WED | 05/03/2023 6.
“Need to Know”- is the term given to the requirement
1:00-2:30PM –– SJH-408
CFUNDCRIM
WEEK 13: Classification of Documents
Document- is any recorded information regardless of its
physical form or characteristics and include but not limited to
the following:
1. Written matter whether hand written, printed or type.
2. All painted, drawn or engraved matter.
3. All sound and voice recording.
4. All printed photographs and exposed or printed film, still or
moving.
5. All reproduction of the foregoing for whatever purpose.
Four Classified Matters
1. Top Secret (Green Color code)
- is any information and materials, the authorized disclosure
of it would cause exceptionally grove damage to the
nation, politically, economically or militarily.
Authority to Classify Top Secret Matters:
1. Secretary of National Defense
2. Chief of Staff and its equivalent to the PNP.
3. Major services commanders.
4. Area and Unified Commands of the PA, PNP,
and its equivalent to the PAF and PN.
2. Secret (Red Color Code)
- is any information and materials, the unauthorized
disclosure of which endanger National Security, causes
serious injury to the interest and prestige of the nation or
of any government activity or of great advantage to foreign
nation.
Authority of Classify Secret Materials:
1. Commanders of Infantry Battalion
2. Person enumerated under Top Secret
3. Special and Personnel staff of GHQ
4. General and Special staff of Major Service areas
and unit commanders
5. Superintendent of the PMA and PNPA
6. Commanders of post, depots, station of separate
units
7. Chief of Military mission or group
8. Armed Forces Attaches
9. Commandants of service Schools
3. Confidential (Blue Color Code)
- any information and material the unauthorized disclosure
of which would be prejudicial to the interests and prestige
to the national or governmental activity or would cause
administrative embarrassment or unwanted injury to and
or would be of advantage to foreign nations.
Authority to classify Confidential Matters:
1. Any commissioned personnel
4. Restricted (White or No Color Code)
- any information and material which requires special
protection other than those determined to be
confidential, secret, and top secret. Yet prior to
release require clearance with the records custodian.
Handling Classified Security Information:
1. Classify- this refers to the assigning of information in any
form or materials one of the 4 security classification
categories after determination has been made that the
information requires the security protection as provided for
in the regulation.
2. Classified Matters- is any information and materials in
any form or any nature the safeguarding of which is
necessary in the interest of national security and which is
classified for such purpose by the responsible classifying
authority.
3. Compromise- takes place through loss of security which
results from unauthorized persons obtaining knowledge of
classified matters.
4. Unauthorized- persons not authorized to have access on
classified matters.
5. Compartmentation- refers to the grant of access to
classified matter only to properly cleared persons.
that the dissemination of classified matters be limited
strictly to those persons whose official military or
government duties requires knowledge or possession
thereof.
7. Damage to National Security- refers to the prejudice,
embarrassment or injury of the Republic of the Philippines
resulting from any act or omission.
8. Declassify- the act of removing the security classification.
9. Reclassify or Regrading- this refers to the act of
changing the assigned classification to classified matter.
10. Upgrading- this refers to the act of assigning the matter a
higher classification than that previously assigned to it.
Two Kinds of Documents
1. Personal- letters, diary and notebook; it should be
treated usually the same with official documents.
2. Official- orders, manual, newspapers, leaflets,
overlays, maps and magazines.
Categories of Documents
Category A- information which contain reportable time
sensitive order of battle information
and significant information.
- it contains the “SATULE” information.
- It should be given priority because it is a critical
information.
- It is critical to friendly operations - Requires
immediate action.
Category B- anything that contains communications,
cryptographic documents or systems should
be classified as Secret and requires special
handling. It should be declassified by higher
authorities.
- All category B does are classified as secret because it
may contain information that maybe category A.
Category C- other information which contains something
that should be an intelligence value.
- contains exploitable information regardless of its contents.
- It could be category A or B.
- Unscreened materials or documents should be
categorized as category C.
Category D- No value, yet lower level will never
classify documents as category D.
- do not decide at the lower echelon that document bas
no value. It is the duty of the higher
HQS.
Three types of Translation
1. Full- everything is translated or forwarded
2. Extract- only portion of it is translated
3. Summary- translated only the main part
Counter Intelligence Agencies:
1. Individual Soldier- Counter- intelligence
operations depend upon the individual soldier’s
ability to carry out proper security, camouflage,
observation and reporting procedures.
2. All Units- to deny the enemy information our own
forces, their activities, location and disposition.
3. Censorship Units- specialized counter
intelligence functions due to their assigned tasks.
Commander’s Responsibility
The commander of the unit is responsible for the planning and
execution of all CI measures designed and implemented to
safeguard military information, personnel, equipment and
installation within his command. The commander delegates
these responsibility to his staff.
Counter Intelligence Staff Officer
The commander’s staff officer for intelligence is
charged with the general staff responsibility for intelligence and
counter- intelligence
“ In times of National Emergency”; It is recognized the security
and welfare of the nation must take precedence on certain civil
rights and privileges which are enjoyed by citizen in a stable,
peacetime situation, wartime situation, it becomes necessary to
implement certain restrictive measure which would
unconceivable in time of peace”
Espionage- refers to the collection of secret informations
that a government or organizations does not want any
outsider to know.
Sabotage- is an action against material, premises or utilities
or production, which ensures, interferes with or obstruct the
national security or ability of a nation to prepare for war.
Subversion- is an action principally clandestine or covert
designed needed to undermine the military, economic,
psychological, morale or political strength of a regime.
Anything that will undermine the political, social, economic
and other aspect of the country.
Identification of Criminal Subversive elements
Organized/ Syndicated crime groups- means a group of two
or more persons collaborating, confederating, or mutually
helping one another in the commission of crime.
1. Kidnap for Ransom
2. Bank Robbery
3. Drug Syndicates
4. Carnappers
5. Terrorists groups
6. Secessionists / Communist movement
Disaffection- is the lack of loyalty or affection for one’s
government or constitution. Treason- consists of levying for
war against a country or the adherence to aid enemy by any
one owing allegiance to that country.
Sedition- is an inflammatory speech or conduct against the
public order in the tranquility of a state with the intent to
interfere with the government operation or success of its
mission. Insurgency- is a protracted political military activity
directed towards completely or partially controlling the
resources of a country and the creation of an alternative
government through the use of irregular military force and
illegal political organizations.
*Technical Intelligence- it concerns with foreign technical
developments which have a practical military application and
the physical characteristics, performance, capability and
limitations of materials and installations housed by and for
foreign military forces.
• Intelligence distinguished from Information
*Information- A raw data or unevaluated material of every
description derived from
observation, communication,
reports, rumors, imagination, and
other
sources from which intelligence is derived. -
Intelligence Information- any information gathered or
received which is of intelligence interest or
significance.
WEEK 14: THE INTELLIGENCE PROCESS
Intelligence process refers to the cyclical steps followed from
intelligence planning, collection, processing, dissemination
1. DIRECTING- In this phase the intelligence staff officer or
unit commander determines the priority intelligence
requirements (PIR) and / or informations requirements (IR).
These are requirements then balanced and distributed to the
collecting agencies by direction or by request.
1. Determination of requirements
2. Determination of the essential elements of
information
3. Establishments of priorities.(PIR’s)
Essential Element of Information (EEI)
- it is what is given to collectors by the
supervising officer on what to gather for the particular
project or mission.
-are those obtained items and information needed at a
particular time to permit decisions to be made with in an
acceptable degree.
- it defines the scope and nature of
information which an agent pursues at a given time.
Other Intelligence Requirements (OIR)
-are information collected as additional while on EEI, These
are items that are also needed but are not given the right
priority.
Police Intelligence Estimate (PIE)
- a written study of the situation and conditions of a crime
situation with the recommended course or courses of action.
2. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION-It refers to planning of
collection effort and actual collection of information activity.
Collection- gathering of the needed information from all
possible sources and the reporting of the information from all
possible sources and the reporting of the information to
intelligence producing agency.
Collection of information- it is the culling ( collect, brig
together) of information from all possible overt sources.
Procurement of information- it is the aggressive effort to
acquire a certain specific information which may not be readily
available.
Five Successive steps of Collection Plan
1. Determination of intelligence requirement
2. Formulation of the intelligence requirement
3. Determination of priority
4. Section of collection agencies
5. Supervision
Reasons why constant and continued supervision of the
collection effort is necessary:
1. to ensure compliance of order
2. to check incoming information
3. to keep abreast with the situation and the results
achieved by the collection efforts needs modification.
