Modern Business Statistics With Microsoft Excel 6Th Edition Anderson Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Modern Business Statistics with
Microsoft Excel 6th Edition Anderson

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Chapter 08 - Interval Estimation
1. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t distribution approaches the _____ distribution.
a. uniform
b. normal
c. exponential
d. p
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Population Mean: Unknown
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: MBST.ASWC.18.08.02 - 8.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - Business Program.1: - Reflective Thinking
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Knowledge
2. If the margin of error in an interval estimate of μ is 4.6, the interval estimate equals _____.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: Population Mean: Known
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Comprehension
3. The t distribution is a family of similar probability distributions, with each individual distribution depending on a
parameter known as the _____.
a. finite correction factor
b. sample size
c. degrees of freedom
d. standard deviation
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
4. The probability that the interval estimation procedure will generate an interval that contains the actual value of the
population parameter being estimated is the _____.
a. level of significance
b. confidence level
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1

c. confidence coefficient
d. error factor
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
5. To compute the minimum sample size for an interval estimate of μ when the population standard deviation is known,
we must first determine all of the following EXCEPT _____.
a. desired margin of error
b. confidence level
c. population standard deviation
d. degrees of freedom
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
6. The use of the normal probability distribution as an approximation of the sampling distribution of is based on the
condition that both np and n(1 – p) equal or exceed _____.
a. .05
b. 5
c. 15
d. 30
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Population Proportion
7. The sample size that guarantees all estimates of proportions will meet the margin of error requirements is computed
using a planning value of p equal to _____.
a. .01
b. .50
c. .51
d. .99

ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
8. We can reduce the margin of error in an interval estimate of p by doing any of the following EXCEPT _____.
a. increasing the sample size
b. using a planning value p* closer to .5
c. increasing the level of significance
d. reducing the confidence coefficient
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
9. In determining an interval estimate of a population mean when σ is unknown, we use a t distribution with _____
degrees of freedom.
a.
b.
c. n − 1
d. n
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
10. The expression used to compute an interval estimate of μ may depend on any of the following factors EXCEPT _____.
a. the sample size
b. whether the population standard deviation is known
c. whether the population has an approximately normal distribution
d. whether there is sampling error
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

11. The mean of the t distribution is _____.

a. 0
b. .5
c. 1
d. dependent upon the sample size
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
12. An interval estimate is used to estimate _____.

a. the shape of the population's distribution
b. the sampling distribution
c. a sample statistic
d. a population parameter
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
13. An estimate of a population parameter that provides an interval believed to contain the value of the parameter is
known as the _____.
a. confidence level
b. interval estimate
c. parameter value
d. population estimate
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
14. As the sample size increases, the margin of error _____.

a. increases
b. decreases
c. stays the same
d. None of the answers is correct.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
15. The confidence associated with an interval estimate is called the _____.
b. degree of association
c. confidence level
d. precision
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
16. The ability of an interval estimate to contain the value of the population parameter is described by the _____.
a. confidence level
b. degrees of freedom
c. precise value of the population mean μ
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
17. If an interval estimate is said to be constructed at the 90% confidence level, the confidence coefficient would be
_____.
a. .1
b. .95

c. .9
d. .05
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
18. If we want to provide a 95% confidence interval for the mean of a population, the confidence coefficient is _____.
a. .485
b. 1.96
c. .95
d. 1.645
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
19. For the interval estimation of μ when σ is assumed known, the proper distribution to use is the_____.
a. standard normal distribution
b. t distribution with n degrees of freedom
c. t distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom
d. t distribution with n − 2 degrees of freedom
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
20. The z value for a 97.8% confidence interval estimation is _____.

a. 2.02
b. 1.96
c. 2.00
d. 2.29
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Application
21. It is known that the variance of a population equals 1,936. A random sample of 121 has been selected from the
population. There is a .95 probability that the sample mean will provide a margin of error of _____.
a. 7.84 or less
b. 31.36 or less
c. 344.96 or less
d. 1,936 or less
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
22. A random sample of 144 observations has a mean of 20, a median of 21, and a mode of 22. The population standard
deviation is known to equal 4.8. The 95.44% confidence interval for the population mean is _____.
a. 15.2 to 24.8
b. 19.2 to 20.8
c. 19.216 to 20.784
d. 21.2 to 22.8
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
Exhibit 8-1
In order to estimate the average time spent on the computer terminals per student at a local university, data were collected
from a sample of 81 business students over a one-week period. Assume the population standard deviation is 1.2 hours.
23. Refer to Exhibit 8-1. The standard error of the mean is _____.
a. 7.5
b. .014
c. .160
d. .133
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

24. Refer to Exhibit 8-1. With a .95 probability, the margin of error is approximately_____.
a. .26
b. 1.96
c. .21
d. 1.64
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
25. Refer to Exhibit 8-1. If the sample mean is 9 hours, then the 95% confidence interval is approximately _____.
a. 7.04 to 110.96 hours
b. 7.36 to 10.64 hours
c. 7.80 to 10.20 hours
d. 8.74 to 9.26 hours
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
Exhibit 8-2
The manager of a grocery store has selected a random sample of 100 customers. The average length of time it took these
100 customers to check out was 3.0 minutes. It is known that the standard deviation of the checkout time is 1 minute.
26. Refer to Exhibit 8-2. The standard error of the mean equals _____.
a. .001
b. .01
c. .1
d. 1
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
27. Refer to Exhibit 8-2. With a .95 probability, the sample mean will provide a margin of error of _____.
a. .95
b. .10
c. .196
d. 1.96
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
28. Refer to Exhibit 8-2. If the confidence coefficient is reduced to .80, the standard error of the mean _____.
a. will increase
b. will decrease
c. remains unchanged
d. becomes negative
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
29. Refer to Exhibit 8-2. The 95% confidence interval for the average checkout time for all customers is _____.
a. 3 to 5
b. 1.36 to 4.64
c. 2.804 to 3.196
d. 1.04 to 4.96
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
Exhibit 8-3
A random sample of 81 automobiles traveling on a section of an interstate showed an average speed of 60 mph. The
distribution of speeds of all cars on this section of highway is normally distributed, with a standard deviation of 13.5 mph.
30. Refer to Exhibit 8-3. If we are interested in determining an interval estimate for μ at 86.9% confidence, the z value to
use is _____.
a. 1.96
b. 1.31
c. 1.51
d. 2.00
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
31. Refer to Exhibit 8-3. The value to use for the standard error of the mean is _____.
a. 13.5
b. 9
c. 2.26
d. 1.5
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
32. Refer to Exhibit 8-3. The 86.9% confidence interval for μ is _____.
a. 46.500 to 73.500
b. 57.735 to 62.265
c. 59.131 to 60.869
d. 50 to 70
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
33. Refer to Exhibit 8-3. If the sample size was 25 (other factors remain unchanged), the interval for μ would _____.
a. not change
b. become narrower
c. become wider
d. become zero
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
34. In general, higher confidence levels provide _____.

a. wider confidence intervals
b. narrower confidence intervals
c. a smaller standard error
d. unbiased estimates
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
35. When the level of confidence increases, the confidence interval _____.
a. stays the same
b. becomes wider
c. becomes narrower
d. cannot be determined from the information given
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
36. A 95% confidence interval for a population mean is determined to be 100 to 120. If the confidence coefficient is
reduced to .90, the interval for μ _____.
a. becomes narrower
b. becomes wider
c. does not change
d. becomes .1
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
37. If we change a 95% confidence interval estimate to a 99% confidence interval estimate, we can expect the _____.
a. width of the confidence interval to increase
b. width of the confidence interval to decrease
c. width of the confidence interval to remain the same
d. sample size to increase
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
38. In developing an interval estimate of the population mean, if the population standard deviation is unknown _____.
a. it is impossible to develop an interval estimate
b. a sample proportion can be used
c. the sample standard deviation and t distribution can be used
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
39. A bank manager wishes to estimate the average waiting time for customers in line for tellers. A random sample of 50
times is measured and the average waiting time is 5.7 minutes. The population standard deviation of waiting time is 2
minutes. Which Excel function would be used to construct a confidence interval estimate?
a. CONFIDENCE.NORM
b. NORM.INV
c. T.INV
d. INT
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1

40. An auto manufacturer wants to estimate the annual income of owners of a particular model of automobile. A random
sample of 200 current owners is selected. The population standard deviation is known. Which Excel function would
NOT be appropriate to use to construct a confidence interval estimate?
a. NORM.S.INV
b. COUNTIF
c. AVERAGE
d. STDEV
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
41. Whenever the population standard deviation is unknown, which distribution is used in developing an interval estimate
for a population mean?
a. standard distribution
b. z distribution
c. binomial distribution
d. t distribution
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
42. The t distribution should be used whenever _____.

a. the sample size is less than 30
b. the sample standard deviation is used to estimate the population standard deviation
c. the population is not normally distributed
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
43. Whenever using the t distribution in interval estimation, we must assume that _____.
a. the sample size is less than 30
b. a random sample was selected
c. the population is approximately normal
d. the finite population correction factor is necessary
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
44. From a population that is normally distributed with an unknown standard deviation, a sample of 25 elements is
selected. For the interval estimation of μ, the proper distribution to use is the _____.
b. z distribution
c. t distribution with 26 degrees of freedom
d. t distribution with 24 degrees of freedom
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
45. From a population that is not normally distributed and whose standard deviation is not known, a sample of 50 items is
selected to develop an interval estimate for μ. Which of the following statements is true?
a. The standard normal distribution can be used.
b. The t distribution with 50 degrees of freedom must be used.
c. The t distribution with 49 degrees of freedom must be used.
d. The sample size must be increased in order to develop an interval estimate.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
46. As the number of degrees of freedom for a t distribution increases, the difference between the t distribution and the
standard normal distribution _____.
a. becomes larger
b. becomes smaller

c. stays the same
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
47. The t value with a 95% confidence and 24 degrees of freedom is _____.
a. 1.711
b. 2.064
c. 2.492
d. 2.069
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
48. A sample of 26 elements from a normally distributed population is selected. The sample mean is 10 with a standard
deviation of 4. The 95% confidence interval for μ is _____.
a. 6.000 to 14.000
b. 9.846 to 10.154
c. 8.384 to 11.616
d. 8.462 to 11.538
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
49. A random sample of 36 students at a community college showed an average age of 25 years. Assume the ages of all
students at the college are normally distributed with a standard deviation of 1.8 years. The 98% confidence interval for the
average age of all students at this college is _____.
a. 24.301 to 25.699
b. 24.385 to 25.615
c. 23.200 to 26.800
d. 23.236 to 26.764

ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
50. A random sample of 25 statistics examinations was selected. The average score in the sample was 76 with a variance
of 144. Assuming the scores are normally distributed, the 99% confidence interval for the population average examination
score is _____.
a. 70.02 to 81.98
b. 69.82 to 82.18
c. 70.06 to 81.94
d. 69.29 to 82.71
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
51. A random sample of 25 employees of a local company has been measured. A 95% confidence interval estimate for the
mean systolic blood pressure for all company employees is 123 to 139. Which of the following statements is valid?
a. 95% of the sample of employees has a systolic blood pressure between 123 and 139.
b. If the sampling procedure were repeated many times, 95% of the resulting confidence intervals would contain
the population mean systolic blood pressure.
c. 95% of the population of employees has a systolic blood pressure between 123 and 139.
d. If the sampling procedure were repeated many times, 95% of the sample means would be between 123 and
139.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
52. To estimate a population mean, the sample size needed to provide a margin of error of 2 or less with a .95 probability
when the population standard deviation equals 11 is _____.
a. 10
b. 11
c. 116
d. 117
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Determining the Sample Size
53. It is known that the population variance equals 484. With a .95 probability, the sample size that needs to be taken to
estimate the population mean if the desired margin of error is 5 or less is
a. 25
b. 74
c. 189
d. 75
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
54. We can use the normal distribution to make confidence interval estimates for the population proportion, p,
when _____.
a. np ≥ 5
b. n(1 − p) ≥ 5
c. p has a normal distribution
d. np ≥ 5 and n(1 − p) ≥ 5
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
55. Using α = .04, a confidence interval for a population proportion is determined to be .65 to .75. If the level of
significance is decreased, the interval for the population proportion _____.
a. becomes narrower
b. becomes wider
c. does not change
d. Not enough information is provided to answer this question.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1

56. In determining the sample size necessary to estimate a population proportion, which of the following is NOT needed?
a. the maximum margin of error that can be tolerated
b. the confidence level required
c. a preliminary estimate of the true population proportion p
d. the mean of the population
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
57. For which of the following values of p is the value of P(1 − p) maximized?
a. p = .99
b. p = .90
c. p = 1.0
d. p = .50
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Analysis
58. A manufacturer wants to estimate the proportion of defective items that are produced by a certain machine. A random
sample of 50 items is selected. Which Excel function would NOT be appropriate to construct a confidence interval
estimate?
a. NORM.S.INV
b. COUNTIF
c. STDEV
d. All of these answers are correct.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1

59. A newspaper wants to estimate the proportion of Americans who will vote for Candidate A. A random sample of 1000
voters is selected. Of the 1000 respondents, 526 say that they will vote for Candidate A. Which Excel function would be
used to construct a confidence interval estimate?
a. NORM.S.INV
b. NORM.INV
c. T.INV
d. INT
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
60. The general form of an interval estimate of a population mean or population proportion is the _____ plus or minus the
_____.
a. population mean, standard error
b. level of significance, degrees of freedom
c. point estimate, margin of error
d. planning value, confidence coefficient
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
61. The degrees of freedom associated with a t distribution are a function of the _____.
a. area in the upper tail
b. sample standard deviation
d. sample size
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

62. The margin of error in an interval estimate of the population mean is a function of all of the following EXCEPT
_____.
b. sample mean
c. sample size
d. variability of the population
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
63. Computing the necessary sample size for an interval estimate of a population proportion requires a planning value for
. In case of any uncertainty about an appropriate planning value, we know the value that will provide the largest sample
size for a given level of confidence and a given margin of error is
a. .10
b. .50
c. .90
d. 1
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
64. In order to estimate the average electric usage per month, a sample of 196 houses was selected and the electric usage
determined.
Assume a population standard deviation of 350 kilowatt-hours. Determine the standard error of
a.
the mean.
b. With a .95 probability, determine the margin of error.
c. If the sample mean is 2,000 KWH, what is the 95% confidence interval estimate of the
population mean?
ANSWER: a. 25
b. 49
c. 1951 to 2049
POINTS: 1

65. A random sample of 100 credit sales in a department store showed an average sale of $120.00. From past data, it is
known that the standard deviation of the population is $40.00.
a. Determine the standard error of the mean.
b. With a .95 probability, determine the margin of error.
c. What is the 95% confidence interval of the population mean?
ANSWER: a. 4.00
b. 7.84
c. 112.16 to 127.84
POINTS: 1
66. A random sample of 49 lunch customers was selected at a restaurant. The average amount of time the customers in the
sample stayed in the restaurant was 33 minutes. From past experience, it is known that the population standard deviation
equals 10 minutes.
a. Compute the standard error of the mean.
b. What can be said about the sampling distribution for the average amount of time customers
spent in the restaurant? Be sure to explain your answer.
c. With a .95 probability, what statement can be made about the size of the margin of error?
d. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true average amount of time customers spent in the
restaurant.
e. With a .95 probability, what sample size would have to be selected to provide a margin of error
of 2.5 minutes or less?
ANSWER: a. 1.4286
b. Normal by the central limit theorem
There is a .95 probability that the sample mean will provide a margin of error of 2.80 or
c.
less.
d. 30.20 to 35.80
e. 62
POINTS: 1
67. In order to determine the average weight of carry-on luggage by passengers in airplanes, a sample of 36 pieces of
carry-on luggage was weighed. The average weight was 20 pounds. Assume that we know the standard deviation of the
population to be 8 pounds.
a. Determine a 97% confidence interval estimate for the mean weight of the carry-on luggage.
b. Determine a 95% confidence interval estimate for the mean weight of the carry-on luggage.
ANSWER: a. 17.11 to 22.89
b. 17.39 to 22.61
POINTS: 1
68. A small stock brokerage firm wants to determine the average daily sales (in dollars) of stocks to their clients. A
sample of the sales for 36 days revealed average daily sales of $200,000. Assume that the standard deviation of the
population is known to be $18,000.
a. Provide a 95% confidence interval estimate for the average daily sale.
b. Provide a 97% confidence interval estimate for the average daily sale.
ANSWER: a. $194,120 to $205,880
b. $193,490 to $206,510
POINTS: 1
69. A random sample of 121 checking accounts at a bank showed an average daily balance of $280. The population
standard deviation is known to be $60.
a. Is it necessary to know anything about the shape of the distribution of the account balances in
order to make an interval estimate of the mean of all the account balances? Explain.
b. Find the standard error of the mean.
c. Give a point estimate of the population mean.
d. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for the population mean.
e. Interpret the confidence interval estimate that you constructed in part (d).
ANSWER: a. No, since the sample means will be normally distributed by the central limit theorem.
b. 5.4545
c. 280
d. 269.31 to 290.69
With a 95% level of confidence, we can state that the average daily balance of all
e.
checking accounts at this bank is between $269.31 and $290.69.
POINTS: 1
70. A simple random sample of 144 items resulted in a sample mean of 1080. The population standard deviation is known
to be 240. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the population mean.
ANSWER: 1040.8 to 1119.2
POINTS: 1
71. A random sample of 26 checking accounts at a bank showed an average daily balance of $300 and a standard
deviation of $45. The balances of all checking accounts at the bank are normally distributed. Develop a 95% confidence
interval estimate for the mean of the population.
ANSWER: $281.82 to $318.18
POINTS: 1
72. A random sample of 81 students at a local university showed that they work an average of 100 hours per month. The
population standard deviation is known to be 27 hours. Compute a 95% confidence interval for the mean hours per month
all students at the university work.
ANSWER: 94.12 to 105.88
POINTS: 1
73. A random sample of 81 children with working mothers showed that they were absent from school an average of 6
days per term. The population standard deviation is known to be 1.8 days. Provide a 90% confidence interval for the
average number of days absent per term for all children with working mothers.
ANSWER: 5.671 to 6.329
POINTS: 1
74. The Highway Safety Department wants to study the driving habits of individuals. A sample of 41 cars traveling on the
highway revealed an average speed of 60 miles per hour and a standard deviation of 7 miles per hour. The population of
car speeds is approximately normally distributed. Determine a 90% confidence interval estimate for the speed of all cars.
ANSWER: 58.16 to 61.84
POINTS: 1
75. Computer Services, Inc. wants to determine a confidence interval for the average CPU time of their teleprocessing
transactions. A sample of 196 transactions yielded a mean of 5 seconds. The population standard deviation is 1.4 seconds.
Determine a 97% confidence interval for the average CPU time.
ANSWER: 4.783 to 5.217
POINTS: 1
76. The average monthly electric bill of a random sample of 256 residents of a city is $90. The population standard
deviation is assumed to be $24.
a. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean monthly electric bills of all residents.
b. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean monthly electric bills of all residents.
ANSWER: a. 87.5325 to 92.4675
b. 87.06 to 92.94
POINTS: 1
77. A sample of 100 cans of coffee showed an average weight of 13 ounces. The population standard deviation is 0.8
ounce.
a. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean of the population.
b. Construct a 95.44% confidence interval for the mean of the population.
c. Discuss why the answers in parts (a) and (b) are different.
ANSWER: a. 12.8432 to 13.1568

