Alarm - is an aural or visual signal given by the
annunciator to security when intruder actuates device
in protected at area.
Annunciator - a visual or audible signaling device, which
initiates conditions of associated circuits.
1. Basic Part of Alarm System
a. Sensor and triggering device
b. Circuit which carries messages to the
signaling device
c. Annunciator (signaling device or system)
2. Function of Alarm System
a. Detection of fire
b. Detection of intrusion
c. Emergency notifications
d. Monitoring of equipment/facility condition
3. Alarm notifications
a. Sound (bell)
b. Lighting (fixed, flashing, rotating)
c. Public address system
d. Automatic telephone dialer
4. Types of Protective Alarm
a. Central Station System- Several separate
compounds tie their alarm system to central
station so that in case of need, the central
station calls for assistance to the police, fire
department, hospitals or with other
government assisting units.
b. Propriety System- Similar to the central
station type except that the propriety
console is located inside the subscriber’s
installation that owns or bases the system.
c. Auxiliary System- An installation-owned
system which is direct extension of the local
enforcement agency and/or fire
department by special arrangements.
d. Local Alarm System- Consists of rigging up a
visual or audible alarm near the object to be
protected. In case of alarm, response will be
made by the local guards and other
personnel within sight or hearing.
5. Desirable Characteristics of Intrusion Alarm System
a. The primary considerations on choice of a
particular alarm system include stability,
durability, and reliability. Furthermore
alarm system should be:
i. A detection unit should initiate the
alarm upon intrusion of a human
being in the area or vicinity of the
protected objects.
ii. Transmissions can be by physicals
wires or by radios.
iii. An annunciator control console
indicating the audible and/or aural
signal and the specific location of
incident so that proper actions can
be made by security and other
units.
iv. Fail-safe features give alarms in the
annunciator when something is
wrong with system,
v. System should be difficult to tamper
or reader ineffective by outsiders,
competitors or saboteurs.
b. Operation of Intrusion Alarm System
i. Breaking an electrical circuit
( Metallic foil or wire )- In a building
or compound, all possible points of
entry can be wired by using
electrically charged strips of tinfoil
wire. Any actions that will move the
foil or wire breaks the circuit and
activate the alarm.
ii. Interruption of a light beam
(photoelectric or electric eye)- This
system uses a photoelectric-cell or
the “Electric Eye” which operates
on the principal of light of rays. In
this system an invisible light beam is
transmitted to a special receiver. An
infra-red filter over the light source
makes the beam invisible to
intruders.
iii. Detection of sound and vibration
(audio detection device) - this can
be utilized effectively to safeguard
enclosed area such as vaults, safes,
storage bins, file rooms,
warehouses and similar enclosures.
Supersensitive tiny microphones
are embedded in the walls, ceilings
and floors of the enclosure to be
protected by sound vibrations.
These microphones distributed
evenly can detect sound or
vibrations of sound caused by
attempts to force entry into the
protected area.
iv. Space and motion detection
(vibration detection device) – This
system derived their operating
principle usually from a physical
phenomenon known as “Doppler
Effect”. Constant sound waves in
cubicle disturbed by an object will
cause change of frequent and wave
motion thereby causing an alarm to
trigger.
v. Electronic/Electromagnetic fence
(microwave motion detection) – An
electronic fence consisting of 3 to 5
strands of wire spaced from 9 to 24
inches above one another which
serves as antenna, a monitor panel,
and an electric circuitry. When
power is put on, an electro-
 magnetic field is set among the
wires from the top to the ground.
An intruder about 2 feet from this
field will trigger an alarm. This
system is suggested to be located
inside the chain-link fencing to
minimize nuisance alarms caused by
animals, debris blown by the wind
etc.
with overprinted blue symbols for a certain specific
area.
2. Pass of Badge Exchange System- Multiple copies of
passes are issued to an individual with the same
photograph. The individual exchange his badge for
another color or marking at the gate. Once inside, if
he needs to enter a restricted area, he exchanges it
for one another color acceptable in that area.

6. Most common cause of false alarm b. Pass/Badge requirement

a. User’s negligence
b. Poor installation services i. Tamper resistant
c. Faulty equipment ii. Clear and recent photo of the bearer
iii. Photo of at least 1 inch square
a. Monitoring System (CCTV) iv. Vital statistics
a. Monitoring System v. Laminated
i. Television camera vi. Sturdy
1. Features: vii. Color coded
a. Pan viii. Signature
b. Tilt
c. Zoom b. Traffic Control

i. Monitor/Recorder a. Identification of employees and visitors

ii. Connecting circuit b. Directing movements of employees and
iii. Power Source visitors (limited to unrestricted areas)
c. Package control both for entering and
b. Purpose leaving, policies should be widely publicized
d. Control of trucks and private cars. Parking
i. Detection should be separated from all other areas in
ii. Deterrence the facility. Drivers/occupants should not be
iii. Document allowed to stay in the vehicle.

