode off. Gilbert
took the letter from his son’s hand, casting, at the same time, a half-
upbraiding look on his face, that was returning to its former colour.
“I feared,”—said the youth, with a tear in his eye,—“I feared that the
brute’s voice, and the trampling of the horse’s feet, would have
disturbed her.” Gilbert held the letter hesitatingly in his hand, as if
afraid at that moment to read it; at length he said aloud to the
surgeon:—“You know that I am a poor man, and debt, if justly
incurred, and punctually paid when due, is no dishonour.” Both his
hand and his voice shook slightly as he spoke; but he opened the
letter from the lawyer, and read it in silence. At this moment his wife
came from her child’s bedside, and, looking anxiously at her
husband, told him “not to mind about the money, that no man who
knew him would arrest his goods, or put him into prison. Though,
dear me, it is cruel to be put to thus, when our bairn is dying, and
when, if so it be the Lord’s will, she should have a decent burial, poor
innocent, like them that went before her.” Gilbert continued reading
the letter with a face on which no emotion could be discovered; and
then, folding it up, he gave it to his wife, told her she might read it if
she chose, and then put it into his desk in the room, beside the poor
dear bairn. She took it from him, without reading it, and crushed it
into her bosom: for she turned her ear towards her child, and
thinking she heard it stir, ran out hastily to its bedside.
Another hour of trial passed, and the child was still swimming for
its life. The very dogs knew there was grief in the house, and lay
without stirring, as if hiding themselves, below the long table at the
window. One sister sat with an unfinished gown on her knees, that
she had been sewing for the dear child, and still continued at the
hopeless work, she scarcely knew why; and often, often putting up
her hand to wipe away a tear. “What is that?” said the old man to his
eldest daughter. “What is that you are laying on the shelf?” She could
scarcely reply that it was a riband and an ivory comb that she had
brought for little Margaret, against the night of the dancing-school
ball. And at these words the father could not restrain a long, deep,
and bitter groan; at which the boy, nearest in age to his dying sister,
looked up weeping in his face; and, letting the tattered book of old
ballads, which he had been poring on, but not reading, fall out of his
hands, he rose from his seat, and, going into his father’s bosom,
kissed him, and asked God to bless him: for the holy heart of the boy
was moved within him; and the old man, as he embraced him, felt
that, in his innocence and simplicity, he was indeed a comforter.
“The Lord giveth, and the Lord taketh away,” said the old man;
“blessed be the name of the Lord!”
The outer door gently opened, and he whose presence had in
former years brought peace and resignation hither, when their hearts
had been tried even as they now were tried, stood before them. On
the night before the Sabbath, the minister of Auchindown never left
his manse, except, as now, to visit the sick or dying bed. Scarcely
could Gilbert reply to his first question about his child, when the
surgeon came from the bedroom, and said—“Margaret seems lifted
up by God’s hand above death and the grave: I think she will recover.
She has fallen asleep; and, when she wakes, I hope—I—believe—that
the danger will be past, and that your child will live.”
They were all prepared for death; but now they were found
unprepared for life. One wept that had till then locked up all her
tears within her heart; another gave a short palpitating shriek; and
the tender-hearted Isobel, who had nursed the child when it was a
baby, fainted away. The youngest brother gave way to gladsome
smiles; and calling out his dog Hector, who used to sport with him
and his little sister on the moor, he told the tidings to the dumb
irrational creature, whose eyes, it is certain, sparkled with a sort of
joy. The clock for some days had been prevented from striking the
hours; but the silent fingers pointed to the hour of nine; and that, in
the cottage of Gilbert Ainslie, was the stated hour of family worship.
His own honoured minister took the Book,—
He waled a portion with judicious care,
And, “Let us worship God,” he said, with solemn air.
A chapter was read—a prayer said; and so, too, was sung a psalm;
but it was sung low, and with suppressed voices, lest the child’s
saving sleep might be broken; and now and then the female voices
trembled, or some one of them ceased altogether; for there had been
tribulation and anguish, and now hope and faith were tried in the joy
of thanksgiving.
The child still slept; and its sleep seemed more sound and deep. It
appeared almost certain that the crisis was over, and that the flower
was not to fade. “Children,” said Gilbert, “our happiness is in the love
we bear to one another; and our duty is in submitting to and serving
God. Gracious, indeed, has He been unto us. Is not the recovery of
our little darling, dancing, singing Margaret, worth all the gold that
ever was mined? If we had had thousands of thousands, would we
not have filled up her grave with the worthless dross of gold, rather
than that she should have gone down there with her sweet face and
all her rosy smiles?” There was no reply, but a joyful sobbing all over
the room.
“Never mind the letter, nor the debt, father,” said the eldest
daughter. “We have all some little thing of our own,—a few pounds,—
and we shall be able to raise as much as will keep arrest and prison at
a distance. Or if they do take our furniture out of the house, all
except Margaret’s bed, who cares? We will sleep on the floor; and
there are potatoes in the field, and clear water in the spring. We need
fear nothing, want nothing; blessed be God for all His mercies!”
Gilbert went into the sick-room, and got the letter from his wife,
who was sitting at the head of the bed, watching, with a heart blessed
beyond all bliss, the calm and regular breathings of her child. “This
letter,” said he, mildly, “is not from a hard creditor. Come with me
while I read it aloud to our children.” The letter was read aloud, and
it was well fitted to diffuse pleasure and satisfaction through the
dwelling of poverty. It was from an executor to the will of a distant
relative, who had left Gilbert Ainslie £1500.
“The sum,” said Gilbert, “is a large one to folks like us, but not, I
hope, large enough to turn our heads, or make us think ourselves all
lords and ladies. It will do more, far more, than put me fairly above
the world at last. I believe that, with it, I may buy this very farm, on
which my forefathers have toiled. But God, whose providence has
sent this temporal blessing, may He send us wisdom and prudence
how to use it, and humble and grateful hearts to us all.”
“You will be able to send me to school all the year round now,
father,” said the youngest boy. “And you may leave the flail to your
sons, now, father,” said the eldest. “You may hold the plough still, for
you draw a straighter furrow than any of us; but hard work for young
sinews; and you may sit now oftener in your arm-chair by the ingle.
You will not need to rise now in the dark, cold, and snowy winter
mornings, and keep threshing corn in the barn for hours by
candlelight, before the late dawning.”
There was silence, gladness, and sorrow, and but little sleep in
Moss-side, between the rising and the setting of the stars, that were
now out in thousands, clear, bright, and sparkling over the
unclouded sky. Those who had lain down for an hour or two in bed
could scarcely be said to have slept; and when about morning little
Margaret awoke, an altered creature, pale, languid, and unable to
turn herself on her lowly bed, but with meaning in her eyes, memory
in her mind, affection in her heart, and coolness in all her veins, a
happy group were watching the first faint smile that broke over her
features; and never did one who stood there forget that Sabbath
morning on which she seemed to look round upon them all with a
gaze of fair and sweet bewilderment, like one half conscious of
having been rescued from the power of the grave.
MY FIRST FEE.
A Chapter from the Autobiography of an Advocate.

