CINDISECON ➢ Data are available from the manufactures of
WEEK 8 - Protective Lighting lighting equipment and from the Army Corps of
➢ Protective Lighting provides a means of continuing, during
hours of darkness, a degree of protection approaching that
maintained during daylight hours. This safeguard also has
considerable values as a deterrent to thieves and vandals
and may make the job of the saboteur more difficult. It is
an essential element if an integrated physical security
program.
➢ Depending on the nature of the facility, protective lighting
is designed to emphasize the illumination of the perimeter.
In the case, it produces sufficient light to create a
psychological deterrent to intrusion as well as to make
detection virtually certain in the event an entry is made. It
must avoid glared that would reduce the visibility of
security personnel, while creating glared to detect intruder.
This is particularly important where the facility is within
streets, highways or navigable waterways.
➢ The system must be reliable and designed with
overlapping illumination to avoid creating unprotected area
in the event of individual light failure. It must be easy to
maintain and it must secure itself against attack. Poles
should be within the barrier power lines and the switch box
must be protected.
Requirements
a. Protective or security lighting needs at installation and
facilities depend upon each situation and the areas to be
protected. Each situation requires careful study to provide
the best visibility practicable for such security duties as
identification of badges and people at gate inspection of
vehicles, prevention of illegal entry, detection of intruders
outside and inside buildings and other structures, and
inspection of unusual or suspicious circumstances.
b. When such lightning provisions are impractical, additional
security posts, patrols, entry dog patrols, or other security
means will be necessary.
c. Protective lighting should not be used as psychological
deterrent only. It should be used on a perimeter fence line
only where the fence is under continuous or periodic
observation. Protective lighting may be unnecessary
where the perimeter fence is protected by a central alarm
system.
d. Protective lighting maybe desirable for those sensitive
areas or structures within the perimeter, which are under
specific observation. Such areas or structures include pier
and dock areas, vital buildings, storage areas, and
vulnerable control points in communications, power, and
water distribution systems. In interior areas where night
operations are conducted, adequate lighting of the area
facilitates detection of unauthorized persons approaching
or attempting malicious acts within the area
Characteristics
a. Lighting is expensive to maintain and, when properly
employed, may reduce the need for security forces.
b. It may also provide personal protection for forces by
reducing the advantages for concealment and surprise for
a determined intruder. Security forces thus relieved maybe
used to better advantages elsewhere.
c. Protective lighting usually requires less intensity than
working light, except for identification and inspection at
authorized portals and in emergencies.
d. Each area of an installation or facility presents its
particular problems based in physical layout, terrain,
atmospheric and climactic conditions, and the protective
requirements.
Engineers, which will assist in designing a
lighting system.
➢ Included in these data are: Descriptions,
characteristics, and specification of various
incandescent, arc, and gaseous discharge lamps.
Lighting patterns of the various luminaries.
Typical layouts showing the most efficient height
and spacing of equipment.
➢ Minimum protective lighting intensities required
for various applications.
Principles of Protective Lighting
➢ Protective lighting should enable guard force personnel to
observe activities around or inside an installation without
disclosing their presence.
➢ Adequate lighting for all approaches to an installation not
only discourages attempted unauthorized entry, but also
reveals persons within the area. However, lighting should
not be used alone.
➢ It should be used with other measures such as fixed
security posts or patrols, fences, and alarms.
➢ Other principles of protective lighting are listed next:
a. Good protective lighting as achieved by adequate,
even light upon bordering areas, glaring lights in the
eyes of the intruder, and relatively little light on
security patrol routes. In addition to seeing long
distances, security forces must be able to see low
contrasts, such as indistinct outlines of silhouettes,
and must be able to spot an intruder who may be
exposed to view for only a few seconds. Higher levels
of brightness improve all of these abilities.
b. In planning protective lighting, high brightness
contrast between intruder and background should be
the first consideration. With predominantly dark dirty
surfaces or camouflage types painted surfaces, more
light is needed to produce the same brightness
around installations and buildings than when clean
concrete, light brick, and grass predominate. When
the same amount of light falls on an object and its
background, the observer must depend on contrasts
in the amount of light reflected. The ability of the
observer to distinguish poor contrasts is significantly
improved by increasing the level of illumination.
c. When the intruder is darker than his background, the
observer sees primarily the outline or silhouette.
Intruders who depend on dark clothing and even
darkened face and hands may be foiled by using light
finishes on the lower parts of buildings and structures.
Stripes on walls have also been used effectively, as
they provide recognizable breaks in outlines or
silhouettes. Providing broad lighted areas around and
within the installation, against which intruders can be
seen, can also create good observation conditions.
d. Two basic systems or a combination of both may be
used to provide practical and effective protective
lighting. The first method is to light the boundaries
and approaches. The second is to light the area and
structures within the general boundaries of the
property.
e. To be effective, protective lighting should:
i. Discourage or deter attempts at entry by
intruders. Proper illumination may lead a
potential intruder to believe detection is
inevitable
 ii. Make detection likely if entry is attempted.
Types of Protective Lighting
A. Stationary Luminary- this is a common type consisting
of a series of fixed luminaries to continuously flood a given
area. Types of Stationary Lighting
1. Glare Projection Type
➢ the intensity is focused to the intruder while the
observer or guard remained in the comparative
darkness. The lighting is toward the entrance to
an installation.
