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Statistics For People Who Think They Hate Statistics Using Microsoft Excel 2016 4Th Edition Salkind Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Statistics For People Who Think They Hate Statistics Using Microsoft Excel 2016 4Th Edition Salkind Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. If you want to examine one group of subjects under two different conditions, which statistical
technique should you select?
a. Regression
b. Dependent-samples t-test
c. Analysis of variance
d. Independent-samples t-test
2. The t-test for dependent means is used when you have _______.
a. Two groups
b. One group
c. Three groups
d. Two or more groups
3. The t-test for dependent means is used when your sample is tested _______.
a. One time
b. Two times
c. One or more times
d. Two or more times
5. In a t-test for dependent means, the null hypothesis could look like this:
a.
b.
c.
d.
6. In a t-test for dependent means, the research hypothesis could look like this:
a.
b.
c.
d.
7. In a t-test for dependent samples that examines the difference between a pretest and posttest,
what type of hypothesis is used?
a. Nondirectional
b. Directional
c. Null hypothesis
d. Experimental
8. In order to be 99% confident you have not committed a Type I error, at what level should you
set your p value?
a. .01
b. .05
c. .10
d. .15
9. In order to compute the test statistic or t value, you must first approximate the sample size by
calculating the _______.
a. Pooled variance
b. Standard deviation
c. Degrees of freedom
d. Mean score
10. The test statistic calculated by the statistical procedure selected is known as the _______.
a. Critical value
b. Significance level
c. Obtained value
d. p value
11. In order to determine whether or not you will reject the null hypothesis, the test statistic must
be compared against the _______.
a. Critical value
b. Significance level
c. Obtained value
d. p value
12. If the obtained value is greater than the critical value, what should you do?
a. Reject the null hypothesis
b. Accept the null hypothesis
c. Set a higher p value
d. Increase the sample size
13. If the obtained value is less than the critical value, what should you do?
a. Reject the null hypothesis
b. Accept the null hypothesis
c. Accept the research hypothesis
d. Decrease your p value
14. What is the formula used to calculate degrees of freedom for a t-test for dependent groups?
a. n - 1
b. n1 + n2 - 1
c. n1 - 1 + n2
d. n1 + n2
15. How many subjects were examined based on the following: t(29) = 2.001, p < .05?
a. 29
b. 30
c. 31
d. 32
16. In the following, what are the degrees of freedom: t(29) = 2.001, p < .05?
a. 29
b. 30
c. 31
d. 32
17. If you are hypothesizing that posttest scores will be higher than pretest scores, you should use
_______.
a. A one-tailed test
b. A two-tailed test
c. Descriptive statistics
d. A t-test for independent means
19. If you are running a t-test for dependent means on a group of 114 individuals, your degrees of
freedom will be _______.
a. 113
b. 112
c. 114
d. 115
20. If your degrees of freedom is 24, your sample size when conducting a t-test for dependent
means must be _______.
a. 23
b. 25
c. 26
d. 24
21. If your degrees of freedom is 98, your sample size when conducting a t-test for dependent
means must be _______.
a. 97
b. 99
c. 98
d. 100
23. What is used to examine the degree of the relationship between variables?
a. Hypothesized mean difference
b. Correlation
c. Observations
d. Variance
24. Which of the following relates to the difference you expect when conducting a t-test?
a. Hypothesized mean difference
b. Pearson correlation
c. Observations
d. Variance
25. How many observations are there for each case in a t-test for dependent samples?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. More than three
28. Based on the formula for the t-test for dependent means, what does the n represent?
a. Sum of the means
b. Number of participants
c. Number of pairs of observations
d. Sum of all scores
29. If you are interested in studying the same group under two conditions, what test should you
use?
a. Independent-samples t-test
b. Dependent-samples t-test
c. Related-populations t-test
d. Correlation coefficient
31. In the equation t(78) = 1.03, p < .01, what does t represent?
a. Test statistic
b. Degrees of freedom
c. Obtained value
d. Alpha level
32. In the equation t(78) = 1.03, p < .01, what does 78 represent?
a. Test statistic
b. Degrees of freedom
c. Obtained value
d. Alpha level
33. In the equation t(78) = 1.03, p < .01, what does 1.03 represent?
a. Test statistic
b. Degrees of freedom
c. Obtained value
d. Alpha level
34. In the equation t(78) = 1.03, p < .01, what does p < .01 represent?
a. The obtained value
b. The critical value
c. The degrees of freedom
d. The level of significance
35. Dr. Moo would like to find out if there was a significant difference between her patients’
anxiety scores before and after they completed a yoga program. What is the appropriate test to
run?