“Fee him, father, fee him.”
Seven long yearning years had elapsed since, with the budding
anticipation of youthful hope, I had assumed the lugubrious insignia
of the bar. During that dreadful time, each morn, as old St Giles told
the hour of nine, might I be seen insinuating my emaciated figure
within the penetralia of the Parliament House, where, begowned and
bewigged, and with the zeal of a Powell or a Barclay, I paced about
till two. These peripatetic practices had well-nigh ruined me in
Wellingtons, and latterly in shoes. My little Erskine was in pawn;
while my tailor and my landlady threw out unmistakable and
ominous hints regarding their long bills and longer credit. I dared
not understand them, but consoled myself with the thought, that the
day would come when my tailor would cease his dunning, and my
landlady her clamour.
I had gone the different circuits, worn and torn my gown, seated
myself in awful contemplation on the side benches, maintained
angry argument on legal points with some more favoured brother,
within earshot of a wily writer. In fine, I had resorted to every means
that fancy could suggest, or experience dictate; but as yet my eyes
had not seen, nor my pocket felt—a Fee. Alas! this was denied. I
might be said to be, as yet, no barrister: for what is a lawyer without
a fee? A nonentity! a shadow! To my grief, I seemed to be fast verging
to the latter; and I doubt much whether the “Anatomie vivant” could
have stood the comparison—so much had my feeless fast fed on my
flesh!
I cannot divine the reason for this neglect of my legal services. In
my own heart, I had vainly imagined the sufficiency of my tact and
subtlety in unravelling a nice point; neither had I been wanting in
attention to my studies; for Heaven and my landlady can bear
witness, that my consumption of coal and candle would have sufficed
any two ordinary readers. There was not a book or treatise on law
which I had not dived into. I was insatiable in literature; but the
world and the writers seemed ignorant of my brain be-labouring
system, and sedulously determined that my fee-ling propensities
should not be gratified.
Never did I meet an agent either in or out of Court, but my heart
and hand felt a pleasing glow of hope and of joy at the prospect of
pocketing a fee; but how often have they turned their backs without
even the mortifying allusion to such a catastrophe! How often have I
turned round in whirling ecstacy as I felt some seemingly patronising
palm tap gently on my shoulders with such a tap as writers’ clerks are
wont to use; but oh, ye gods! a grinning wretch merely asked me how
I did, and passed on!
Nor were my non-legal friends more kind. There was an old
gentleman, who, I knew (for I made it my business to enquire), had
some thoughts of a law-plea. From him I received an invitation to
dinner. Joyfully, as at all times, but more so on this occasion, was the
summons obeyed. I had laid a train to introduce the subject of his
wrongs at a time which might suit best, and with this plan I
commenced my machinations. The old fox was too cunning even for
me; he too had his plot, and had hit upon the expedient of obtaining
my opinion without a fee—the skinflint! Long and doubtful was the
contest; hint succeeded hint, question after question was put, till at
last my entertainer was victorious, and I retired crestfallen and
feeless from the field! By the soul of Erskine, had it not been for his
dinners, I should have cut him for ever! Still I grubbed with this one,
cultivated an acquaintance with that, but all to no purpose; no one
pitied my position. My torments were those of the lost! Hope (not the
President) alone buoyed me up; visions of future sovereigns,
numerous as those which appeared to Banquo of old, but of a better
and more useful kind, flitted before my charmed imagination. Pride,
poverty, and starvation pushed me on. What! said I, shall it be hinted
that I am likely neither to have a fee nor a feed? Tell it not in the First
Division; publish it not in the Outer House! All my thoughts were
riveted to one object—to one object all my endeavours were bent, and
to accomplish this seemed the ultimatum of bliss.
Often have I looked with envy upon the more favoured candidates
for judicial fame—those who never return to their domicile or their
dinner, but to find their tables groaning with briefs! How different
from my case! My case? What case? I have no case! Not one fee to
work its own desolateness! Months and months passed on, still
success came not! The hoped-for event came not; resolution died
within me; I formed serious intentions of being even with the
profession. As the profession had cut me, I intended to have cut the
profession. In my wants, I would have robbed, but my hand was
withheld by the thought that the jesters of the stove might taunt me
thus: “He could not live, so he died, by the law.” I have often thought
that there is a great similarity between the hangman and the want of
a fee; the one is the finisher of the law, the other of lawyers!
Pondering on my griefs, with my feet on the expiring embers of a
seacoal fire, the chair in that swinging position so much practised
and approved in Yankee-land,—the seat destined for a clerk occupied
by my cat, for I love everything of the fe-line species,—my cogitations
were disturbed by an application for admittance at the outer door. It
was not the rat-tat of the postman, nor the rising and falling attack of
the man of fashion, but a compound of both, which evidently
bespoke the knockee unaccustomed to town. I am somewhat curious
in knocks; I admire the true principles of the art, by which one may
distinguish the peer from the postman—the dun from the dilettante
—the footman from the furnisher. But there was something in this
knock which baffled all my skill; yet sweet withal, thrilling through
my heart with a joy unfelt before. Some spirit must have presided in
the sound, for it seemed to me the music of the spheres.
A short time elapsed, and my landlady “opened wide the infernal
doors.” Now hope cut capers—(Lazenby, thou wert not to blame, for
of thy delicacies I dared not even dream!)—now hope cut capers
within me! Heavy footsteps were heard in the passage, and one of the
lords of the creation marched his calves into the apartment. With
alacrity, I conveyed my corpus juris to meet him, and, with all
civility, I requested him to be seated. My landlady with her apron
dusted the arm-chair (I purchased it at a sale of Lord M——’s effects,
not causes,—expecting to catch inspiration). In this said chair my
man ensconced his clay.
I had commenced my survey of his person, when my eyes were
attracted by a basilisk-like bunch of papers which the good soul held
in his hand. In ecstasy I gazed—characters were marked on them
which could not be mistaken; a less keen glance than mine might
have discovered their import. My joy was now beyond all bounds,
testifying itself by sundry kickings and contortions of the body. I
began to fear the worthy man might think me mad, and repent him
of his errand; I calmed myself, and sat down. My guest thrust into
my hands the papers, and then proceeded to issue letters of open
doors against his dexter pocket. His intentions were evident; with
difficulty could I restrain myself. For some minutes he “groped about
the vast abyss,” during which time my agitation increased so much
that I could not have answered one question, even out of that
favourite chapter of one of our institutional writers, “On the
Institution of Fees.” But let me describe the man to whom I owe so
much.
He was a short, squat, farmer-looking being, who might have
rented some fifty acres or so. Though stinted in his growth upwards,
Dame Nature seemed determined to make him amends by an
increase of dimension in every other direction. His nose and face
spoke volumes—ay, libraries—of punch and ale; these potations had
also made themselves manifested lower down, by the magnitude of
the belli-gerent powers. There was in his face a cunning leer, in his
figure a knowing tournure, which was still further heightened by his
dress; this consisted of a green coat, which gave evident signs of its
utter incapability of ever being identified with Stultz; cords and
continuations encased the lower parts of his carcase; a belcher his
throat; while the whole was surmounted by a castor of the most
preposterous breadth of brim, and shallow capacity. But in this
man’s appearance there was something that pleased me; something
of a nature superior to other mortals. I might have been prejudiced,
but his face and figure seemed to me more beautiful than morning.
Never did I gaze with a more complacent benevolence on a
breeches-pocket. At last he succeeded in dragging from its depths a
huge old stocking, through which “the yellow-lettered Geordie’s
keeked.” With what raptures did I look on that old stocking, the
produce, I presumed, of the stocking of his farm. It seemed to
possess the power of fascination, for my eyes could not quit it. Even
when my client (for now I calculated upon him) began to speak, my
attention still wandered to the stocking. He told me of a dispute with
his landlord about some matters relating to his farm, that he was
wronged, and would have the law of the laird, though he should
spend his last shilling (here I looked with increased raptures at the
stocking). On the recommendation of the minister (good man!), he
had sought me for advice. He then opened wide the jaws of his
homely purse—he inserted his paw—now my heart beat—he made a
jingling noise—my heart beat quicker still—he pulled forth his two
interesting fingers—oh, ecstasy! he pressed five guineas into my
extended hand—they touched the virgin palm, and oh, ye gods! I was
Fee’d!!!—Edinburgh Literary Journal.
THE KIRK OF TULLIBODY.
The parish of Tullibody, in Clackmannanshire, now united with