b. 12.84 to 13.16
c. As the level of confidence increases, the confidence interval becomes wider.
POINTS: 1
78. In order to determine how many hours per week freshmen college students watch television, a random sample of 256
students was selected. It was determined that the students in the sample spent an average of 14 hours per week watching
television. The standard deviation is 3.2 hours per week for all freshmen college students.
a. Provide a 95% confidence interval estimate for the average number of hours that all college
freshmen spend watching TV per week.
b. Suppose the sample mean came from a sample of 25 students. Provide a 95% confidence
interval estimate for the average number of hours that all college freshmen spend watching TV
per week. Assume that the hours are normally distributed.
ANSWER: a. 13.608 to 14.392
b. 12.679 to 15.321
POINTS: 1
79. A random sample of 36 magazine subscribers is selected to estimate the mean age of all subscribers. The data follow.
Use Excel to construct a 90% confidence interval estimate of the mean age of all of this magazine's subscribers.
Subscriber Age Subscriber Age Subscriber Age
1 39 13 40 25 38
2 27 14 35 26 51
3 38 15 35 27 26
4 33 16 41 28 39
5 40 17 34 29 35
6 35 18 46 30 37
7 51 19 44 31 33
8 36 20 44 32 41
9 47 21 43 33 36
10 28 22 32 34 33
11 33 23 29 35 46
12 35 24 33 36 37
ANSWER:
Value for
A B C D
D
1 Subscriber Age Sample Size =COUNT(B2:B37) 36
Sample
2 1 39 =AVERAGE(B2:B37) 37.5
Mean
3 2 27
Popul. Std.
4 3 38 6.6 6.6
Dev.
Confid.
5 4 33 0.9 0.9
Coeffic.
Level of
6 5 40 =1-D5 0.1
Signif.
7 6 35
Margin of
8 7 51 =CONFIDENCE.NORM(D6,D4,D1) 1.8095
Error
9 8 36
Point
10 9 50 =D2 37.5
Estimate
11 10 28 Lower Limit =D12-D8 35.6905
12 11 33 Upper Limit =D12+D8 39.3095
13 12 35
14 13 40
15 14 35
16 15 35
35.6905 to 39.3095
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
80. A simple random sample of 25 items from a normally distributed population resulted in a sample mean of 28 and a
standard deviation of 7.5. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean.
ANSWER: 24.904 to 31.096
POINTS: 1
81. A sample of 25 patients in a doctor's office showed that they had to wait an average of 35 minutes with a standard
deviation of 10 minutes before they could see the doctor. Provide a 98% confidence interval estimate for the average
waiting time of all the patients who visit this doctor. Assume the population of waiting times is normally distributed.
ANSWER: 30.016 to 39.984
POINTS: 1
82. A sample of 16 students from a large university is selected. The average age in the sample was 22 years with a
standard deviation of 6 years. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the average age of the population. Assume the
population of student ages is normally distributed.
ANSWER: 18.8035 to 25.1965
POINTS: 1
83. The proprietor of a boutique in New York wanted to determine the average age of his customers. A random sample of
25 customers revealed an average age of 28 years with a standard deviation of 10 years. Determine a 95% confidence
interval estimate for the average age of all his customers. Assume the population of customer ages is normally distributed.
ANSWER: 23.872 to 32.128
POINTS: 1
84. A statistician selected a sample of 16 accounts receivable and determined the mean of the sample to be $5,000 with a
standard deviation of $400. She reported that the sample information indicated the mean of the population ranges from
$4,739.80 to $5,260.20. She did not report what confidence coefficient she had used. Based on the above information,
determine the confidence coefficient that was used.
ANSWER: .98
POINTS: 1
85. The makers of a soft drink want to identify the average age of its consumers. A sample of 16 consumers is selected.
The average age in the sample was 22.5 years with a standard deviation of 5 years. Assume the population of consumer
ages is normally distributed.
a. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the average age of all the consumers.
b. Construct an 80% confidence interval for the average age of all the consumers.
c. Discuss why the 95% and 80% confidence intervals are different.
ANSWER: a. 19.836 to 25.164
b. 20.824 to 24.176
c. As the level of confidence increases, the confidence interval gets wider.
POINTS: 1
86. A random sample of 25 observations was selected from a normally distributed population. The average in the sample
was 84.6 with a variance of 400.
a. Construct a 90% confidence interval for μ.
b. Construct a 99% confidence interval for μ.
c. Discuss why the 90% and 99% confidence intervals are different.
What would you expect to happen to the confidence interval in part (a) if the sample size was
d.
increased? Be sure to explain your answer.
ANSWER: a. 77.756 to 91.444

b. 73.412 to 95.788
c. As the level of confidence increases, the confidence interval gets wider.
d. Decrease in width since the margin of error decreased.
POINTS: 1
87. You are given the following information obtained from a random sample of four observations selected from a large,
normally distributed population.
25 47 32 56
Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean of the population.
ANSWER: 17.613 ≤ μ ≤ 62.387
POINTS: 1
88. You are given the following information obtained from a random sample of four observations selected from a large,
normally distributed population.
25 47 32 56
a. What is the point estimate of μ?
b. Construct a 95% confidence interval for μ.
c. Construct a 90% confidence interval for μ.
d. Discuss why the 90% and 95% confidence intervals are different.
ANSWER: a. 40
b. 17.613 to 62.387
c. 23.445 to 56.555
d. As the level of confidence increases, the confidence interval gets wider.
POINTS: 1
89. The monthly incomes from a random sample of faculty at a university are shown below.
Monthly Income ($1000s)
3.0
4.0
6.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
Compute a 90% confidence interval for the mean of the population. The population of all faculty incomes is known to be
normally distributed. Give your answer in dollars.
ANSWER: $3,867.52 to $6,132.48
POINTS: 1
90. Fifty students are enrolled in an Economics class. After the first examination, a random sample of five papers was
selected. The grades were 60, 75, 80, 70, and 90.
a. Calculate the estimate of the standard error of the mean.
What assumption must be made before we can determine an interval for the mean grade of all
b.
the students in the class? Explain why.
Assume the assumption of part (b) is met. Provide a 90% confidence interval for the mean
c.
grade of all the students in the class.
If there were 200 students in the class, what would be the 90% confidence interval for the mean
d.
grade of all the students in the class?
ANSWER: a. 4.79
Since the sample is small (n < 30) and σ is estimated from s, we must assume the
b.
distribution of all the grades is normal.
c. 64.783 to 85.217
d. 64.34 to 85.66
POINTS: 1
91. A local university administers a comprehensive examination to the recipients of a B.S. degree in Business
Administration. A sample of five examinations is selected at random and scored. The scores are shown below.
Grade
56
85
65
86
93
Use Excel to determine an interval estimate for the mean of the population at a 98% confidence level. Interpret your
results.
ANSWER:
A B C D Value for D

1 Grade Mean 77
2 56 Standard Error 7.021396
3 85 Median 85
4 65 Mode #N/A
5 86 Standard Deviation 15.70032
6 93 Sample Variance 246.5
7 Kurtosis -2.00512
8 Skewness -0.608507
9 Range 37
10 Minimum 56
11 Maximum 93
12 Sum 385
13 Count 5
14 Confidence Level (98.0%) 26.308723
15
16 Point Estimate =D1 77.0000
17 Lower Limit =D1-D14 50.6913
18 Upper Limit =D1+D14 103.3087
Interpretation of Interval Estimate: With a 98% level of confidence, we can state that the
mean comprehensive examination score of all recipients of the B.S. degree in Business
Administration is between 50.6913 and 103.3087.
POINTS: 1
92. Below you are given ages that were obtained by taking a random sample of nine undergraduate students.
19 22 23 19 21 22 19 23 21
Use Excel to determine an interval estimate for the mean of the population at a 99% confidence level. Interpret your
results.
ANSWER:
A B C D Value for D
1 Grade Mean 21
2 19 Standard Error 0.552771
3 22 Median 21
4 23 Mode 19
5 19 Standard Deviation 1.658312
6 21 Sample Variance 2.75
7 22 Kurtosis -1.667060
8 19 Skewness -0.211450
9 23 Range 4
10 21 Minimum 19
11 Maximum 23
12 Sum 189
13 Count 9
14 Confidence Level (98.0%) 1.854756
15
16 Point Estimate =D1 21.0000
17 Lower Limit =D1-D14 19.1452
18 Upper Limit =D1+D14 22.8548
Interpretation of Interval Estimate: With a 99% level of confidence, we can state that the
mean age of undergraduate students is between 19.1452 and 22.8548.
POINTS: 1
93. The monthly starting salaries of students who receive an MBA degree have a standard deviation of $110. What size
sample should be selected to obtain a .95 probability of estimating the mean monthly income within $20 or less?
ANSWER: 117
POINTS: 1
94. A coal company wants to determine a 95% confidence interval estimate for the average daily tonnage of coal that it
mines. Assuming the company reports that the standard deviation of daily output is 200 tons, how many days should it
sample so that the margin of error will be 39.2 tons or less?
ANSWER: 100
POINTS: 1
95. If the standard deviation of the lifetimes of vacuum cleaners is estimated to be 300 hours, what sample size must be
selected in order to be 97% confident that the margin of error will not exceed 40 hours?
ANSWER: 265
POINTS: 1
96. A researcher is interested in determining the average number of years employees of a company stay with the company.
If past information shows a standard deviation of 7 months, what size sample should be selected so that at 95% confidence
the margin of error will be 2 months or less?
ANSWER: 48
POINTS: 1
97. The standard deviation for the lifetimes of washing machines is estimated to be 800 hours. What sample size must be
selected in order to be 97% confident that the margin of error will not exceed 50 hours?
ANSWER: 1206
POINTS: 1
98. A real estate agent wants to estimate the mean selling price of two-bedroom homes in a particular area. She wants to
estimate the mean selling price to within $10,000 with an 89.9% level of confidence. The standard deviation of selling
prices is unknown but the agent estimates that the highest selling price is $1,000,000 and the lowest is $50,000. How
many homes should be sampled?
ANSWER: 1518
POINTS: 1
99. For inventory purposes, a grocery store manager wants to estimate the mean number of pounds of cat food sold per
month. The estimate is desired to be within 10 pounds with a 95% level of confidence. A pilot study provided a standard
deviation of 27.6 pounds. How many months should be sampled?
ANSWER: 30
POINTS: 1
100. It is known that the variance of a population equals 484. A random sample of 81 observations is going to be selected
from the population.
a. With an .80 probability, what statement can be made about the size of the margin of error?
b. With an .80 probability, what sample size would have to be selected to provide a margin of
error of 3 or less?
ANSWER: There is a .80 probability that the sample mean will provide a margin of error of 3.129 or
a.
less.
b. 89
POINTS: 1
101. In a random sample of 400 registered voters, 120 indicated they plan to vote for Candidate A. Determine a 95%
confidence interval for the proportion of all the registered voters who will vote for Candidate A.
ANSWER: .255 to .345
POINTS: 1
102. In a random sample of 200 registered voters, 120 indicated they are Democrats. Develop a 95% confidence interval
for the proportion of registered voters in the population who are Democrats.
ANSWER: .5321 to .6679
POINTS: 1
103. In a random sample of 500 college students, 23% say that they read or watch the news every day. Develop a 90%
confidence interval for the population proportion. Interpret your results.
ANSWER: .199 to .261
With a 90% level of confidence we can state that the proportion of all college students who
read or watch the news every day is between .199 and .261.
POINTS: 1
104. Six hundred consumers were asked whether they would like to purchase a domestic or a foreign automobile. Their
responses are given below.
Preference Frequency
Domestic 240
Foreign 360
Develop a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all consumers who prefer to purchase domestic automobiles.
ANSWER: .3608 to .4392
POINTS: 1
105. A university planner wants to determine the proportion of spring semester students who will attend summer school.
She surveys 32 current students and discovers that 12 will return for summer school.
a. Construct a 90% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of current spring students who
will return for summer school.
b. With a .95 probability, what sample size would have to be selected to provide a margin of error
of 3% or less?
ANSWER: a. .234 to .516