a. Independent-samples t-test
b. Factorial ANOVA
c. Dependent-samples t-test
d. Pearson correlation
36. When calculating a dependent-samples t-test, the order in which you input the posttest score
and pretest score can change the t value. If you input the pretest first, the obtained value will
be _______.
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Neutral
d. Invalid
37. If you are running a t-test for dependent means on a group of 96 individuals, your degrees of
freedom will be _______.
a. 94
b. 95
c. 96
d. 90
38. Excel uses the _______ function that computes the t value for the difference between two
dependent groups as it does for two independent groups.
a. Deviation
b. Average
c. Opposite
d. Same
39. The data summary that results from running a t-test for dependent samples in Excel includes
all of following information EXCEPT this:
a. Variance
b. Observations
c. Standard deviation
d. df
40. The dependent t-test function in Excel will compute the _______ of a certain t value
occurring.
a. Accuracy
b. Reliability
c. Validity
d. Probability
41. You run a t-test and find that your results indicate that t(26) = 3.13, p < .05. You determine that
you should
a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis
b. Reject the null hypothesis
c. Ignore the null hypothesis
d. Fail to ignore the null hypothesis
42. You run a t-test and find that your results indicate that t(32) = 1.13, p > .05. You determine that
you should
a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis
b. Reject the null hypothesis
c. Ignore the null hypothesis
d. Fail to ignore the null hypothesis
43. Dr. Moo would like to find out if participants who ate glazed donuts became happier after
they ate jelly-filled donuts. What test should you use to determine this?
a. Factorial ANOVA
b. Independent-samples t-test
c. Dependent-samples t-test
d. Repeated-measures ANOVA
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
REF: The Path to Wisdom and Knowledge
OBJ: When the t-test for dependent means is appropriate to use
COG: Comprehension
44. To determine if you should reject a null hypothesis, you should compare the _______ value
and the _______ value.
a. Estimated; reliable
b. Obtained; estimated
c. Valid; invalid
d. Obtained; critical
46. _______ describes what you may have indicated to be the difference you expect back in a
dependent-samples t-test.
a. Mean difference
b. Hypothesized mean difference
c. Variance difference
d. Degrees of freedom
47. _______ describes the average score for each variable in a dependent-samples t-test.
a. Mean
b. Variance
c. Standard deviation
d. Standard error
48. In an Excel output for a dependent-samples t-test, “P(T <= t) one tail” refers to
a. The critical value needed for a one-tailed test
b. The probability of t occurring by chance for a two-tailed test
c. The probability of t occurring by chance for a one-tailed test
d. The critical value needed for a one-tailed test
49. Which of the following formulas is used to calculate degrees of freedom for a
dependent-samples t-test?
a. k - 1
b. n - 1
c. n(1)
d. k + 1
TRUE/FALSE
1. The t-test for dependent means is used in order to determine whether there is a significant
difference in the scores of a group of respondents who are tested at two points in time.
2. The t-test for dependent means is also known as the t-test for doubled samples.
3. The t-test for dependent means is also known as the t-test for correlated samples.
5. Early education researchers can match two classrooms from different school districts and
analyze their hypothesis with a dependent-samples t-test, even if they are not careful about the
characteristics of each classroom.
6. The dependent t-test function in Excel will compute the t value for you.
7. The T.DIST function in Excel provides information about the probability of a t-test outcome.
8. If the obtained value in a dependent-samples t-test exceeds the critical value, the null
hypothesis cannot be accepted.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Under what circumstances would you use a t-test for dependent samples?
ANS:
A t-test for dependent samples is appropriate to use when a single group of subjects is being
studied under two conditions. Each subject participates in both conditions.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Introduction to the t-Test for Dependent Samples
OBJ: When the t-test for dependent means is appropriate to use
COG: Comprehension
2. What is the difference between a t-test for independent samples and a t-test for dependent
samples?