c. Operation J. Protective Locks and Key Control

i. Local Lock - is defined as mechanical, electrical, Hydraulic, or

ii. Remote electronic device designed to prevent entry to building,
iii. Combine with other system such as room, container, or hiding place.
video analytic, motion detector, facial
recognition and memory videos a. General Groups of Locks

b. Visitor, Property Movement, and Vehicle
Control
Visitor - any person not regularly employed in a
plant or concern. Strict precautions are taken
with visitor against pilferage, sabotage and
other crimes.
Plant visitors - may and they can be suppliers,
promoters, collectors, customers, government
inspectors, contractors, job-seekers, group
visitors, guided tours etc.
a. A pass or badge is issued by security personnel to
be admitted in the installation. This system
precludes those visitors with escorts and personnel
in the access list. The pass system is for general use
and not for the restricted areas like exclusive,
limited and controlled areas. The following are
recommended:
a. Types
1. Single Pass or Badge System - Pass is issued for
permission to enter differing in specific areas by
letters, numerals, or colors e.g. green background of
current passes in the general area, or white pass
1. Warded Lock –The underlying principle is the
incorporation of wards or obstructions inside
the lock to prohibit a key from operating the
bolt unless the key has corresponding
notches cut in it that it will pass the words.
2. Lever Tumbler Lock – Each lever hinges on a
fixed point and is held against a stop by the
pressure of flat spring.
3. Disc Tumbler Lock – Also known as the wofer
tumbler type, has flat metal tumblers with
open center fitted into a lock case.
4. Pin Tumbler Lock – The pin tumbler
mechanism depends for its security, on a
number of round pin or tumblers operating
on cylinder.
a. Other Locks:
i. Padlock – A portable and detachable lock
having a pivoted or sliding hasp which possess
through a staple ring, or the like and is made
fast or secured.
ii. Combination Locks – A lock that requires
manipulation of parts according to a
 predetermined combination code of numbers
or letters.
iii. Coded Lock - A type of lock that can be opened
by inserting a coded card in a slot in the lock, or
by pushing the correct buttons on the surface of
the lock.
iv. Electronic Lock – Type of lock that can be closed
and opened remotely by electronic means.
C. Key Control
a. Key Control is being defined as the
management of keys in a plant or business
organization to prevent unauthorized individual
access to the keys.
b. Master Key – A special key capable of opening a
series of locks. This key is capable of opening
less number of locks than the grand master
c. Maison Keying – The issue of key to open the
main entrance and the office
d. Master Keying System – A system used in a big
installation whereby keys can open a group or
groups of locks.
1. Levels of control in the Master Keying Plan
a. One Level (Change Key) – All locks operated by
change key only and keyed different or alike or
required. Each key operates its own lock only,
e.g. house, stores, cars, warehouses.
b. Two levels (Master Key) – All levels operated by
change keys and master key. Mater key
operates all locks generally of one building, e.g.
small school apartment.
c. Three Levels (Grand Master Key) – All locks
operated by change key, master keys, and grand
master keys. Grand master operates all locks
generally used in large buildings or a facility
with several buildings e.g. office buildings and
hospitals.
d. Four Levels (Great Grand Master Key) – All
locks operated by change key, Grand master key
and great grand master keys. Used in great or
large complex system and similar to three
levels.
V. Pointers for Effective Locks and Key Control
1. Record all keys issued and names of holders be
meticulously made regardless of the size of the
establishment.
2. Storage key is important. Duplicate or spare keys
should be stored in a securely locked cabinet in a
secure area.
3. Master keys should be issued on an absolute
minimum number and be kept by an individual
responsible for locks and keys.
4. Regular checks should be made in employees with
keys issued.
5. Issuance of keys and locks should be carefully
controlled, and issuance should be on a real-need
basis.
6. Periodic rekeying should be considered as essential
security safeguard just as combination of safes are
changed from time to time.
7. A key depository should be provided in a big plant.
Supervisors taking keys should be registered in a
registry book.
NOTE: Peter Man - a term used in England for lock
pickers. Art. 304 of the RPC punish the possession of
picklocks or similar tools especially adapted to
commission of robbery with Arresto Mayor in its
maximum to Prision Correctional to minimum.
Fire Protection
a. Automatic Sprinkler – a type of a built in
sprinklers which works by the increase of room
temperature and which automatically operates
the system to put out of fire.
b. Fire Pump – mechanical device of supplying
water which can be manual or motor-driven.
These pumps are ideal when natural supplies of
water are readily available like a river, lake, or
stream
c. Stand Pipes – steel or plastic pipes located
inside a building from the lowest to the top
floor with water under pressure for use in case
of fire.
d. Fire Hydrant – mechanical device strategically
located in an installation or street where a fire
hose is connected so that water with pressure
will be available to extinguished a fire.
e. Fire Extinguisher – it is an equipment which can
be portable or in a cart that is used to put out
the fire depending in the contents to extinguish
certain types of fire as class A to D. This is the
most important and useful piece of fire fighting
equipment in plant, building, or facilities.
Classes of Fire
Class A Fires – woods, paper, textiles, and other
carbonaceous materials, extinguishments of this type is
by quenching and cooling.
Class B Fires – flammable liquids and other hydrocarbon
derivations.
Class C Fires – live electrical wire, equipment, motors,
electrical appliances, and telephone switchboards.
Class D Fires – result of combustion of certain metals in
firely divided forms.