COMBAT TRAINING OF INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER

BASIC MILITARY INTELLIGENCE

1.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

a.
Intelligence is the product resulting from the collection,
evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available
information which concerns a foreign nation or an area of operation.
b.
Military Information means all facts, documents,
materials, photograph, diagram, maps and reports of observation of
any kind which increases our knowledge of a possible or actual
enemy or area of operations.
c.
Military Intelligence is a knowledge acquired through the
collection, evaluation, and interpretation of all available information
concerning a possible or actual enemy or area of operations,
including the weather and terrain.
d.
Combat Intelligence is that knowledge of the enemy,
weather and terrain required by a commander in planning and
conducting tactical operation. It is developed during the conduct of
the operations modification of the original operation plan which may
be appreciated.
e.
Counterintelligence - is an aspect of intelligence which
comprises civil and military measures, including the collection,
processing and distribution of information, and executive actions,
designed to counter enemy or to prevent sabotage or subversive
activities.
2.

INTELLIGENCE PRINCIPLES:
a.
Intelligence is continues.
All intelligence activities follow a four-stage cycle:
planning, collection, evaluation and dissemination. The cycle is
continuous and all steps are carried out in an orderly fashion. We
cannot afford to have unsystematic and inefficient of information. Any
lead must be followed vigorously. Check the reliability of the source

to verify the raw information. Do anything to make that information

available in useful form.
b.
Intelligence operations and tactical operations are
interdependent.
c.
Intelligence must be useful.
Intelligence must be useful. Otherwise, what do operating
troops need it for? It must focus on a certain intelligence requirement
of a commander or his operating troops. The intelligence operation is
not terminated, until positive results come out.
d.
Intelligence must be timely.
The best intelligence is worthless if it does not reach the
user in time for appropriate action. There must always be an effective
system of disseminating intelligence, as the timeliness of each bit of
information must be exploited.
e.

Intelligence operations must be flexible.

Intelligence activities are always based on logical steps.
Standard intelligence procedures make intelligence operations
effective, but must not be followed blindly. Procedures can be
changed to meet requirements.
f.

Intelligence operations require imagination.

Intelligence operations require imagination, foresight and
resourcefulness. Creativity plays a great part in the outcome of any
intelligence operation. Intelligence, by its very nature, is unorthodox.
To succeed therefore requires an equally queer, unpredictable and
out-of-the normal mound of mind.
g.
Intelligence
operations
require
constant
security
measures.
Anything of intelligence value is highly classified
information. Keep it secret and under wraps.
3.

INTELLIGENCE AXIOMS:
Intelligence axioms are facts that require no doubt because the
truths of these statements are obvious.
a.
AXIOM NR 1 Intelligence is crucial to internal security.
b.
AXIOM NR 2 Intelligence is essential to all types of
operations

1)
2)
3)

Internal Defense Operations

Internal Development operations
Psychological Operations

c.
AXIOM NR 3 Intelligence is the responsibility of all
government agencies
d.
AXIOM NR 4 Intelligence of the government must be
superior to that of the enemy.
4.

THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

In the study of intelligence cycle it is not important which phase
is considered first information of intelligence can be inserted in any
phases as appropriate. The intelligence cycle has no beginning and
no end. Any sequence which is logically organized and passes
through a process is workable.
The four (4) phases of intelligence cycle are as follows:
a.

Planning of the collection effort.

The commander must make certain that he has what he

needs, when he needs it. He is continually wondering what the enemy
is doing, thinking, and planning for the future operations, and about
the nature of the terrain not under his control.
1)

Planning of the collection effort consist of five (5)

steps:
a)
Determination of intelligence requirements.
b)
Determination of intelligence priorities.
c)
Determination of those enemy activities of
characteristics of the area of operations which would indicate the
answer to the intelligence requirements.
d)
Selection of collection agencies to the employed
and the issuance of the necessary orders and request for information.
e)
Supervising the execution of order and request.
2)
Depending on the mission. The commander and his
Staff require intelligence information.