Three (3) main aspects of Collection
1. Guidance – the direction of collection effort
2. Coverage- complete functional fulfillment of the
assigned mission to filed collecting agencies through full
exploitations of all available sources of information and the
initiative to develop new sources
3. Reporting- timely conveyance of information in usable
form the collecting agency to the intelligence producing unit.
Who are tasked to collect information:
1. Intelligence officer/agents
2. Civilian agents
3. Assets- refers to establishments, institutions,
agencies, organizations or non- juridical persons. 4.
Concerned citizens
Two basic collection Strategy
1. Resource Integration- one (1) agent
2. Agent Mixed or Redundancy- three or more agents
assessing for the same assignment.
Criteria of Collecting Agencies/units
1. Capability- physical ability of the unit
2. Balance/ Suitability- availability of the unit in selecting
the area of interest.
3. Multiplicity- ability to compare two or more prospected
collecting agencies.
Sources of Information
Source- where the information is obtained.
Organization- refers to the intelligence personnel or the
intelligence unit.
1. Persons (informant, syndicate, intelligence broker,
double agent)
2. Object
3. Records
Intelligence Community- is the conglomeration of all
intelligence units and agencies in a country composed of
civilian, military and quasi military organization.
Three (3) factors in the recruitment of human sources
1. Placements
2. Access- the most important factor.
 3. Motivation
Good sources of information: (These people volunteer for
various reasons/motivations ranging from the Nationalistic,
Personal, Religious, or Materialistic gain)
1. Victim of crimes
2. Ordinary citizens
3. Group leaders in the community
4. Bar workers
5. Religious groups
6. Merchants
7. Other well- meaning observers.
Other important sources
1. Captured documents
2. Government agencies
3. Informers
4. Informants
5. Libraries/files
INFORMANT AS DISTIGUISHED FROM INFORMER:
Informant- a person who gives information to the police
voluntary or involuntary , without any consideration, whereas;
Informer- an individual who gives information for a price or
reward.(He may be in the payroll of the law enforcement
agency)
General Classification of Source of Information
1. Open Sources- (Most information are obtained in this
way, More than 90% of information are gathered in this
way.
2. Non- Open or Closed Sources- are those that are
not obtainable openly. They can be located inside
building’s safe or vault, known only in the minds of some
scientist, or through the employment of technical
means.(Bugging and tapping)
Bugging- it is the placement of a hidden microphone to the
target to collect to telephone conversation.
Wire tapping- a method of collecting information through
interception of telephone conversation.
Three types of Opposition in gathering information
1. Active opposition- members of foreign intelligence
operatives including their potential assets.
2. Friendly opposition- military personnel and their
colleagues
3. Passive opposition- those who are undecided at the
moment whether to side which organization.
Note: Information which is of low reliability and doubtful is not
discarded or refused acceptance because processing will
evaluated and interpret this info and may still be found useful
and relevant. Many seemingly unimportant and insignificant
information later turns out to be the
“break” the police is waiting for.
•Methods of Collection of Information
1. Overt-information are procured openly without regard
in to whether the subject of the investigation becomes
knowledgeable of the purpose for which it is being gathered.
2. Interview- the casual questioning of a person who is
not under the control of the interviewer.
- It is a method of obtaining information although he maybe
ignorant of the true or real purpose.
3. Interrogation- is the skilful questioning of the subject
or person who is under control.
4. Instrumentation- the application of instruments and
methods of physical sciences to detect or determine the
participation of the subject.
5. Research – investigation to get facts through the files
of other agencies or company records.
6. Investigation – is the collection of facts or knowledge
from other sources, either from regular sources, public spirited
citizens, informants or informer.
7. Debriefing- the subject is cooperative or under some
degree of control and is aware of the intelligence interest.
8. Covert- It is the information obtained without the
knowledge of the person against whom the information or
documents may be used.
9. Elicitation- the technique of acquiring information or
intelligence of operational value through conversation with a
person who is not aware or unaware of the specific purpose of
the conversation.
10. Casing- is the reconnaissance and surveillance of a
place, building, or area to determine its suitability for
intelligence use or its vulnerability in an intelligence operation.
a. Surveillance-means to gather general
information over a wide area and it takes a longer
time frame.
b. Reconnaissance- means to gather specific
or detailed information at a particular time and place.
11. Cover- It is any device utilized by an individual,
organization or group to ensure that no one who do not have
the right to know will not be aware of the real purpose or intent
of the mission.
12. Observation and Description- it is the complete and
accurate awareness by an individual of his surroundings and
encompasses the use of all the major senses to register and
recognize its operational or intelligence significance.
Observation- it is the factual reporting of what was observed.
13. Order of Battle- it is the summary recording of one’s
specific criminal activities with entries covering matters with
intelligence and tactical interest, enumeration of personalities
involved in the organization’s movement and activities.
14. Clandestine Operation- is a secret action
undertaken by an intelligence agent in behalf of an
organization, the government and other friendly forces.
15. Sketching – consist of putting ideas in an accurate
pictorial form. It is a means describing on object or area to
satisfy a particular need.
16. Photography- is the process of producing image on a
sensitized material by variant form or radiant energy.
17. Provocation-is an action taken in order to incite
reaction from a know adversary or to observe reactions of
adversaries.
18. Portrait Parle- a means of using descriptive terms in
relation to the personal features of individual and it can briefly
describe as a word description or spoken pictures.
2. PROCESSING THE INFORMATION
- it is the means by which the information secured by
collecting agency is converted into intelligence required by
the consumer.
- In this phase, collected information is transformed into
intelligence. It involves four stages:
Selection- is the method by which information is made
available to appropriate researchers after it reaches the
intelligence producing organization. This is not to be confused
with initial selection which is performed during the collection.
A. Recording- It is the reproduction of information through
writing or in some other form of graphical representation and
the arranging of information into groups of related items
Aids in recording
1. Intelligence journal
2. Situation map
3. Intelligence files
4. Intelligence workbook
B. Evaluation- This is considered judgement of the accuracy,
completeness, and meaning of an item of information. It
involves an examination of both the source and content of the
report in question, since the value of an item of information
depends upon the reliability of the source as well as the
probability or plausibility of the information itself. source or the
agency and the accuracy of the information.
Pertinence- usefulness of the information. Information is
considered pertinent if:
a. It deals with the enemy or area of
operation.
b. If it is needed immediately.
c. If it is of present or future potential
value.

Reliability- The research analyst’s first step is try to determine
the reliability of this particular source, which is best
accomplished by checking its performance. If previous
information derived form this source has consistently proven to
be accurate, it can be considered a highly reliable- source; if it
has been frequently in error, it must regarded as relatively
unreliable.
Probability- is judged by its consistency within itself, its
circumstantially, its plausibility in view of general knowledge
and experience , and its consistency with other information or
intelligence on the same related subjects.
1. Consistency within itself- it is an important element
in the probability of any time of information. The
researcher will examine a report to determine if it is self-
contradictory and examined if it makes sense.
2. Circumstantially- means minuteness of detail. A
vague and general report may be perfectly true, but
practically useless, because the essential details are
lacking.
3. Plausibility- a report must be examined against the
background of general knowledge on the subject in
question.
4. Consistency with other information- a report must
be examined to determine its consistency with other
information or intelligence on the same or related subjects
Credibility- refers to the probable truth of the information
Letter Figure System- a conventional evaluation code , which
rates both the reliability of source and probability accuracy of
information. It consist of letter A to F to the source of the
figures 1 to 6 assigned to the information itself.
Code of Evaluation of Reliability and Credibility of
Information
Code and Evaluation of Sources of Information
A…………………….Completely Reliable
B ……………………Usually Reliable
C…………………….Fairly Reliable
D……………………Not Usually Reliable
E……………………Unreliable
F…………………….Reliability not known
Code and Evaluation of Information
1…………………… Confirmed by other sources
2…………………… Probably true
3…………………… Possibly true
4…………………….Doubtfully true
5…………………….Improbable
6…………………… Truth cannot be judged
“A”- those based on direct observation
“B”,” C”,” D”, E- those coming informants whose reliability can
be judged on the basis of previous performance, rarely “A” or
“B”. F- those form untested informants
“Any sub source of the field observer should be rated “F” by
the researcher unless he ahs had previous experience with the
same category”.
3. Analysis- the determination of the significance of the
information as well as the reliability of the source or the agent
and the accuracy of the information. It involves minute
examination of related items to determine the degree to which
they confirm, supplement or contradict each other thereby
establishing accepted facts and relationships.