➢ The glare projection lighting method is useful
where the glare of lights directed across
surrounding territory will not be annoying nor
interfere with adjacent operations. It is a strong
deterrent to a potential intruder because it makes
it difficult for him to see the inside of the area. It
also protects the guard by keeping him in
comparative darkness and enabling him to
observe intruders at considerable distance
beyond the perimeter.
a. Glare projection or other protective perimeter
lighting may not be appropriate in some
instances. In combat tactical perimeter
security considerations are given first priority
over security against pilferage. Generally,
the tightening of tactical perimeter security
strengthens other physical security efforts. A
blending of tactical and physical security
principles is required especially true with
regards to perimeter lighting.
b. Glare projection is not appropriate where
security troop emplacements may be
silhouetted or illuminated for the enemy to
see from the enemy’s approach to the
secured site. Where glare projection is
desired, security troops placed in front of the
perimeter fence should be moved, but still be
able to take up effective fields of fire for
defense of the perimeter. If such blending of
protective lighting and tactical security
cannot be accomplished, perimeter lighting
should not be used. Floodlights that provide
a band of light with great horizontal angular
dispersal and which directs the glare at a
possible intruder while restricting the
downward beam, is preferred in this
application.
2. Controlled Lighting
➢ the lighting is focused on the pile of items rather
than the background. The width of the lighted
strip can be controlled and adjusted to suit the
security needs.
➢ Controlled lighting is best when it’s necessary to
limit the width of the lighted strip outside the
perimeter because of adjoining property or
nearby highways, railroads, navigable waters, or
airports. In controlled lighting, the width of the
lighted strip can be controlled
and adjusted to fit the particular need, such as
illumination of a wide strip inside a fence and a
narrow strip outside; or floodlighting a wall or
roof. This method of lighting often illuminates or
silhouettes security personnel as they patrol their
routes.
B. STANDBY LIGHTING- this system is similar to
continuously lighting but it is turned on manually or by a
special device or other automatic means.
C. MOVABLE LIGHTING- this consists of stationary or
portable, manually operated searchlights. The searchlights
may be lighted continuously during the hours of darkness
or only as needed, and are usually supplementary to other
types of secure lighting.
D. EMERGENCY LIGHTING- this may be duplicative of
existing systems. This is at standby, which can be utilized
in the event of electronic failure, either due to local
equipment or commercial power failure.
Types of Light Lamps
a. Incandescent Lamp- these are common light bulbs of the
type found in the home. They have the advantages of
providing illumination when in the home. They have the
advantages of providing illumination when the switch is
thrown and are thus most commonly used protective
lighting system.
b. Gaseous discharge lamp- the use of gaseous discharge
lamps in protective lighting is somewhat limited since they
require a period from two to five minutes to light when they
are cold and even longer to relight when hot or after a
power interruption. This is very economical to use but for
industrial security, it is not acceptable due to long time in
the lighting in case it is turned off by accident or by low
voltage or brown-out.
Types of Gaseous Discharge Lamps
a. Mercury Vapor Lamps- these lamps give a blue-
green color light due to the presence of mercury
vapor. Its initial cost is higher than the
incandescent lamps of the same voltage but is
more efficient and gives more light. This is widely
used for interior and exterior lighting.
b. Quartz Lamps- these lamps emit a very bright
white light and snap on almost as rapidly as the
incandescent lamp. They are frequently used at
very high voltage, and they are excellent for use
along the perimeter barrier and in troublesome
areas.
General Types of Lighting Sources
1. Incandescent Lamp- it is the least expensive in terms of
energy consumed and has the advantage of providing
instant illumination when the switch is on.
2. Mercury Vapor Lamp- it is considered more efficient than
the incandescent and used widespread in exterior lighting.
This emits a purplish-white color, caused by an electronic
current passing through a tube of conducting and
luminous gas.
3. Metal Halide- it has similar physical appearance to
mercury vapor but provides a light source of higher
luminous efficiency and better color rendition.
4. Fluorescent- this provides good color rendition, high lamp
efficiency as well as long life. However it cannot project
light over long distance and thus, are not desirable as
flood type lights.
5. High Pressure Sodium Vapor- this has gained
acceptance for exterior lighting of parking areas,
roadways, buildings and commercial interior installations.
Constructed on the same principles as mercury vapor
lamps, they emit a golden white to light pink color and this
provide high lumen efficiency and relatively good color
rendition.
Types of Lighting Equipment
1. Floodlights- these can be used to accommodate most
outdoor security lighting needs, including the illumination
of boundaries, fences and buildings and for the emphasis
 of vital areas or particular buildings. These are wide beam
units, primarily used to extend the illumination in long,
horizontal strips to protect the approaches to the perimeter
barrier.
2. Street lights- this lighting equipment received the most
widespread notoriety for its value in reducing crime. These
produce diffused rather than directional beam. They are
directly used in parking areas.
3. Search lights- these are highly focused incandescent
lamp and are designed to pinpoint potential trouble spots.
4. Fresnel lights- these are wide beam units, primarily used
to extend the illumination in long, horizontal strips to
protect the approaches to the perimeter barrier. Fresnel
projects a narrow, horizontal beam that is approximately
180 degrees in the horizontal and from 15 to 30 degrees in
the vertical plane.
General Considerations in Protective Lighting
1. The determination of lighting needs must be depending
upon the threat, perimeter extremities, surveillance
capabilities, and available guard forces
2. Protective lighting must be designed to discourage
unauthorized entry and to facilitate detection of intruders
approaching or attempting to gain entry into protected
areas.
3. The protective lighting must be continuously operates
during periods of reduced visibility, and that standby
lighting is maintained and periodically tested for used
during times of emergency and mobilization alerts.
4. Cleaning and replacement of lamps and luminaries,
particularly with respect to costs and means required and
available
5. The effects of local weather conditions may be a problem
in cases where fluorescent units are used.