ANS:
A t-test for independent samples compares two unrelated groups, whereas a t-test for
dependent samples is used to compare scores from the same subjects under two different
conditions or two groups that are matched pairs.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Introduction to the t-Test for Dependent Samples
OBJ: When the t-test for dependent means is appropriate to use
COG: Analysis
3. Provide an example of a study that would be analyzed using a t-test for dependent samples.
ANS:
The following is an example of when a t-test for dependent samples technique would be used:
A research study is examining the differences in reaction time. The subjects were given a test
after one hour of rest and a posttest after one hour of vigorous exercise.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Introduction to the t-Test for Dependent Samples
OBJ: When the t-test for dependent means is appropriate to use
COG: Comprehension
ANS:
The D score is the difference between each pair of scores provided by a participant.
ANS:
The D2 score is the difference between each pair of scores squared.
6. Interpret, in words, what it means for a research question that a null hypothesis was rejected.
ANS:
The null hypothesis is rejected if the obtained value is more extreme than the critical value.
For example, if t(24) = 2.45, p < .05, the obtained value (2.45) exceeds the critical value of
1.711. Thus, you reject the null hypothesis.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Computing the Test Statistic
OBJ: How to interpret the t value and understand what it means
COG: Comprehension
7. When doing a t-test for dependent samples, when would you accept the null hypothesis?
ANS:
The null hypothesis is accepted if the obtained value is less extreme than the critical value.
For example, if t(24) = 1.62, p < .05, the obtained value (1.62) does not exceed the critical
value of 1.711. Thus, you accept the null hypothesis.
8. Interpret, in words, what it means for a research question that a null hypothesis was accepted.
ANS:
When the null hypothesis in a dependent-samples t-test is accepted, that means there is no
statistical difference between the posttest scores and the pretest scores, so any differences
between them are likely to be by chance.
9. Dr. Moo would like to find out if participants who love cats receive more speeding tickets
than participants who love dogs. Identify the type of test she would need to use to determine
this, and explain your answer.
ANS:
Dr. Moo should use an independent-samples t-test because she would like to find out if there
are differences in the amount of speeding tickets received between two independent groups.
10. Dr. Moo’s student, Mr. Grass, is working on a research project but is unsure of how to analyze
his data. He would like to find out if goats produce more milk after going through a new
relaxation program for goats, the Goatness Gracious program. He measured the amount of
goat’s milk produced before Goatness Gracious and would like to compare this with the
amount of goat’s milk produced after Goatness Gracious. Identify the type of test he would
need to use to determine this, and explain your answer.
ANS:
Mr. Grass should use a dependent-samples t-test because he would like to find out if there are
differences in the amount of goat’s milk produced between the pretest and posttest of two
dependent groups.
11. Dr. Moo’s student, Mr. Grass, would like to find out if goats produce more milk after going
through three conditions: the Goatness Gracious goat relaxation program, increased grazing
time in the pasture, and soft jazz music played during the milking process. He decided to use a
dependent-samples t-test to test his research question. Did he make the correct decision?
Explain your answer.
ANS:
Mr. Grass has not made the correct decision. A dependent-samples t-test may be used to test
the scores or responses of the same group of participants between two dependent conditions.
Because Mr. Grass would like to compare three conditions, he will need to use a different test.
12. Dr. Moo would like to research the impact of drinking caffeine in the morning on the
occurrence of road rage. She believes that drinking caffeine will reduce the occurrences of
road rage. State Dr. Moo’s hypothesis (in words) as a research hypothesis. Also, describe the
kind of test (one tailed or two tailed) that she should use, and explain why.
ANS:
Because Dr. Moo believes that caffeine drinking will reduce the occurrences of road rage, her
hypothesis involves a direction. She should therefore use a one-tailed test. Her research
hypothesis could be stated as follows: Participants who drink caffeine in the morning will
demonstrate lower occurrences of road rage compared to participants who do not.