Aids to the Process of Analysis
- analysis requires extensive use of mechanical
devices and techniques for extracting and indexing contents of
incoming reports and compiling them in logical system. Only
with the aid of these devices may be critically compared and
surveyed. Among the principal mechanical aides are:
1. Card files- subdividing subject matter into its smallest
elements and providing a single card for each element.
Sometimes it is possible to breakdown the data of each
element further and provide or design-printed cards that will
provide spaces for the different facts.
2. Situation Maps- some types of information are best
recorded on situation maps such as unit locations, troop
movements, fortifications, boundary disputes, local
administrative organizations, mineral deposit production
facilities, distribution of population and other geographical
matter.
3. Charts, Graphs and Statistical Tables- useful for
plotting or compiling information dealt with by economic and
sociological intelligence such as the study of military
manpower.
4. Periodic digest- some subjects like political events,
which do not readily lend themselves to factual analysis, a
periodic digest or chronology will be of great assistance. The
purpose is for the condensing for ready reference the principal
development around which the study of the subject must be
built.
Three (3) steps in Analysis
a. Assessment- is the shifting and sorting of evaluated
information with respect to the mission
b Integration- It is the combination of the elements stated in
assessment with other known information or intelligence to
form a logical feature or hypothesis for enemy activities or
information of the operational are and characteristics of the
mission of the command.
c. Deduction- concerns in finding out the meaning of
information as to the area of operation or
enemy .It is the mental process designed to answer the
question. “What does this info mean in relation to the mission
of the command and the enemy situation in the area of
operation.
4. DISSEMINATION and USE
-This is the final phase of the cycle wherein the processed
information or intelligence will be disseminated by means of
reports, annexes, briefing, estimates, messages, and other
forms to the selected agency, unit or command to effect or
implement the mission. After information has been collected
and processed into intelligence, it must be made available to
all authorized persons or agencies having a need for it. The
ideal intelligence report should be complete, accurate and
timely.
-Timeliness of dissemination means getting the
produced intelligence into the hands of all potential users in
time for them to make use of it. Efficient machinery must be
provided for editing, reproducing, assembling and publishing.
Intelligence, however sound, thorough and significant is of no
value if it remains in files or in the hands of the researchers.
-No two dissemination process are exactly alike. The
medium chosen for dissemination will in each case depend on
the type of intelligence, its urgency, its bulk, its security
classification, the agency to which it is addressed, the manner
in which it will be sued, and the number of copies require.
Dissemination procedures must be developed to fit various
requirements.
There are many types of media employed in the
dissemination of intelligence:
1. Informal means- intelligence may be disseminated
by this means and it usually assumes the form of personal
consultation.
2. Oral presentation- Usually in the form of a briefing, a
lecture or a group conference or it may be personal
presentation to higher authority.
3. Memoranda- Usually an informal memorandum to the
researcher’s superior, or to other interested agencies.
4. Assigned/ Required Projects or Reports- These
are usually a requirement for intelligence by the consumer.
5. Periodic Publications- These media of
dissemination are printed and intended for wide publication.
They contain data and discussions on relatively wide fields of
intelligence and are designed medium, the requirements of the
situation and other considerations, certain basic principles
apply in all cases.
6. Graphic Presentation- Maps, graphs, charts and
photographs should receive maximum usage in all forms of
dissemination.
7. Books- these formal, systematic presentations in
printed form are used when dissemination of whole fields of
intelligence are desired, or to provide reference or training
material to a large number of people
8. Periodic Reports- this medium is used to
disseminate substantial changes or improvements in previous
knowledge, which is of interest to a number of agencies or
persons.
9. Special reports- this medium is used to disseminated
substantial changes or improvements in previous knowledge
which is of interest to a number of agencies or persons.
10. Cables- spot intelligence is sometimes transmitted to
representatives overseas by cable in order to aid them in their
own report or in whatever missions they are performing.
11. Films- the use of short motion picture films for the
dissemination of intelligence.
12. Preparation of Material- dissemination of intelligence
is usually in writing.
Purpose of Dissemination :
a. To enable the commander to make decisions
with confidence.
b. To provide knowledge in the like of which
new information may be processed
WEEK 15: Covert Methods of information Collection
1. ELLICITATION
A system or plan whereby information of intelligence value is
obtained through the process direct intercommunication in
which one or more of the parties to the community unaware of
the specific purpose of the conversation.
Characteristics:
1. Subject is not aware of the true reason for
extent of your interest in his information.
2. You have a little control of the subject.
3. Elicited information usually consist of
isolated fragment of information.
Three Phases
1. determination of the mission
2. selection of the subject
3. accomplishment of the mission
Two devices in the conduct of Elicitation:
1. Approach- the process of setting people to start
talking.
2. Probe- the process to keep the person talking
incessantly.
Purpose of Elicitation:
1. To acquire information which is unbelievable through
other channel.
2. To obtain information which although unclassified is
not public known.
3. To provide operational information and background
data on potential source of information.
4. To assist various individual.
Planning and Preparation:
1. Determine what information is necessary or essential
2. Determine who has access to the information.
3. What are the vulnerabilities
4. How susceptible the subject to elicitation.
5. Outline elicitation points prior to meeting and prepare
specific questions and know your subject well.
Types of Approach:
1. Flattery- people are susceptible to praise Variants:
a. Teacher- Pupil approach- the subject is treated as
an authority. We request him/her to enlighten us and we
solicit his viewpoint and opinions.
b. Kindred Soul approach-The subject has been place
in a pedestal having some specialized quality and you
flatter him/ her by showing enough concern for his/ her
welfare to pay special attention to his enjoyment.
c. Good Samaritan approach- is sincere and valid
offers of help and assistance are made to the subject.
d. Idol- The collector builds the them based on his/her
deep admiration of he source of information and express
curiosity on how one could achieve such greatness.
2. Provocative approach-discover a wide range of
conversational gambits.
Variants:
a. Teaser Bait Approach- the collector will direct the
conversation and to a certain topic and throw out a
provocative statement that may be incorrect, which will in
effect force the source to correct the collector.
b. Man from Missouri Approach- The collector will
disbelieve what the source is saying to a point where the
source is force or prove the accuracy of his words through
additional information.
c. Joe Blow Approach (Know it all) –The collector will
become arrogant and project a message that he/she knows
it all.
d. National Pride Approach- nature propensity of all
person to defend their country and its policies. The collector
will tie the required information to national pride in an
attempt to get the source to confirm, deny or elaborate on
information.
e. Partial- Disagreement approach- seek to produce
talking by the word “I’m sure if I fully agree”.
Types of Probe:
1. Competition Probe- this is effective when used in
connection with the teacher- pupil approach.
2. Clarity Probe- used to elicit additional information in
an area which the response is clear.
3. High Pressure Probe- it serves to pin down a subject
in a specific area or it maybe used to point out
contradictions in what the subject has said.
4. Hypothetical Probe- present a hypothetical situation
and to get the subject to react to the hypothetical situation.
CASING - It is the reconnaissance or surveillance of a building,
place or area to determine its suitability for intelligence
operation or its vulnerability in operations( position of the
enemy)
General Principles:
1. Know the best route to take get there.
2. Know how to conduct yourself without attracting
attentions.
3. Know what security hazards are in the area and how
can they avoided or minimized.
4. Know the best rout to extricated from the area.
Importance of Casing:
1. Aids in planning for operation.
2. Aids to Agent handler in briefing high agents.
3. Offers the degree of protection for the operation.
4. Aids in the operational testing of agents.
Information desired in Casing
1. Area Condition and Habits
a. Detailed sketch and photograph of the area.
b. Customs, habits, language and dress in
order to be able to blend with the community.
c. Transportation facilities, the fare, station, in
order not to ask questions.
d. Knowledge of establishments determine
what are desirable, if are free from raids anytime to
avoid compromise.
e. You must know what kind of people residing
in the neighborhood so that agent will know what
appropriate actions he takes.
f. Restrictions
g. Description of the subject
2. Active Opposition
a. Criminal
1. capabilities
b. Foreign Intelligence Services
2. People they employ
c. All alien intelligence information
3. intentions
d. Strategic intelligence
4. fear
5. vulnerabilities
3. Disposal Plan( incase of compromise)- Either
swallow or flush the information, temporarily or
permanently depending upon the situation.
 4. Escape and Evasions- In case of compromise, the
agent must get out entirely from the target.
• Conducts Prior, During, and after Casing
Pre- Action to the conduct of Casing
1. Analyze the Mission
2. Study overt information
3. Check the resources
4. Cover
5. Timing
6. Support requirements
During the Casing
1. Copy information discreetly, invent something so as
not to invite attention.
