 Immunology

 PGH 317
 DR AGBARAOLORUPO
 Harmful Effects of immunity

1)Hypersensitivity reactions
2)Autoimmnity
3)Trasplantation immunity (rejection of
organ trasplant

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 Types of Hypersensitivity reaction
● Also called allergic reaction
● Caused by antigen knows as allergen
1)Antibody mediated or immediate type
reaction
2)Cell mediated, delayed type reaction

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 Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Reaction:Anaphylactic shock
1.The inducing antigen,allergen,induces the
production of specific IgE antibodys
2.The specific IgE binds to Fc receptor on
mast cells and basophils.
3.On subsequent exposure,allergen binds to
mast cell/basophil cell-bound IgE= cross-
linkage of IgE
4.Release of granules in mast/basophil
cells=discharge of chemicals like
Histamine,Leukotriene,bradykinin etc
5.Chemical mediators acts on different
target tissues to cause,increase smooth
muscle contraction,secretion and blood
vessel permability

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 Type II :Hypersensitivity: Cytotoxic
Reaction
1.Inducing Antigen stimulates the
production of IgM and IgG
antibodies
Examples:
2.Direct destruction of cells
containing the antigen (cytolytic • transfusion reaction,
reaction)
Mechanisms of action of the • haemolytic disease of
antibodies newborn baby
I.Agglutination of antigen particles • autoimmune anaemia
II.Opsonisation and subsequent • thrombocytopenic purpura.
phagocytosis of the antigen
III.Complement system activation
IV.. Direct Antibody dependent
cellular cytotoxicity

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 Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune
complex Disease
1)Antibody bound with Example
Soluble antigen to form a)serum sickness:single
antigen-antibody complex. injection of serum from horse
into individual= widespread
2)The complex is deposited system reaction
on nearby tissue,vessels or b) Arthus reaction:several
systemically. injection of horse serum into
individual=intense local
3)Local inflammation & reaction
massive complement
activation results=tissue
damage

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 Type IV: Hypersensitivity: Delayed
Hypersensitivity
Cell mediated (independent
● T-helper cell secretes IL-2
●

of Antibody). ●IL-2 activates T-cytotoxic

Mediated by T-Lymphocytes,
●
cells=>lysis of the target cells
macrophage and neutrophils Examples
The antigen is procesed by
● ● Delay skin reaction to
macrophages(Antigen tuberculin test(protein derived
Presenting Cell,APC) and from Mycobacterium
presented to T-helper cell tuberculosis).

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 HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION SUMMARY

Type I

Type II IgE and Mast cells mediator release and secondary

inflammatory

Type III IgG, IgM mediated

Type IV Immune complex mediated damage

Type V Damage caused by activated T cells

 AUTOIMMUNITY
Type V (receptor mediated)
hypersensitivity reaction

Stimulatory antibody
mimic the actions of
hormones

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 AUTOIMMUNITY
??? why
Accidental attack on
body self-antigens by
self antibodies
●Immune responses are
directed toward self-
Tissues antigens during
fetal and neonatal life are
reconized as “self
antigens” and the body
develops tolerance
towards them

antigens=>
●Structural & functional

damage
●Mediated by antibodies
Body loses self-antigen and the

and cellular immunity accompanied self tolerance to body

immune system.

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 Mechanisms of Autoimmunity
1)Altered antigen theory
2)Cross-reactive antigen
theory
3)Hidden or
sequestrated antigen
theory
4)Forbiden clone theory

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 Autoimmunity
Altered antigen theory Cross-reactivity Theory
When foreign structure posses
●
●Physical,Chemical and biological structural parts similar or related
alteration of surface antigen=> to self-antigens.
●Self antigen becomes non-self
antigen. ●This results in immunological
cross-reactivity.
●Causes: mutation,Infection by
virus,bacteria
●The immune response against
the foreign antigens cross-react
with similar self antigens of
organs in the body

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 Autoimmunity
●Hidden or Sequestered ●Such sequestered self-Antigen
antigen Theory. are present in the lens of the
eyes,spermatozoa &CNS tissues
●Some self-antigen are
hidden in the circulation in
normal healthy person.

●These antigens come in

contact with cells of the
immune system only after
organ damage.

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Forbidden clone ●E.g liver cell and
theory breakdown thyroid gland cells
●Antigen presentation
acquires the APC
by cells which are not antigen, which results
normally specialised for in thyroiditis and biliary
this role results in self cirrhosis respectively
reactivity

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 Transplant tissue rejection
Autograft: an organ taken from
●Trasplant or grafts ●

and grafted in the same individual

survive better only Isograft: organs or tissues from
when the organs or
●

from and grafted on genetically

identical individual(recipient). eg
tisse is taken from the indentical twin.
recipient himself or Allograft: graft between
●

from identical twins genetically non-identical

members of the same species. Eg
human donor and recipient.
●The graft from other
individuals would be
rejected

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 Acceptance of Transplant
●Only if the MHC(major ● Survival of Allograft
Histocompatibility 1)Matching donor and
Complex) antigens of recipient MHC antigens
the donor and the as far as possible
recipient are the same
or closely related,will 2)Immunosuppression
the graft be tolerated of the recipient
and accepted

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 Immumodeficiency Diseases
●Basic component
affected icluude
● T-Lymphocytes
● B-Lymphocytes
● Phagocytes
● Complement System

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NIGERIA STORY
 Secondary immunodeficiency
●Malnutrition
●Infections: AIDS, Covid-

19 infection
●Tumours

●Opportunistic infection

●Drugs

steroid,chemotherapy
●Ageing

●Stress

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