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COURSE OUTLINE: COURSE OUTLINE:

MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY
Ms. Danica P. Pardalis, R.R.T.
Lecturer, B.S. Radiologic Technology Program
La Consolacion University Philippines
V. Medical Terms Referring to Diseases of Various
Systems of the Body and Obstetric Terms
V. Medical Terms Referring to Diseases of Various
Systems of the Body and Obstetric Terms
1. The cardiovascular system 8. The lymphatic and reticuloendothelial systems
2. The respiratory system 9. The blood
10. The endocrine system
3. The digestive system
11. The teeth
4. The urinary and male reproductive system 12. The nervous system
5. The female reproductive system 13. The eye
6. Obstetric conditions 14. The ear, nose and throat
7. The breast 15. The mind

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Identify terms referring to diseases of

the different body systems

Dr. Kalpana Sultan HIT 121

Medical terminology II

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Term Definition
Bilirubin Orange colored or Yellowish pigment in bile.
Bil-I-ROO-BIN
Bilirubin is formed principally by the breakdow
n of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termin
ation of their normal lifespan.

Bolus Mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed

BO-L-US

Exocrine
EKS-o-kr˘ın Denotes a gland that secretes its products thr
exo-: outside, outward ough excretory ducts to the surface of an
-crine: secrete organ or tissue or into a vessel.

Sphincter Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a

passage or closes a natural
SFING-K-T-er opening of the body
An example of a sphincter is the lower esophag
eal (cardiac) sphincter that constricts once food
has passed into the stomach.

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ROOT WORD DEFINITION SUFFIX DEFINITION

Cirrh/o
Cheil/o
ORANGE
LIP -ia CONDITION OF Word Building with an/o & bucc/o
Chol/e BILE, GALL
-itis INFLAMMATION
Diverticul/o DIVERTICULUM
Fec/e FECES –al anal pertaining to anus
-dynia PAIN
Flux FLOW
Gastr/o STOMACH -osis CONDITION OF
Gloss- TONGUE –al buccal pertaining to cheek
Halit/o BREATH -rrhaphy SUTURING
labi/o –al labiobuccal pertaining to lips and cheeks
Hepat/o LIVER
-scopy TO VIEW
Ile/u TO ROLL, ILEUM
Lapar/o ABDOMEN -sis STATE OF
Lith/o STONE
peps, pept- DIGESTION -stomy SURGICAL CREATION OF AN OPENING
polyp SMALL GROWTH
-tomy INCISION OR TO CUT

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Word Building with append/o & appendic/o Word Building with cholecyst/o & dent/o Word Building with col/o & colon/o

–ectomy appendectomy surgical removal of appendix –ectomy colectomy removal of colon

–ectomy cholecystectomy removal of gallbladder
–ostomy colostomy new opening into colon
–itis appendicitis inflammation of appendix rect/o –al colorectal pertaining to colon & rectum
–gram cholecystogram X-ray record of gallbladder

–ic cholecystic pertaining to gallbladder –scope colonoscope instrument to view colon

–al dental pertaining to teeth –ic colonic pertaining to colon

–algia cholecystalgia gallbladder pain

–algia dentalgia tooth pain

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Word Building with duoden/o, enter/o, & esophag/o Word Building with gastr/o Word Building with gastr/o

–al duodenal pertaining to duodenum –al duodenal pertaining to duodenum

nas/o –ic nasogastric pertaining to nose & stomach

–ic enteric pertaining to intestine –ic enteric pertaining to intestine

–ostomy gastrostomy new opening into stomach
–itis enteritis inflammation of intestine –itis enteritis inflammation of intestine
–scope gastroscope instrument to view stomach
–eal esophageal pertaining to esophagus –eal esophageal pertaining to esophagus
–ectasis esophagectasis dilation of esophagus –ectasis esophagectasis dilation of esophagus –itis gastritis inflammation of stomach

–ectomy gastrectomy surgical removal of stomach

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Word Building with hepat/o & ile/o Word Building with odont/o, or/o, & palat/o Word Building with pancreat/o & pharyng/o

–itis pancreatitis inflammation of pancreas

orth/o –ic orthodontic pertaining to straight teeth
–itis hepatitis inflammation of liver –ic pancreatic pertaining to pancreas

–al oral pertaining to mouth

–oma hepatoma liver tumor –eal pharyngeal pertaining to pharynx

–plasty palatoplasty surgical repair of palate –plegia pharyngoplegia pharynx paralysis

–al
–ic ihleeaplatic pertaining to illieveurm –plasty pharyngoplasty surgical repair of pharynx

–ostomy ileostomy new opening into ileum

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Word Building with proct/o & pylor/o Word Building with rect/o, sialaden/o,sigmoid/o Word Building with –emesis, –orexia, & –prandial