2. Avoid repetitions to avoid suspicion. The personal
meeting place must be outside of target area, and then
maintain cover story.
3. Act naturally
After the Casing
Use your own discretion
Stages of Casing:
1. Area familiarization
2. Actual inspection of the area
3. Re-casing
Five Fundamental Principles of Casing:
1. to gain contact as soon as possible and maintain
continuously.
2. Maneuver freely in conformity with operations (dry
run)
3. To fight only when necessary 4. To report all items of
information.
5. To develop the situation.
Steps in the Conduct of Casing:
1. Preparation of general location map.
2. Sketch of the adjoining establishment and prominent
features.
3. Specific sketch of floor plan of main target.
4. Detailed features of inner portion of target and its
description.
5. Photograph of the casing target.
Types/ Forms of Casing
1. Surveillance- means to gather general information
over a wide area and it takes a longer period of time.
2. Reconnaissance- means to gather specific or
detailed information at a particular time and place.
• Surveillance
- It is a process or act of keeping person, premises or
vehicles under observation in order to acquire detailed
information concerning the activities, identities and contact of
the subject. It is concerned primarily with persons. Places and
objects can be closely watched by are generally incident to the
primary interest of seeking information about people.
- It involves many varied techniques and skills including
preparation, foot surveillance, automobile surveillance,
stationary of fixed surveillance, and reconnaissance. Also,
tailing, shadowing, trailing or keeping the subject under
observation.
Objectives of Surveillance- is to disclose or divulge the
existence of illegal criminal activities and to reveal the
identities of hose engaged in such activities.
Terms used in surveillance:
Surveillant- A person who conducts surveillance which
includes only observations.
Subject/Rabbit- The subject is the person or place watched.
Pre- Surveillance Conference (Briefing)- a conference held
among the team members, the police intelligence unit before a
surveillance is conducted. It is called by the head of the team
or the intelligence operations officer/ Subjects taken up in this
vital conference are the unit’s SOP, guidelines, regulations and
instructions also includes designation of a leader, equipment's
to be used, codes and signals, general instructions, funding
requirements.
Stake out or Plant-is the observations of places or areas from
a fixed point.
Tailing or Shadowing- observation of a person’s movement.
Undercover man- it refers to a person trained to observe and
penetrate certain organization suspected of illegal activities
and later reports the observations and information so that
operational action can be made.
Liaison Program- this is the assignment of trained intelligence
personnel to other agencies in order to obtain information of
police intelligence value. (agencies like the press, credit
agencies, labor unions, telephone companies)
Safe house- is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an
apartment, where police undercover men meet his action
agent for debriefing or reporting purposes.
Drop- a drop is a convenient, secure, and unsuspecting place
where a police undercover man, informer or informant by a
pre arrangement leaves a note , a small package, an envelope
to item for the action agent, supervisor or another agent.
Convoy- an accomplice or associate of the subject.
Decoy- any person or subject, almost similar to the subject
used to avoid or elude surveillance. Contact- any individual
whom the subject speaks or deal with in any way while under
surveillance.
Finger man- an individual who can positively point the subject.
Put the finger on- to identify the subject by pointing him out in
person or in photograph. Put to bed- when the subject under
surveillance returns to quarter and apparently retire for the
night.
Contact- any person whom the subject picks or deals with
while he is under surveillance. Made (Burn out)- when the
subject under surveillance becomes aware that he is under
observation and identifies the observer.
Lost- when the surveillance do not know the where about of
their subject or the subject had eluded the surveillance.
Classification of Surveillance according to intensity
1. Discreet- one in which every effort is made to insure
that the subject is unaware that he is under
observation/surveillance.
2. Close Surveillance- one in which maintaining
constant observation of the subject is the objective
regardless of whether or not he becomes aware of the
surveillant.
3. Loose- one in which maybe applied frequently or
infrequently with the period of observation varied of each
occasion.
4. (Harassment)- suspected criminals are under
surveillance wherein you can harass him.
Classification according to method
1. Fixed or Stationary method- wherein the
surveillance remains in relatively fixed position to observe
the activities at specific location (Stake out/ Plant)
2. Moving Surveillance- The surveillant follows subject
form place to place in order to maintain continuos watch
over the individual or activity. The surveillant follows the
subject on foot, in a vehicle in an air craft or on ship.
3. Technical and Audio- visual surveillance- This
involves the use of sophisticated communication and
electronic equipment’s and devices. (taps and bugs)
Electronics- is the filed of science and engineering concerned
with the behavior of electrons in devices and the utilization of
such devices. Any equipment, device, gadget, or mechanism
that utilizes electron flow as in a tube, transistor, and other
semi- conductors belongs to electronics.
Telephone Scrambler- is technically a “speech inverter”
whereby essential speech frequencies are divided into several
ranges by filters and then inverted to produce a scramble
speech when intercepted. This is not a guarantee to be
“descrambled” by a third party.
EDPS- (Electronic Data Processing System) – same as
computer
Tape Recorder (TR)- is a mechanical- electronic device for
recording voice, music and other audio frequency material.
Special Methods of Surveillance
1. Wire tapping- The telephone lines is tapped some
where along the line, either in the street line or in the
telephone company. The tapped lines are run into a
recorder which is monitored by the investigator.
2. Concealed Microphones- The microphone may be
concealed in the room or maybe disguised as a common
object such as a desk ornament. The wires are run out to
a nearby room where the conversation is recorded.
3. Tape recorder- A pocket size tape recorder maybe
concealed when recording the conversation.
4. Television- Closed circuit system may be used so
that the activities of the subject maybe observed by the
surveillant at a distance.
Kinds of Surveillance
A. Surveillance of Places
The crimes which requires this type of surveillance are
gambling, abortion, prostitution, illegal sale of drugs or alcohol,
dishonesty among employees or infidelity in a divorce.
How Surveillance of Place is Conducted.
A careful survey of the surrounding area should be made. The
character of the neighborhood, the residents and the transients
should be noted. The observation point should be selected.
Two types of place surveillance
1. Using a room in a nearby house or business
establishment and remaining undercover.
2. Remaining outdoors and posing as a person who
would normally conduct his business in such an area, ex. A
laborer, carpenter, street vendor, etc.
Equipment used in the surveillance of a place:
1. Picture camera with telephoto lens.
2. Binoculars
3. Tape recording apparatus
4. Wire tapping and bugging devices
5. Other recording instruments
B. Shadowing or Tailing
- it is the act of following a person.
Preparation for Surveillance:
Preparation is a must before engaging in actual
surveillance work. It is an absolute requirement. As such,
those assigned to do the job must study all files of information
relating to:
a. subject-(name, detailed description including photos,
Identifying characteristics and mannerisms, identity and
description of known or suspected contacts or associates of
the subject, and all background information on subjects)
b. Type, scope and extent of crimes known or suspected
to be involved in the case.
c. Type of neighborhood or locality (type of inhabitants,
Dress, language and dialects, degree of education and
culture)
d. Specific locations and places known or suspected to
be involved in the case.( meeting places and hang outs,
caches, hideouts, addresses frequented by the subjects)
e. Vehicles involved in the case (description and plate
numbers, street routes, garage and repair facilities)
Methods of Shadowing
a. Foot Surveillance
1. One- man shadow
- This is the most common because it involves the use of the
least number of men but is extremely difficult and should be
avoided. In this type of surveillance, the shadower will follow
the subject and make notes authentically of all that the subject
does.
a. The subject must be kept in view at all times.
b. One- man surveillance will usually be very close and
somewhat dependent on pedestrian traffic and physical
characteristics of the area.
c. When walking on the opposite side of a street, the
officer should keep almost abreast of the subject.
d. It is necessary at all times to be close
enough to immediately observe the subject if he
enters a building, tuns corners or similar sudden
moves.
2. Two- Man Shadow
- This is more advantageous because it permits immediate
change and are less likely to be recognized. One shadower
will follow the subject and the other may either be abreast , or
on the opposite side of the street, or following the shadower.
The use of two officers affords greater security against
detection and reduce risk of losing the subject.
a. On streets crowded with pedestrian and vehicular
traffic, both surveillants should normally remain on the
same side of the street as the subject;
1. The first officer trailing the subject
fairly closely; and
2. the second officer trailing the first
agent some distance behind.
b. On less crowded streets, one officer should normally
walk on the opposite side of the street nearly abreast of the
subject and
c. In order to avoid detection, the two officers should
make periodic changes in their position relative to the
subject.