a)
To arrive at sound and timely decisions in
preparing plans and estimate for future operations and in conducting
operations.
b)
To protect the command by avoiding surprise
and denying the enemy information concerning his own forces.
c)
To assist in the processing of other information.
Also, in the Commanders estimate of the situation,
three of the five steps involved the active participation of the
intelligence effort. The commander should have readily available
information required by the two steps of the Estimate of the situation
the mission and the friendly capabilities. The information required in
the last three steps knowledge of the weather, enemy and terrain
must be provided by the intelligence officer.
After the intelligence requirements have been
determined and priorities have been established, the intelligence
officer must determine what indications will answer questions about
the requirements. He must then select the agencies that will actually
collect the required information. There are four criteria for the proper
selection of collection agencies: Capability, Suitability, Multiplicity
and Balance.
To insure a logical, orderly process in his search for
the answer to the essential elements of information, the Intelligence
officer develops a collection plan. He analyzes the essential elements
of information for possible indications of enemy activities, determines
the collections agencies he will use, direct, these agencies in the
search for information by using specific orders and request for
information is to be reported. During this entire process, the
intelligence officer is continually supervising the execution of the
orders and request which have been issued.

a.

Collection of Information

Collection is the system exploitation of sources of

information by collection agencies and the delivery of the information
obtained to the proper intelligence section.
Intelligence Officer must insure continuous input of
reliable information concerning the disposition, strength, composition
and movement of the hostile forces, as well as information
concerning weather and terrain. He must use every means at his
disposal to gain information on the enemy forces within the area of
interest which may affect the preparation and execution of his plans.
Failure to exploit every source of information may deny important
information of hostile capabilities, vulnerabilities, probable courses of
actions.
Source of information - are persons, things, or actions
from which information about the enemy, weather or terrain is
derived. At the beginnings of an operation the intelligence officer
does not lack information from which to produce intelligence for
initial estimates because many sources will be available to him. These
sources will include maps, air, photos, enemy documents, enemy
materials, prisoners of war, and weather forecasts.

Collection Agency is any person, unit or activity that

collect and/or processes information by research, surveillance,
interrogation or other exploitation of resources. It is the responsibility
of everyone to collect information. Collection agencies include all
military intelligence specialists, troops and special units (military
police, signal, ordinance, etc.)
c.

Processing of Information

Processing is the step which intelligence is created from

the raw material of information. It consists of three distinct steps:

1)
The recording of information so that it can be
compared with other items on hand.
2)
The evaluation of information or order to determine
its intelligence value.
3)
The interpretation of the information in relation to
other information and intelligence on hand in order to draw
conclusions regarding its meaning.
Evaluation information is of small value unless it has
been analyze with respect to its pertinence, the reliability of the officer
and agency and its pertinence, the reliability of the officer and agency
and its probable accuracy. The intelligence Officer must examine each
item of information as soon as it is received to determine its
intelligence value. This examination may be either elaborated or
instant, depending upon the circumstances. Is the information needed
immediately or at some future time? Are the source and agency
reliable? Is the information confirmed or collaborated by previous
received information or previous produced intelligence.
Interpretation of information consist of determining its
significance with respect to other information or previously collected
and processed intelligence, and finally drawing conclusions as the
probable meaning of the information.
Evaluation and interpretation together are the essential
steps in processing. Keep in mine that the commander wants
intelligence and not merely a compilation of information.
d.

Dissemination and use of Intelligence

The next phase of the intelligence cycle is the

dissemination and use of intelligence. Intelligence is the end result of
all intelligence activities. To be effective, it must be disseminated to
the commander, his staff, and others who require it in proper form
and on time serve its purpose.
The commander received intelligence from the intelligence
officer in the form of intelligence estimate. The intelligence estimates
gives the commander the best possible picture of the area of
operation sand the enemy without irrelevant details. It is the
intelligence officers job to weight the intelligence he
produces and to present it clearly and concisely using graphic means
instead of wordy pictures whenever possible.
The intelligence estimate brings together significant aspect
of the weather, terrain and the enemy. It enumerates and discusses
the enemys capabilities, his weaknesses as well as his favorable
qualities, and if warranted, draw conclusions as to the relative
probability of the adoption of the enemy capabilities and their effect
on our mission. The intelligence estimate is continuously revised, and
is constant and basic responsibility of the intelligence officer. The
commander uses the intelligence estimate, selects the courses of
action which is most likely to succeed.
Dissemination to other users are accomplished by means
of messages, (radio, messenger, or by any rapid means of signal
communication) and personal contact (telephone, personal reports,
integrating report, operating orders, and other special reports).