b. 1001
POINTS: 1
106. A new brand of breakfast cereal is being market tested. One hundred boxes of the cereal were given to consumers to
try. The consumers were asked whether they liked or disliked the cereal. You are given their responses below.
Response Frequency
Liked 60
Disliked 40
100
a. What is the point estimate of the proportion of people who will like the cereal?
Construct a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all consumers who will like the
b.
cereal.
c. What is the margin of error for the 95% confidence interval that you constructed in part (b)?
With a .95 probability, what sample size needs to be selected to provide a margin of error of
d.
.09 or less?
ANSWER: a. .6
b. .504 to .696
c. .096
d. 114
POINTS: 1
107. A marketing firm is developing a new television advertisement for a large discount retail chain. A sample of 30
people is shown two potential ads and asked their preference. The results for ad #1 follow. Use Excel to develop a 95%
confidence interval estimate of the proportion of people in the population who will prefer ad #1.
Prefer Advertisement #1
yes no no yes yes no
no no no yes no yes
no no yes yes yes no
yes yes no no no yes
yes no yes yes no no
ANSWER:
A B C D Value for D
1 Prefer Ad 1 Sample size =COUNTA(A2:A31) 30
2 yes Response of Interest yes yes
3 no Count for Response =COUNTIF(A2:A31,"yes") 14
4 no Sample Proportion =D3/D1 0.466667
5 yes
6 yes Confidence Coefficient 0.95 0.95
7 no Level of Significance =1-D5 0.05
8 no z value =NORM.S.INV(1-D7/2) 1.959961
9 no
10 no Standard Error =SQRT((D4*(1-D4)/D1)) 0.091084
11 yes Margin of Error =D8*D10 0.178521
12 no
13 yes Point Estimate =D4 0.466667
14 no Lower Limit =D13-D11 0.28815
15 no Upper Limit =D13+D11 0.64519
POINTS: 1
108. A survey of 40 students at a local college asks, "Where do you buy the majority of your books?" The responses fell
into three categories: "at the campus bookstore," "on the Internet," and "other." The results follow. Use Excel to estimate
the proportion of the college students who buy their books on the Internet.
Where Most Books Bought
bookstore bookstore Internet other Internet other bookstore
other bookstore bookstore bookstore bookstore bookstore other
bookstore bookstore bookstore Internet Internet other other
other other other other other Internet bookstore
other other Internet other bookstore bookstore other
bookstore Internet Internet other bookstore
ANSWER:
A B C D Value for D
where
1 Sample size =COUNTA(A2:A41) 40
bought
Response of
2 bookstore Internet Internet
Interest
3 bookstore Count for Response =COUNTIF(A2:A41,"internet") 8
4 Internet Sample Proportion =D2/D1 0.2
5 other
Confidence
6 Internet 0.95 0.95
Coefficient
Level of
7 other =1-D6 0.05
Significance
8 bookstore z value =NORM.S.INV(1-D6/2) 1.95996108
9 bookstore
10 bookstore Standard Error =SQRT((D4*(1-D4)/D1)) 0.06324555
11 bookstore Margin of Error =D8*D10 0.12395882
12 bookstore
13 bookstore Point Estimate =D4 0.2
14 bookstore Lower Limit =D13-D11 0.07604
15 Internet Upper Limit =D13+D11 0.32396
POINTS: 1
109. A health club annually surveys its members. Last year, 33% of the members said they use the treadmill at least four
times a week. How large a sample should be selected this year to estimate the percentage of members who use the
treadmill at least four times a week? The estimate is desired to have a margin of error of 5% with a 95% level of
confidence.
ANSWER: 340
POINTS: 1
110. A local hotel wants to estimate the proportion of its guests that are from out of state. Preliminary estimates are that
45% of the hotel guests are from out-of-state.What sample size should be selected to estimate the proportion of out of
state guests with a margin of error no larger than 5% and with a 95% level of confidence?
ANSWER: 381
POINTS: 1
111. The manager of a department store wants to determine what proportion of people who enter the store use the store's
credit card for their purchases. What size sample should he take so that at 99% confidence the error will not be more than
8%?
ANSWER: 260
POINTS: 1
112. The manager of Hudson Auto Repair wants to advertise one price for an engine tune-up, with parts included. Before
he decides the price to advertise, he needs a good estimate of the average cost of tune-up parts. A sample of 20 customer
invoices for tune-ups has been selected and the costs of parts, rounded to the nearest dollar, are listed below.
91 78 93 57 75 52 99 80 105 62
104 74 62 68 97 73 77 65 80 109
Provide a 90% confidence interval estimate of the mean cost of parts per tune-up for all of the tune-ups performed at
Hudson Auto Repair.
ANSWER: 80.05 ± 6.54 or 73.51 to 86.59
POINTS: 1
113. The manager of University Credit Union (UCU) is concerned about checking account transaction discrepancies.
Customers are bringing transaction errors to the attention of the bank’s staff several months after they occur. The manager
would like to know what proportion of his customers balance their checking accounts within 30 days of receiving a
transaction statement from the bank.
Using random sampling, 400 checking account customers are contacted by telephone and asked if they routinely balance
their accounts within 30 days of receiving a statement. 271 of the 400 customers respond Yes.
a. Develop a 95% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of the population of checking account customers at UCU
who routinely balance their accounts in a timely manner.
b. Suppose UCU wants a 95% confidence interval estimate of the population proportion with a margin of error of E =
.025. What sample size is needed?
ANSWER: a. .6775 ± .0458 or .6317 to .7233
b. 1343
POINTS: 1
114. National Discount has 260 retail outlets throughout the United States. National evaluates each potential location for a
new retail outlet in part on the mean annual income of the households in the marketing area of the new location. National
develops an interval estimate of the mean annual income in a potential marketing area after taking a random sample of
households.
For a marketing area being studied, a sample of 36 households was selected. The sample mean income was $21,100.39.
Based on past experience, National Discount assumes a known value of  = $4500 for the population standard deviation
of incomes.
a. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the mean annual income of households in this marketing area.
b. Suppose that National’s management team wants a 95% confidence interval estimate of the population mean with a
margin of error of E = $500. What sample size is needed to meet these requirements?
ANSWER:
a.
We are 95% confident that the average annual income for all households in the market area
being studied falls in the interval $19,630.39 to $22,570.39.
b. We need to sample 312 households to reach a desired margin of error of $500 at 95%
confidence.
POINTS: 1
115. A reporter for a student newspaper is writing an article on the cost of off-campus housing. A sample was selected of
10 one-bedroom units within a half-mile of campus and the rents paid. The sample mean is $550 and the sample standard
deviation is $60.05. Provide a 95% confidence interval estimate of the mean rent per month for the population of one-
bedroom units within a half-mile of campus. Assume this population is normally distributed.
ANSWER: We are 95% confident that the mean rent per month for the population of one-bedroom units
within a half-mile of campus is between $507.05 and $592.95.
POINTS: 1
116. Political Science, Inc. (PSI) specializes in voter polls and surveys designed to keep political office seekers informed
of their position in a race. Using telephone surveys, interviewers ask registered voters who they would vote for if the
election were held that day.
In a recent election campaign, PSI found that 220 registered voters, out of 500 contacted, favored a particular candidate.

a. Develop a 95% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of the population of registered voters that favors the
candidate.
b. Suppose that PSI would like 99% confidence that the sample proportion is within ± .03 of the population proportion.
What sample size is needed to provide the desired margin of error?
ANSWER: a. We are 95% confident that the proportion of the population of registered voters that favors
the candidate is between .3965 and .4835.
b. The required sample size is 1816.
POINTS: 1
117. An apartment complex developer is considering building apartments in College Town, but first wants to do a market
study. A sample was selected of monthly rent values ($) for 70 studio apartments in College Town. (Based on past
experience, the developer assumes a known value of  = $55 for the population standard deviation.)
a. Develop a 98% confidence interval for the mean monthly rent for all studio apartments in this city.
b. Suppose the apartment developer wants a 98% confidence interval estimate of the population mean with a margin of
error of E = $10. What sample size is needed?
ANSWER:
a. = 490.8 98%, z α/2 = 2.33. 98% confidence interval is 475.48 to 506.12
b. 162
POINTS: 1
118. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t distribution approaches the _____ distribution.
a. uniform
b. normal
c. exponential
d. p
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
119. If the margin of error in an interval estimate of μ is 4.6, the interval estimate equals _____.
a.