3. Three- man Shadow or ABC method
The use of three officers reduces still further the risk of losing
the subject and affords greater security against risk.
a. The three man method, or ABC or 1-2-3, permits a
greater variation of position of the officers and also permits
an officer who suspects he has been spotted by the subject
to drop out.
b. Use of three man method under normal traffic
conditions:
1. The “A” officer keeps a reasonable distance behind
the subject.
2. The “B” officer follows “A” and concentrates on
keeping “A” in view.
3. The “C” officer walks on the opposite of the street
slightly behind the subject.
4. The “B” officer may be responsible for detecting any
confederate or convoy of the subject being utilized to
detect surveillance.
c. Use of the ABC method on streets with little or no
traffic.
1. Two officers may be on the opposite side of the street or 2.
One officer may be in front of the subject.
d. Use of ABC method on very crowded streets.
1. All three officers should generally be on the
same side of the street;
2. The leading officer should follow closely to
the subject to observe his actions at intersections or if
he enters a building, alley etc.
e. As in the two- man method, the officers
should frequently alter their relative to the subject.
f. Under normal traffic conditions, when the subject
approaches a street intersection, the “C” officer, (across
the street) should lead the subject and should reach the
intersection first. By using pausing at the corner, or
crossing the street turning in. Illustration:
Other Surveillance Methods:
a. The leap frog Method
-This is used in attempting to locate the hide out of a
suspect from a vantage point without moving after the subject.
The following day the shadower takes up a watch from the
point at which the subject was last seen.
b. Fixed Surveillance
- A fix surveillance of a subject’s residence or place of
business may be conducted. This may require the renting of a
room nearby. One window must overlook the subjects’
premises. The window shade must be arranged that the
observation may be over rather than under or at the side of the
shade. A shade that keeps moving and is not drawn quite to
the bottom of a window will attract attention. On a fixed
surveillance, it is likely that the subject is cautious and will lick
for any signs of strangers or strange vehicles in the
neighborhood. He will also be observant of nearby houses and
buildings. Open Shadow
- This is a method of surveillance that is used to good
advantage in affecting the subject psychologically. Usually two
men are used as shadowers, sometimes three. Number one
shadow picks up the subject and “tails” him in such a manner
as to give his activities away to the subject. He wants the
subject to recognize him as a “tail”. Number two shadow
remains in the back ground, when number one’s shadow is
certain the subject has “made” him, he permits the subject to
“lose” him.
Tactics and Techniques of Shadowing:
General:
The subject should be kept unaware of the shadowing
operation. The investigator should be inconspicuous. He
should not be detected looking directly at the subject. He
should shift from left to right never remaining for long directly
behind the subject. Both side of the street should be used. If
the subject is aware of the tailing, he should request for his
immediate removal.
Particular:
a. Turning Corner- If the subject turns a corner, the
surveillant should not hurry. If the subject is lost, the nature
of the neighborhood will determine the subsequent
procedure. In most cases, it is preferable to lose the
suspect than to alert him to the tail.
b. Entering a Building- If the building is a store, the
surveillant should wait until the subject comes out. In
buildings having a number of exits, it is necessary to follow
him inside. If the subject enters an elevator, the surveillant
should board the same elevator.
c. Taking a bus- The surveillant should board the same
bus, sit behind the subject and on the same side. If he
misses the bus, he should hire a taxi and board the bus at
a point ahead.
d. Taking a taxi- When the subject takes a cab, the
surveillant records the time, place and name of the taxi’s
company and license. He should endeavor to follow in
another taxi. If this results in failure, he should trace the
taxi by means of recorded information and ascertain the
destination from the taxi driver.
e. Taking a train- If the subject shows his intention of
buying a ticket, the surveillant should endeavor to get in
line behind him with one person intervening. If he hears
the destination requested by the subject he may buy a
similar ticket.
f. In a restaurant - The surveillant should allow a few
minutes to elapse before following the subject into a
restaurant. He should then take an obscure sect and
arrange to finish his meal at the same time as the subject.
g. In a hotel- An inquiry can be made concerning the
room of the subject. If he registered, the surveillant can
take the adjoining room.
h. In a telephone booth- The surveillant should either go
into the next booth or stand near enough to hear. He
should note the telephone book use and the page at which
it was left open.
i. In the Theater- The surveillant should sit behind the
subject and take not of the various exits which are
available.
Risks constantly incurred by the shadower
1. The risk of being recognized as a shadower of the
subject.
2. The risk of being “lost” or eluded by the subject.
- The surveillant must be prepared to take intelligent
countermeasures. If the subject is conscious that he is being
followed up, he will either desist entirely form the pursuit of his
objective or render surveillance as difficult if not impossible.
The surviellant should drop the surveillance at one and must
exercise care in his subsequent drop or rather action.
a. Test for Tailing- The common trick of the suspect
when he becomes conscious that he is being “tailed” is to
board a public conveyance, such as bus, street car, or
subway train, and then jumping off the vehicle.
b. The Convoy- Sometimes the suspect is being
guarded against shadowers. The convoy is usually at the
rear of the subject. It may be therefore necessary for the
surveillant to keep a look out behind him to guard against
this. If the subject has a follower or convoy, the shadower
must get behind the convoy and follow him instead of the
subject.
B. Automobile Surveillance
This requires careful preparation, wherein the
shadowers must use a vehicle if the subject uses a vehicle.
The vehicle used by the shadowers must be non-descript,
preferably rented vehicles since they can be changed often.
The license plates must be anonymous if the car used in
shadowing are official or government vehicles. The “tail” car
may be changed several times a day to lessen chances of
being detected. It is preferred that there be three men in
shadow car. Number one man is the driver, number two
watches for a convoy, number three takes notes. The notes
include and place every act and every contact of the subject
vehicle and its passengers. Complete descriptions are made
of all persons contacted if their identities are unknown.
Disguising the Car
a. License Plate – a popular type of black color car
should be used and care must be taken that the license plates
are not identified. This can be remedied by the following:
1. Use of security plates
2. Use of “colorum cars” “drive-it- yourself”
rented cars
3. Borrowing cars from friends.
b. Appearance- Various devices may be used to
change the appearance of a car. Placing and removing
stickers, wind shield adornments, shifting head lights from dim
to bright , re- arranging the seats of occupants, changing the
occupants cloths, changing or removing hats, changing the
number of occupants, etc.
WEEK 16
A. Undercover Assignments (“Roping”)
• it is a form of investigation in which the investigator
assumes a different and unofficial identity in order to
obtain information. It requires the assumption by a police
agent of an identity in keeping with the situation to be
explored. The agent must drop his identity and adopt
another.
• It is an investigative technique in which agent conceal
his official identity and obtain information from that
organization.
Importance of Undercover investigation
In law enforcement agencies, members of organized
crime, local gambling operators and prostitutes make it their
business to get to know the faces of as many member of the
police department as possible. For this reason, rookie officers
are always in demand for undercover assignments in the vice
and narcotics units.
In business and industry, the vast majority of
undercover agents are found in here, not law enforcement.
They are employed directly by corporations or employed by
private agencies for internal investigation. Their importance in
business and industry is the prevention and control of
employee theft.
Objectives of Undercover Work
1. Obtaining evidence
2. Obtaining information
3. Checking informant
4. Fixed surveillance
5. Checking loyalty
6. Subversive organizations
7. Security check
8. Preliminary to Search or Raid
Type of Undercover according to time frame:
1. Long- range- operations can provide reliable,
accurate and continuing access to information which
would not be otherwise attainable.
2. Short-range- the duration of short undercover activity
may vary considerably, form one- time interview to a
series of separate , but related actions over an extended
period of time.
Uses of Undercover:
1. Used independently to get first hand information about the
subject of investigation.
 a. Gains confidence of suspected person. Cover Story – is any scenario made to cover up the operation.
b. Agent penetration. • A biographical data through fictional, which will
c. Verify information from human resources. portray the personality of the agent, he assumed any scenario
d. Uncover concealed identity.
to cover up the operation.
2. Supplements other investigative techniques.
• A fictitious background and history for the new
character of the investigation should be prepared, including the
a. to assist in locating evidences.
names, address and descriptions of the assumed places of
b. Laying ground works for searches by gaining entry.
education, employment, associates, neighborhoods, trades
and travels. The investigator’s background story should
Selection of Undercover Worker seldom, of ever, be wholly fictitious.
The ideal undercover agent is a combination of an actor and a
good investigator. The selection be made in consideration of Cover support- an agent assigned in target areas with the
the following elements. primary mission of supporting the cover story.
a. Background- A good undercover man must be able
to fit to the environment of his assignment. He must be able to Provision should be made in the cover story for some of
suit his speech and line of thinking to that of his associates. the following.