REPORT WRITING
1.

DEFINITION

a.
Report writing is a deliberate means used to transmit
information to others.

b.
Reporting is knowingly passing along information to
someone else.
2.

REASONS FOR WRITING

a.
To serve as permanent records.
b.
To transmit reports, facts and other information to action
agency.
c.
To aid top planners & experts in the interpretation
and analysis of reported info.
3.

Prerequisites for Good Report Writing

a.
b.
c.
d.

4.

Precise understanding of the assignment.

Ability to obtain the desired information.
Ability to collect and retain accuracy & in detail.
Ability to transmit the collected info ASAP.

TOOLS FOR REPORTING

a.

Use the six (6) interrogative words as tools such as:

b.

Who
Where
What
When
Why
How

refers to persons
refers to place
refers to incidents, events or activities
indicates date & time
connotes reasons behind the incident
describes circumstances

Characteristics of a Good Report

Pertinence
clear phraseology
accuracy

c.

unbiased
completeness
conciseness

The Organization and Expression of a Report

Heading
Collection and Source Data
The Information Part
The Interpretive Comments

5.

d.

THE TEST OF A GOOD REPORT

all of the Who, What, When, Where, Why and How have
been included in the collection data.
gives clear account on how the info was obtained.
no inexactness of expression.
no unsupported generalization.
no inaccuracies.
not repetitive
contain only significant information.

e.

EXAMPLE OF REPORTS
Information Report
Operational Report
Summary of Information
Agents Report

EVALUATION OF REPORT

Evaluation of Source
A - completely reliable
B - usually reliable
C - fairly reliable
D - not usually reliable
E - unreliable
F - reliability cannot be judged

Evaluation of Information
1 - confirmed by other sources
2 - possibly true
3 - probably true
4 - doubtfully true
5 - improbable
6 - truth cannot be judged

Sources from which observation was made

S
- SIGINT intercepted
T
- unit commander
U
- intelligence specialist
V
- troops engaged in operations
W
- enemy interrogee
X
- local government official
Y
- local populace
Z
- enemy captured documents
6.

TIPS DURING NOTE-TAKING

Use one you find workable.

Develop your own system of abbreviation
Jot down facts only.
Write only the key words.
Write in details ASAP while they are still fresh in your mind.
PORTRAIT PARLE
(Description of a Person)

Description is the technique of factually reporting one's own

observation or the sensory experiences recounted by another person.
Since the purpose of description is to present an accurate word
picture, the use of standard terms in describing persons contributes
immensely to the value of reports prepared by professional
investigators.
The cornerstone of the investigator's systems of describing
persons is the complete Portrait Parle. This is the modern version of
the original Portrait Parle, a complicated and lengthy system devised
late in the 19th century by Alphonse Bertillion, a clerk in the French
Surete. "Portrait Parle" means, in effect, "a spoken picture". While
Portrait Parle is usually obtained when the individual is in custody or
under close observation, it is also the standard method of describing
individuals under observation in other circumstances. It is used in
describing, for future investigative reference, unidentified individuals
observed during an investigation; in describing individuals to another
agent so that he may form an accurate mental picture of them; and in
identifying individuals from photographs. Portrait Parle contains the
standard terminology to describe particular physical characteristics.
It is flexible, permitting additions and omissions as required by the
situation.
It is imperative to note that accurate description of persons is a
vital qualification for a Special Agent in the Counterintelligence field.
The goal of persons in the field of counterintelligence is to train
themselves so that they can obtain a complete physical description of
an individual in a matter of seconds. This ability to describe another
person may be acquired in the following manner:

a.
By learning the meaning of the numerous words which can
be used in describing the various features;
b. By studying and practicing the description of one or two
features such as eyes or nose, as they appear on several different
persons, and continuing this practice until all features have been
covered;
c.
By learning a definite order in proceeding from one feature
to another.
In short, Portrait Parle is the means of using descriptive terms
employed in relation to a personal feature of an individual.
6 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL
a.
AGE - in describing the age, if the exact age is known, give
it with the date of birth, if unknown , estimate it in spans of five years.
Example: Estimated age is 36 it should be estimated at 35-40 never
38-43.
b. SEX - if it is normal, indicate whether female or male;
individual who has sexual tendencies of a perverted nature, try to
determine his contacts, associations, place which they frequently
visit, so that it will give you an idea of what kind of a person he or she
is.
c.
RACE - when describing the race, it is either Caucasian or
white, Negro, Malayan or Mongolian. In describing the degree of tint
should be given. Example: For describing an individual who is a
member of the Negro race, the description should be black, light
brown, or dark brown.
d. HEIGHT - if physically measured, record the exact height.
If estimated, arrive at an estimate by comparison with your own
height and record it in a two-inch span. This is done simply by eyelevel method. Example . If the height estimate is 6'0", it should be
estimated in the following manner: 5'11"-6'1".
e.
WEIGHT - When estimating an individual's weight always
give a ten-pound span. Example: 150 (estimated weight), it should be
done in the following manner : 145 - 155 lbs. In estimating the weight
of an individual you have to consider also the built and the height.
The method of estimating is more accurate when the
characteristics of build are considered with estimated height, so that

this time focus yourself first on build and then return to the method of
estimating weight.
We should remember that the weight of a person is
properly estimated and nearly accurate when the build and height of
the individual are considered. It should be further noted that for every
inch added in height, you add five pounds in weight, for every inch
deducted in height, you must subtract five pounds in weight. That is,
when using the table of weights.
The TABLE OF WEIGHTS lists the following information for
a person with medium build: (American Standard)

HEIGHT
5'0"
5'1"
5'2"
5'3"
5'4"
5'5"

NORMAL WEIGHT
115 lbs
120
125
130
135
140

HEIGHT
5'6"
5'7"
5'8"
5'9"
5'10"

NORMAL WEIGHT
145 lbs
150
155
160
165

It should be noted that the above table covers only a

medium build. In estimating other categories of build, the following
scale should be used:
Emaciated Subtract 40 pounds from the normal (weight)
Thin - - - Subtract 25 pounds from the normal (weight)
Slender- Subtract 15 pounds from the normal (weight)
Medium No weight is added to or subtracted from
the normal (weight)
(See TABLE OF WEIGHTS)
Stocky - - Add 15 pounds to the normal (weight)
Heavy - - Add 25 pounds to the normal (weight)
Very Heavy - Add 40 pounds to the normal (weight)

Weights added to or subtracted from the normal (weight) are

only approximate.
Example: Mercy is 5'3" tall and is slender. Her weight is
estimated by using the table above. Hence, the table says her normal
weight at her height is 130 pounds. Since she is of a slender build,
we have to deduct 15 pounds from her normal weight. Thus, her
weight is estimated as 115 lbs and reflected as 100-120 pounds. Her
estimated weight falls in the middle of the ten-pound span.
f.
BUILD - The term used in describing the build are:
emaciated, thin, slender, medium, stocky, heavy, and very heavy.
Carriage or posture- the usual way of holding the head,
back and shoulders which may be shown as erect, stooping, and
hunchback.
Chest - may be shown as narrow, broad or bulging.