Alloa, was, before the Reformation, an independent ecclesiastical
district. The manner in which it lost its separate character is curious.
In the year 1559, when Monsieur D’Oysel commanded the French
troops on the coast of Fife, they were alarmed by the arrival of the
English fleet, and thought of nothing but a hasty retreat. It was in the
month of January, and at the breaking of a great storm. William
Kirkaldy of Grange, commander of the congregational forces,
attentive to the circumstances in which his enemies were caught,
took advantage of this situation, and marched with great expedition
towards Stirling, and cut the bridge of Tullibody, which was over the
Devon, to prevent their retreat. By this manœuvre, the French found
themselves completely enclosed. They were driven to an extremity
which obliged them to resort to an extraordinary expedient to effect
their escape. They lifted the roof off the church of Tullibody, and laid
it along the broken part of the bridge, by which means they effected a
safe retreat to Stirling.
Such a dilapidation of the church caused the Tullibodians to
proceed to the adjacent kirk of Alloa, and in a short time the parish
ceased to be independent. The burying-ground round the ancient
place of worship, now repaired, still remains; and on the north side
of it, where there had been formerly an entry, there is a stone coffin,
with a niche for the head, and two for the arms, covered with a thick
hollowed lid like a tureen. The lid is a good deal broken, but a
curious tradition is preserved of the coffin. It is related that in early
times a young lady of the neighbourhood had declared her affection
for the minister, who, either from his station or want of inclination,
made no returns. So vexed was the lady on perceiving his
indifference, that, in a short while, she sickened, and at last died of
grief. While on her deathbed, she left it as her last request, that she
should not be buried in the earth, but that her body should be placed
in a stone coffin, and laid at the entry to the church; which was done,
and to this day, the stone retains the name of the “Maiden’s Stone.”—
Chambers’ Edinburgh Journal, 1832.
THE PROGRESS OF INCONSTANCY;
OR, THE SCOTS TUTOR.
“Sweet, tender sex! with snares encompassed round,