His educational and technical background must rise to the 1. Frequent contact with the subject.
required level.
2. Freedom of movement and justification for actions.
b. personality is required. He should have the
necessary self-confidence to carry him through the more
3. Background that will permit the investigator to
maintain a financial and social status equivalent to that of
trying moments and the resourcefulness to adjust to change of
the subject.
plans or situations.
c. Intellect- The undercover agent must , above all, be 4. Mutual points of interests between the agent and
subject.
intelligent. He should have a clear view of the objective of the
mission and the over-all strategy that must be employed in its 5. Means of communication with agent’s superiors.
accomplishment. = 6. Alternated cover story in the event that the original
cover story is compromised, (Plan B)
Basic Qualification 7. A method of leaving the area quickly at the conclusion
1. Mental above average of the mission.
2. Senses keen perception
3. Memory Essential Uses of Cover:
4. Self confidence 1. Maintain secrecy of operations against enemy
5. Temper intelligence.
6. Endurance 2. Maintain secrecy of operations against friendly
7. Character agencies who do not have the “need to know”.
8. Personality 3. Pursues successful accomplishment of the mission.
9. Natural attitude
Types of cover:
10. Courage and patience
Special Qualification 1. Natural- using actual or true background
1. knowledge of the language 2. Artificial or manufacture- using fabricated
2. area background regarding events biographical data adopted for the purpose.
3. knowledge about the customs and habits 3. Cover with a cover- Use of secondary cover in case
4. physical appearance
of compromise which necessitates the admission and
confession of a lesser crime.
Common types of Places assigned for Under cover Work. 4. Multiple cover- any cover wished.
a. Neighborhood Assignment
b. Social Assignment Hazard to Cover:
c. Organizational Assignment 1. Passive opposition- refers to people who are not
d. Work assignment directly involved insecurity and CI activities.
• Preparation of Assignments
2. Friendly or un hostile opposition- refers to friendly
organizations that may hinder the operations.
a. Study of the subject
3. Unfriendly or hostile active opposition- refers to
1. Name
the enemy intelligence operations that may compromise the
2. Address undercover.
3. Description
4. Family and relatives Precautions or Guidelines in Case of Compromise
5. Associates 1. Move out immediately
6. Character and temperament 2. Start new facilities for operation and develop it.
7. Drug 3. Build entirely new cover.
8. Hobbies 4. Use circuitous routes and provide counter
9. Education surveillance measures.
10. Occupation and specialty 5. Be specifically careful of former contacts with non
b. Knowledge of the Area intelligence personnel.
1. Maps 6. Be patient, build slowly and carefully.
2. National and Religious Background
Aging the cover
3. Transportation
It is the process of being in an area/ condition/ cover an
4. Public utilities
undercover for the considerable period of time to acquire a
c. Subversive Organizations seemingly true identity for the purpose of gaining root of his
1. History and background of organization. Biography of the official accepted fictitious background.
2. Identity and background of members and former members.
3. Method of identification employed by members. Organizational cover:
4. Files and records- nature , location, accessibility -is an account consisting of biographical which when adopted
by a individual will assume the personality he want to adopt.
5. Meeting- schedule and meeting place.

A. Objectives of organizational Cover:

d. Cover - It is a means by which an individual group or
organization conceal the true nature of its acts
1. to camouflage and protect operational personnel and
their activities.
and or existence from the observer.
2. Protects installations in which activities are based.

B. Three types of Organizational Cover:
1. Cell Cover- intended for small operating groups,
wherein the members of the groups are not working
together.
2. Group Cover- provides security for three or more
individuals appearing to be working together.
3. Cover family- combination and or compartmental of
individual, cell and group.
C. Guidelines when organizational cover is Compromise
1. make a physical move or relocation.
2. Start new facility for the old operation and let it grow.
3. Use new personnel
4. Let old personnel remain in place.
5. Build entirely new cover.
6. When files are relocated use circuitous route to avoid surveillance
and other CI.
7. Be specifically careful in making contacts with non- intelligence
personnel.
8. Be patient.
e. Physical Details- Personal possessions should be
obtained for the undercover investigator which are
appropriate to the character assumed in quality, price,
age, fit, degree of cleanliness; laundry marks, and
manufacturer’s design. Personal possessions may
include: clothes, a pocket book, a watch, a ring, a
suitcase, stubs of tickets form amusement places, and
letters, certificates, and amount of money.
f. Testing- The investigator should memorize should
memorize all details in connection with his assumed role
and the fictitious portions of his biography. He should be
tested by prolonged questioning and surprise inquiries.
g. Disclosure of Identity- The investigator should be
instructed not to disclose his identity or he should remain
undercover if arrested by the civil authorities. A plan or act
should also be laid out against the contingency of
accidental disclosure of identity.
Golden Rules of an Undercover agent:
1. Don’t drink while working as under cover. Drink is a
great tongue looser. But, it is well to get the subject.
2. Don’t court women. Usually the less contact the
agent has with women, the greater is the chance of success.
The investigator cannot afford to incur the enmity or jealousy of
a subject who might think that the investigator is “making time”
with his girl friend.
3. Don’t take woman on an undercover assignment.
The subject may become interested in the woman. If this
happens, the subject attention is diverted from those things in
which the investigator’s interests lie. The woman maybe placed
in an embarrassing or impossible situation form which
extrication may disclose the identity of the undercover
investigator.
4. Don’t claim to be a “big shot”. It is too easy to identify
a big shot. It will cause more inquiries to be made in the place.
It is better to assume a character of average status or less.
5. Don’t fail to provide persons in the place who can
vouch for the investigator
6. Don’t spend too much money. Expenditure maybe in
keeping with the part, if not, suspicion is aroused. Many agents
have given themselves away by spending more money than
the amount justified.
Conduct of undercover Work agent and assignment
1. Demeanor- The undercover man must in every
respect live the part which he plays. His appearance,
language, attitude, opinions, interests and recreations must
support the assumed role. He should speak little, but let his
actions carry conviction.
2. Approach – This is the making of contracts with the
subject or subjects, who normally makes the first talk with the
investigator.
3. Entrapment- It is against public policy for an officer of
the law to incite or participate in the commission of the crime.
The investigator may agree with the plan but he should never
take part or make any suggestions or plan, or render any real
assistance with regards to the perpetration of the crime.
4. Women Associates- Of criminals are frequently
emotional and jealous. It is best therefore to treat them with
exceptional consideration. It maybe necessary to avoid their
association. One of the criminals or woman may become
inquisitive.
Communication with Headquarters
Intelligence Communications System- The sender, the
receiver, the channel, the frequency and the message.
Concept:
Compartmentation (need to know basis) and the message is
camouflage or disguise by the use of signals, code and
ciphers.
Means of communications- Technical (radio, secret writings)
and Non- technical (personal meeting, cut-outs, drops)
a. Telephone- Communication between headquarters
and the undercover investigator must be accomplished by
secret method. In calling headquarters by telephone it is
best to use a dial tone in a public booth not connected with
the local switch board operator
b. Written report- The written report maybe addressed
to a fictitious girl –friend at a pre-arranged general delivery
address which is under the control of officials from
headquarters. It is best not to put the undercover
investigator’s return address in the envelope as the post
office department might return it to the investigator’s
dwelling for insufficient postage or other reasons, in which
case, it might fall into improper hands.
c. Meeting- Meetings at secret, pre- arranged.
Types of Cut- Out Devices:
1. Intermediaries (Courier, live drops, custodian of accommodation)
2. Cut- out devices (Stationary dead drops and Moving dead drops)
3. Cache- storage equipment
4. Safe sites-safe house
5. Signal
Types of channels in special communication system:
1. Regular
2. Secondary
3. Emergency
Characteristics of the Special Communications
1. Intelligence agent handler can activate or deactivate
communication system.
2. Flow of communication is done from sender to the
ultimate recipient is encourage to meet intelligence
requirement.
3. Security of the information in it’s form and style and
the means used are the most important characteristic
intelligence communication.
Three forms of non- technical communications:
1. Personal meetings:
a. Car pick-up
b. Hotel meeting
c. Safe house meeting
d. Restaurant meeting
2. Brief encounter – personal meeting between agent
handler and the agent not more than 60 seconds in order to
pass an urgent message.
3. Brush pass- passing of an object between two
persons going in opposite directions.
4. MBU meeting- is the use of dead drop zone, loading
signal zone, unloading signal zone, visual signals, verbal
signals and danger signals.