6. Fluctuating or erratic voltages in the primary power
sources.
7. Requirements for grounding fixtures and the use of
common ground on an entire line to provide a stable
ground potential.
WEEK 9 - Protective Alarms
Alarm is synonymous to warning of imminent danger. It can also
be defined as a security device fitted to property, especially a
house or car, to make a warning sound if a break-in or theft is
attempted,
It is a safeguard used to assist security to complement if not to
supplement physical security is an array of alarms. These
alarms of various types and cost can be installed indoors or
outdoors.
A security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion –
unauthorized entry – into a building or other area. Security
alarms are used in residential, commercial, industrial, and
military properties for protection against burglary (theft) or
property damage, as well as personal protection against
intruders.
Alarm systems are also known as burglar alarm systems, security
protection systems or intrusion detection systems. All
common alarm systems work based on the same technical
principle. They use a number of different sensors to detect a
break-in into a building or security area.
Basic Concepts of Protective Alarms
 Basically, alarms systems are designed to alert security
personnel to consummated or attempted intrusion into
an area, building or compound.
 Alarms are not meant to prevent criminal acts. Each
type of alarm is activated in the event that an intruder
tapers the circuity, a beam or radiated waves. In short,
intrusion alarms are either electrical, mechanical, or
electronic.
 Supplemental physical barriers in a form of sound that
cause alarm installed indoors or outdoors in an
installation.
Alarm systems can be broadly divided into two types:
1. A perimeter (or external) intrusion detection system
(PIDS) or alarm.
2. An internal security alarm system (SAS).
3. Purpose of Protective Alarm System
• To economize.
• To substitute in place of other security measures.
• To supplement by providing additional control.
Function of the Alarm System
• Detect fire or intrusion;
• Emergency Notification; and,
• Monitoring equipment
Between 95-98% of all alarm activation are said to be false. The
most common causes of false alarm are:
a) user negligence;
b) poor installation or servicing; and,
c) faulty equipment
Kinds of Alarm Protection
There are three basic types of alarm systems providing for a
security system:
1. Intrusion alarms signal the entry of persons into a
facility or an area while the system is in operation.
Intrusion alarms signal the entry of persons into a
facility or an area while the system is in operation.
2. Fire alarms operate in a number of ways to warn of
fire dangers in various stages of development of a fire
or to respond protectively by announcing the flow of
water in a sprinkler system. Fire alarms operate in a
number of ways to warn of fire dangers in various
stages of development of a fire or to respond
protectively by announcing the flow of water in a
sprinkler system.
3. Special-use alarms warn of a process reaching a
dangerous temperature (either too high or too low),
of the presence of toxic fumes, or that a machine is
running too fast. Although such alarms are not,
strictly speaking, security devices, they may require
the immediate reaction of security personnel for
remedial action. Special-use alarms warn of a
process reaching a dangerous temperature (either
too high or too low), of the presence of toxic fumes,
or that a machine is running too fast. Although such
alarms are not, strictly speaking, security devices,
they may require the immediate reaction of security
personnel for remedial action.
Three Common Elements or Parts of an Alarm System
1. Alarm Sensor or Trigger Device - a device that is
designed to respond to certain change in condition,
such as opening of a door, movement within a room,
or rapid rise in heat.
2. Circuit or sending device which carries messages
to the signaling apparatus - a sending device that
 sends a signal about whatever is sensed to some
other location that transmit the alarm signal such as
electrical circuit (telephone), fiber optic lines,
through air waves.
3. Signaling system or a device sometimes called the
enunciator - a sounding or signaling device that
alerts someone that the sensor has detected a
change in condition. The device may be a light, a
bell, a horn, a self-dialing phone, or a punch tape. It
is a visual or audible-signaling device, which initiates
condition of associated circuits.
Types of Alarm Sensors
1. Electromechanical Devices
Metallic foil or wire – in building or compound, all point of
entry can be wired by using electrically charge strips of
tinfoil wire. Any actions that will move the foil or wire
break the circuit and activate an alarm. Metallic foil or
wire is used in window or glass surfaces. Doors and
windows can be equipped with magnetic, or spring
activated contacts, which will sound and alarm when
the door or window is opened.
2. Photoelectric or electric eye
A light beam is transmitted at a frequency of several
thousand per second. It is connected by a wire to a
control station and when an intruder crosses the beam,
he makes contact with the photo electronic coil which
thus activates the alarm.
3. Sonic Alarm Systems
Audio detective device – it is a supersensitive microphone
speaker sensor is installed in walls, ceiling, and floors
of the protected area of any sound caused by
attempted forced entry inspected by the sensor.
4. Vibration detection device – the vibration sensitive
sensor is attached to walls, ceiling, or floors of the
protected areas. The sensor detects any vibration
caused by attempted forced entry. In this system, a
specialized type of contact microphone is attached to
objects such as works of arts, safes, or files, or to
surface such as walls or ceilings. Any attack on, or
movement of, these objects or surfaces causes some
vibration. This vibration is picked up by microphones,
which in turn activate alarms.
5. Motion-Detection Alarms
Operates by radio frequency or ultrasonic wave
transmission. The radio frequency (or microwave)
motion detector transmits waves throughout the
protected area from a transmitting to a receiving
antenna.
6. Capacitance Alarm System Are used to protect metal
containers of all kinds. This alarm’s most common use
is to protect a high-security storage area within a
fenced enclosure.