b.
c.
d.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
120. The t distribution is a family of similar probability distributions, with each individual distribution depending on a
parameter known as the _____.
a. finite correction factor
b. sample size
c. degrees of freedom
d. standard deviation
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
121. The probability that the interval estimation procedure will generate an interval that contains the actual value of the
population parameter being estimated is the _____.
b. confidence level
d. error factor
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
122. To compute the minimum sample size for an interval estimate of μ when the population standard deviation is known,
we must first determine all of the following EXCEPT _____.
a. desired margin of error
b. confidence level
c. population standard deviation

d. degrees of freedom
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
123. The use of the normal probability distribution as an approximation of the sampling distribution of is based on the
condition that both np and n(1 – p) equal or exceed _____.
a. .05
b. 5
c. 15
d. 30
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
124. The sample size that guarantees all estimates of proportions will meet the margin of error requirements is computed
using a planning value of p equal to _____.
a. .01
b. .50
c. .51
d. .99
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
125. We can reduce the margin of error in an interval estimate of p by doing any of the following EXCEPT _____.
a. increasing the sample size
b. using a planning value p* closer to .5
c. increasing the level of significance
d. reducing the confidence coefficient
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
126. In determining an interval estimate of a population mean when σ is unknown, we use a t distribution with _____
degrees of freedom.
a.
b.
c. n − 1
d. n
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
127. The expression used to compute an interval estimate of μ may depend on any of the following factors EXCEPT
_____.
a. the sample size
b. whether the population standard deviation is known
c. whether the population has an approximately normal distribution
d. whether there is sampling error
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
128. The mean of the t distribution is _____.

a. 0
b. .5
c. 1
d. dependent upon the sample size
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
129. An interval estimate is used to estimate _____.

a. the shape of the population's distribution
b. the sampling distribution
c. a sample statistic
d. a population parameter
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
130. An estimate of a population parameter that provides an interval believed to contain the value of the parameter is
known as the _____.
a. confidence level
b. interval estimate
c. parameter value
d. population estimate
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
131. As the sample size increases, the margin of error _____.

a. increases
b. decreases
c. stays the same
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
132. The confidence associated with an interval estimate is called the _____.

b. degree of association
c. confidence level
d. precision
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
133. The ability of an interval estimate to contain the value of the population parameter is described by the _____.
a. confidence level
b. degrees of freedom
c. precise value of the population mean μ
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
134. If an interval estimate is said to be constructed at the 90% confidence level, the confidence coefficient would be
_____.
a. .1
b. .95
c. .9
d. .05
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
135. If we want to provide a 95% confidence interval for the mean of a population, the confidence coefficient is _____.
a. .485
b. 1.96
c. .95
d. 1.645
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
136. For the interval estimation of μ when σ is assumed known, the proper distribution to use is the_____.
b. t distribution with n degrees of freedom
c. t distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom
d. t distribution with n − 2 degrees of freedom
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
137. The z value for a 97.8% confidence interval estimation is _____.

a. 2.02
b. 1.96
c. 2.00
d. 2.29
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
138. It is known that the variance of a population equals 1,936. A random sample of 121 has been selected from the
population. There is a .95 probability that the sample mean will provide a margin of error of _____.
a. 7.84 or less
b. 31.36 or less
c. 344.96 or less
d. 1,936 or less
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
Another random document with
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I do not think I have been able to tell the world anything new about the
poet or his surroundings. But the man 'who hedn't a bit of fish in him, and
was no mountaineer,' seems to have been in the eyes of the people always at
his studies; 'and that because he couldn't help it, because it was his hobby,'
for sheer love, and not for money. This astonished the industrious money-
loving folk, who could not understand the doing work for 'nowt,' and
perhaps held the poet's occupation in somewhat lighter esteem, just because
it did not bring in 'a deal o' brass to the pocket.' I think it is very interesting,
however, to notice how the woman part of the Rydal Mount family seemed
to the simple neighbourhood to have the talent and mental ability; and there
must have been, both about Dorothy Wordsworth and the poet's daughter
Dora, a quite remarkable power of inspiring the minds of the poor with
whom they came in contact, with a belief in their intellectual faculties and
brightness and cleverness. If Hartley Coleridge was held by some to be
Wordsworth's helper, it was to Dorothy he was supposed by all to turn if
'ivver he was puzzelt.' The women had 'the wits, or best part of 'em,'—this
was proverbial among the peasantry, and, as having been an article of rural
faith, it has been established out of the mouths of all the witnesses it has
been my lot to call.
WITH THE BLACK-HEADED GULLS IN

CUMBERLAND.
There is no part of the Cumberland coast so full of witchery and romance

as the point where Muncaster Fell comes down to the sea. The rivers of Irt,
Mite and Esk, with their memories of the pearl-fisheries of olden time, swirl
down toward the ancient harbour of the mythic 'King Aveling's Town.' One
cannot look across the pool at full tide without thought of how the Vikings
pushed their ships ashore here, when they came from Mona's Isle to harry
Cumberland.
But the sound of earlier civilisations is in our ears as one gazes across the
Ravenglass sand-dunes; for here beside us is the great cavern of ancient
oaken-logs and earth, wherein the Cymri buried their dead in prehistoric
time, and there within a stone's throw still upstands the seaside residence of
some great Roman general, who was determined apparently to enjoy a well-
heated house, and to do honour to the genius loci. No one who visits 'Walls'
Castle, as it is called, but must be struck with the remains of the 'tepidarium,'
and the little niche that held the statue of the tutelary god, or a bust of the
presiding Cæsar, within the ample hall.
Away at our back rises the Muncaster Fell with its grey beacon-tower, its
herd of deer, its wind-blown oaks, its primrose and bluebell haunted woods,
that slope towards the Vale of Esk. Further inland, sheltered by its
magnificent wall of forestry, stands rose-red one of the most interesting of
our northern castles, with its long terrace-lawn of quite unequalled grace and
loveliness. There in sheltered combe the rhododendrons bloom from earliest
spring, and the air will to-day be honeysweet from laurel-flower far and
wide.
But I was bent on seeing an older people than Cymri, Roman, Viking, or
Castle-Lord, albeit the line of Pennington reached far into the past, and
suited well his ancient castle hold. I had come in the last week of April, by
courteous invitation, to renew acquaintance with that fast-growing colony of
black-headed gulls that make the dunes of Ravenglass famous.
A boat was called, and leaving the pebbly beach that 'Stott of Oldham' so
delights to paint, we rowed across the flooding tide of the Ravenglass
harbour to the sand-dunes of happy quietude, where the oyster-catchers were
sunning themselves, and where the sheldrake in her nesting season loves to
hide. As one went forward over the dunes one felt back in the great desert of
the Badiet-Tih, and expected to see Bedouins start from the ground, and
camels come in single file with solemn sway round the sedge-tufted, wind-
blown hillocks and hummocks of glaring sand.
Then suddenly the silence of the waste was broken by a marvellous

sound, and a huge cloud of palpitating wings, that changed from black to
white and hovered and trembled against the grey sea or the blue inland hills,
swept by over-head. The black-headed gulls had heard of our approach, and
mightily disapproved of our trespass upon their sand-blown solitude.
We sat down and the clamour died: the gulls had settled. Creeping warily
to the crest of a great billow of sand, we peeped beyond. Below us lay a
natural amphitheatre of grey-green grass that looked as if it were starred with
white flowers innumerable. We showed our heads and the flowers all took
wing, and the air was filled again with sound and intricate maze of
innumerable wings.
We approached, and walking with care found the ground cup-marked

with little baskets or basket-bottoms roughly woven of tussock grass or sea-
bent. Each casket contained from two to three magnificent jewels. These
were the eggs we had come so far to see. There they lay—deep brown
blotched with purple, light bronze marked with brown, pale green dashed
with umber, white shading into blue. All colours and all sizes; some as small
as a pigeon's, others as large as a bantam's. Three seemed to be the general
complement. In one nest I found four. The nests were so close to one another
that I counted twenty-six within a radius of ten yards; and what struck one
most was the way in which, instead of seeking shelter, the birds had
evidently planned to nest on every bit of rising ground from which swift
outlook over the gull-nursery could be obtained.
Who shall describe the uproar and anger with which one was greeted as
one stood in the midst of the nests? The black-headed gull swept at one with
open beak, and one found oneself involuntarily shading one's face and
protecting one's eyes as the savage little sooty-brown heads swooped round
one's head. But we were not the only foes they had had to battle with. The
carrion crow had evidently been an intruder and a thief; and many an egg
which was beginning to be hard set on, had been prey to the black robber's
beak. One was being robbed as I stood there in the midst of the hubbub.
Away, for what seemed the best part of a mile, the 'gullery' stretched to
the north in the direction of Seascale; and one felt that, thanks to the public-
spirited owner of the seaboard, and the County Council of Cumberland, the
black-headed gull was not likely to diminish in this generation.
Back to the boat we went with a feeling that we owed large apologies to
the whole sea-gull race for giving this colony such alarm, and causing such
apparent disquietude of heart, and large thanks to the lord of Muncaster for
his ceaseless care of the wild sea-people whom each year he entertains upon
his golden dunes.
That evening I went back in memory to the marvellous sight in the

Gullery at Ravenglass. My thoughts took sonnet form as follows:
THE HOPE OF LIFE.
Sudden the lilies of each lonely mound

Sprang into voice and palpitating wing;
I seemed a guilty and unwelcome thing;
Ten thousand shadows round me and around
Perplexed the air and danced along the ground;
Each sooty head, in passion, dared to fling
A world's defiance—and I felt the sting
And arrows of that deprecating sound.
Then gazing downward at my feet I saw