On others hang thy comforts and thy rest.”—Hogg.
Nature has made woman weak, that she might receive with
gratitude the protection of man. Yet how often is this appointment
perverted! How often does her protector become her oppressor!
Even custom seems leagued against her. Born with the tenderest
feelings, her whole life is commonly a struggle to suppress them.
Placed in the most favourable circumstances, her choice is confined
to a few objects; and unless where singularly fortunate, her fondest
partialities are only a modification of gratitude. She may reject, but
cannot invite: may tell what would make her wretched, but dare not
even whisper what would make her happy; and, in a word, exercises
merely a negative influence upon the most important event of her
life. Man has leisure to look around him, and may marry at any age,
with almost equal advantage; but woman must improve the fleeting
moment, and determine quickly, at the hazard of determining rashly.
The spring-time of her beauty will not last; its wane will be the signal
for the flight of her lovers; and if the present opportunity is
neglected, she may be left to experience the only species of
misfortune for which the world evinces no sympathy. How cruel,
then, to increase the misery of her natural dependence! How
ungenerous to add treachery to strength, and deceive or disappoint
those whose highest ambition is our favour, and whose only safety is
our honesty!
William Arbuthnot was born in a remote county of Scotland, where
his father rented a few acres of land, which his own industry had
reclaimed from the greatest wildness to a state of considerable
fertility. Having given, even in his first attempts at learning, those
indications of a retentive memory, which the partiality of a parent
easily construes into a proof of genius, he was early destined for the
Scottish Church, and regarded as a philosopher before he had
emerged from the nursery. While his father pleased himself with the
prospect of seeing his name associated with the future greatness of
his son, his mother, whose ambition took a narrower range, thought
she could die contented if she should see him seated in the pulpit of
his native church; and perhaps, from a pardonable piece of vanity,
speculated as frequently upon the effect his appearance would have
upon the hearts of the neighbouring daughters, as his discourses
upon the minds of their mothers. This practice, so common among
the poorer classes in Scotland, of making one of their children a
scholar, to the prejudice, as is alleged, of the rest, has been often
remarked, and sometimes severely censured. But probably the
objections that have been urged against it, derive their chief force
from the exaggerations upon which they are commonly founded. It is
not in general true that parents, by bestowing the rudiments of a
liberal education upon one of the family, materially injure the
condition or prospects of the rest. For it must be remembered that
the plebeian student is soon left to trust to his own exertions for
support, and, like the monitor of a Lancastrian seminary, unites the
characters of pupil and master, and teaches and is taught by turns.
But to proceed with our little narrative. The parish schoolmaster
having intimated to the parents of his pupil, that the period was at
hand when he should be sent to prosecute his studies at the
university, the usual preparations were made for his journey, and his
departure was fixed for the following day, when he was to proceed to
Edinburgh under escort of the village carrier and his black dog
Cæsar, two of the eldest and most intimate of his acquaintance.
Goldsmith’s poetical maxim, that little things are great to little men,
is universally true; and this was an eventful day for the family of
Belhervie, for that was the name of the residence of Mr Arbuthnot.
The father was as profuse of his admonitions as the mother was of
her tears, and had a stranger beheld the afflicted group, he would
have naturally imagined that they were bewailing some signal
calamity, in place of welcoming an event to which they had long
looked forward with pleasure. But the feelings of affectionate regret,
occasioned by this separation, were most seasonably suspended by