5. Cut- outs- is a person or devices interpose between
two persons or groups in order to provide communication.
• Reconnaissance
- To gather specific or detailed information at a particular time
and place.
Methods of Reconnaissance
1. Personal Reconnaissance – this is the most
effective casing method and produces the most
information since you know just what you’re looking for.
However, this method does not permit the agent handler
to use it frequently.
 2. Map Reconnaissance- this method cannot g. Cover action agent- is a fully recruited
completely answer all question, but produces good picture agent who is in a senior position usually within the
of the general area to include road and street networks. government and is enable to exert influence from
3. Research- this normally means a study of foreign government upon the direction of the sponsor.
unclassified sources such as atlases, local newspapers,
periodicals, public bulletins, telephone and city directories, 3. Support Agent- an agent who engages in activities which
radio and television broadcast and other available support the clandestine operation. This agent performs all
references. (Biological Intelligence) types of auxiliary services at the direction of the case or project
4. Prior Information- this consists of reports on file with officer.
the intelligence unit.
Categories of Support agent
5. Hearsay- this is not considered to reliable.
a. Surveillant- is a support agent who observes persons
“Clipping Services”- it is the collection of news items of and paces of operational interests.
intelligence value in publications both of local and foreign. b. Investigator- an agent who provides informations
These published items are cut, and pasted with their captions. about persons or things of operational interests.
So much information on a specific subject can be obtained c. Procurer of Funds- an agent who obtains special
from publications like newspapers, magazines, periodicals, currency when needed for operational use.
reports and other printed matters. d. Procurer of supplies- an agent who supplies or
procures ordinary as will as critical operational materials.
Police Liaison Program- this is the assignment of trained e. Safe house keeper- an agent that manages and
intelligence personnel to other agencies in order to obtain maintain the safe house for operational use, such as for
information of police intelligence value. briefings, meetings, debriefings and safehaven and
training.
Accommodation Address- this is forwarding address of a *Safe house- is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or a n
police intelligence unit where mails, packages and other apartment where police undercover men meet his action
communication will be sent. This can be a post office box in a agent for de-briefing or reporting purposes.
city or suburban municipality, an office, a residential home, or
another government office.
f. Manager of Storage area- an agent who arranges
the storage, distribution or transportation of operational
supplies.
Drop- is a convenient, secure and unsuspecting place where
a police undercover man, informer or informant by g. Communication agent (Commo Agent)- an agent
prearrangement, leaves a note, a small package, an envelope that facilitates communications.
or time for the action agent, supervisor, or another agent.
Motivation of an Agent
4. CLANDESTINE OPERATION 1. Ideology- believe in the principles of life
- A secret action undertaken by an intelligence /counter 2. Patriotism
intelligence organization in behalf of the government or other 3. Remuneration- mercenary-the primary motive
friendly forces. 4. Career development
Elements of Clandestine operation
1. Sponsor- refers to the organization or government that 5. Fear
authorizes, approves, directs, controls and supports
clandestine operational activities. It maybe represented by the Basic Agent Management Principle
following: 1. Agent handler must be in charge of the operation
a. Project officer 2. The act ensure the agent adherence
b. Case officer 3. Good rapport must be established between the agent
c. Agent handler handler and the agent.
2. Target or Rabbit- is a person, place, things or activity 4. The agent handler must constantly reinforce the
against which the clandestine organization or operational agents
activity is directed.
Control- authority to direct the agent to carryout task or
3. Agent- is a person who is aware the he/she is
requirement on behalf of the clandestine organization in an
engaged in counter operational activity and willingly accepts
acceptable manner and security.
control and direction. Two categories of Control
Classification of Clandestine agents: 1. Positive control- is characterized by professionalism
and rapport.
1. Principal Agent or Agent Handler- is a managerial
Types of positive control: agents motivation & psychological
agent and inmost cases the leader of the agent network.. control
2. Action Agent- is the doer of the clandestine task and
2. Negative conteol- blackmail and threat.
further classified according to the task that he was assigned.
Types of negative control
Espionage (Counter Intel/Intel agent)- is the primary and 1. Disciplinary action- includes verbal reprimand for
most important human collector agent. poor performance or insecure actions withholding of salary
Types of espionage or in extreme situation the threat of terminating professional
a. Access agent relationship.
a. Penetration agent 2. Escrow account- control of an agent by putting his
salary in a bank to be with drawn only after a fulfillment of a
b. Legal Traveler
condition.
b. Propagandist- an agent that undertakes
3. Blackmail
action to mold the attitudes, opinions and actions of
Key Elements of Control
an individual, group, organization or nation. 1. Direction and control
c. Saboteur- is an agent who undertakes
a. leadership
positive action against unfriendly power/ forces
resulting in the loss temporarily or permanently of an b. action
article, material or facilities which are being used. c. personal example
2. Natural weaknesses
d. Guerilla- is a member of a paramilitary
group organized to harass the enemy. a. inability to keep secret
e. Strong man/arm- is an agent readily b. need for recognition
available to provide special protection during c. strain of dual experience
dangerous phases of the clandestine operation. d. experience
f. Provocateur- an agent who induces an 3. Agent training
opponent to act on his own detriment by discrediting 4. Agent testing
himself or revealing his true purpose or identity.
 5. Agent termination
Information net- A controlled group of persons who worked
through the direction of the agent handler. The informants
principal or cut- outs supply the agent handler directly or
indirectly or intelligence information.
Factors to Consider in the Selection of Action Agents
1. Placement- location or prospective agent with
respect to the target.
2. Access- the capability or ability of the prospective
agent to obtain the desired information for the intelligence
organization or to perform the intelligence collection
mission in the area.
a. Primary Access- it has direct access to the
desired information.
b. Secondary Access- the access to the
desired information through principal source where
the latter has the direct access.
c. Outside Access- the agent is employed
outside the target and merely monitors information
from a third person who is monitoring information in
the area.
How can a handler test the thrust worthiness of an agent?
1. The handler initially sends the agent out on a
“test mission” to perform a minor task,
“If he/ she delivers, then it’s a plus.
2. Another basic step is a thorough background
check on the individual to determine his or her
connections. When the agent is employed in an “oplan”,
he or she signs a
“contract” specifying his or her mission and the corresponding
payment for services.
3. A handler may employ the a secondary or
third agent to conduct a parallel operation to cross-
check the primary agent’s information. The first, second and
third agent s do not
know each other nor are they aware of each other’s missions.
The second or third agent may even report to the handler that
your primary agent in an enemy,”
How is informant Counter Checked if he is a broker or a
risk to the job?
The supervisor at times tests him on his reports, have
the informant tailed secretly, get into from other informants
who know him and /or an analysis later of the reports
submitted. It is an unwritten precept not to trust a crook trying
to sell other crooks but the check must be dome very discreetly
or the informant can clam up, submit fabricated reports, or just
quit.
In case a control or project officer is reassigned or retired,
what happens to his Informant?
The departing officer introduces his replacement to the
informant in a secured place. If the informant is unwilling to
work for the new boss, he has to go. Most however elect to
stay.
Code Name- an alias or symbolic designations used by
intelligence officer/ informants and even criminals for security.
Duties of an Intelligence Officer:
The following are the duties of the Intelligence officer if the
department has an Intelligence unit.
1. The police Intelligence officer obtain facts for the
commander relating to some conditions in its area of
responsibility.
2. The intelligence officer is a fact- finder, not an
enforcer. He takes no direct action beyond reporting to the
commander except in enforcing vice- laws.
3. He reports directly to the commander unless ordered
to report to an appointed supervisor, the deputy or vice-
commander.
4. He shall be held accountable for failure to inform his
supervisor regarding the conditions of the city or
municipality served.
5. He shall make contacts with the persons who are
likely to have or are able to get the desired information.
6. He shall use under cover men or agents to assist him
in accomplishing his missions and objectives.
7. He shall not reveal the identity of informants or
informers nor require them to appear in court except with
the explicit approval of his commander or chief.
8. He shall be cautious in his relations with informants
(a) to lessen the likelihood of the information taking or
being given unjustified privileges, and (b) to increase the
effectiveness of their service.
9. He shall keep himself informed as o the identity of all
commercialized vice operator in the city or municipality, the
nature of their activities and their operating relationship,
both in the locality and out of it, to each other, to public
officials and to private persons. He shall use every legal
means to convict vice operators, and shall focus hi
attention on higher echelons.