PROFILE - Every profile has three parts:

a.
The upper third of the profile is that part lying between the
normal hairline and the eyebrows.
b.
The middle third of the profile is that area between the
eyebrows and the base of the nose.
c.
The lower third is that area between the base of the nose
and the bottom of the chin.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON CONSIDERED FOR
OBSERVATION
The accepted order of procedure is to describe each
characteristic in the order in which it appears, from the head of the
individual down to his body, so no characteristics would be omitted.
Remember, each individual characteristic is dependent for the
estimation of its size, length, and shape upon its relationship to the
other characteristics in the profile. For instance, a person's nose is

considered to be long, short, or medium in comparison with the size

of the other characteristics of the face.
a.
The Face and Head - The face is judged in reference to its
shape, color, and peculiarities of its carriage.
b.
THE SHAPE OF THE FACE: Seen from the front, the face is
described according to the apparent proportionate relationship
between its height and its breadth. Such consideration yields a
variety of descriptive terms which includes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
c.
may be:

5)
6)
7)

Fat
Long
Oval- - the most common type

PECULIARITIES OF THE FACE - the peculiarities of the face

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

c.

Square
Broad
Round
Thin

Prominent cheekbones
Flabby cheeks (weak, lack firmness)
Full or Flat
Bony or Thin
Smiling - shows signs of pleasure
Scowling - shows a threatening behavior

PECULIARITIES OF THE HEAD (As seen from the side).

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Round
High at the back
Flat at the back
Bulging at the back
Egg or keel-shaped

d.
PECULIARITIES OF THE HEAD - the peculiarities of the
head are almost always the result of carriage of the head. The head
maybe habitually bent forward, turned sidewise, inclined to the left or
right, inclined backwards, or inclined backwards to the right or left.

e.

TYPES OF COMPLEXION:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Fair
Dark
Sunburnt
Brick-red

5)
6)
7)
8)

Yellow
Black
Brown
Ruddy (healthy reddish )

f.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HAIR

1)
Color
2)
Degree of growth
3)
Type
4)
Manner in which it is dressed
5)
Peculiarities and deficiencies which exist

g.

THE COLOR OF THE HAIR may be described as:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Light blonde
6)
Gray
Blonde
7)
Black streaked with gray
Dark blonde
8)
White
Brown
9)
Auburn (moderate brown)
Black
The possibility of dyed hair must be taken into
consideration. Also the use of toupees must be noted.
h.

THE DEGREE OF GROWTH MAY BE DEFINED AS:

1)
2)
3)

i.

Thick or Thin
Sparse
Long or Short

TYPES OF HAIR:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Wavy
Curly
Straight
Kinky
Artificially waved or curled

j.
THE MANNER IN WHICH THE HAIR IS DRESSED may be
described as:
1)

Parted on the right

2)
Parted on the left
3)
Brushed straight back
4)
Close-cropped (clipped short)
5)
Crew Cut
6)
Pompadour (like the hair style of late Elvis
Presley). As to women, be able to seek the assistance of those who
are up-to-date in hair-styling.
k.
Peculiarities and efficiencies of the Hair - These
characteristics pertain to hair that is deceased and to the degree of
baldness which are important identifying characteristics. Degrees of
baldness are:
1)
Frontal baldness which describes lack of hair on
the front top of the head.
2)
Occipital baldness which describes baldness in
the area of the crown.
3)
Total baldness is the term used to indicate
complete baldness at the top of the head.
4)
A receding hairline over the temples can be
described as slightly receding or totally receding.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FOREHEAD
Forehead - is described according to height, width, slope and
peculiarities.
The height of the forehead is observed in profile and is the
vertical distance from the normal hairline to the eyebrows. Forehead
may either be - high, low, or medium, depending upon whether it is
greater than, equal to, or less than one-third of the normal profile.
The slope of the forehead is observed in profile and determined
by drawing an imaginary vertical line through the profile at the point