7. Pressure Devices
Foot or Rail Button – placing the front of their foot to
engage the activation bar places foot rail activator on
the floor in such a position that tellers may activate the
alarm. Foot rails do not acquire any obvious use of the
teller’s hand and their hands may be kept in full view of
the robbers for reason of safety. Because of foot rail
can be activated very obtrusively and safety, it is
frequently found in the banks where tellers normally
operate while standing up.
8. Foot button – like the foot rail permit alarm activation
safety while both hands remain clear in view of the
robber.
Types of Bank Intrusion Alarm System
1. Foot Rail Activator – They are place on the floor in
such a position that tellers may activate the alarm by
placing the front of their foot engage the activation bar.
2. Foot or Rail Button – Like the foot rails it permits alarm
activation in relatively safety while both hands remain
clear in view of the robbers.
3. Bill Traps – bill traps or currency activation devices are
usually placed in the teller’s cash drawer and connected
to the alarm system using a wire connector. When
currency is removed from the devices, the alarm is
activated. The advantage of these devices is that the
robbers frequently remove the currency and activate the
alarm. This is particularly helpful when the employees
are immediately forced to leave their station without
having an opportunity to activate the alarm safely.
4. Knee or Thigh Button – these are installed inside the
desk or teller station so they can be activated by knee
or thigh pressure. They are commonly found in location
where personnel usually perform their duties from a
seated position.
5. Double squeeze buttons – pressure is required on
both side of the device and therefore the probability of
accidental alarm is reduced. The design makes it
almost impossible to trip an alarm by accident.
Types of Alarm Detection System
1. Central Station Alarm System – a type of protective
alarm system where the central station is located
outside the installation. It can be located in an agency
and the installation is one of the subscribers. When
alarm is sounded, central station notifies police and
other agency. A system in which the alarm signal is
relayed to remote panel located at the facilities of
private owned protection. Service Company manned by
its personnel.
2. Proprietary Alarm System – this function in the same
way as central system except that is owned by,
operated, and located in the facility. Response to all
alarms is by facility’s own security or fire personnel.
Since this system is monitored locally, the response
time to an alarm is considerably reduced.
3. Local Alarm System – in this case, the sensor
activates the circuit, which in turn activities a horn or
siren or even flashing light located in the immediate
vicinity of the alarmed area. Only guard within sound or
hearing can respond to such alarms, so their use is
restricted where guards are so located that their
response is assured.
4. Auxiliary Alarm System – in this system installation
circuits are led into local police or fire department by
lease telephone lines. The dual responsibility for
circuits and the high incidence of false alarms have
made this system unpopular with public fire and police
personnel.
5. Local Alarm-By-Chance Alarm System – this is a
local alarm system in which a bell or siren is sounded
with no predictable response. These systems are used
in residence or small retail establishments, which
cannot afford a respond system. The hope is that a
neighbor or passing will reach to the alarm and call for
police assistance, but such a call is purely a matter of
chance.
 6. Dial Alarm System – this system is set to dial a
predestined number when the alarm is activated. The
number selected might be the police or the subscriber’s
home number, or both. When the phone is answered, a
recording states that an intrusion is in progress at the
location so alarmed. This system is relatively
inexpensive to install and operate, but since it is
dependent on general phone circuit, it could fail if line
were busy or if the phone connection were cut.
Week 10
Document and Information Security
Document and Information Security - This involves the
protection of documents and classified papers from loss,
access by unauthorized persons, damage, theft, and
compromise through disclosure. Classified documents need
special handling.
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
Memorandum Circular No. 78, s. 1964 (August 14, 1964)
A. DOCUMENT SECURITY
The aspect of security which deals with measures to prevent
the unauthorized disclosure of classified information.
It prescribes the policies and establishes the standard basic
procedures governing the classification and security of
official matters.
It stresses the need to exercise extreme care in handling
classified documents to preclude any serious
consequences for the organization.
Promulgating Rules Governing Security Matters in
Government Offices Objective of Document Security
➢ Document Security prescribes the policies and
establishes the basic procedures governing the
classification and security of official matter in the interest
of any organization.
➢ To familiarize the personnel in the organization with
the proper safeguarding of classified documents from
disclosure to unauthorized persons.
➢ To present the concepts that brings about safeguarding
of classified documents by exercising extreme care in
the use and handling of documents.
Responsibility for Protection
➢ Security is command responsibility. It is the duty of
all in-charge to assure themselves of the integrity and
loyalty of personnel belonging to their offices. Effective
security is dependent on the character and loyalty of the
personnel having access to classified matter.
➢ The security of classified matter should be the primary
concern of everyone employed in the government
service. It should be emphasized that it is the duty of all
personnel to be discreet in the use and handling of any
information obtained in official capacity.
General Principles
➢ The authority and responsibility for the preparation
and classification of classified matter rest exclusively
with the originating office.
➢ Classified matter should be classified according to
content and not the classification of the file in which
they are held.
➢ Classification should be made as soon as possible
by placing appropriate marks on the matter to be
classified.
➢ The overall classification of a file or of a group of
physically connected therein. Pages, paragraphs,
sections, or components thereof may bear different
classification. Documents separated from file or group
shall be handled in accordance with their individual
classification.
➢ Transmittal of documents or endorsements which do
not contain classified information, or which contain
information classified lower than that of the preceding
element or enclosure shall include a notation for
automatic downgrading.
➢ Correspondence, indexes, receipts, reports of
possession transfer or destruction, catalogs, or
accession list shall not be classified if any reference to
classified matter does not disclose classified
information.
➢ Classified matter obtained from other department
shall retain the same original classification.
