Lesson Topic: Intelligence Cycle: Planning and Directing

Intelligence Cycle – cyclical steps followed from intelligence planning to the

dissemination of processed information. It is a repetitive process used to
produce intelligence from information.

Four (4) Phases of Intelligence Cycle (30 mins)

1. Planning the collection effort

Steps:

A. Determination of Intelligence Requirements

Classification of Intelligence Requirements:

1). Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIRs) or Essential Elements
of Information (EEIs)
2). Other Intelligence Requirements (OIRs)

Priority Intelligence Requirements – those intelligence requirements for

which a commander has an anticipated and stated priority in his task of
planning and decision-making. It is the highes Intelligence requirements and
are the basis for intelligence operations and are personally approved by the
commander.

Other Intelligence Requirements – those items of information regarding the

enemy and his environment which need to be collected and processed in
order to meet the intelligence requirements of the commander.

Specific Order Requests (SORs) – product of requirement analysis that are

required of collection units or agencies in the form of orders or requests.

B. Determination of intelligence priorities

C. Determination of Intelligence indicators/determination of those enemy

activities
or characteristics of the area of operations which could indicate the
answers to
the intelligence requirements and to determine the specific items of
information.

Indicators – generalized theoretical action that an enemy might be expected

to take in
preparation for aggressive action that are things or events that transpired in
the past or
things or events that are presently occurring.

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 D. Determination of intelligence specific orders or requirements/selection
of collection agencies to be employed, and issuance of necessary orders and
requests for information.

E. Determine the collection agencies together with the time and place the
information is to be reported/supervising the execution of orders and requests.

2. Collection of information – systematic exploitation of sources of

information by collection agencies and the delivery of the information obtained
to the proper intelligence unit or agency.

Police Information Collection Activities

a. Routing patrols f. Investigations

b. Surveillance g. Search and seizures
c. Criminal investigation h. Checkpoints
d. Use of outsiders like informers and informants i. Cordon and search
e. Interrogations j. Interview and
elicitation

Sources of Information – any person, object or record used by an

investigator in conducting investigation.

- persons, things, or actions from which information about the enemy,

weather or terrain is derived.

Types of sources of information

a. Open sources – those that are obtained without resorting to special
effort or
clandestine operation.
b. Non-open sources – those that are not obtained openly as described
above.

Kinds of Informer
a. Common or ordinary
b. Confidential

Kinds of Informant
a. Confidential
b. Voluntary
c. Involuntary
d. Special
e. Anonymous

3. Processing of Information

Steps involved in the processing of information

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 A. Recording – reduction of information to writing or some other form of
graphical representation and the arranging of information into groups of
related items.

Means of recording information

a. Intelligence Journal – chronological log of significant intelligence
activities
covering a stated period usually 24 hours.
b. Intelligence Workbook – aids in sorting, evaluation and interpreting
of
information in the preparation of intelligence reports.
c. Enemy Situation Map – a graphic representation of the current
enemy
situation.
d. Order of Battle Records/Watch Lists
e. Coordinate Register
f. Identification Files – files in the intelligence unit of personalities in
crimes,
location of illegal or suspected illegal activities, vehicle registry
used by
hoodlums, criminals, dissidents, union racketeers, list of and data
on
dubious organizations, telephone numbers of suspects, criminal
and other
suspicious police characters. Types of identification files are: (1)
persons; (2)
Numbers; (3) Non-persons
B. Evaluation – determination of the pertinence, reliability and accuracy of
the information.
- determination of the pertinence or significance of the information
relative to the operation, reliability of the sources or agency, and accuracy of
the information.

Pertinence – determination of the area of operation and who needs it,

if so by whom and when.

Reliability – determination of the sources of information by which it

was collected and evaluated.

Accuracy – probable truth of the information.

Reliability of Source:
A – Completely reliable D – Not usually reliable
B - Usually reliable E – Unreliable
C- Fairly reliable F – Reliability cannot be judge

Accuracy of Information:
1 – Confirmed by other sources 4 – Doubtfully true
2 – Probably true 5 – Improbable
3 – Possibly true 6 – Truth cannot be judged

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 Sources of Information:
T – Direct observation by the commander of a unit
U – Report by a penetration agent or resident agent
V – Report by an AFP trooper or PNP personnel in encounter or
operation
W – Interrogation of a captured enemy agent or foreigner
X – Observation by a government or civilian employee or official
Y - Observation by a member of a populace
Z - Documentary

C. Interpretation Analysis – determination of the significance of the

information relative to the information and the intelligence already known and
drawing deductions about the probable meaning of the evaluated information.
Activities involved in Interpretation of Information

1. Assessment – sifting and sorting of evaluated information to isolate

insignificant elements with respect to the mission and operation of the unit.