where the nose is attached to the face or cheek. Following are the
types:
a.
Vertical - if the forehead meets and coincides with this
vertical line.
b. Receding - if the forehead falls away from the imaginary
line to a great extent or if it departs slightly.
c.
Bulging - if the forehead is curved and in advance of
vertical.
d. Prominent - if the forehead is straight but in advance of
vertical.
The WIDTH OF THE FOREHEAD is the distance between the
temples, and is described as broad, medium or narrow.
FOREHEAD PECULIARITIES - are noted to include pronounced
permanent frowns, or deep horizontal wrinkles.
EYEBROWS are described in respect to their shape, length,
breadth (distance from side to side) and color. the color of the hair.
The SHAPE OF THE EYEBROWS is express as arched, straight,
peaked, internal oblique, or external oblique.
The LENGTH OF THE EYEBROWS is either long, short, or
medium.
The BREATH OF THE EYEBROW may either be: thin, thick,
plucked, or penciled. It may be further described as bushy, heavy,
sparsely haired.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EYES - the size, color and any
peculiarities are the identifying features of the human eyes. As to:
a.
Size - large, small, medium
b.
Color - distinct colors seen in the iris are listed. Some of
the colors are: black, dark brown, light brown
c.
Depth - Bulging normal or deep-set green, blue and gray.

PECULIARITIES - the identifying characteristics in respect to

peculiarities in profile. The features considered in describing the
noise are the root, the line of the bridge of the nose, the base, the
projection, tip dimensions, and peculiarities of the nose.
Root - the root of the nose is the cavity which is found at the
top of the nose between the eyes. It is described and to depth and
recession.
Line of the bridge of the nose is from the hollowest part of the
root to the point of the nose. The line maybe:
Concave - the line of the nose recedes towards the base after
leaving the root and then rises again towards the tip, thus forming the
concave line.
Straight - the line of the nose follows the shortest, unbroken
distance from the root to the tip.
Aqualine or Eaglebeak - the line of the nose forms an obtuse
angle at the lower third of the line of the bridge.
Roman - the line of the nose rises upward from the root and
descends again toward the base forming an obtuse angle in the upper
third of the nose.
Undulating- the line of the nose is broken at several places
from the root to the tip, and is a series of concave and convex curves.
The BASE OF THE NOSE is the point where the line of the bridge
joins the base of the nose. The tip may be: pointed, round, flat, or
bulbous.
The septum (wall/tissue) and the nostril should also be described
when they are visible. Usually the septum is slightly visible either
from front or profile view. In some cases, it may be described as
invisible, slightly visible or greatly exposed. The nostrils may be
described as invisible, lightly visible, or flared.

The dimensions of the nose are the length, the projection, and
the width of the nose.
The length of the nose is observed in profile, and is the vertical
distance from a point between the eyebrows to the base of the nose.
The length of the nose is stated as being long, medium or short. The
term medium nose is equal to one-third of the vertical distance from
the normal hairline to the point of the chin. A long nose is greater,
and a short nose is lesser than one-third of this vertical distance.
The projection is observed in profile and is the distance which
separate the point of attachment of the nostril from the tip of the
nose, and may be expressed as small, medium, or large.
The width of the nose is the horizontal distance which separates
the two sides of the nose at their greater breadth. This is observed
from the front and is expressed as being narrow, medium or wide.
The PECULIARITIES OF THE NOSE are structural; they may be
inherited or acquired by the individual, and would include such
features as a crushed nose, a twisted nose, tip tilted to the right or the
left, and a nose with flaring nostrils.
MOUTH - the description of the mouth is expressed in reference
to its size, shape, and any visible peculiarities of the teeth.
Size of the mouth. The mouth seen from the front is judged by
its size' it may be noted as large, medium, small. In determining the
size of the mouth, draw an imaginary vertical line through the center
of each eye. If the outside corners of the mouth meet these lines, the
mouth would be described as medium in size.
The shape of the mouth. The mouth may be dropping or
upturned at the corners. Some are crooked, twisted or contorted.
The upper lips in forming the shape of the mouth is usually in the
form of a bow.
PECULIARITIES OF THE MOUTH: Habitually held open