The silent cause of all these sorrowful cries,
—Large jewels, blotched and brown and green and blue,
In simple caskets wove from rushy straw;
I thanked high Heaven for hearts so good and true,
And shared their hope for life that never dies.
They are a far-wandering nation these black-headed gulls. I had seen

separate members of the tribe on the banks of the Neva, and later, on the
banks of the Nile; for they are an adventurous race, and may be found as far
north as Archangel and as far south as Nubia, but the next time that I saw
them in any number they had changed not only their appearance but their
manners. The black or, more properly speaking, brown head of the gull had
become grey. It seems they only wear their black helmets or bonnets in
summer time. Now it was winter, and they were as mild as doves—tamer
birds could hardly be seen, and the history of their taming, as indeed of their
presence so far inland as the Keswick valley, was very simple. There had
been a very cruel wholesale poisoning of the fish in the river Greta—the
black-headed gulls had heard of it, and came up the Derwent in great
numbers to the feast. It cannot have been all pleasure, and to judge by the
looks of some of the greedier of the class colic abounded. Whether it was the
abundance of the feast or the after pain, that made an impression on the gull,
I know not, but from that day to this the black-headed gentry of the seaboard
have had such affection for our vale that any storm at sea or any scarcity of
food brings them in great numbers to our valley pastures.
We had a hard winter three years ago, and wherever the rooks were seen
upon the ground, the black flock was dappled with the white sea gull, and
the dolorous voice of the crow was drowned in the laughter of the black-
headed gull.
Very grateful were we in those sad and sombre winter mornings to hear
the gulls laughing round our house-roofs, and not the least enjoyable thought
as we went to our breakfast-table was the knowledge that these wild sea-
people had come to trust us, and were willing to be our almoners.
There was one house in the valley, set upon a grassy hill overlooking the
lake, which seemed especially to have charm for the bird visitors. Swift of
ear, as of eye, the black-headed gulls noticed that the family went to
breakfast at the sound of a gong. No sooner did that gong echo across the
lawn, than the heaven became white with wings—a click at the gate was
heard, and a maid with a large pancheon of food specially prepared—hot and
tasty—was seen to come on to the grass and toss out the meal, in splotches,
round about her. Then what had been a silent grey undulating cloud of wings
broke up into a tangled mass of down-sweeping pink legs and up-sweeping
white wings, and with the noise of laughter and talk unimaginable, the happy
people fell to feeding.
I do not think that anything more dainty can be imagined than that swift
balance of up-tilted wing and down-reaching rosy feet, unless it be the
consummate care and nicety with which, before the black-headed gull put
beak to food, it tucked those long sweeping slender wings close to its side.
Now and again as they fed, the whole flock would rise momentarily into
air and float up as though blown from the earth by some invisible breath, and
then, as silently and simultaneously, sink to earth again.
At times one noticed how, rising up, they seemed to move in exactly one
position, moving their yellow rosy-stained beaks and grey heads from right
to left as though they feared an enemy. Yet they had no need to fear, for it
was quite clear that the rooks had been specially engaged by them to be their
sentinels. There they sat each in solitary sable-hood, on the trees all round
the lawn,—policemen on guard, and of such good manners, that until the
visitors from the sea had eaten and were full, they did not think of claiming
their share of the broken victual.
What astonished one most as these black-headed gulls came morning

after morning to the sound of the gong, was their apparent determination to
lose no time about their food. They sat down to table and rose up as one bird,
but they were not more than ten minutes about their meal, and there was
some reason for this. There were other breakfast tables spread for them on
other lawns; the gong at Derwent Hill was after all but summons to a first
course.
How mild, how gentle, with what dove-like tenderness did these grey-
headed people of the sea appear as with merry laughter they sailed about my
head, their feet tucked up like coral pink jewels against their breast; how
unlike those fierce black-headed guardians of their nests and young, who had
dashed at one, with open beak and scolding voice and angry wing, upon the
spring-tide dunes of Ravenglass.
AT THE GRASMERE PLAY.
What a wonderful people these Westmoreland folk are; we see them on

the Wrestling Ground at Pavement end, and we think we never saw such
'playing.' We enter a Westmoreland dale farm, and we feel, if ever men and
women were born to make two ends meet by the care of sheep or cattle,
these are the people. We take lodgings in a Westmoreland village for a
holiday season, and though it may be quite true that the landlady doesn't rave
about the scenery, and is rather of the type of the good woman-body who
had lived at Rydal Mount before she became lodging-house keeper, and who
said to my friend, 'Yes, yes, I am a tidy good cook and a decentish
housekeeper, but I don't know nowt about sunsets or sic like, and I don't
need, they've never been in my line,' it is at the same time true that, for
looking after one's creature wants and entering into the doings of every day
and making one feel part and parcel of the household, a Westmorland
housekeeper is bad to beat.
But though I thought I knew the capacity of Westmoreland folk pretty

well, a new surprise was in store for me as I took my seat in the temporary
play-house at Grasmere and learned that Westmoreland folk can not only
play in the Grasmere wrestling ring, but can play on the boards and before
the footlights also. It is quite true that the Grasmere people have had nearly a
generation of training in the dramatic art. A late rector, who was much
interested in looking after the recreations of the village, had translated for
them many a simple pastoral play from the French, and hardly a Christmas
came round, but he and his family, one of whom was herself a talented writer
of country plays, trained the villagers to give their neighbours a play, and the
children in the Bands of Hope to act charades. Since his time another family
who are much honoured at Grasmere, and who have the same kind of
enthusiasm for the dramatic capacity of the village, had carried on the work,
with the result that at a moment's notice, for any simple play the daughter of
the house might write or adapt, she could count on having as her players
seventeen or eighteen of the villagers who would seem born for the parts she
entrusted to them. There was no rivalry, no 'fratching' from house to house
because this person or that person was not selected for this or that particular
part; on the contrary, the village had such confidence in the conductor of the
village troupe that if Miss S. thought that So-and-so was to take this part and
So-and-so the other, that was enough, and not another word was to be said.
Meanwhile the village had come to look upon the village play as part of its
very life and soul. Grasmere in winter time would not be recognised by the
average tourist. It is a village of peace absolute and tranquillity beyond
words.
From the earliest times 'Cursmas' has been looked upon as a time when
everybody in the dale should enjoy himself. In the old days, when the
fiddlers went round from farm to farm between Christmas-day and New
Year's Day, and when the Merry Night (or Murry Neet) was held from place
to place, the Grasmere folk knew that, however hard they worked for the rest
of the year, at least they would 'laike' until the Twelfth Night, and precious
little work would go forward in the dales for the first fortnight of each glad
new year. The desire for some simple and rational form of amusement with
the beginning of every year has never died out of their blood, so that a
village play seems to fill a need which is part of their very nature. 'Why, we
could not live without it,' said a Grasmere body to me; 'it's the brightest spot
in our lives.' 'I can't tell you how dramatic it makes me feel,' said another. 'I
am going thro' my dialogue at all times o' day.' My husband said, 'You've had
company to-day then.' 'Ay, ay,' I replied, 'rare company. I was taking two or
three parts in second Act, you see, and changing voices, that was all.'
'But where do you get your theatrical properties?' I said. 'Who manages
the scene-shifting and all the rest of it?' 'Oh, as for scene-shifting, that is all
managed by that great hairy-faced man that you saw going down the road
just now; he is a grand stage manager and has been at it for twenty years or
more.' I did not see him again until after the close of the performance, when
I noticed him with his pocket-handkerchief in an unconventional way
fanning out the footlights, and then going up on a ladder to puff out the oil
lamps above the stage. 'And as for properties,' the good dame replied, 'if you
mean by that the things we have on the stage, well everything is lent—there
is crockery from one house and chairs from another, and the dresses, why
they are the old originals that were worn by our grandmothers, and great-
grandmothers. We all know to what farm or to what house we must go for
this or that particular dress, and it is lent very willingly.' 'And do you have
large audiences?' I said. 'Large audiences, well, if th' room would hold
double the number we could fill it, because folk of all maks and sizes come
together. This year we are giving a special afternoon performance for the
quality, but I am told that all reserved seats have been booked for weeks.'
It was growing dark as I stood by the cottage door. The omnibus, as it

drove down from the Raise gap with folk from Keswick coming to see the
play, was sending sparks out behind from its 'slipper,' as though it were
making fireworks. And soon I saw the lamp-lighter lighting up the oil lamps
in the quaintly intricate lanes of the village beside the Mere. Knots of people
were gathered already at their door-ways talking of the play, and already folk
were drawing towards the village hall near the Red Lion. I soon joined them,
and passed up a break-neck stairway to a big barn-like room, the back part of
which was filled with rough boards knocked up into temporary benches, and
the forepart had wooden cottage chairs for reserved seats. The drop-scene
was down—the lake and island with Helm Crag and Dunmail Raise, as seen
from Loughrigg, on a summer evening.
A big moon shone in a solid sort of way in mid-heaven, and was

repeated at intervals right down through the picture, as though the scene-
painters would say: 'This is the moon, it is rising now, and there it is fully
risen.' But I was assured that this was the result of some accident by fire that
had taken place years ago in the said drop-scene, and that these moons were,
after all, only the patches that repaired the beautiful picture. Three fiddlers
and a piano were making lively music when the bell tinkled and the curtain
went up. It was a very simple scene—the village carpenter sitting in his shop
working away at a stool, but it was to the life; and the Jacob who was
working there, with his red handkerchief round his throat, spoke and acted to
the life, and well he might—he was a village carpenter. A tourist came upon
the scene, and got very little change out of Jacob, and less still out of Jacob's
mother, Mrs. Rawlinson, who (after a very amusing dialogue with the
tourist) determined to allow him to be her lodger. She made him pay double
the usual price because he asked for 'sec a new faddlement as a seven o'clock
dinner.' Dolly, the maid, comes in with a handkerchief bound over her head,
as is the fashion of the North-country maids when they are dusting or
brushing up. They fall to talk:
Mrs. Rawlinson: 'I'se goin' to have mair nor sebben shillings a room this
time, but I was forced to ask a good price, for he'll be wanting late dinners,
and a' maks o' cooking and faddlements. What does ta think wawmlets'll be,
Dolly?'
Dolly: 'Nay, I never heard tell o' sec a thing.'
Mrs. Rawlinson: 'And grilled bones to his breakfast; but I kna' what
them'll be, just a marra bone served up hot in a napkin. I can mannish that
finely. Then he talked about a dish o' curry; that'll certainly be some mak o' a
French stew, made rare and hot wid pepper and an onion or two.'
Dolly: 'What, thou's goin' to be sadly tewed.'