–al rectal pertaining to rectum

–ptosis proctoptosis drooping rectum & anus hemat/o hematemesis vomit blood
hyper– hyperemesis excessive vomiting
–logist proctologist rectum & anus specialist inflammation of salivary
–itis sialadenitis
glands
–pexy proctopexy surgical fixation of rectum & anus an– anorexia lack of appetite
instrument to view inside
–scope sigmoidoscope dys– dysorexia abnormal appetite
–ic pyloric pertaining to pylorus sigmoid colon
–al sigmoidal pertaining to sigmoid colon
post– postprandial pertaining to after a meal

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Word Building with –pepsia & –phagia Oral Cavity Pathology

Esophageal Pathology

brady– bradypepsia slow digestion ulcers in the mouth; commonly called esophageal varicose veins in the esophagus;
aphthous ulcers
canker sores varices hemorrhaging occurs if rupture
dys– dyspepsia painful digestion
congenital anomaly where upper lip gastroesophageal acid from stomach flows backward
cleft lip and jaw fail to fuse in the midline, reflux disease up into esophagus causing
a– aphagia lack of eating leaving a gap (GERD) inflammation and pain
congenital anomaly where hard
dys– dysphagia abnormal eating
cleft palate palate fails to fuse in the midline,
poly– polyphagia too much eating leaving an opening into nasal cavity

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Stomach Pathology

gastric carcinoma malignant tumor in stomach

protrusion of stomach through
hiatal hernia diaphragm into thoracic cavity; also
called diaphragmatocele
ulcer in the lower portion of
esophagus, stomach, and/or
peptic ulcer
duodenum; caused by high acid of
disease (PUD)
stomach juices; may be a result of
Helicobacter pylori infection
Figure : A hiatal hernia or diaphragmatocele.
The location and appearance of a peptic ulcer in both the
stomach and the duodenum.

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Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

Small Intestine & Colon Pathology
abnormal passageway from surface
anal fistula
directly into rectum; around anal opening inflammation of a diverticulum, an
colorectal diverticulitis outpouching off the colon; results from
malignant tumor in the colon or rectum
carcinoma food being trapped inside
chronic inflammatory bowel disease, condition of having diverticula, may lead
Crohn’s diverticulosis
primarily in ileum and/or colon; results in to diverticulitis
disease
scarring; also called regional ileitis diarrhea with mucus and blood, severe
dysentery abdominal pain, and fever; caused by
contaminated food or water
Photomicrograph of a gastric ulcer

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Small Intestine & Colon Pathology
hemorrhoids varicose veins in the anal region
severe abdominal pain, inability to
ileus defecate, abdominal distension; caused
by intestinal blockage
protrusion of a loop of bowel through
inguinal abdominal muscle and into groin region;
hernia may become incarcerated or strangulated
if muscle pinches the loop of bowel
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Small Intestine & Colon Pathology
one part of intestine slips or
intussusception
telescopes into another section
disturbance in function of intestine
for unknown reason; causes
irritable bowel
abdominal cramping and alternating
syndrome (IBS)
diarrhea and constipation; also
called functional bowel syndrome
An Inguinal Hernia
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Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

having polyps growing on the

polyposis mucous membrane of the colon; may
become cancerous
chronic inflammatory condition with
numerous small ulcers on the lining
ulcerative colitis
of the colon; also called inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD)
bowel twists upon itself causing an
volvulus
obstruction

Photograph showing a polyp in the colon

An Intussusception

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Accessory Organ Pathology

inflammation of gallbladder; commonly
cholecystitis
caused by gallstones
presence of gallstones; may or may not
cholelithiasis
cause symptoms
cirrhosis chronic liver disease due to liver failure
inflammation of liver; usually due to a
hepatitis
viral infection

Volvulus
Common sites for cholelithiasis

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Cholelithiasis (KOH lee lith EYE ah siss)

Cirrhosis (ser ROH siss) Hepatitis
(HEP ah TYE tiss)
The general condition This is a chronic, progressive
of stones in the liver disease. There is a loss of A viral infection of the
gallbladder… referred liver cells, which are gradually liver. Type A is
to as gallstones. replaced by fat cells and transmitted via
connective tissue. contaminated food;
Type B via bodily
This causes a yellow- fluids;
orange discoloration of Type C via blood;
the skin. Alcoholism Type D via bodily
and viral infections fluids;
such as Hepatitis B & C Type E via
are common causes. contaminated water.