➢ Everyone whose duty allows access to classified
matter is responsible for the protection of the classified
matter while it is in his/her possession and ensure that
dissemination of such classified mater is on the “NEED
TO KNOW” basis and to PROPERLY CLEARED
PERSONNEL ONLY.
➢ The security of classified matter should be the primary
concern of everyone employed in the government
service. It should be emphasized that it is the duty of all
personnel to be discreet in the use and handling of any
information obtained in official capacity
Definition of Terms
o Department – The term used to cover any Philippine
Government Department, Service, or Instrumentality.
o Matter – includes everything, regardless of its physical
character, on, or in which information is recorded or
embodied. Documents, equipment, projects, books,
reports, articles, notes, letters, drawings, sketches,
plans, photographs, recordings, machinery, models,
apparatus, devices, and all other products or substances
fall within the general term “matter”. Information which is
transmitted orally is considered as “matter” for purposes
of security.
o Officer – includes any Government or Armed Forces
official, or officer permanently or temporarily employed in
a department.
o Document – Covers any form of recorded information,
including printed, written, drawn or painted matter, sound
recordings, films, etc., and all their reproduction for
whatever purposes. “Documents” are included in
“matter.”
o Equipment – includes machinery, apparatus, devices,
supplies, ammunition, etc.
o Security Clearance – Is the certification by a
responsible authority that the person described is
cleared for access to classified matter at the appropriate
level.
o Need to know – Is the principle whereby access to
classified matter may only be given to those persons to
whom it necessary for the fulfillment of their duties.
o Persons are nothing to have access to classified matter
solely by virtue of their stat [document unclear]
o Custodian – Is an individual who has possession of or is
otherwise charged with the responsibility for
safeguarding and accounting of classified material.
o Certificate of Destruction – Is the certification by a
witnessing officer that the classified matter described
therein has been disposed of, in his presence, by
approved destruction methods.
o Physical Security – Is the safeguarding by physical
means, such as guards, fire protection measures and
other similar means, of information, personnel, property,
utilities, facilities and installations against compromise,
trespass, sabotage, pilferage, theft, espionage or any
other dishonest or criminal act.
o Security Officers – A properly trained and cleared
Security Officer shall be appointed in every Department
of the Government which handles classified matter. He
shall undergo training to be conducted by the National
Intelligence Coordinating Agency or Armed Forces of the
Philippines intelligence agencies.
He shall be responsible to the Head of the
Department for the implementation and enforcement of
these regulations and the necessary action on breaches
of security.
Before appointment as a Security Officer, an officer
must first be cleared by the Head of the Department for
access to the highest classified matter the Department is
authorized to handle. In providing this clearance, the
Head of the Department may coordinate with the
National Intelligence Coordinating Agency or the
Department of National Defense.
o Classify – Refers to the act of assigning to information
or material one of the four security classification
categories after determination has been made that the
information requires the security protection as provided
for in these regulations.
o Classified Matter – Is any information and in any form
or of any nature, the safeguarding of which is necessary
in the interest of national security, and which is classified
for such purpose by the responsible classifying authority.
It includes all information concerning documents,
development, projects, and materials falling in the
categories of TOP SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL,
OR RESTRICTED.
o Compromise – Compromise takes place through loss of
security which results from unauthorized person
obtaining knowledge of classified matter. As used in this
manner, the term “unauthorized person” means any
person not authorized to have access to classified
matter.
o Unauthorized – It refers to any person not authorized to
have access on classified matters.
o Compartmentation – It refers to the grant of access to
classified matter only to properly cleared persons when
such classified information is required in the
performance of their official duties and restricting it to
physical confine when feasible.
o Damage to the Organization – This refers to the
prejudice, embarrassment or injury to the Republic of the
Philippines resulting from any act or omission.
o Declassify – This is the act of removing or canceling the
designation of security classification from a classified
matter since it longer requires any degree of protection
against unauthorized disclosure. Notification of
cognizant authorities is part of the process.
o Reclassifying or Regarding – This refers to the act of
changing the assigned classification of a classified
matter. Notification of cognizant authorities is part of the
process.
o Upgrading and Downgrading – This refers to the act of
assigning to a matter a higher classification than that
previously assigned to it or in the other hand, the act of
assigning to a matte a lower classification than
previously assigned to it. Notification of interested offices
is part of the process.
Purpose of Protecting Classified Materials
1. Deter and impede potential spy.
2. Assist in security investigation by keeping accurate
records of the moments of classified materials.
3. Enforce the use of “Need to Know” principle.
Two Kinds of Documents
1. Personal – letters, diary, and notebooks. These
should be treated usually the same with official
document.
2. Official – orders, manuals, letters, overlays, maps, and
magazines. You may be careful and follow the chain of
command.
Document and Information Cycle
1. Creation
2. Classification
3. Storage
4. Retrieval
5. Retention/Purging
6. Transfer
7. Disposition
Three Security Concepts
1. Personnel are the weakest link in the security chain.
2. Training is important to make security personnel
conscious and realize the value of document. 3.
Training is necessary for the practice of the “Need to
Know” principle.
Four (4) Categories of Classified Matters
1. TOP SECRET
Information and material (matter) the unauthorized disclosure
of which would cause exceptionally grave damage to the
nation, politically, economically, or from a security
aspect.
This category is reserved for the nation's closest secrets and
is to be used with great reserve.
Classification Authority: Rests exclusively with Head of
Department but this power may be delegated to
authorize officials in instances where the necessity for
such arises.
2. SECRET
Information and material (matter) the unauthorized disclosure
of which would endanger national security, cause
serious injury to the interest or prestige of the nation or
of any governmental activity or would be of great
advantage to a foreign nation.
