Percentage (Amit Garg)

PERCENTAGE

BASIC CONCEPTS BASED ON NCERT

Per cent is derived from Latin word ‘per centum’ meaning ‘per hundred’. Per cent is
represented by the symbol % and means hundredths too. That is 1% means
1 out of hundred or one hundredth. It can be written as:
1
1% =100= 0.01

Anwar found the Percentage of red beads like this

Out of 20 beads, the number of red beads are 8.
Hence, out of 100, the number of red beads are
8
20
×100=40(out of hundred) = 40%

Asha does it like this:

8 8×5 40
20
= 20×5= 100= 40%

How to find out percent value (Unitary method, use of 1%)

X% of Y = Z
EXAMPLE 1.
4% of 1600 =?
1% of 1600= 16
Hence 4% of 1600 = 4×16 = 64

EXAMPLE 2.
6% of Y= 72
If 6% = 72
72
Then 1% = 6 = 12

100% will be 1200.

1. In the atmosphere, 1 g of air contains:

.78 g Nitrogen = 78% Nitrogen
.21 g Oxygen or 21% Oxygen
.01 g Other gas = 1% Other gas

2. A shirt has:
3 2
cotton =60% Cotton and Polyester = 40% Polyester
5 5

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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

EXAMPLE 3
1
Write 3 as per cent.

SOLUTION
1 1 100 1 100%
We have, = × = × 100% = =33.33%
3 3 100 3 3

EXAMPLE 4
Out of 25 children in a class, 15 are girls. What is the percentage of girls?
SOLUTION
Out of 25 children, there are 15 girls.
15
Therefore, percentage of girls = ×100 = 60
25

There are 60% girls in the class.

EXAMPLE 5
5
Convert 4 intopercent.

SOLUTION
5 5
We have, = ×100% = 125%
4 4

CONVERTING DECIMALS TO PERCENTAGE

We have seen how fractions can be converted to per cents. Let us now find how
decimals can be converted to percents.

EXAMPLE 6
Convert the given decimals to per cents:
(a) 0.75 (b) 0.09 (c) 0.2
SOLUTION
75
(a)0.75 = 0.75 × 100 % = 100 × 100% = 75%

9
(b) 0.09 =100 × 100% = 9 %

2
(c) 0.2 = 10 ×100% = 20 %

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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

TRY THESE
1. Convert the following to percents:

12 49
(a) 16 (c) 50

(b) 3.5 2
(d) 2

(e) 0.05

2. (i) Out of 32 students, 8 are absent. What percent of the students are absent?

(ii) There are 25 radios, 16 of them are out of order. What percent of radios are out
of order?

(iii) A shop has 500 parts, out of which 5 are defective. What percent are defective?

(iv) There are 120 voters, 90 of them voted yes. What percent voted yes?

CONVERTING PERCENTAGES TO FRACTIONS OR DECIMALS

We have so far converted fractions and decimals to percentages. We can also do the
reverse. That is, given per cents, we can convert them to decimals or fractions. Look at
the
TRY THESE
Percent 1% 10% 25% 50% 90% 200%
𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏
Fraction =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎

Decimal .01 0.1

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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

Percentage

1 1 1
1 = 100%  20%  11.11%  11 %
5 9 9

1 1 2 1
 50%  16.66%  16 %  10%
2 6 3 10

1 1 1 2 1 1
 33.33%  33 %  14.28%  14 %  09.09%  09 %
3 3 7 7 11 11

1 1 1 1
 25%  12.5%  8.33%  8 %
4 8 12 3

 Every percent value can be expressed as a number (fraction) and every number
can be expressed in percent terms. E.g. 3 is 300/100 hence 300.

 Every percent value is based on a number and it belongs to that number only. E.g. if
someone says that they scored 80% marks then it is implied that these 80% are of
the maximum marks in the exam. Similarly a discount of 30% is calculated on MRP.
If someone’s salary raises by 20%, then this 20% is of the previous salary before
the raise.

 The increase (more than) and decrease (less than) percents between two fixed
numbers are never the same unless the two numbers are equal. E.g. between 40
and 50, 50 is 25% more than 40 but 40 is 20% less than 50. In other words, 40
should be increased by 25% to make 50, but then it should be decreased by 20% to
get it back to 40.
 Whenever we multiply or divide a number, we indirectly increase and decrease it by
certain percentages. E.g. if x is multiplied by 2, it becomes two times hence it
increases by 100%. Had x been multiplied by 2/3 it would have lost its 1/3 rd value,
therefore it would have lost 33.33% and would have remained 66.66%

MULTIPLYING FACTORS:
If x is increased by 20%, it means it would later become 120% of itself (since it already
was 100% of itself), hence it would be written as 1.2x after the increase.
If x is instead decreased by 20%, it would become 80% of itself, hence will be written as
0.8x

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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

These factors 1.2 or 0.8 etc are called multiplying factors. Looking at the multiplying
factors, we should be able to analyze as to how much percent has the number been
increased or decreased.