Mrs. Rawlinson: 'Nay. I was nobbut a bit put about at first, but I mean to
ask Betty Braithwaite to lend me her beuk as larns yan to mak hundreds and
hundreds of things 'at I never heard of, nor naebody else, I wud think.'
As long as I live I shall remember the delightful get-up of this said Mrs.
Rawlinson, with her high black cap and flower in it, and her old-fashioned
criss-cross shawl, and her spotless white 'brat'; and the way in which she
pronounced the word 'omelette' as 'waumlett' convulsed the house.
The second scene in that first act was one that went home to the hearts of
all, for if the Westmoreland folk love one thing more dearly than another it is
'a sale.' The sale is really the excitement of the winter time. I believe that if
nobody was changing farms they would compel someone in the
neighbourhood to pretend that he was, that a sale might be held. It is not the
fierce excitement of bidding one against the other that causes the great
gathering at the sale, but 'everybody's tied to go,' as they say—bound to go
to the sale, just as everybody is bound to go when they are bid to a funeral. It
would not be friendly not to do so, and high, low, rich and poor, one with
another, meet at the sales, as De Quincey has reminded us, to see one
another and to hear how the world is stirring.
The Grasmere Players in this sale scene were all of the manner born, and
a young mason played the part of 'Tom Mashiter' (auctioneer) with great
delight to himself and to his audience.
'Here's t' fadther and muther and t' dowter he cried, as he put three
teapots together. 2s. 6d. for the lot just to get us into the bidding! Here's a
pair of copper scales; see how true they hang! Now I durst bet there's not
above half a dozen among us as honest as them is. There's not, howiver; and
I know who's yan o' the half-dozen; ye can settle the other five amang you.
Three an' six. Three an nine. Come, be quick. Nay, I'll not wait. I'll tak some
on ye in, ye'll see, if ye don't bid quicker——'
And the scales were knocked down 'mid roars of laughter.
'Here's another good jar, yan o' t' auld fashion, wid a pair o' good lugs to
hod by. A penny for it I have bid; who'll say tuppence? Tuppence for you,
Sarah. It's a real good un, yan o' t' rare auld-fashioned mak, like me an you,
Sarah. I think there's nobbut us two left o' the auld lang-eared breed.'
Then there were quilts sold with a deal of very amusing talk to make
them go off. One was in rags and tatters, but the auctioneer suggested that it
might do for a sick horse or a sick cow. I was listening with great
amusement, and I heard an old fellow beside me say, 'Well, but things is
goin' ower cheap,' and in another moment jerked out, 'A penny—here,' and
was not a little astonished that his bid was not taken. I only mention this to
show you how to the life the whole thing was done, and with what deep
interest the spectators gazed upon the play.
In the second act the plot thickens, and the interest centres in the two
chief actors of the little play—Aaron Hartley, with his apparently rejected
addresses to the statesman's daughter up at Hardcragg Farm, and Betty
Braithwaite. Aaron comes into his mother's kitchen, and, as far as any
Westmoreland man dare let himself go, allows her to see that things are all
up between himself and Betty. He must go off to 'Lunnon,' for he cannot face
living on in the dale now, and all the hay grass but one meadow has been got
in.
'I think I must be going away, muther, for a bit. I don't see but that you'll
mannish finely without me. We've gitten a' the hay in but t' midder, and
that'll not take so lang. It's nobbut a light crop, and then it'll be verra slack
till bracken time, and what, Jonty's match to make a good start with that if I
sudn't be back.'
Just then the farm servant Jonty enters. I believe that he was a coachman
in the village, but he was a consummate actor, and his quaint, silent ways
and the lifting up of his hand and scratching his head behind his ear when
talking were quite admirable. He has had, from youth up, the wish to have
something from London, and he tells Aaron that he's 'wonderin' whether he
could mannish to bring him a "spead" fra Lunnon' when he comes back; 'but
maybe the railway folk wad charge ower dear for carryin' on it.' Aaron chaffs
him out of the idea that a 'spead' made in London is better than one made in
Kendal, and suggests a nice silk handkerchief. 'I never thowt o' that,' says
Jonty; 'that wad be as like as aught.' Libby, the pretty farm servant breaks in
here, and says: 'I wish tha would think on it, and not be so ready with thy
jacket sleeve.'
'Ye'll not can tell me (says honest Jonty) how much t' silk handkercher'll
be until ye've bought it, I doubt; but if ye'll send word I can just send ye the
brass in a letter.'
And, saying, 'Well, I mun see all's reet afore goin' to bed,' the faithful
farm servant leaves the cottage to go round the byre.
But the actress of the piece throughout is Aaron's mother, Mrs. Hartley.
She sits there at her knitting, with her pretty crossover on her shoulders, sair
troubled at heart by her son Aaron's love affair; she drops her stitches, for
her eyes can hardly keep back the tears, but she seems to know intuitively
how much and how little comfort she may give her son, and how far she may
insist upon his confidences. The attempt on her part to make it appear as if it
did not matter at all and that everything will come right in the end is very
bravely done. Fewest words are best.
'Good night, mother,' says Aaron. 'You'll not mind a' I've said.'
'Nay, lad, not I. Good night.'
And so the curtain falls. The second scene in the second act brings Jonty
and Mattha Newby (the village tailor) together. Mattha, as I heard, was the
son of a village tailor. To-day, evidently from his boyhood's remembrances,
he is able to play the tailor's part well. Jonty has been 'wrestling with a dyke'
and torn his jerkin, and Mattha volunteers to mend it. A song was introduced
into this scene which I had written for the occasion. It ran as follows:
Come! sweet April, whom all men praise,

Bring your daffodils up to the Raise,
Bid the delicate warbler trill,
Come with the cuckoo over the hill
Sprinkle the birch with sprays of green,
Purple the copses all between;
Bend the rainbow, and swell the brooks,
Fill the air with the sound of rooks,
Rubies lend, for the larch to wear,
The lambs are bleating, and May is near.
August comes, and the speckled thrush

Sings no more in the lilac bush,
Lambs in the meadow cease to bleat,
The hills are dim with the noontide heat,
From all her hedges the rose is fled,
And only the harebell lifts her head;
But green are the new-mown vales with grass
As if the Spring were again to pass,
And children bring from the far-off fell
The rose-red heather—the bee loves well,
Comes October with breath more cold,

She breathes, and the bracken turns to gold,
The cherry blushes as red as blood,
The rowan flames in the painted wood,
The larch-tree tresses are amber bright,
The birch is yellowing up on the height,
{82}
And over the valley and over the hill
A deep hush broods and the sheep are still,
But rainbow gossamers fill the air,
Tho' the old earth rests, the world is fair.
Now are the mountains winter-white,

Helvellyn shines in the clear moonlight;
The carollers sing, and the Christmas bells
Send sweet messages up the fells;
The old folk meet for their Christmas cheer,
The young folk skate on the frozen mere;
But Spring is coming, the shy buds peep,
The snow-drop moves in her long, long sleep,
The lemon-light shines on the leafless larch,
And the wood grows purple to welcome March.
Fair, how fair, are the changing days
That keep us happy beneath the Raise,
We who, in honour of Oswald the King,
Our 'bearings' still to the Old Church bring,
We who here in the silent time
Act our part and carol our rhyme.
Seasons change, and our hair grows grey,
But merrily goes the Grasmere play,
And two things stay with us all the year—
Love of our valley, and heart of cheer.
It had been prettily set to music by a Grasmere lady, and the two bass
voices chimed in with the two last lines in each verse, and Mattha the tailor
and Jonty the farm servant gave great effect to the song by the sudden
addition of their manly notes. Before the curtain falls on this scene, we learn
that the tourist (to whom we were introduced in the first scene), Mr.
Augustus Mallister, who has heard that she is an heiress, is determined, if
possible, to win the heart of Betty Braithwaite. He knows that Aaron's
absence has made her heart grow fonder. He determines to write a letter,
which shall be posted in London, purporting to come from Aaron, in which
the absent lover declares that he has become engaged to an American girl;
and so the curtain falls.
In the last act, and the first scene, there is a pretty passage, although it is
a pathetic one, between Mrs. Hartley and the girl Betty Braithwaite, to
whom Mrs. Hartley has given Aaron's letters to read—one of them the fatal
letter. In the last scene Norman Braithwaite and his wife, an excellent make-
up, come in to talk matters over, and the letter from London amongst other
things. Jonty remembers how that, on a certain day in August, the tourist
chap, 'the fine gentleman' as he called him, had been spouting out a letter
about an Aaron getting wed to an American, and they at once seemed to see
light and to feel that the letter Mrs. Hartley had received was a forgery. Just
at that time Aaron and Betty enter, and one can tell by a glance at them that
it doesn't matter how many forged letters have been written in London; they
have quite made up their minds to make a match of it. As for Mallister, 'the
fine gentleman,' Jonty breaks in:
'Is it Mallister you're talkin' on? We weant see any more o' yon ne'er-do-
weel here. I met t' p'liceman going off wid him to Kendal.'
Norman: 'T' p'liceman! What for?'
Jonty: 'It seems he's been wanted for some time. He's been up to some
forgery or summat o' that mak.'
Poor Mrs. Rawlinson, 'the fine gentleman's' landlady, enters greatly