Classification Authority: same as top secret
 3. CONFIDENTIAL
Information and material (matter) the unauthorized disclosure
of which, while not endangering the national security,
would be prejudicial to the interest or prestige of the
nation or any government activity, or would cause
administrative embarrassment or unwarranted injury to
an individual or would be of great advantage to a foreign
nation.
Classifying Authority: Any officer is authorized to assigned
confidential or restricted classification to any matter in
the performance of their official duties.
4. RESTRICTED
Information and material (matter) which requires special
protection (other than that determined to be TOP
SECRET, SECRET or CONFIDENTIAL) and should not
be published or communicated to anyone except for
official purposes shall be classified "Restricted. “
Classification Authority: Same as confidential matter.
Preparation of classified matter for transmission
outside a department
a. Classified documents for transmission by
Philippine registered mail or diplomatic pouch
shall be prepared as follows:
➢ The Documents shall be enclosed in two
opaque envelopes or covers.
➢ A receipt shall be enclosed with the
document as appropriate.
➢ The inner envelope or cover shall be
addressed and sealed with sealing wax. The
return address should likewise be written in
the inner envelope.
➢ The classification on the front and back of the
inner envelope shall be marked in such a way
that the markings will be easily seen when
the outer cover is removed. Special markings
required shall be placed on the front of the
inner envelope.
➢ The inner envelope shall be enclosed in the
opaque outer envelope or cover. The
classification marking of the inner envelope
must not be detectable through the outer
envelope.
➢ The outer envelope with the inner envelope
will then be forwarded. Classification or other
special markings shall not appear on the
outer envelope.
b. Classified documents for transmission
through specifically authorized couriers shall be
prepared as follows:
➢ The documents shall be enclosed in an
opaque sealed envelope. ➢ The document
shall be covered by a receipt as appropriate.
➢ The envelope shall be addressed and
provided with a return address. No
classification or other markings shall appear
on the envelope.
B. INFORMATION SECURITY
Information security protects sensitive information from
unauthorized activities, including inspection,
modification, recording, and any disruption or
destruction.
The goal is to ensure the safety and privacy of critical data
such as customer account details, financial data, or
intellectual property.
1. Proprietary Information
Information which in some special way relates to the status of
activities of the possessor and over which the possessor
asserts ownership.
• In business community, proprietary information relates to
the structure, products, or business methods of the
organization. It is usually protected in some way against
casual or general disclosure.
• It is usually protected in some way against casual or
general disclosure.
• All proprietary information is confidential, but not all
confidential information is proprietary.
• For example, confidential personnel data in employee
files is not considered as proprietary although the
company treats it as confidential.
Types of Proprietary Information
1. Proprietary information can include secret formulas,
processes, and methods used in production.
2. It can also include a company's business and
marketing plans, salary structure, customer lists, contracts,
and details of its computer systems.
3. In some cases, the special knowledge, and skills that an
employee has learned on the job are considered to be a
company's proprietary information.
a. Trade Secret
Trade secrets are intellectual property (IP) rights on confidential
information which may be sold or licensed.
It includes a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device,
method, technique, or process that:
Essential Elements of a Trade Secret
• It is not generally known to others; and
• Some advantages are gained by the user from its use
or possession.
What is SECRET?
Facts of information not generally known to anyone or to the
public which entitled to some sort of protection.
To be secret, information must generally meet the following
tests:
• It must be identifiable;
• It must not be already available in public sources;
• It must be disclosed by the owner only to persons who
are under some duty to protect its secrecy;
• Persons to whom it is disclosed must know it is a
secret; and
• There must be some objective indication that the owner
is attempting to prevent its unauthorized disclosure.
FIDUCIARY - A trusted person who is under the of a duty to
safeguard-fiduciaries (as the law term them) and must first be
shown the existence of a secret in order to know that the
information was secret (there must be an agreement either
expressed or implied).
 EMPLOYEES - Under common laws employees are presumed
to be fiduciaries to the extent that they may disclose the
secrets of their employers without authorization.
As a class, the employees are largest group of persons bound
to secrecy because of their status or relationship. In general,
employees are bound to protect their employer’s secret.
The owner of the secret information must be able to show that
he or she undertakes measures to protect the
information, sch as:
• Restricting non-employee access to places
containing trade secret information.
• Placing warning signs and instructions to alert
employees to the sensitivity of certain things or
places.
• Informing employees and visitors that information
obtained, or things seen in certain locations within
the facility are secret.
• Storing sensitive documents separately in
containers for which security precautions are taken.
• Imposing area controls within a facility among
different classes of employees with respect to
certain information or operations.
b. Patent
A Patent is a grant given by the government to
inventors/applicants in return for disclosing an Invention.
• It is a legal right to exclusively exploit the invention
for the life of the patent.
• The term of protection for a Patent is (20) years
from the date of filing in the Philippines, with no
possibility of renewal.
The main differences between a Trade Secret and a Patent
are:
The requirements for obtaining a patent are specific.
• To qualify for a patent, the invention must represent
positive contribution beyond the skill of the average
person, whereas the trade secret needs a much
lower novelty.
• A trade secret can remain a secret as long as it
continues to meet the “trade secret test”, whereas
an exclusive right patent expires after a period of
20 years.
• Since anyone can purchase a patent, they are not
industrial espionage target, whereas trade secrets
are.
Vulnerabilities of Sensitive Data
Inadvertent Disclosure - When a data controller (a person,
company, or other body which collects and uses personal data)
accidentally discloses personal data to another individual.