Q. After 20% discount, the price of an article became Rs.24.80. what was its MRP?
Sol. Let the MRP be x
After 20% discount, it would become 0.8x which is equal to 24.8, therefore x = 31

Q. After successive discounts of 20% and 25%, a bought a watch for Rs. 2400. Find its
MRP
Sol. Let the MRP be x
X *0.75 *0.8 = 2400
X = 4000

Q. A shopkeeper first increased the price of an article by 20% and then further
decreased it by 10%. By what percent has the price been changed on the whole?
Sol. Let the original price be x
Therefore x * 1.2 * 0.9 = 1.08x
Hence on the whole the net increase is 8% as finally x becomes 108% of itself.

Q. Calculate
I. 37.5% of 816?

VI. 6.25% of 1648?

II. 11.11% of 918?

VII. 8.33% of 1224?

III. 14.28% of 749?

VIII. 12.5% of 848?

IV. 33.33% of 342?

IX. 09.09% of 1133?

V. 133.33% of 330?
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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

X. 75% of 360?
XII. 28.56% of 749?

XI. 44.44% of 1836?

CONVERT PERCENTAGE INTO FRACTIONS:

1. 50%

9. 37.5%
2. 75%

10. 112.5%
3. 33.33%

11. 87.5%
4. 133.33%

12. 55.55%
5. 60%

13. 22.22%
6. 16.66%

14. 111.11%
7. 14.28%

15. 8.33%
8. 42.85%
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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

16. 91.67%
19. 93.75%
17. 6.67%

20. 5%
18. 6.25%

CONVERT FRACTIONS INTO PERCENTAGE:

1
1.
3
9
9.
8

1
2.
4
2
10.
9

1
3. 5
4
11. 9

3
4.
4
9
12. 11

1
5. 6
5
13. 11

5
6. 6
1
14. 12

1
7. 7
1
15. 15

5
8. 8

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 Percentage (Amit Garg)
1 15
16. 16
18.
16

14
17. 15

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. If the length of a rectangle is should be reduced to get the same
increased by 50% by what work done?
percentage breadth should be
decreased so that his overall area
does not change?

4. If the speed is reduced by 20% then

by what percent time should be
increased to cover the same
2. The price of wheat rises by 33.33%. distance?
By what percentage a person can
decrease the consumption of wheat
so that his overall budget does not
change?

5. If one of the sides of a rectangle is

3. 16 men can do a piece of work in 15
days. If the no. of men is increased
by 50% then by what percent days
increased by 10% and the other is
decreased by 10%, find the percent
value by which the area changes?

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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

6. If the price is increased by 10% and 10. Two no. are respectively 20 % and
the sale is also increased by 10% 50% more than a third. What
then what will be the effect on percentage is the First of the
income? Second?

11. Two numbers are respectively 20%

and 80% more than a third. What
percentage is the first of the
second?
a. 60%
7. Side of a Square is decreased by b. 400%
10%, find the percent value by which c. 150%
the area changes? d. 66.66%

8. A shopkeeper makes the price of his

goods 12 % higher than its original
price. After that, he allows a discount 12. One number is 20% less and second
of 12%. What is his percentage profit number is 60% more than a third.
or loss? What percentage is the second of
the first?
a. 50%
b. 200%
c. 80%
d. None of these

13. A positive no. is divided by 2 instead

9. The salary of a worker is first of being multiplied by 2. What
increased by 10% thereafter it was percentage is the result of the
reduced by 10%. What was the required correct value?
change in his salary? a. 25%
b. 400%
c. 50%
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 Percentage (Amit Garg)
d. Cannot be determined
UPSC CSP 2014:
1. A gardener increased the area of his
rectangular garden by increasing its
length by 40% and decreasing its
width by 20%. The area of the new
garden
a. has increased by 20%
b. has increased by 12%
c. has increased by 8%
d. is exactly the same as the old
area
10
14. A positive no. is divided by 5 instead
of being multiplied by 5. What
percent is the result of the required
correct value?
15. From the salary of an officer, 10% is
deduced as house rent. 20% of the
rest he spends on conveyance, 20%
of the rest he pays as income tax
and 10% of the balance he spends
on clothes. Then, he is left with Rs.
15,552. Find his total salary.
a. Rs 20,000
b. Rs 30,000
c. Rs 50,000
d. Cannot be determined
2. A and B decide to travel from place
X to place Y by bus. A has Rs. 10
with him and he finds that it is 80%
of the bus fare for two persons. B
finds that he has Rs. 3 with him and
hands it over to A. In this context,
which one of the following
statements is correct?
a. Now the money A has is just
enough to buy two tickets.
b. A still needs Rs. 2 for buying the
tickets.
c. After buying the two tickets A will
be left with 50 paise.
d. The money A now has is still not
sufficient to buy two tickets.
 Percentage (Amit Garg)