2. Integration – combination of elements isolated in analysis with

other known information to form a logical picture on hypothesis of enemy
activities or influence of operational area characteristics on the mission of the
unit.

3. Deduction – designed to answer the question “what does this

information means in relation to the enemy situation, weather and area of
operation.

4. Dissemination and use of information

Considerations:
a. Timeliness
b. Propriety

Methods of Dissemination
a. Personal Contact –conferences, briefings, person to person exchanges
b. Messages – couriers, secured electrical means
c. Intelligence Documents

1) Intelligence Reports
2) Intelligence Summaries
3) Imagery Interpretation Reports
4) Document Analysis Reports
5) Periodic Intelligence Reports
6) Tactical Interrogation Reports
7) Technical Intelligence Report
8) Technical Intelligence Bulletin
9) ORBAT Handbook
10) PACREP
11) Intelligence Annexes

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PLANNING AND DIRECTING THE COLLECTION EFFORT

I. INTRODUCTION

A. GENERAL

1. Planning the collection of information also is based on the fact that

the implementation of courses of action requires activities which have
distinctive characteristics as movements of units, establishment of command
posts and administrative support installations. These characteristic activities
may indicate the existence of targets and vulnerabilities established by the
examination of enemy activities in the light of our experiences, his doctrine
and capabilities.

2. Intelligence planning is guided by the mission. Intelligence planning

begins before the planning of other staff sections. Until intelligence estimate is
available, detailed operational planning cannot be completed. The intelligence
officer must be ready to provide an estimate for the next operation and revise
the current estimate to meet changed operational conditions.

3. Sequence of Intelligence Planning. These are steps in collecting

information:

a. Determine the intelligence required for decision and plans.

b. Determine the priority of need for each of the different items.
c. Determine those enemy activity or characteristics of the area of
operations
which would affect the answer to the intelligence requirement.
d. Determine the specific items of information the presence or
absence of
which would affect or refute pertinent indications.
e. Select collection agencies and prepare and dispatch appropriate
orders.
f. Supervise the collection effort through staff visits, review of
records and
reports, and inspections to ensure productive and timely
collection of
information. Redirection is accomplished as some questions are
answered and others arise.

4. Collection agencies are then selected and appropriate orders are

prepared and dispatched. Execution of orders is supervised to insure that the
required information is obtained in time to be used.

B. INTELLIGENCE PLANNING PHASES

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 1. General. Intelligence planning is a continuous process. Based on
analysis of planning tasks, periods are established for the completion of
certain tasks before the plan is further develop. Each planning phase
facilitates coordination between staff sections.

2. Preliminary Phase. When the commander receives a directive or

warning for further action, the intelligence officer must have sufficient
information immediately available for the commander to analyze the probable
mission and issue preliminary planning guidance.

3. Initial Phase. When a unit receives a new mission, an intelligence

estimate is furnish to the commander and the staff so that operational,
administrative, and logistical support may be initiated.

4. Subsequent Phases. These phases, which start the definite

planning period include the concurrent preparation of various plans and
studies, based on current intelligence and counterintelligence estimates. The
most important of these are as follows:
a. Preparation of counterintelligence plan which contains an
enumeration of appropriate intelligence countermeasures required for
the security of the operations and which may include appropriate
aspects of cover and deception
b. Completion of plans to obtain necessary information not
immediately available
c. Preparation of plans to obtain necessary information not
immediately available
d. Preparation of a plan for securing and distributing intelligence
aids (These aids include materials such as charts and models of the
area of operations.)

e. Revision of the intelligence estimates after evaluation and

interpretation of all available information.
f. Revision and recommendation of PIR (EEI) and other
intelligence requirements
g. Preparation of a collection plan based on the PIR approved by
the commander and other intelligence requirement (OIR
h. Preparation of an intelligence plan as annex to the operation
plan

II. REQUIREMENTS

A. GENERAL
The commander’s intelligence requirements are those facts he needs
to know concerning the enemy and environment to execute his assigned
mission successfully. An intelligence priority in one situation may not be a
priority in another situation. Intelligence requirement generally can be divided
into two broad categories- priority intelligence requirement (PIR) and other
intelligence requirements (OIR).