Inadvertent Disclosure usually occurs in one of the following
contexts: During Sales Presentations, Trade Associations
Meetings/Shows (social gatherings), Discussion with
Suppliers (regular or potential suppliers), Off Premises
Statements by Employees and Press and Public Relations
Intentional Theft by Insiders - In addition to theft by current
employee, there is also the problem that a former employee
may obtain a better position with a competitor and, once
there, expose the former employer’s sensitive data (typical
occurrence in trade secret situation).
Malicious insider—also known as a “Turn cloak,” someone
who maliciously and intentionally abuses legitimate
credentials, typically to steal information for financial or
personal incentives.
Litigating trade secret cases involving former employees now
working for a competitor poses three serious threats:
1. The original owner may have to expose the very
trade secret data he or she wishes to protect in order to
prove ownership.
2. Secrecy precautions invoked in court may not safeguard
the owner against further compromise.
3. Legal action may be much costlier that protective steps
properly taken. The owner may lose the litigation
because the new employer in the course of the new
employment relationship is better achieved by requiring
non-competitive covenants from key employees.
Countermeasure to Protect Sensitive Information
1. Competitive Intelligence Collection
• Collection and analysis of information about a
competitor occurs daily.
• Legal and ethical techniques are usually
employed.
• The most important function of competitive
intelligence is to alert senior management to
marketplace changes in order to prevent surprise.
2. Social Engineering
• In telephone conversations with company
employees, the intelligence collector/s will
frequently use this method.
• This is the subtle elicitation of information without
revealing the true purpose of the call.
In general, complete programs of data protection include the
following elements:
• Policy and procedural statements which cover the
recognition classification, and handling of sensitive
information.
• Pre-employment screening techniques and
incumbent employee review procedures to assure
that persons entrusted with sensitive data do not
have any ascertainable motive of reason to exploit
such data and are basically stable.
• Awareness programs in which all employees are
made aware of the existence of sensitive data in
the company, their responsibilities in protecting it,
and the required procedures.
• Nondisclosure agreements from employees to
whom significant kinds and amounts of sensitive
data are released. These records may also include
periodic affirmations of non-disclosure
responsibility.
• Non-competitive agreements from specified
classes of personnel to prevent their taking
employment with defined competitor within a stated
future period.
• Physical measures such as area and
access controls, admittance controls, identification
devices and routines, secure storage containers,
regulated reproduction facilities, controlled trash
disposal, and restrictions on use of
communications media to minimize probability that
 unauthorized persons will gain access to sensitive
data on or off the premises.
• Follow-up effort with new employers of former
employees who were exposed to sensitive data but
who were not required to execute non-competitive
agreements. • Such programs include notices to
new employer of the former employee’s exposure
and responsibility to protect.
• Continuous and informed monitoring of routine
activities in the field to detect appearances of one’s
sensitive data.
3. Anti-Competitive Clause
An effective method to prevent employees from competing
against the company.
4. Policy Statement
The model policies utilize two familiar principles of military
security, those of classification and need to know.
5. Pre-Employment Screening
Refers to the process of investigating the backgrounds of
potential employees and is commonly used to verify the
accuracy of an applicant's claims as well as to discover
any possible criminal history, workers compensation
claims, or employer sanctions.
6. Model Agreements
A model agreement, in labor law, is a collective bargaining
agreement sometimes recommended by an employee
organization to its locals to serve as a standard
agreement for a certain geographic area or industry. It
merely a model and not an adhesive text.
7. Non-competitive Covenants
In contract law, a non-compete clause (often NCC), or
covenant not to compete (CNC), is a clause under which
one party (usually an employee) agrees not to enter into
or start a similar profession or trade in competition
against another party (usually the employer).
Designing a Proprietary Information Protection Program
• There is no such thing as a permanent secret of
nature.
• Research and development (R&D) cannot be
envisioned without communication of the results of
that effort. This principle applies to most forms of
competitive business information as well.
• The printed word, particularly in the form of
complete reports or documents, has ceased to be
the principal of communicating information. More
and more data are being processed and analyzed
electronically.
Amount of Information Loss According to Sources
➢ Inadvertent Disclosure – 95%
➢ Competitive Intelligence – 3%
➢ Industrial Espionage – 2%
Week 11
Personnel Identification and Movement Control
The Personnel Movement Control System (PMCS) is the only
system that is based on the intent of a person's access
and the timeframe required for that access, controlling
and monitoring movement through a series of secure
access points in accordance with either a pre-defined or
custom time-based trip plan.
Types of Personnel Identification
1. Personal recognition – familiarity of the person’s
characteristics
2. Artificial recognition – identification cards, passes,
passwords, etc.
Pass/badge system - a pass or badge is issued by security
for personnel to be admitted in the installation.
The purpose of this is to ensure that only those persons who
have the right and authority will be given the necessary
access to the area.
The system should have a complete record of all badges and
identification cards issued, returned, mutilated, or lost by
serial number and cross-indexed alphabetically.
Single pass system – the badge or pass coded for
authorization to enter specific areas is issued to an
employee who keeps it in his possession until his
authorization is terminated.
The least expensive and the least secure.
Pass exchange system – an exchange of one-color
coded pass that takes place at the entrance of each
controlled area issued to an employee who keeps it in
his possession until his authorization or until he
terminates.
Upon leaving the personnel surrender his badge or pass
and retrieve back his basic identification.
1. Multiple pass system – this provides an extra
measure of security by requiring that an exchange take
place at the entrance of each restricted area.
Multiple copies of passes are issued to an individual with the
same photograph.