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Scientific American Environmental

Science For A Changing World 3rd

2. Of all the freshwater on the Earth, approximately ________________ is trapped as ice.

4. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

5. Out of all of the water on Earth, how much is usable by humans?

6. The largest potential source of freshwater is found in ________________.

10. Which of the following contribute to the formation of precipitation?

13. Why is deforestation a problem in regard to the Earth’s freshwater supply?

15. What is an aquifer?

16. What is one important quality of an aquifer?

18. Groundwater in aquifers is naturally replenished by _____________.

24. Which of the following lists the path of water correctly?

27. What are some potential impacts of global warming on aquifers?

32. Globally, what is the biggest user of freshwater?

36. Water scarcity can lead to _______________.

37. Which statement about water use is INCORRECT?

42. To make wastewater ___________, or clean enough for consumption, it is put

44. To ensure an ongoing water source, communities construct _____________, which

46. _____________ treatment is a biological process that uses microorganisms to break

56. Desalination, the process that removes ________________ from water, is

57. In January 2008, Orange County implemented the Groundwater Replenishment

64. Which of the following is a cheap way to maintain water supplies?

65. Which statement about recycled water projects is true?

1. wastewater the process of water soaking into the

1. What uses the greatest percentage of water in a U.S. household?

3. To conserve the most water, people should eat less

Use the following scenario to answer the next 5 questions:

2. Globally, the biggest use of freshwater is from

3. One recommendation you can make to businesses in your city to improve

A Chapter from the Autobiography of an Advocate.

The parish of Tullibody, in Clackmannanshire, now united with

“Sweet, tender sex! with snares encompassed round,

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