3. As per agreement with a bank, a a. 22

businessman had to refund a loan in b. 24
some equal installments without c. 30
interest. After paying 18 installments d. 33
he found that 60 percent of his loan
was refunded. How many
installments were there in the
agreement ?

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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

Home Assignment
1. A monkey climbed 62½% of the height of the pole in one hour and in the next hour it
covered 12½% of the remaining height. If the height of the pole is 192 meters, then
distance climbed in second hour is:
a. 3 meters
b. 9 meters
c. 24 meters
d. 12 meters

2. If the speed is increased by 20% then by what percent time should be reduced to
cover the same distance?
a. 25%
b. 20%
c. 33.33%
d. 16.66%

3. Due to fall in manpower, the production in a factory decreases by 20 %. By what

percent should the working hour be increased to restore the original production?
a. 25%
b. 20%
c. 33.33%
d. None of these

4. The price of wheat falls by 16.66%. By what percentage a person can increase the
consumption of wheat so that his overall budget does not change?
a. 25%
b. 20%
c. 14.28%
d. None of these
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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

5. If the price of sugar rises from Rs. 6 per kg to Rs. 7.50 per kg, a person, to have no
change in his expenditure on sugar, will have to reduce the consumption of sugar by
(in percentage):
a. 25%
b. 20%
c. 33.33%
d. None of these

6. If the price is increased by 10% and the sale is decreased by 5% then what will be
the effect on income?
a. No change
b. 4.5 % decrease
c. 4.5 % increase
d. 5.5% increase

7. If the price is decreased by 12% and sale is increased by 10% then what will be the
effect on income?
a. 3.2% decrease
b. .8% increase
c. 2 % decrease
d. None of these

8. The number of seats in a Cinema hall is increased by 25%. The price on ticket is
also increased by 10%. What is the effect on the income collected?
a. 35% increase
b. 37.5% increase
c. 60 % increase
d. None of these

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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

9. If one of the sides of a rectangle is increased by 20% and the other is increased by
5%, find the percent value by which the area changes?
a. 25 % increase
b. 26 % increase
c. 20 % increase
d. None of these

10. The salary of a worker is first increased by 20% thereafter it was reduced by 20%.
What was the change in his salary?
a. no change
b. 4% increase
c. 4% decrease
d. None of these

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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

Answer Key Percentage

ANSWER
I. 306 VII. 102
II. 102 VIII. 106
III. 107 IX. 103
IV. 114 X. 270
V. 440 XI. 816
VI. 103 XII. 214

PERCENTAGE INTO FRACTIONS

7
1 11. 8
1. 2
5
3 12. 9
2. 4
2
1 13. 9
3. 3
10
4 14.
4. 9
3
1
3 15.
5. 12
5
11
1 16. 12
6.
6
1
1 17.
7. 7
15
1
3 18. 16
8. 7
15
3 19. 16
9. 8
1
9 20. 20
10.
8

FRACTIONS INTO PERCENTAGE:

1. 33.33% 7. 14.28%
2. 25% 8. 62.5%
3. 20% 9. 112.5%
4. 75% 10. 22.22%
5. 16.66% 11. 44.44%
6. 83.33% 12. 81.81%

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 Percentage (Amit Garg)

13. 45.45% 14. 8.33%

15. 6.67% 17. 93.33%
16. 6.25% 18. 93.75%

HOME ASSIGNMENT

1. (b) 9 meters 2. C
2. (d) 16.66% 3. C
3. (a) 25%
4. (b) 20%
5. (b) 20%
6. (c) 4.5% increase
7. (a) 3.2% decrease
8. (b) 37.5% increase
9. (b) 26% increase
10. (c) 4% decrease

Practice questions:

1. 33.33%
2. 25%
3. 33.33%
4. 25%
5. 1% Decrease
6. 21% Increase
7. 19% Decrease 8. 1.44%
Loss
9. 1% Decrease 10. 80%
11. 66.66%
12. 200%
13. 25%
14. 4%
15. Rs 30000

UPSC CSP 2014

1. B
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