The individual exchange his badge for another color or
markings at the entrance. Once inside, if he needs to enter
a restricted area, he exchanges it for another color
acceptable in that area.
Security Controls
Security controls are safeguards or countermeasures to avoid,
detect, counteract, or minimize security risks to physical
property, information, computer systems, or other assets.
Security controls are parameters implemented to protect
various forms of data and infrastructure important to an
organization.
Security controls exist to reduce or mitigate the risk to those
assets. They include any type of policy, procedure,
technique, method, solution, plan, action, or device
designed to help accomplish that goal. Recognizable
examples include firewalls, surveillance systems, and
antivirus software.
Three Categories of Security Controls
1. Management security is the overall design of
your controls. Sometimes referred to as administrative
controls, these provide the guidance, rules, and
procedures for implementing a security environment.
2. Operational Security is the effectiveness of your
controls. Sometimes referred to as technical controls,
these include access controls, authentication, and
security topologies applied to networks, systems, and
applications.
3. Physical security is the protection of personnel, data,
hardware, etc., from physical threats that could harm,
 damage, or disrupt business operations or impact the
confidentiality, integrity, or availability of systems
and/or data.
Types of Controlled Areas
Controlled Areas – Access is restricted to entrance or
movement by only authorized personnel and vehicles.
Any area or space for which the organization has
confidence that the physical and procedural
protections provided are sufficient to meet the
requirements established for protecting the information
and/or information system.
Limited Areas (LA) – Located within the controlled area
where a greater degree of security is required.
An LA is a Security Area that protects classified matter.
LAs are defined by physical barriers encompassing the
designated space and have access controls to ensure
only authorized personnel enter and exit the LA.
Limited Area means an area restricted at certain times, in
certain areas, and/ or to certain vehicular use. These
restrictions may be of any type but can generally be
accommodated.
Exclusion or Restricted Areas – Used for handling and
storage of high value cargo and classified documents.
The number of people authorized to enter should be strictly
limited, and the area should be under surveillance at
all times.
Badge and Pass Control
1. The system should have a complete record of all
badges and identification cards issued, returned,
mutilated, or lost by serial number and cross-indexed
alphabetically.
2. The supervisor from time to time for its accuracy
and authenticity should check the lists.
3. Passes and badges reported lost should be validated
and security at entrance be informed through
conspicuous posting.
Visitor’s Movement Control
Whichever entry control method you use, people should only
be given unescorted entry if they:
• Show a suitable form of identification
• Have a legitimate need for unescorted entry to
the area
• Have the appropriate security clearance.
Keeping a visitor register as follows:
1. Visitor’s logbook – all visitors to any facility
should be required to identify them and should be
given a visitor’s ID by the security. Visitor’s logbook
should be filled up with the name of visitors, nature and
duration of visit.
2. Photograph – taking of photographs should also
be considered. Extreme caution must be exercised in
areas where classified information is displayed to
preclude unauthorized taking of pictures of the
installation. If a visitor has camera and it is prohibited
to take picture, said camera should be left in the care
of security with corresponding receipt.
3. Escort – if possible, visitors should be escorted
by the security to monitor their activity within the
establishment and guide them where to go.
4. Visitor’s entrance – separate access for visitors
and employees of the establishment should be
provided.
5. Time-traveled – if there is a long delay or time
lapse between the departure and arrival, the visitors
may be required to show cause for the delay.
6. Access List – Record of pre-determined visitors.
Package Management Control
Every facility must establish a system for the control of
package entering or leaving the premises. However,
desirable it may seem, it is simply unrealistic to
suppose that a blanket rule forbidding packages either
in or out would be workable.
1. No packages shall be authorized to be brought
inside and outside the industrial installation, offices,
and work area without proper authority. This basic
precept help reduce if not eliminate pilferage, industrial
espionage, or sabotage.
2. Outgoing packages carried by personnel should
be closely inspected and those in vehicles should also
be checked as many pilfered items are hidden in the
surface of the vehicles leaving the compound.
3. Any personnel or visitor entering the installation with a
package should deposit the same to the security and
in return receive a numbered tag, which he or she will
use in claiming his or her package upon departing.
Vehicular Movement Control and Identification
Vehicular Traffic within the boundaries of any facility must
be carefully controlled for safety as well as to control
the transporting of pilfered goods from the premises,
thus:
1. Privately owned vehicle of personnel or visitor should
be registered and are subjected to the identification
and admittance procedure.
2. Vehicles should be subjected for search at the
entrance and exit of the installation.
3. All visitors with vehicle should provide the
security as to the complete details of their duration of
stay, person to be visited, and other information.
4. All vehicles of visitors should be given a sign or
sticker to be placed on the windshield.
5. Traffic warning signs should be installed in all
entrance in order to guide the visitors in their
destination as well as to provide them with the
necessary safety precautions while they are inside the
installation.
6. Security personnel must constantly supervise parking
areas and make frequent spots of vehicles found
there.
Building Access Control
1. At any physical barrier, a security system must
possess the ability to distinguish among authorized
persons, unauthorized visitors, and other unauthorized
persons. This is to assist the security personnel protect
sensitive are and information within the
2. Appropriate warning signs should be posted at
the building perimeter. Special restricted entry facilities
to public access be provided. This will be dependent
on the degree of security needed for the protection of
 property, activity, and other processes within the
building.
3. The access to the restricted area shall be limited to
authorized personnel who have the direct involvement
with the installation, construction and operation and
maintenance of the equipment and systems and/or
use of the materials contained within the restricted
area. A clear-cut policy on the access control should
be disseminated to all personnel of the installation.