distressed that the good name of her house has been compromised by letting
lodgings to a forger. 'Why,' says she, 'I thought he was a gentleman, wi' his
wawmlets to his breakfast, and his late dinners and siclike.' And so with the
assertion that there is nothing to wait for and the wedding shall take place at
Martinmas, the curtain goes down, and all's well that ends well.
During the acting it was quite plain that the actors themselves were as
much interested as those who witnessed the play. 'I was fairly shamed of
myself,' I heard one saying, 'to meet with ye when I came off the last time,
for the tears on my face, but if you had given me a five pound note I could
not have helped it.' Ah, thought I, that was the secret of your acting so well.
Now and again an actor in undress would pass down the room to have a look
at the others as they performed their parts, and to report. They would come
back with much encouragement to their fellow-players with such words as
these: 'Eh, but it's a grand company now, and walls is beginning to stream
now'; and in truth the heat of the room and the consequent vapour bath was a
thing not to be easily forgotten. But if it had been twice as hot, and the hall
had been twice as crammed, and the play had been twice as long, one could
still have sat with real pleasure to see such perfect acting done with such
simplicity and reality to the life. One wished that Will Shakspere could have
come along; how he would have blessed these village folk for their truth and
their simplicity. And how good a thing, thought I, it is, that there should be a
dull time at the English Lakes, so that, without any temptations to
extravagance in scenery or setting of the plays—that would inevitably come
with a wider public,—these natural dale-folk can delight their fellow-
villagers, by dramatic talent as real as it is remarkable.
JAMES CROPPER OF ELLERGREEN.
The pattern life of a public-spirited country gentleman closed, when

James Cropper of Ellergreen, with eye undimmed and natural force
unabated, entered rest.
Come of an old Viking stock,—for his name is found in the Landnama

Bok of Iceland,—he had inherited the best traditions of true philanthropy
from his grandfather, who, with Zachary Macaulay, had worked for the
emancipation of the slave. In him, too, ran something of the spirit of good
old Quaker blood. Whole-hearted Churchman as he was, he loved as the
Friends love, simplicity in form and directness in religious expression. In
earliest days he had cared for social and industrial problems, and the sorrows
of the labouring poor entered into his heart. It was his good fortune to be
able, by becoming an employer of labour, in his paper mills at Burneside, to
face these problems and to become, as he always wished to become, the
father rather than the master of his workmen.
He lived to see Burneside become, under his fostering care, a model

village. He lived to see some of his endeavours, notably his idea of Co-
operative Stores for the people, find acceptance far and wide. The
guardianship of the poor was a sacred trust to him. As Chairman of the
Board of Guardians at Kendal for twenty-five years, and as Vice-President of
the Northern Poor Law Congress, he both learned and taught wisdom.
Almost the last thing he talked with me about was a scheme for caring for
that most helpless class of our poorer friends, the pauper imbeciles of
Cumberland and Westmoreland.
He was in early days a keen politician, and represented his neighbouring

town of Kendal for five years in Parliament. Latterly he had felt that he
could not be a partisan, or rather that partisanship dulled sympathies, and
though it was a grief to him at the time to leave the House at the
redistribution of seats, he found so much more of home politics to hand for
him to do, that he ceased to regret it.
When the County Council in Westmoreland met for its first time in 1888,
they unanimously elected James Cropper to be their chairman, and to the day
of his death his heart was in the work.
The Queen Anne's Bounty Board gave him the chance of helping the
church of his love. The late Bishop of Carlisle, Harvey Goodwin, had no
truer friend; and the present Bishop Bardsley testified to the constant help to
church work in the diocese that this most earnest layman was always willing
to bestow.
But it was the cause of education—elementary, secondary, public school,

or university—that was nearest to his heart. As one of the Governors of
Sedbergh, and Heversham and Kendal Grammar Schools, his counsel was
constantly sought. As a believer in women's education, he founded a
scholarship at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, and a bursary at the Edinburgh
Medical School for the training of native Indian women as doctors.
JAMES CROPPER OF ELLERGREEN.
He was Chairman of a Kendal Education Society which anticipated

much of the present endeavour of the Code to secure better instruction for
elementary teachers. He was never so happy as when he could gather the
teachers on the lawn at Ellergreen, and hold counsel with them as to their
future aims and their present progress. The idea of a pupil-teachers' centre at
Kendal was his, and as Chairman of the County Council he was able to lend
it substantial aid. When the Voluntary School Association came into being,
he took up the idea warmly, and personally visited every school within his
area, and made its wants and its difficulties his own.
There was not a day that this public benefactor did not do something to
help his time. And if one asked oneself why it was he had the power to be a
pillar of good in his generation, a kind of beacon and standard for higher and
happier life in all classes of society round about him, the answer seemed to
be that he had a heart which was for ever young, in a body that seemed as if
age could not touch it—that his sympathies were not with the past, but with
the present and the future; that his enthusiasm for the better time coming
never failed him; that he believed that all things work together for good to
them that fear God and keep His commandments.
The grace of this abundant hopefulness flowed out in all he did and said.
'Age could not stale his infinite variety,' because he never grew old. To see
him with young men or little children was to see him at his best. To know
him in his home life was a privilege for which to be thankful.
But deeper than all his spring of hope and sympathy with the young and
the new lay the fountain of poetry at his heart. He did not, I think, write
poetry, but the love of it was a continual presence. He had the poet's heart,
and entered into the poet's mind. For him, the practical public county
magistrate and councillor, the spirit of the innermost was the joy of the
imagination. This was the secret of his swift sympathy with nature and with
man.
We met by appointment in the Tapestry Room of the Spanish Palace at

the Paris Exhibition on October 12th, 1900. He was as cheery as ever.
'I have had a delightful week,' he said, 'I wish all my friends could have
seen this wonderful exhibition. Yesterday I was at Chartres Cathedral. I
never knew what stained glass was before; pray visit Chartres. It is a
revelation to one.' Then he turned to the Spanish tapestries and went with
deepest pleasure through the historic scenes that the needles of the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries have left on deathless record. He seemed
as young-hearted as a boy, and as fresh in his enthusiasm as if this Paris
Exhibition was the first he had ever seen, but he was seventy-seven and had
seen more than falls to most of us to see, of all this world can show. I did not
know as I shook hands and parted that Death already had shaken him by the
hand.
That night the sharp pain of pneumonia was upon him. I saw him once
again, at the bedside celebration of his last Holy Communion, and then I saw
him dead. His beautiful lace without a wrinkle in it with all the look of
youthfulness come back—but, alas, without the bloom, beneath that ample
crown of snow-white hair which for years past had added such dignity to his
refined and kindly presence. As I gazed, the one thought that came to me
was this, did ever man pass so little weary, so full of keen interest and
unabated enthusiasm after so long a pilgrimage, right up to the doors of that
other world where, as we trust, all his fullest powers shall find full play, or
enter these gates of life with so little pain?
He died in France and his body was borne across the sea and laid to rest
in the valley he held most dear. It seemed as if all Westmoreland and
Cumberland had come to Burneside to do him honour at the homegoing.
The coffin, covered with wreaths, was laid upon a simple wheeled bier in
front of the doors of Ellergreen, and so taken by hand from the house to the
church. It was his wish that no hearse should be used, and that this simpler
method of carrying the body to its rest should be employed. Before the
procession moved, many of those present came up to the coffin to see the
beautiful photograph taken after death; and side by side of it the picture of
his bride taken on her honeymoon. Beneath these two pictures were written
the words from Christina Rossetti's poem:
'Think of our joy in Paradise

When we're together there,'
and beneath this a little note stating that these were the words which he had
begged might be inscribed upon his tombstone.
Those who knew how ideal had been their wedded life, knew also how
through all the long years of widowerhood and the grief of separation that
lent its pathos to his fine face, there had been one sweet music to which he

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Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1

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11. The mean of the t distribution is _____.

12. An interval estimate is used to estimate _____.

14. As the sample size increases, the margin of error _____.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5

20. The z value for a 97.8% confidence interval estimation is _____.

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34. In general, higher confidence levels provide _____.

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42. The t distribution should be used whenever _____.

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ANSWER: a. 12.8432 to 13.1568

ANSWER: a. 77.756 to 91.444

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ANSWER: a. .234 to .516

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128. The mean of the t distribution is _____.

129. An interval estimate is used to estimate _____.

131. As the sample size increases, the margin of error _____.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 43

137. The z value for a 97.8% confidence interval estimation is _____.

WITH THE BLACK-HEADED GULLS IN

There is no part of the Cumberland coast so full of witchery and romance

Then suddenly the silence of the waste was broken by a marvellous

We approached, and walking with care found the ground cup-marked

That evening I went back in memory to the marvellous sight in the

THE HOPE OF LIFE.

Sudden the lilies of each lonely mound

Then gazing downward at my feet I saw

They are a far-wandering nation these black-headed gulls. I had seen

What astonished one most as these black-headed gulls came morning

AT THE GRASMERE PLAY.

What a wonderful people these Westmoreland folk are; we see them on

But though I thought I knew the capacity of Westmoreland folk pretty

It was growing dark as I stood by the cottage door. The omnibus, as it

A big moon shone in a solid sort of way in mid-heaven, and was

Dolly: 'Nay, I never heard tell o' sec a thing.'

Dolly: 'What, thou's goin' to be sadly tewed.'

And the scales were knocked down 'mid roars of laughter.

'Nay, lad, not I. Good night.'

Come! sweet April, whom all men praise,

August comes, and the speckled thrush

Comes October with breath more cold,

Now are the mountains winter-white,

Norman: 'T' p'liceman! What for?'

Poor Mrs. Rawlinson, 'the fine gentleman's' landlady, enters greatly

The pattern life of a public-spirited country gentleman closed, when

Come of an old Viking stock,—for his name is found in the Landnama

He lived to see Burneside become, under his fostering care, a model

He was in early days a keen politician, and represented his neighbouring

But it was the cause of education—elementary, secondary, public school,

He was Chairman of a Kendal Education Society which anticipated