10. He shall make frequent inspection of all places where
commercialized vice may be suspected and places where
prostitutes, gamblers and drug addicts and dealers may
congregate. He shall use every lawful means in
coordination with the other governmental agencies to
arrest, and convict the offenders, to suppress their illegal
operations and drive them from the community.
11. He shall guard himself against being forced into ill-
advised action against minor noncommercial violators that
may result in arousing public indignation, raids on church
buildings, homes and privately- occupied hotel rooms.
12. He shall coordinated with the bureau to get
information on newly arrived criminals and criminals hiding
as well as activities of local offenders.
13. He shall maintain close surveillance eof suspects
procuring, maintaining or transporting women for
prostitution.
14. He shall maintain a suitable record of activities and
findings ad shall deep them constantly secure.
Debriefing
Handler and agent also agree to hold periodic
debriefings, during which the later reports on all of the
intelligence information gathered in the course of an operation.
“ It must be pointed out that handler usually start a project with
initial information gathered from what is available in the media
to even coffee shop talk, and the agent is required to pry in to
“closed” information.
WEEK 17
SOME INTELLIGENCE UNITS IN THE WORLD
1. CIA- Central Intelligence agency- Military intelligence
agency of United States of America and engaged in many
undercover activities throughout the world.
2. KGB- Komitet Gusodarstevenoy Bezopasnosti-
Russia
3. MOSSAD- (Mossad Merkazi Le- Modiin U- Letafridim
M-eyudim)-“ Central Institute for Intelligence and Security”-
Israel
4. SIS- Secret Intelligence Service- Great Britains
intelligence agency and also known by its wartime
designation, “MI6”, equivalent to US’s CIA, in charge with
gathering information overseas and with other strategic
services ranging from foreign espionage to covert political
intervention.
5. SDECE- (Secret de Documentation Exterieure et
Contre- Espionage)- France
6. SAD- (Social Affairs Department)- China
7. FBI- Federal Bureau of Investigation- its primary role
is counter intelligence limited to internal security within the
United States of America.
8. “MI-5” - Great Britains’ civilian intelligence agency
for internal counter intelligence, equivalent of US’ FBI and
equivalent to Internal Security Section of Russia’s KGB.
9. NICA- National Intelligence Coordinating Agency-
Philippines
*Col. Rudolph Abel - (Russian)- was probably the highest
ranking and most successful spy whoever infiltrated the
United States.
*Mathew Cevetic- a famous undercover assignment of FBI,
infiltrated the communist party/
Personalities related in the evolution of intelligence
1. Sun Tzu- a Chinese(Father of Intelligence” philosopher, in
his book “PING FA”
(Art/Principles of War)- the earliest known textbook on the art
of general warfare- once said; “If you know your enemy and
know yourself, You need not fear the Result of a hundred
battles. If you know yourself but not your enemy, for every
victory, you will suffer defeat. If you know neither yourself nor
your enemy, your are fool who will meet defeat in every battle.
Its lessons were applied by Mao- Tse-tung during the long
march and by the Japanese prior to Pearl Harbor.
Holy Bible- is here you can find the just recorded intelligence
operations in history.
1. Moses-One of the first recorded formalized
intelligence efforts, with format, can be found in the
Book of Numbers 13:3-17. The scripture also named the
twelve intelligence agents when the Lord directed Moses to
send into the land of Canaan and records that “all those men
were heads of the children of Israel”.
2. Rehab- “The harlot” of Jericho (Joshua 2: 1-21) who
sheltered and concealed the agents of
Israel, made a covenant with the agent sand duped their
pursuers. She was not only an impromptu confederate of
immense value to the Jewish leaders of that far-distant day,
but also established a plot- pattern which is still of periodic
relief to motion- picture producers.
3. Delilah- a Palestine agent who used her charm to
gain information from the powerful enemy.
2. Alexander “The Great”- Under the tutelage of
Aristotle, Alexander the Great King of - Macedonia,
became the first ruler to utilize intelligence as a weapon of
government. Using a system of identical staves and scrolic.
He divided a simple but highly effective system of covert
ciphers.
- He introduced a primitive form of “Cabinet Noir”
(Internal Monitoring) when he instigated postal censorship into
the army and investigated letters and malcontents.
3. Daniel Defoe- He was also one of the British
Monarchy’s finest agents. Although, best known as the
author of “Robinson Crusoe and Moll Fladers. Defoe also
worked in the honorable, through secret services of Queen
Anne. Outwardly rebellious, a revolutionary pamphleteer,
pilloried and twice imprisoned for seditious libel, his
background was hardly suited to the world of royal
espionage. He also uses the name “Alexander Goldsmith”
sometimes “ Claude Guilot”.
4. Belle Boyd-The daughter of Shenandoah Valley. A
farmer and merchant, Belle Boyd was a mere
seventeen years old when the American Civil war so fatefully
intruded her life
5. Sir Francis Walsingham of England
He was credited with creating the first viable secret service in
England. He protected Queen Elizabeth I from countless
assassins.
6. Lord Baden – Powell
- Known as the founder of the Boy scout Movement
and was also active spy. Baden Powell was commissioned into
the 13th Hussars on leaving school in 1876. After seven years’
service in India, his regiment was posted to Natal, South
Africa, where the young offcer carried out his first intelligence
assignment, a cover reconnaissance of the 600-mile frontier of
the province.
7. Mata Hari (1876-1917)
Ironically, Mata Hari is one of the Best known spies in history,
yet she was one of the worst. Born, Margarete Gertrud Zelle in
Leeuwarden in Holland, she displayed an early independence
and zest for life. At the age of seventeen, she answered a
lonely hearts advertisement trough which she met her future
husband, John Macleod, a 38- year old officer from the Dutch
East Indies.
8. Cardinal Richelieu (1585- 1642)
Cardinal Richelieu gave France her first organized system of
espionage. The son of a noble family for Poltou, Armand du
Plessis was consecrated Bishop of Lucon In 1505. Under the
patronage of the Quenn Mother, Marie de Medici, he was
appointed a minister of State seven years later, but was driven
from office shortly after the assassination of the King’s
Secretary. Appointed Cardianl in 1524, was recalled State
office by King Louis XIII.
Cabinet Noir- a secret police organization is the creation of
Cardinal Richelieu designed to intercept and analyze
correspondence within the French Court and between the
lesser nobility.
9. Major John Andre (1751-80)
John Andre, an officer of the 64th Regiment of Iowa is the only
spy to be honored by a memorial tablet at Westminster Abbey.
From the son of a Swiss merchant of London. Andre proved
incredibly popular when appointed to the post Adjutant General
of New York, when the American general Benedict Arnold
made surrender overtures to the English in 1780. Andre was
delegated to negotiate with him.
10. Benjamin Franklin (1706-90)
He helped frame the American Declaration of Independence.
Superficially, he was sober in thought and deed and diplomat
of unquestioned integrity. Privately he was a British double
agent with unusually exotic social tastes. While American
ambassador to Paris, Franklin allowed his friend and chief
assistant Edward Bancroft to organize a British Secret Service
cell within the Embassy.
11. Sertorius
When Sertorius was the Roman Commander in Spain he was,
according to Polyaenus, the possessor of a white fawn that he
trained to follow him every where, “..even to the steps of the
tribunal”.. This little fawn was taught to approach at a given
signal, and Sertorius himself the signal, when about to
pronounce his decision in judicial cases.
12. Frederick “the Great”
The “Father of Organized Military Espionage”.
13. Hannibal
Hannibals invasion of Italy, the most brilliant and futile raid in
history, gained him victories and nearly bled Rome to death,
but the mere slaughter of
Romans and a great city’s despair would not have sustained
him for fifteen years if he had not also made powerful allies
and developed an excellent intelligence system. He often
dressed as a beggar and went into the streets of Rome.
14. Fouche of France
Joseph Fouche, rose to become one of the most feared and
most respected intelligence directors in the history of France.
He created a network of agents that knew almost everything
anyone did or was about to do.
15. Schulmeister, “Napoleon’s Eyes”- He is Napoleons
military secret service.
16. Wilhelm Stieber- He made two major contributions to
the sequence of military intelligence, namely military
censorship and organized military propaganda.
17. Alfre Redl- One of the most brilliant intelligence
agents, though he was a homosexual. He rose to become
chief of the Austro- Hungarian Secret Service , or in other
terms,
director of their military intelligence system. For more than half
of his time as director of intelligence, Redl was acting as an
intelligence agent of Russia.
In 1913, proof of Redl’s treason was discovered and shortly
thereafter, Redl was compelled to commit suicide. The history
of this 13- year episode as an arch spy, led to the death of
over 500,000 agents and soldiers combined in the military
establishment