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIPS- The lips are described in

respect to the length of the upper or lower lips and the thickness of
both lips.
Length of the upper lip- is the vertical distance from the base of
the nose to the line of the moth (where the lips meet). It is described
either as: long, medium, or short. If the upper lip from the base of the
nose to the line of the mouth is equal to one-third of the lower third of
the normal profile, the upper lip is of medium length.
Thickness of the lips varies with each individual, the terms thin
or thick are generally used in describing the fullness of the lips.
Length of the lower lip is the vertical distance from line of the
mouth to the recession of the gum line. If the vertical distance is
equal to one third of the lower third of the normal profile, it is
described as medium in length. Other descriptions are long or short.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CHIN - the chin is considered in
respect to the general outline of its profile, its size, length, and any
peculiarities which may be present.
Line of Profile -General slope of the profile of the chin is
called vertical, receding, jutting, or normal. If the chin meets the
vertical line drawn through the nose, where the nose is attached to
face the chin is described as vertical. If it exceed or protrude forward
of this vertical line, it is described as jutting; if it recedes behind the
line, it is described as receding.
Size - size and shape are considered from the front. It may
be a small, medium, large as being the vertical distance from
recession of the gum line to the bottom of the chin. If is equal to one
third of the lower third of the profile, it is medium in length. Another
description are long or short.
The peculiarities of the chin are structural and may include:
double chin, clefts and recession from the gum line.

a.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CHEEK - the cheek is described
as dimpled (left, right, or both), bulging, cramped, flabby and
pockmarked.
b.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE EAR - the ear is composed of a
series of ridges and hollows. The ridges are usually the ones that aid
the observer in identifying a person. These ridges are: border of
helix, the lobe, the tragus, the antiragus, and the folds.
1)
The helix (border of the ear). It starts at the central
depression or shell above the auricular activity and borders the ear in
the manner of a gutter. Normally, it runs two-thirds of the arc of the
ear and can be described as medium, short, or long in length. It is
also described as to thickness.
2)
The lobe is the lowest part of ear and situated at the
termination of the helix at the point of attachment to the cheek. It is
considered in respect to its contour and is described as descending,
squared, gulfed, normal, or pointed.
3)
Descending is the term used to describe the lobe
which finished in the descending point along the cheek.
4)
Square is the term use to describe the lobe which
ends in a parallel to the horizontal plane of the head.
5)
Gulfed - describes the lobe which is isolated from the
cheek.
6)
Normal - characterizes the lobe with the slight dip
beneath the horizontal plane.
7) Pointed is the descriptive term for the usual lobe
which actually forms a point beneath the ear.
8)
Peculiarities of the ear - There are two terms in this
aspect. They are: Darwinian Tubercle and the Darwinian Extension.
The Darwinian Tubercle is the term used to describe a growth on the
outer border of the helix, and may appear anywhere on the outer
border. The Darwinian extension is the term used to describe a
growth on the inner border of the helix.
9)
General shape - almost all ears are oval in shape.
10) Proximity - the ear must be stated as being close to
or protruding from the head.
11) Size - the ear may be large, medium, or small in
proportion to the head.

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE NECK - Identifying features of the

neck are its length, proportionate thickness, and any peculiarities
which may be present.
a. Length of the neck is described as to the vertical distance
from the point of the chin to the line of the shoulder the neck may
termed as long, medium or thin.
b. Thickness of the neck - it is determined by the apparent
proportionate relationship of the size and shape of the head and
length of the neck may be as is, medium or thin.
c. Peculiarities of the neck would include Adam's apple, and
goiter.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SHOULDER - the shoulders as a
continuation of the neckline may be described as to width, shape and
peculiarities.
a. Width of the shoulder may be described as medium wide,
or narrow when estimated with respect to the size of the body.
b. Shape of the shoulders may be described as rounded or
square.
PECULIARITIES OF THE SHOULDER includes erect, stooped,
hunched, one shoulder higher than the other.
STOMACH is described as flat, bulging, trembling, or firm.
NATIONAL ORIGIN - subject's specified nationality and ethnic
origin such as American of Filipino descent.
WALK - the manner of walking varies with each person and has
to be described as: cadet, spring-like, limping to the left or right,
normal, etc.
VISIBLE SCARS - all permanent body scars visible when an
individual is fully dressed are termed as visible scars.
VOICE OR SPEECH- accent and pitch are the principal
characteristics by which a voice or speech may be described.

OTHER DISTINGUISHING MARKS - birthmarks, amputations,

hidden scars, moles. In case of tattoo, the location on the body and
the actual design is important .