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Clinical Laboratory Tests Clinical Laboratory Tests

alanine
transaminase
normal enzyme in the bloodstream; increased Fecal Occult Blood
levels indicate liver disease
(ALT) Test (FOBT) ova and
parasites
examination of feces for presence of parasites
aspartate (FEE kal uh kult) or their eggs
normal enzyme in the bloodstream; increased (O&P)
transaminase serum determines amount of bilirubin in
levels indicate liver disease
(AST) bilirubin bloodstream; indicates liver disease
fecal occult examines feces for microscopic amounts of culture of feces to look for presence of
stool culture
blood (FOBT) blood; also called hemoccult pathogenic bacteria
A lab test performed on
a fecal sample to detect
the presence of blood,
which may indicate
hemorroids, polyposis,
or colorectal cancer.

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Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopic Procedures GI Endoscopy (en DAH skŏ pee)

X-ray of teeth with film holder held in visual examination inside of colon and This is a visual examination of the GI tract using an
bite-wing X-ray colonoscopy
the teeth rectum using a colonoscope endoscope. A long, flexible tube with fiber optics, a
intravenous X-ray of gallbladder and bile ducts visual examination inside of stomach camera, and surgical tools are used with an eyepiece,
gastroscopy
cholecystography after intravenous injection of dye using a gastroscope and connected to a viewing monitor at the other end.
lower X-ray of colon and rectum after visual examination inside of abdominal
laparoscopy
gastrointestinal barium dye injected via an enema; cavity using a laparoscope
series (lower GI) also called a barium enema (BE) visual examination inside of sigmoid
sigmoidoscopy
colon using a sigmoidoscope

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UGI & LGI Upper & Lower GI Series
Barium is a radiographic
substance, highlighting UGI
Image
features within the
gastrointestinal tract on
Xrays for diagnostic
purposes. In a LGI, the
barium sulfate is introduced
by enema and enhances
images of the large intestine,
colon, and rectum. In a UGI,
pictures are developed of
the esophagus, stomach,
and duodenum.
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Gastric Lavage (GAS trik lah VAHZH) This is the process of
feeding a patient through
Gavage
Commonly referred to a tube inserted into the
(gah VAHZH)
as ‘pumping your nose that extends
stomach’, this is a
through the esophagus
cleansing procedure and into the stomach.
for the stomach. A
colonic irrigation is
similar and cleanses
the colon. An enema
is used to remove a
fecal blockage from
LGI Image the color or rectum.
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Medical Procedures Ileostomy (ILL ee OSS toh mee)

Laparotomy
(lap ah ROTT oh mee)
placing liquid nourishment directly into
gavage When the colon has
stomach via a nasogastric tube
washing out stomach using a to be removed, it
lavage requires the surgical
nasogastric tube
nasogastric creation of a new
flexible catheter inserted into nose and opening through the
intubation
down esophagus into the stomach
(NG tube) abdominal wall and
total parenteral providing 100% of patient nutrition; used into the ileum of the This is a surgical procedure
nutrition (TPN) when patient is unable to eat small intestine. This where an incision is made
opening, called a through the abdominal wall,
stoma, creates an often from the base of the
alternative anus. sternum to the pubic bone.

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Surgical Procedures Surgical Procedures

fistulectomy removal of a fistula
procedure to close off large section
gastric stapling of stomach with rows of staples;
results in much smaller stomach
hemorrhoidectomy surgical removal of hemorrhoids
surgical creation of a connection
anastomosis between two organs; like joining
together two sections of colon
surgical procedures to treat morbid
bariatric surgery
obesity; like stomach stapling
surgical crushing of a gallstone in
choledocholithotripsy
the common bile duct

The colon illustrating various –ostomy sites.

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Surgical Procedures Digestive System Pharmacology Digestive System Pharmacology

fistulectomy removal of a fistula suppresses appetite to Adipost,
anorexiant emetic induces vomiting Ipecac syrup
procedure to close off large section treat obesity Obezine
gastric stapling of stomach with rows of staples; Tums, Maalox, H2-receptor blocks the production Zantac, Pepcid,
antacid neutralizes stomach acid
results in much smaller stomach Mylanta antagonist of stomach acid Tagament
hemorrhoidectomy surgical removal of hemorrhoids Imodium, stimulates a bowel Senokot,
antidiarrheal used to control diarrhea laxative
Lomotil movement Metamucil
treats nausea and Compazine, proton pump blocks stomach’s Nexium,
antiemetic
vomiting Phenergan inhibitor ability to secrete acid Prilosec

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REFERENCES:

1. Brooks, D.L., Brooks, M.L., & Levinsky D. (2019). Basic Medical

Language, 6th Edition. Elsevier.
2. Ehrlich, A., & Schroeder, C. (2014). Introduction to Medical
Terminology, 3rd Edition. Cengage Learning.
3. Fremgen, B. & Frucht, S. (2018). Medical Terminology: A Living
Language, 7TH Edition. Pearson.
4. Hutton, Andrew (2016). An Introduction to Medical Terminology
for Health Care, 5th Edition. Elsevier.
5. Rice, J. (2018). Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals,
9th Edition. Pearson.

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