B. PRIORITY INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENT (PIR/EEI)

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 1. Priority intelligence requirement are those critical items of
information regarding the enemy and the environment needed by the
commander to assist him in reaching a logical decision. Any enemy capability
or characteristics of the area which is a governing factor in the choice of the
courses of action will be a PIR.

2. Although PIRs have a special relationship to the needs of the

commander, they must be originated by the staff in the form of
recommendations. These recommendations are coordinated and presented
by the intelligence officer for command approval.

3. The nature and number of PIR will vary with the type and phase of
an operation and the extent and accuracy of the available information and
intelligence.

C. OTHER INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENT (OIR)

1. Concurrent with the tasking of intelligence elements to collect

information required to satisfy PIR, consideration is given to tasking
intelligence assets to collect information on other capabilities, vulnerabilities,
and characteristics of the area of operations which may affect the
accomplishment of the mission.

2. OIRs are derived from command requirements which do not qualify

as PIR, from a staff requirement and/or announcement of intelligence
requirements, and the allocation of collection means.

D. STATING INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS

1. When announced to the command, PIR and OIR should be stated

in such a manner as to provide guidance to the receiving agencies to allow
formulation of orders and requests for specific information. They should be
stated as specific questions to be answered in a specified time dealing with:

a. Enemy order of battle factors

b. Terrain, including natural and artificial obstacles
c. Weather
d. Social, political, and cultural factors

2. PIRs are not announced in the foregoing manner to units which do

not have an assigned intelligence officer.

E. DISSEMINATION OF REQUIREMENTS

1. PIR and OIR are disseminated to subordinate, higher and adjacent

units to guide them in preparing collection plans and evaluating information by
acquainting them with the commander’s priority intelligence needs.

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 2. The intelligence requirements announced by other headquarters
are analyzed by the receiving headquarters to determine whether or not the
unit is capable of obtaining information pertinent to the requirements and
whether or not the collection of information is compatible with the mission. If
not, receiving party does not repeat the requirement to its subordinate
elements.

1. Intelligence requirements are disseminated by fragmentary orders.

III. DETERMINATION OF INDICATIONS

A. INDICATIONS

1. An indication is any positive or negative evidence of enemy activity

or any characteristics of the area of operation which points toward enemy
vulnerabilities or the adoption or rejection by the enemy of a particular
capability, or which may influence the commander’s decision on the course of
action.

2. Indications include conditions which result from previous actions or

from enemy failure to take action. For example, enemy disposition may
indicate a particular enemy capability or vulnerability. The enemy’s logistical
situation may favor the adoption of a particular capability or may influence
friendly selection of a course of action by indicating an enemy vulnerability.

3. Indications provide the basis for orders or requests. The specific

information which collection agencies are directed of requested to supply is
the information which will inform of confirm or deny the indications.
Intelligence collection agencies must be alert to the fact that indication
presented by the enemy may be false. The enemy will go to great efforts to
deceive us by portraying indications which point to the adoption of a course of
action which he does not intend to adopt. Even though the enemy’s intentions
to attack, withdraw or defend is known and verified, we can still be deceived
as to the strength, location, time, and tactics he will employ.

4. How determined:

a. Indications are determined by analyzing PIR and other intelligence

requirements to determine what conditions and activities can be expected to
exist if the enemy prepares to adopt, or adopts a particular enemy capability
or when a particular enemy vulnerability exists, or when certain effects of the
characteristics of the area present.
b. The analysis of the PIR and other intelligence requirements
require a thorough knowledge of the enemy and the effects of the
characteristics of the area of operations. Particularly valuable is a detailed
knowledge of the enemy organization, equipment, tactical doctrines, and

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logistical methods, the probable enemy knowledge of the area of the friendly
control, and the personalities of the opposing enemy commander and the past
performance of the opposing enemy units.
c. At every headquarters, list of enemy activities peculiar to each
indications are compiled. The lists are disseminated to higher, lower, and
adjacent units.

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