13. Dr. Moo would like to research the impact of drinking caffeine in the morning on the
occurrence of road rage. She believes that drinking caffeine will reduce the occurrences of
road rage. State Dr. Moo’s hypothesis (in words) as a null hypothesis.
ANS:
Participants who drink caffeine in the morning will demonstrate no differences in occurrences
of road rage compared to participants who do not.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Computing the Test Statistic
OBJ: How to interpret the t value and understand what it means
COG: Application
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si avesse a richiamare alla più severa osservanza l’editto di
Costantino.
I gladiatori adunque scomparvero di tal modo, quantunque le caccie
degli animali feroci durassero sino alla caduta dell’impero
d’occidente [176], e cessarono pure le persecuzioni contro i credenti
del Cristo. «Voi che vi lagnate — sclama Cesare Cantù — perchè i
simboli della passione del Cristo oggi sfigurino il Coliseo, ricordate
quanto sangue v’abbiano quelli risparmiato» [177].
A compir le notizie che riguardano i ludi del Circo e dell’Anfiteatro, mi
resta a dire delle sparsiones e missilia, che accompagnavano quasi
sempre gli spettacoli che offerivansi in essi, quando chi ne
sosteneva le spese erano il principe, o i maggiorenti della repubblica
o dell’impero.
Queste missilia e sparsiones erano doni che si facevano al popolo
da chi dava i giuochi. Distribuivansi a mezzo di tessere di legno,
sulle quali stavano scritte le cose cui davano diritto, lo che
recherebbe l’idea d’una gratuita lotteria, quando però non fossero gli
oggetti stessi, i quali allora si venivano con gran tafferuglio
disputando. I valori e la spesa per siffatti regali quali fossero,
possiam raccogliere da Svetonio, là dove tratta delle missilia e delle
sparsiones, distribuite da Nerone. «Nei giuochi, scriv’egli, per
l’eternità dell’impero che Nerone appellò massimi, persone dei due
ordini e dei due sessi sostennero parti divertenti. Un notissimo
cavalier romano sedendo su d’un elefante trascorse su d’una corda
distesa (cathadromum) in direzione obliqua. Si recitò una commedia
d’Afranio intitolata L’incendio e si abbandonò agli attori il saccheggio
d’una casa divorata dalle fiamme. Ogni giorno si facevano al popolo
tutte sorta di larghezze (sparsa et populo missilia), si largheggiavano
a lui buoni pagabili in grani, vestimenta, oro, argento, pietre
preziose, perle, quadri, schiavi, bestie da soma, animali
addomesticati, e finalmente si giunse per pazza liberalità a regalare
vascelli, e perfino isole e terre [178].»
E così fece dopo anche Tito, ammanendo ludi e feste per cento
giorni, nella dedica dell’Anfiteatro Flavio da lui compito; come prima
di essi, un semplice privato, Annio Milone, quello stesso che fu
difeso da Cicerone, sprecò tre patrimonj per gli stessi dispendj.
Probo, figlio di Alipio, pretore; Simmaco pretore del pari, per non dir
di tutti, profusero, al medesimo scopo di Claudio di blandire il popolo,
infiniti tesori.
Come visitando il Coliseo e gli anfiteatri di Verona e di Nola; così
pure vedendo quello di Pompei, il quale ne è il meglio conservato, e
che tutto ciò che ho in questa pagina brevemente passato in
rassegna rammenta, dinanzi a cosiffatte superbe costruzioni, non
puoi disgiungere dal sentimento d’ammirazione, quello della
compassione per le miriadi di vittime umane che dentro di essi
vennero sagrificate, e per la sciagurata condizione che è fatta dalla
fortuna agli uomini d’essere gli uni di ludibrio e spettacolo agli altri,
questi destinati a servire d’incudine, quelli a valer da martello.
CAPITOLO XV.
Le Terme.
Dietro di essi era una camera appartata, in cui forse stava, se pur
non era in quelle due camere laterali dei principali ingressi, nelle
quali altri supposero esistere latrine, il balneator, o direttore del
bagno, che riceveva il pagamento d’un quadrante o quarto di asse,
se eguale devesi ritenere la misura in Pompei a quella che si pagava
in Roma per accedere a’ bagni, giusta quel che ne disse Orazio nella
satira terza del libro primo: