Acknowledgments

Contributing authors and editors of this Guide include War Crimes Research Office
(WCRO) Director Susana SáCouto, WCRO Assistant Director Katherine Cleary, former
WCRO Assistant Director Anne Heindel, former WCRO Director John Cerone,
Washington College of Law (WCL) Professor Diane Orentlicher and WCL Professor
Robert Goldman. The following WCL students and graduates also contributed to its
production: Ewen Allison, Katrina Anderson, Katharine Brown, Agustina Del Campo,
Tejal Jesrani, Robert Kahn, Chante Lasco, Solomon Shinerock and Claire Trickler-
McNulty. Mann Sovanna oversaw translation of the Khmer edition.
We are grateful for the generous support of the Open Society Justice Initiative and the
Open Society Burma Project/Southeast Asia Initiative, without which this project would
not have been possible.

About the War Crimes Research Office

The core mandate of the War Crimes Research Office is to promote the development and
enforcement of international criminal and humanitarian law, primarily through the
provision of specialized legal assistance to international criminal courts and tribunals. The
Office was established by the Washington College of Law in 1995 in response to a request
for assistance from the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former
Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR), established by the United Nations Security
Council in 1993 and 1994 respectively. Since then, several new internationalized or “hybrid”
war crimes tribunals—comprising both international and national personnel and applying a
blend of domestic and international law—have been established under the auspices or with
the support of the United Nations, each raising novel legal issues. This, in turn, has
generated growing demands for the expert assistance of the WCRO. As a result, in addition
to the ICTY and ICTR, the WCRO has provided in-depth research support to the Special
Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor (Special Panels), the Special Court for Sierra
Leone (SCSL) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). The
WCRO has also provided similar assistance to the International Criminal Court (ICC).

COVER PHOTOGRAPHS (from left)

The administrative offices of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
Fishing village in Cambodia
The Extraordinary Chambers court building in Phnom Penh
All photographs courtesy Susana SáCouto
 c,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati ³
mKÁúeTsn_sMrab;eFVIkarBikakSaGMBI
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa

kariyal½yRsavRCav]Rkidækmμs®gÁam(WCRO)*
saklviTüal½yGaemrikkaMgRkugva:siunetan mhaviTüal½ynItisa®sþ

Extula 2007

* edaymankarcUlrYmCaviPaKTanBIGñkniBn§/Gñke)aHBum<pSay ³ s‘Usan;Na saKUtU(Susana SáCouto)

naykkariyal½yRsavRCav]Rkidækmμs®gÁam(WCRO Director), xaFWrIn eKøórI(Katherine Cleary) CMnYy
karnaykkariyal½yRsavRCav]Rkidækmμs®gÁam(WCRO), Gan ehnEdl(Anne Heindel) GtItCMnYy
karnaykkariyal½yRsavRCav]Rkidækmμs®gÁam(WCRO), cn sIurUn(John Cerone)GtItnaykkariya-
l½yRsavRCav]Rkidækmμs®gÁam(WCRO), sa®sþacarü edn G½rinTøicqWr(Prof. Diane Orentlicher), nig
sa®sþacarü rUb‘ÅtehÁalmin(Prof. Robert Goldman), RBmTaMgnisSit nignisSitCan;x<s;énsklviTüal½y
Rkugva:siunetan mhaviTüal½ynItisa®sþ(Washington College of Law students and graduates) ³ eGvin
GalIsin(Ewen Allison), kaRTINa GanDWsin(Katrina Anderson), katarIn eR)an(Katharine Brown),
GhÁWsÞInNa Edl xaMpU(Agustina Del Campo), ety:al; eyRsanI(Tejal Jesrani) r:Ub‘Åt xan;
(Robert Kahn), can;et T,asáÚ(Chante Lasco), sULÚmUn saBaJr:uk(Solomon Shinerock) nig EkøRTIkøW

eGm nUlTI(Claire Trickler-McNulty).

Copyright © December 2007 by the War Crimes Research Office
American University Washington College of Law
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
I. esckþIepþImsþIBIc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 8
k> nIti;GnþrCatisaFarN³ > ...................................................................................................... 8
x> karvivtþn_énc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati >..................................................................................... 9
K> karbegáIt nigyutþaFikarEpñkkmμvtßúénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ ................................................. 10
II. ]Rkidækmμs®gÁamCaTUeTA ..................................................................................................... 16
k> bTbBaØtþisþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF eRkamnItiGnþrCati ........................................................... 16
x> karvivtþn_énc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati(IHL) ........................................................................ 17
K> karrMelaPc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati(IHL) EdlnaMeGaykøayCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam
eRkamnIti;GnþrCati >........................................................................................................ .... 23
III. karbMpøicbMpøaBaJsm,tþivb,Fm’ enAkñúgeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF RsbtamGnusBaØa
TIRkugLaeG qñaM1954 sþIBIkarkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’ ................................................................ 26
k> karGnuvtþn_GnusBaØa ........................................................................................................ 26
x> niymn½yénsm,tþivb,Fm’ .............................................................................................. 27
K> GMeBIEdlCakmμvtßúénkarpþnÞaeTas ................................................................................... 29
1> GMeBIecarkmμ karlYcbøn; karéKbnøM karbMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn b¤saFarN³ ...31
2 karsgswk ........................................................................................................ 36
3 GMeBIGriPaB........................................................................................................ 38
4 kareRbIR)as;EdlTMngCadak;eGayRTBüsm,tþiTTYlrgkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ
b¤karxUcxat............................................................................................................. 44
X> GvtþmanPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa .........................................................................................46
1> niymn½yénPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa ........................................................................ 47
k> GMeBIGriPaB ............................................................................................. 49
x> kareRbIR)as;EdlTMngCanaMeGayRTBüsm,tþiTTYlrgkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ
b¤karxUcxat ............................................................................................... 51
 2> GMNackñúgkarRbkasGMBIPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa ..................................................... 51
3> katBVkic©pþl;karENnaM........................................................................................ 52
g> bMNg]Rkidæ (Mens rea) ................................................................................................. 53
c> esckþIsnñidæan ................................................................................................................. 57
IV. ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati .............................................................................................. 59
k> FatupSMEpñkbribTén]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati ..............................................................60
1> karvayRbharEdlmanlkçN³TUeTA b¤EdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ .............................60
2> karvayRbharEdlmanTisedARbqaMgnwgCnsIuvil ..................................................64
3> bMNg]Rkidæ(Mens rea) ......................................................................................65
4> tRmUveGayeFVIeT,IgedayminerIsmux ..................................................................... 67
5> TMnak;TMngKñarvagGMeBI nigkarvayRbhar................................................................69
6> KμankartRmUveGaymanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF ............................................................ 70
x> GMeBITaMgT,ayEdl)anerobrab;......................................................................................... 71
V. ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ ................................................................................................... 72
k> esckþIepþImGMBI]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ .......................................................................... 72
x> TidæPaBepSgKñaénniymn½y ..............................................................................................73
K> GMeBIEdl)anerobrab; ....................................................................................................... 75
1> karsMlab;smaCikénRkum ................................................................................... 75
2> karbgáeRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rxagpøÚvkay b¤pøÚvcitþrbs;smaCikénRkum .............................. 77
3> karbgáeRKaHfñak;edayectnaeTAelIRkum GMBIsßanPaBkñúgkarrs;enAEdl
eKcat;TukfaGacnaMeGayGnþraydl;ragkayTaMgmUl b¤mYyEpñk ........................... 78
4> karcat;viFankarepSg² kñúgeKalbMNgraraMgdl;karpþl;kMeNItenAkñúgRkum ............... 78
5> karbBa¢ÚnkumaredaybgçMBIRkummYyeTARkummYyeTot ............................................... 79
X> esckþItRmUveGaymanecnaCak;lak; ................................................................................ 79
 1> { TaMgRsug b¤ mYyEpñk } ..................................................................................... 81
2> muxgarrbs;CnelμIsmñak;² ................................................................................... 81
3> GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ nigkarbeNþBaJecBaJedaybgçM .............................................. 82
4> viFIsa®sþkñúgkarcUlrYm......................................................................................... 83
5> kareRbobeFobKñaCamYylkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) ......................................84
VI. ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCati RsbtamGnusBaØa
TIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 sþIBITMnak;TMngkarTUt.................................................................................84
k> TMnak;TMngénGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:nqñaM1961 eTAnwgGnusBaØa qñaM1973 sþIBIkarkarBar
nigkarpþnÞaeTascMeBaH]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgbuKÁlEdl)anTTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati .......85
x> niymn½yénbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCati................................................. 87
K> karRbRBwtþEdlGacCakmμvtßúénkarpþnÞaeTas ............................................................... 90
1> karbMBanelIPaBminGacrMelaP)anénbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCati ......... 90
2> karbMBanelIPaBminGacrMelaP)anénTItaMgebskkmμ nignievsndæan
ÉkCnrbs;Pñak;garTUt ......................................................................................... 93
X> bMNg]Rkidæ(Mens rea) ............................................................................................96
VII. bTelμIsGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT.................................................................................................... 97
k> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶reTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv ....................... 97
1> karrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶r ......................................................................................... 97
2> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶rénkareFVITaruNkmμ ................................ 100
k> FatupSMénbTeFVITaruNkmμ.......................................................................101
x> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakareFVITaruNkmμ ................................................ 105
3> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶rénkarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ ..................... 106
k> FatupSMénkarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ .............................................................107
x> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ ..................................... 109
 4> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r bgáeGaymankarQWcab;ya:g
sahavéRBépSbMput b¤naMeGaymanrbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;ragkay b¤suxPaB ...................110
x> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCa]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati....................................... 112
1> bTrMelaPelIpøÚvePT¬rMelaPesBsnßv³¦ ...........................................................114
2> kareFVIeGayeTACaTaskr nigTaskmμpøÚvePT .................................................... 118
3> kareFVITaruNkmμ .............................................................................................. 121
4> GMeBIGmnusSFm’déTeTot ................................................................................ 121
K> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCaGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ ..................................................124
X> karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;fñak;elIcMeBaH]RkidækmμGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT .........................125
g> karkarBarCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePTenAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ . 127
VIII. karTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl ................................................................................129
k> meFüa)ayénkarTTYlxusRtUv GnuvtþcMeBaH]RkidækmμTaMgGs; kñúgtulakarExμrRkhm(KRT) 130
1> karRbRBwtþ kareFVIEpnkar karBaJúHBaJg; karbBa¢a .................................................. 130
k> karRbRBwtþbTelμIsTUeTA ..................................................................... 130
x> karRbRBwtþtamry³skmμPaBrYmKña ....................................................... 132
K> kareFVIEpnkar .................................................................................... 134
X> karBaJúHBaJg; ........................................................................................ 135
g> karbBa¢a ........................................................................................... 135
2> karCYyTMnukbMrugeGayRbRBwtþbTelμIs)ansMerc ............................................... 136
3> karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;fñak;elI .......................................................................... 139
x> meFüa)ayénkarTTYlxusRtUv EdlGnuvtþcMeBaHEtbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ ....................142
1> karcUlrYmRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ ........................................................142
2> karsmKMnitRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ .....................................................142
3> karb:unb:gRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_....................................................... 143
4> minmankarBaJúHBaJg;eGayRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ .................................. 143
 5> KμankarsmKMnitkñúgGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ .......................................................... 143
IX. eKalkarN_nItüanukUlPaB ................................................................................................ 144
k> KμanbTelμIs ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg ......................................................................................... 144
x> karkMNt;kareRbIR)as;PaBRsedogKña .............................................................................. 148
K> KμaneTas ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg ............................................................................................. 149
X. eKalkarN_sþIBIkarCMnMuCRmHerOgkþImYyEtmYyelIk(Non Bis In Idem) .......................................... 150
k> bTdæanGnþrCatiRKb;RKgelIkarpþnÞaeTasenAkñúgrdæBIr b¤rdæeRcIn .........................................151
x> viFIsa®sþéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) ...................................................................151
XI.karcUlrYmrbs;CnrgeRKaHenAkñúgkic©dMeNIrkarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) .. 150
k> kardak;BakübNþwg .......................................................................................................151
x> karcUlrYmkñúgkaredaHRsayerOgkþkI ñúgnamCaPaKWedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI ...............................151
K> GgÁPaBCnrgeRKaH .......................................................................................................151
X> viFankarbgáar ..............................................................................................................151
g> karCYsCulsMNg .........................................................................................................151
c> ]bsKÁEdlbgáeLIgedayCnrgeRKaHsMxan;²mYycMnYn EdlEsVgrkkarcUlrYm nigkar
CYsCulsMNg enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC).......................151
]bsm<½n§ k ³ sMrg;ÉksarBak;B½n§ Edl)anmkBI : tulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT), r)aykarN_
rbs;elakGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBItulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt
yUehÁasøavI( ICTY), lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI
( ICTY Statute), lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da( ICTR Statute),

lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC Statute)
]bsm<½n§ x ³ FatupSMénbTelμIsenAkñúgtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
]bsm<½n§ K ³ ÉksarTak;TgnwgGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
]bsm<½n§ X ³ vibsaymansar³sMxan;sMrab;eFVIkarRsavRCavtamGIunFWENt (internet)
I. esckþIepþImsþIBIc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati
c,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati edaysarEtRbeyaKenHRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;enAkñúgmKÁúeTsn_BiPakSa1
niyaysMedAdl;tYGgÁlixitbTdæanénnItiGnþrCatisaFarN³ EdlkarrMelaPelIc,ab;enH nwgGacnaMeGayman
karTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl.

k> nIti;GnþrCatisaFarN³
cMNucsMxan; edIm,IGacTTYl)ancMeNHdwgc,as;las;GMBIc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCatienaHKW tYGgÁmYyEdl
dac;BIKñaénnIti;GnþrCatisaFarN³ ehIyc,ab;EbbenH GnuvtþenAkñúgbribTénRbB½n§c,ab;GnþrCati. enAeBlCa
mYyKñaenHEdr lkçN³sm,tþiénc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati CalixitbTdæanEdlGaccab;eGaybuKÁlEdlRbRBwtþ
elμIsRtUvTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐ manlkçN³xusEbøkKñaBIlixitbTdæanPaKeRcInepSgeToténnItiGnþrCati
saFarN³.
cab;BIkarcab;epþImekItmanRbB½n§evspllan(Westphalian) smPaBénGFibetyürdæ nigeKal-
karN_TaMgT,ay EdlBak;B½n§karmineRCotERCkKña KWCaeKalkarN_cMbg. eyaledaymanRbB½n§mYyEdlrdæ
GFibeyüCaeRcIn manGFibetyüPaBdUcKña minmanrdæNamYymanGMNacxøaMgCagrdæNaenaH eTIbbTdæand¾
sMxan;rbs;vamanbNþaBaJkatBVkic©rvagKñaeTAviBaJeTAmk Edl)anepþatdac;edayET,kesÞIrEtTaMgRsugeTAelI
TMnak;TMngGnþrrdæ . lixitbTdæanTaMgT,ay Edl)anbegáIteT,IgenAkñúgRbB½n§enH RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;faCa
TMenomTMlab;kmμvtßúEpñkc,ab;rbs;rdæmYy ehIykarrMelaPbMBanelIc,ab;enH nwgnaMeGayrdæenaHCaGñkTTYl
xusRtUv. buKÁlRKb;rUbGacmankatBVkic©Gnuvtþc,ab;GnþrCatiedayRbeyal)an RbsinebImankarTTYlxus
RtUv KWCaFmμta tamry³viFIsa®sþénc,ab;Cati .

1
CaTUeTA RbeyaK { c,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati } GacniyaysMedAdl;RbePTepSg² énlixitbTdæanGnþrCati rYmTaMglixitbTdæanTaMg
T,ayEdlRKb;RKgbBaðamYycMnYndUcCa kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIbtüab½n nigkic©shRbtibtþikareTAviBaJeTAmk kñúgkarBRgwgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;
nigcMNat;karepSg²xagvis½ytulakar.

7
 plvi)akmYyeToténrcnasm<½n§ExSbeNþayenH KWEp¥keTAelIcritlkçN³énkarRBmeRBogénc,ab;;
GnþrCati . edaysarEtGFibetyüPaBdUcKñaenHehIy eTIbrdæTaMgGs;manzan³KtiyutþiesμIKña dUecñHehIy
eTIbrdæTaMgenaHRtUvGnuvtþEtkatBVkic©TaMgT,ayNaEdlxøÜn)anbegáIt b¤)aneRCIserIsTTYlyk.2 RbPBén
nIti;GnþrCati EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIesckþItRmUveGaymankaryl;RBmBIrdæ kñúgenaHman sn§isBaØaTMenomTMlab; nig
eKalkarN_TUeTAénc,ab;.3

x> karvivtþn_énc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati
PaBP½yrn§t;edaysars®gÁamelakelIkTIBIr )anCMruBaJeGaymankarvivtþn_CaeRcInkñúgnItiGnþrCati.
enAkñúgcMeNamkarGPivDÆn_FM²TaMgenaH KWkardak;bBa©ÚlKñaéneKalkarN_Edlfa karrMelaPbMBanelIlixit
bTdæanNamYyénc,ab;GnþrCatinwgnaMeGaymankarTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl. ebItameKalkarN_
enH karrMelaPF¶n;F¶relIc,ab;GnþrCati minRtwmEtnaMeGayb:HBal;dl;TRmg;CaTMenomTMlab;énkarTTYlxus
RtUvenAkñúgc,ab;;GnþrCatib:ueNÑaHeT CaGaT× karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæ b:uEnþvak¾CakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;buKÁl
EdlRbRBwtþbTelμIsenaHpgEdr. CnEdlRbRBwtþbTelμIsTaMgenaHGacRtUv)anecaTRbkan;nigpþnÞaeTas
RBhμTNÐcMeBaHkarrMelaPelIc,ab;;GnþrCati .
eKalkarN_enH )ankekIteT,IgCacm,g edaysarmanesckþIRtUvkar edIm,Icat;viFankarGnuvtþc,ab;
eGaymanRbsiT§iPaB . edaysarehtupléntulakareyaFaGnþrCatiTIRkugnUruaMb‘Åk { ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwg

2
edaysarKMrUsμR½KcitþenH(voluntarist model) RtUv)anpøas;bþÚr eRkayBIs®gÁamelakelIkTIBIr nigkarGnum½tFmμnuBaØshRbCaCati
(UN Charter) mk RbB½n§c,ab;GnþrCati enAEtEp¥kelIeKalkarN_GFibetyürdæ ehIykarviPaKc,ab;NamYy RtUvEtEp¥kelIeKal-

karN_enHCadrab.
3
lkçnþik³tulakaryutþiFm’GnþrCati(ICJ Statute) maRta38. sn§isBaØamYy GacP¢ab;katBVkic©dl;rdæmYy)an luHRtaEtrdæenaHeRCIs
erIscUlCardæPaKIénsn§isBaØaenaH dUecñHrdæenaH)ansMEdgqnÞHfa xøÜnyl;RBmGnuvtþkatBVkic©TaMgenaH. rdæTaMgGs; RtUvyl;RBm
Gnuvtþc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati kñúgenaHmanTMlab;Gnuvtþrbs;rdænana EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faCac,ab; k¾dUcCa { eKalkarN_TUeTA
énc,ab;EdlGarüRbeTsepSg²)anTTYlsÁal; }. dUcKñaenHEdr RTwsþI nigyutþisa®sþrbs;;GñkR)aCJnana k¾CameFüa)ayKYbpSMmYypg
Edr sMrab;karkMNt;viFanc,ab;GnþrCati. sUmemIlÉksardEdl

8
nIti;GnþrCati KWmnusSCaGñkRbRBwtþ minEmnsßab½nGrUbIyCaGñkRbRBwtþenaHeT ehIyc,ab;enHpþnÞaeTascMeBaH
EtbuKÁlEdl)anRbRBwtþbTelμIsTaMgenaHb:ueNÑaH tambTbBaØtþiEdlmanEcgkñúgnIti;GnþrCati } .4
eKalkarN_Edldak;eGaybuKÁlTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐ edaysarEtkarrMelaPbMBanelIlixit
bTdæanGnþrCatimYycMnYn bc©úb,nñenHRtUv)aneKdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIsn§isBaØa k¾dUcCac,ab;TMenomTMlab;
GnþrCatirYcehIy. lkçnþik³TIRkugr:UmsþIBItulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) RtUv)anGnum½tkñúgqñaM1998 Edlva
KWCakarRbmUlpþMúc,ab;CaeRcInEdlmanrhUtmkTl;eBlbc©úb,nñenH énc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati. bBa©ÚleTAkñúg
yutþaFikarCakmμvtßúrbs;xøÜn KWman]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ ]Rkidækmμs®gÁam nig]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusS
Cati. sn§isBaØaenH RtUv)anrdæTaMgGs;pþl;sc©ab½nTaMgRsug ehIyrdæsPaénrdæPaKInImYy²rbs;xøÜnmanbMNg
R)afñacUlCasmaCikCaskl.
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karbegáItc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati ekIteT,IgTak;Tgnwg)atuPUtfμI²nigBak;B½n§
nwgeKalkarN_ { KμanbTelμIs ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg(nullem crimen sine lege) } EdleyIgmin)anepþatCa
BiesseTenAkñúgbribTenH. müa:gviBaJeTot ebIeTaHCalixitbTdæanTaMgenHcgP¢ab;katBVkic©edaypÞal;cMeBaH
buKÁlkþI RbkarsMxan;enaH eKRtUvcgcaMfa lixitbTdæanTaMgenHRtUv)anbegáIteT,IgenAkñúgRbB½n§c,ab;Gnþrrdæ .
GaRs½yehtuenHehIyeTIb]Rkidækmμs®gÁammYycMnYn eKtRmUveGaymanFatupSMGnþrrdæ edIm,Icab;buKÁlNa
mYyeGayTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐ Rsbtamc,ab;;GnþrCati .

K> karbegáIt nigyutþaFikarEpñkkmμvtßúénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ

c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμr
Rkhm(KRT Law),5 RtUv)aneFVIviesaFnkmμkñúgqñaM2004 GnuvtþedayEp¥kelIRkbx½NÐénkic©RBmeRBog6

4
tulakareyaFaGnþrCatiTIRkugnUrauMb‘Åk¬International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg) 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 172, 221 (1947)
5
c,ab;sþIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI]RkidækmμEdlRbRBwtþeT,IgenAkñúgry³kalén
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü ns/rkm/1004/004 ¬2004¦ eFVIviesaFnkmμ ns/rkm/0801/12 ¬2001¦ [Edlcab;BIenHeTAehAfa
c,ab;ExμrRkhm] .
6
kic©RBmeRBog rvagGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa sþIBIkarkat;esckþIeRkamc,ab;km<úCa cMeBaH]RkidækmμEdl)anRbRBwtþ
enAkñúgry³kalénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü cuHhtßelxa enAéf¶TI6 Exmifuna qñaM2003 RbkaseGayeRbIedayRBHraCRkm ns/rkm/
1004/004 ¬2004 ¦.

9
rvagGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.7 c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúg
tulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) Ecgfa GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØRtUv)anbegáIt
eT,IgenAkñúgrcnasm<½n§tulakarEdlmanRsab; salaCRmHkþI nigtulakarkMBUl edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMCan;
x<s;énkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCnTaMgT,ayEdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMputcMeBaH]Rkidækmμ nigGMeBIrMelaPF¶n;F¶r
elIc,ab;km<úCaBak;B½n§nwg]Rkidækmμ c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati nigc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati nigGnusBaØaGnþr-
CatidéTeTot EdlRbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlsÁal; ehIyEdl]RkidækmμTaMgenaHRtUv)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgry³kal
cab;BIéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 rhUtdl; éf¶TI6 Exmkra qñaM1979.8
raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anehAGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØenHfaCa {tulakarCatiEdlmancritlkçN³CaGnþr-
Cati } edaysMKal;eXIBaJfavamankarKYbpSMKña {TaMgcritlkçN³Cati nigTaMgcritlkçN³CaGnþrCatirYmKña
sßitkñúgRkbx½NÐc,ab;mYyEdlman ecARkm RBHraCGaCJa emFavI buKÁlik nigkarpþl;mUlnIFi.9 ]TahrN_
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanyutþaFikarEpñkkmμvtßúeTAelI]RkidækmμcMnYn 3¬bI¦ EdlmanEcgkñúgRkmRBhμTNÐ
km<úCa qñaM1956 kñúgenaHman bTeFVImnusSXat kareFVITaruNkmμ nigkareFVITukçbukemñBaJxagsasna.10 eTaH
Caya:gNak¾eday yutþaFikarEpñkkmμvtßú k¾rYmbBa©ÚlpgEdrnUv]RkidækmμEdlmanEcgenAkñúgnItiGnþrCati dUcCa
bT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ EdlmanEcgkñúgGnusBaØa qñaM1948 sþIBIkarbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTas]Rkidækmμ
Rbl½yBUCsasn_ karrMelaPbMBanya:gF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 karbMpøic

7
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl maRta2 ¬1¦ ¬Ecgfa { kic©RBmeRBogenH RtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa tamry³c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIt
eGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ Edl)anGnum½t nigeFVIviesaFnkmμ }¦ snÞrkfarbs;Ék]tþm]bnaykrdæm®nþI sux Gan eTAkan;rdæ
sPasþIBIkarGnum½tkic©RBmeRBog rvagraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigviesaFnkmμc,ab; qñaM2001 Bak;B½n§nwgc,ab;
sþIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI]RkidækmμEdlRbRBwtþeT,IgenAkñúgry³kalénkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyü maRta 5 ¬cuHéf¶TI4-5 Extula qñaM2004¦ EdlGacrkeXIBaJenAkñúgvibsay http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/krt/
pdfs/Sok%20An%20 Speech%20to%20NA%20on%20Ratification%20and%20Amendments-En.pdf (Bnül;fa { kar

eFVIviesaFnkmμCabnþbnÞab; kñúgeKalbMNgEtmYyKt;KW eFVIeGayGtßbTc,ab; nigkic©RBmeRBogenHmanlkçN³RsbKña }¦.

8
sUmemIl c,ab;sþIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI]RkidækmμEdlRbRBwtþeT,IgenAkñúgry³
kalénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü(KRT Law) maRta2 ¬fμI¦ .
9
snÞrkfarbs;Ék]tþm]bnaykrdæm®nþI sux Gan eTAkan;rdæsPa, supra kMNt;sMKal;elx 7 Rtg;cMNuc 8 .
10
visalPaBénmKÁúeTsn_sMrab;karBiPakSaRtUv)ankMritRtwmEtcMeBaHbTelμIsTaMgT,ay EdlsßiteRkamc,ab;GnþrCati.

10
bMpøaBaJsm,tþivb,Fm’ GnuelamtamGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 sþIBIkarkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’ nig]Rkidækmμ
RbqaMgnwgbuKÁlEdl)anTTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati RsbtamGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 sþIBITMnak;TMng
karTUt . müa:gviBaJeTot c,ab;enHEcgBIkarpþnÞaeTas ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati )ankMNt;niymn½yRbhak;
RbEhlKñaeTAnwgPasaénlkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR). cMENkÉGgÁCMnMu
CRmHenH CaTUeTARtUvGnuvtþtamnItiviFIéntulakarkm<úCa kñúgkrNIEdlnItiviFIEdlmanRsab;TaMgenH minGac
edaHRsaybBaðaCak;lak;NamYy)an b¤RbsinCaminmanlkçN³R)akdRbCa Bak;B½n§nwgkarbkRsay b¤kar
Gnuvtþn_c,ab; b¤RbsinCamanbBaðasþIBIPaBRsbKñaCamYybTdæanGnþrCati eKRtUvEsVgrkkarENnaMenAkñúgviFan
sþIBInItiviFI Edl)anbegáIteT,IgenAkñúgkMritGnþrCati }.11 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday c,ab;;sþIBIkarbegáIteGay
manGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT) EcgGMBImuxgarrbs;
GgÁkarshRbCaCati kñúgkaresñIbBa©ÚneQμaHbuKÁlikGnþrCati EdlmanecARkmya:gticR)aMrUb kñúgcMeNamecA
RkmTaMgGs;db;BIrrUb nigkñúgkarpþl;mUlnIFidl;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØenH .
ktþamYyeTot EdlmanenAkñúgGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØenHKW {critlkçN³CaGnþrCati } b¤ {critlkçN³
cMruH } KWCaeKalbMNgCak;lak;énGgÁCMnMuCRmHenH - karEsVgrkyutþiFm’eGayCnrgeRKaH edaysar]Rkidækmμ
TaMgT,ay Edlb:HBal;dl;shKmn_GnþrCatiTaMgmUl dUecñaHehIy vaCa]tþmRbeyaCn_énrdæNamYy .12
elak h‘un Esn naykrdæm®nþIénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa )anKUsbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa ³
]RkidækmμEdl)anRbRBwtþ minRtwmEtRbqaMgnwgRbCaCnkm<úCab:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgRbqaMg
nwgmnusSCatiTaMgmUl . GaRs½yehtuenHehIy eTIbvamanlkçN³smRsbTaMgBIr TaMgecA
Rkm RBHraCGaCJa emFavIkm<úCa nigTaMgecARkm RBHraCGaCJa emFavIGnþrCati EdlRtUveFVIkar

11
sUmemIl c,ab;sþIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI]RkidækmμEdlRbRBwtþeT,IgenAkñúgry³
kalénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü(KRT Law) maRta 33 ¬sþIBIkatBVkic©rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ kñúgkarFanasiT§iCMnMuCRmHRbkbeday
PaBRtwmRtUv nigyutþiFm’¦. sUmemIlc,ab;dEdl maRta 20 ¬sþIBIshRBHraCGaCJa¦ maRta 23 ¬sþIBIshecARkmesIubGegát ¦.
12
RBHraCGaCJa nigtaDIc (Prosecutor v. Tadic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-94-1-AR71 esckþIsMercelIkarkarBarBaØtþisMrab;dIkarebob
rbs;sala]T§rN_GMBIyutþaFikar ¶ 59 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éf¶TI5 Extula qñaM1995¦ ¬tMkl;esckþIsMercrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmH
saladMbUg ¶ 42 enAdEdl¦. KYrkt;sMKal;fa TaMgGgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ TaMgGgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg )aneFVIkarbkRsayn½y
énBakü { RtUv)anbegáIteLIgya:gRtwmRtUv } enH .

11
 CamYyKña kñúgkarGnuvtþn_muxgarParkic© kñúgkarkat;esckþICnTaMgT,ayEdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;
CageKbMput ehIykareFVIdUecñH GacCYyksagnUvvb,Fm’mYy EdlGacTb;sáat;karekItmanCa
fμIén]RkidækmμTaMgenH enARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs;elIBiPBelak.13
müa:gviBaJeTot vamanTMnak;TMngCaBiess rvagGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ nigshKmn_GnþrCati
edIm,IGackMNt;enAkñúgynþkarEdl)anbegáIteT,Ig. eTaHbICatulakarenHRtUv)anbegáIteT,IgRsbtam
c,ab;Catikm<úCa EdlCaEpñkmYyénRbB½n§tulakarkm<úCaEdlmanRsab;kþI k¾GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØRtUv
)anbegáIteT,Ig RsbtamRkbx½NÐénkic©RBmeRBogmYyCamYyGgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlTNÐkmμ
epSg²RtUv)ankMNt;edaymhasnñi)at14 nigedaymankarCYy]btßmÖBIshKmn_GnþrCati. dUecñH
mansMnYrecaTeT,Igfa etITMnak;TMngCamUldæanrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ pþl;eGayeKnUvTMnak;TMng
BiessmYy CamYyshKmn_GnþrCati kñúgmeFüaymYycMnYnRbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgtulakarRBhμ-
TNÐGnþrCatiEdr b¤eT ? .
]TahrN_ GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_éntulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(SCSL)
EdlRtUv)anbegáIteT,Igedaykic©RBmeRBogmYy rvagGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigRbeTsesra:eT,GUn
RsbtamCMBUkTI6 énesckþIsMerccitþrbs;RkumRbwkSasnþisuxGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anrkeXIBaJfa
tulakarBiessenH KWCatulakarGnþrCatimYy EdlRtUv)anbegáIteT,IgfaCa { karsMEdgqnÞ³rbs;
shKmn_GnþrCati }.15 kñúgkarrkeXIBaJEbbenH GgÁCMnMuCRmH)ankt;sMKal;fa karbegáIttulakarenH
KWRsbtamkic©RBmeRBogmYyrvagsmaCikTaMgGs;énGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigRbeTsesra:eT,GUn

13
snÞrkfarbs;Ék]tþm]bnaykrdæm®nþI sux Gan eTAkan;rdæsPa supra kMNt;sMKal;elx7 Rtg;cMNuc8 ¬Rsg;PasaenH¦.
14
sUmemIl esckþIsMerccitþrbs;mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬G.A. Res. 57/228, U.N. GAOR, 57th Sess., U.N. Doc.
A/RES/57/228 (2003) ¬esñIsMueGayelakGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiebIkkarcrca nigGMBavnavdl;shKmn_GnþrCati[

{ pþl;CMnYyEpñkbuKÁlik nighirBaØvtßú nigCMnYydéTeTot edIm,IGacbegáIt)anTan;eBlevla nigedIm,IRTRTg;dl;RbtibtþikarénGgÁCMnMu

CRmHenH} ¦ ¬G.A. Res. 56/169, U.N. GAOR, 56th Sess., U.N. Doc. A/RES/56/169 (2002) (esñIeGay { raCrdæaPi)al
[énRbeTskm<úCa] nigGgÁkarshRbCaCaticuHkic©RBmeRBog edayminmankarBnüaeBl } ¦.
15
RBHraCGaCJa nigétl½r(Prosecutor v. Taylor) sMNMuerOgelx SCSL-2003-01-I esckþIsMercelIGP½yÉksiT§iBIyutþaFikarén
¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éf¶TI31 Ex]sPa qñaM2004¦ ¶ 38 .

12
ehIykarbegáIttulakarenHKW } edIm,IbMeBBaJGaNtþiGnþrCatifa CaEpñkmYyénynþkarEsVgrkyutþiFm’
GnþrCati .16 KYrkt;sMKal;Edrfa PasaEdleRbIkñúgFmμnuBaØshRbCaCati nigyutþisa®sþénGgÁCMnMu
CRmHsala]T§rN_rbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) edaHRsaykrNI
erOgedayEp¥kelIsmtßkic©Edlfa tulakarmYyeFVIkarpþnÞaeTasCnelμIsEp¥kelITNÐkmμEdlkMNt;
edaymhasnñi)at EdltMNageGaymtirYménGnþrCati edaymankarcUlrYmya:gTUlMTUlayBI
RbeTsCaeRcInelIBiPBelak kñúgkic©dMeNIrkarrbs;mhasnñi)at - eRcInCagGVIEdl)anbegáIteT,Ig
eRkamkarCYy]btßmÖBIRkumRbwkSasnþisuxGgÁkarshRbCaCati(UN Security Council).17
enATIbBa©b; rcnasm<½n§ nigGaNtþirbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ critlkçN³EdlGgÁCMnMuCRmH
enHRtUv)anbegáIteT,Ig nigTMnak;TMngrbs;vaCamYyshKmn_GnþrCati GacbgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJfa va
mancritlkçN³CatulakarmYy dUcCatulakardéTeTotEdr Edlmanzan³CaGnþrCati cMeBaH { crit
lkçN³CaGnþrCati } EdlGgÁCMnMuCRmHenH)ankMNt;enaH Gacmanplb:HBal;eTAelIbBaðaepSg²Edl
GacmancMeBaHtulakarenHedaypÞal; kñúgenaHrYmmanbBaðaTak;TgnwgkarelIkElgeTas nigbBaða
Bak;B½n§nwgGP½yÉksiT§i k¾dUcCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmH cMeBaHkarrMelaPelInItiviFIRtwmRtUv
edaycugecaT EdlsßitenAeRkamyutþaFikaréntulakarFmμtarbs;km<úCa .

16
GtßbTdEdl ¶ 39 ¬rkeXIBaJfa buBVkfaénesckþIsMerccitþelx 1315 [{ shKmn_GnþrCatinwgxitxMRKb;Ebbya:g edIm,InaMxøÜn
CnEdlTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRbRBwtþbTelμIseTAtulakar edIm,IpþnÞaeTastamc,ab; RsbtambTdæanGnþrCatiényutþiFm’ PaBRtwmRtUv
nignItiviFIRtwmRtUv }] bBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa tulakarBiess { RtUv)anbegáIteT,Ig edIm,IbMeBBaJGaNtiþGnþrCati nigCaEpñkmYyénynþkar
yutþiFm’GnþrCati } ¦.
17
sUmemIl esckþIsMercrbs;sala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIc (Tadic Appeals Decision) kMNt;sMKal; 12 (supra note) ¶ 44
¬bBa¢ak;KaMRT karesñIfa tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) { RtUv)anbegáIteT,Igedayc,ab; } Edl { müa:g
viBaJeTot karbegáIttulakarGnþrCati RtUv)anGnum½tyl;RBmCaeRcInelIkeRcInsar eday { tMNag } GgÁkarshRbCaCati mha-
snñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati ³ GgÁkarenH minRtwmEt)ancUlrYmkñúgkarbegáIttulakarenHtamry³kareRCIstaMgecARkm nigkar
Gnum½tfvikab:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMg)ansMEdgnUvkareBBaJcitþcMeBaHtulakarenH nigCMruBaJelIkTwkcitþdl;skmμPaBéntulakarGnþrCati
enAkñúgesckþIsMerccitþepSg²eTotpg }¦.

13
II. ]Rkidækmμs®gÁamCaTUeTA
k> bTbBaØtþisþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF eRkamnIti;GnþrCati
k> muxgarCaTMenomTMlab;énnItiGnþrCatisaFarN³ KWedIm,IRKb;RKgral;TMnak;TMngrvagrdæ nigkñúg
cMeNamrdænana . muxgarenHbnþGnuvtþ sUm,IEtTMnak;TMngTaMgenHnaMeTArkCMelaHRbdab;GavuFk¾eday eRBaH
enAkñúgeBlmanCMelaHTaMgenH kgT½Bbc©amiRtmansiT§ibegáItmeFüa)ay edIm,IbgárbYssñamdl;kgT½BEdlCa
sRtUvrbs;xøÜn KWvaminEmnminmankarkMNt;enaHeT.18

c,ab;sþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuFRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCac,ab;s®gÁam(the jus in bello) b¤(the law of war)

b¤c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati(IHL) KWCac,ab;mYyEdlmanGayucMNas;CageKkñúgcMeNamc,ab;cMNas;²déTeTot
énnIti;GnþrCati. eKniyaysMedAdl;tYGgÁénlixitbTdæanGnþrCatiEdlRKb;RKgral;GMeBIGriPaB nigEdl
manEcgkarBarbuKÁlTaMgT,ayEdlmincUlrYmRbyuT§ b¤EdlRbyuT§teTAeTotElgekItenAkñúgs®gÁam(hors
de combat).

eyaledayc,ab;enHCab;Tak;TgKñaCamYyc,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCati EdlmaneKalbMNgkarBarbuKÁl
RKb;rUb tYGgÁTaMgBIrénnIti;GnþrCatiGaceFVIkareRbobeFobepSgBIKña edayEp¥kelIehtuplCaeRcIn. sMxan;
bMputenaHKW c,ab;siT§imnusSTak;TgCasMxan;CamYylkçN³EdlrdæmYyRbRBwtþeTAelImnusSTaMgT,ayEdlsßit
eRkamEdnsmtßkic©rbs;xøÜn cMENkÉc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCativiBaJ maneKalbMNgdak;kMriteTAelIskmμPaB
s®gÁam edIm,Ikat;bnßyplb:HBal;rbs;vaeTAelICnrgeRKaHedaysars®gÁam }.19 c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati
k¾RtUv)aneKeFVIkarEbgEckBIsiT§ieFVIs®gÁam(jus ad bellum) b¤(the right to war) EdlRKb;RKgPaBRsbc,ab;
18
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG¬TI4¦ sþIBIkareKarBc,ab; nigTMenomTMlab;s®gÁamelIdIeKak nigbTbBaØtþi]bsm<½n§ éf¶TI18 Extula
qñaM1907/ 36 rdæ 2277 maRta22 [Edlcab;BIenHeTA ehAfa bTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907] .
19
RBHraCGaCJa nigRdaehÁalCub KUNara:k; ra:dUma kUv:ak; nigehSara:n vU:kUvic(Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovac
& Zoran Vukovic) sMNMuerOgelx IT- 96-23/1 salRkm ¶ 470 ¬1¦ ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg II éf¶TI22 ExkumÖ³ qñaM

2001¦. PaBxusKñadéTeTot rvagc,ab;siT§imnusS nigc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati rYmTaMgkmμvtßúénkatBVkic© sßab½nmansmtßkic©kñúg

karkMNt;GMBIkarrMelaP ry³eBlGnuvtþ visalPaBénsiT§iEdlRtUv)ankarBar nigRbPBénkatBVkic© .

14
éndMeNaHRsayxagedImrvagrdæmYy nigrdæmYyeTot edaykareRbIR)as;kMlaMgRbdab;GavuF. enAeBlEdl
CMelaHRbdab;GavuFekItecBaJBIsiT§ieFVIs®gÁam(jus ad bellum) )anebIkpøÚveGaymanc,ab;s®gÁam(jus in
bello) viBaJ .

c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatiGnuvtþEtenAeBlEdlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF b¤karkan;kab;edayeyaFa
b:ueNÑaH. \T§iBlmYyénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati(IHL) KWfa vaGnuvtþEteTAelIehtukarN_Cak;Esþg ehIyva
minBak;B½n§nwgerOgneya)ayenaHeT . dUecñH karRbkass®gÁamCapøÚvkar KWmincaM)ac;kñúgkarCMruBaJeGayman
karGnuvtþn_c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatieT,Iy mann½yfa vaGnuvtþ)anRKb;eBlevla eGayEtmanCMelaHRbdab;
GavuF b¤karkan;kab;edayeyaFaekItmanCak;Esþg .

x> karvivtþn_énc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati(IHL)
tYGgÁénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati Ep¥kelIsMNMueKalkarN_CamUldæan EdlenAeBlCamYyKñaenH va
begáItnUvbuBVKamIdMbUgbMput énc,ab;mnusSFm’sm½yfμI .20 kñúgenaHrYmmaneKalkarN_bnÞab;bnSMénPaBcaM
)ac; nigmnusSFm’ PaBxusEbøkKña nigPaBsmamaRt .

enAeBlEdleKalkarN_mnusSFm’ maneKaledAkat;bnßykarQWcab;rbs;mnusS vaTamTareGay

mankarbegáIteKalkarN_sþIBIPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIRbeyaCn_énPaKIs®gÁam kñúgkareCos
vagkarpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_xageyaFaeTAeGayPaKIbdibkSéns®gÁam . dUecñH GavuFCaRbéBNI RtUv)anham
Xat;kñúgkrNIEdlvabgáeGaymankarQWcab;EdlmincaM)ac; .

tulüPaBmanlkçN³RsedogKñarvageKalkarN_énPaBxusKña nigkarGnuBaØateGaymankarQWcab;
dl;CnsIuvilenAkñúgTRmg;énkarxUcxatEdlmansmamaRta. eKalkarN_énPaBxusKña tRmUveGay { KUPaKI
CMelaH RtUvEteFVIkarEbgEckeGaydac;RsT,HBIKña rvagCnsIuvil nigeyaFa nigrvageKaledAsIuvil nigeKal-
20
eKalkarN_TaMgenH )ancak;b£sya:geRCACaRbvtþisa®sþ enAkñúgTsSnviC¢asIlFm’. liT§isþIBIkarxUcxatrYmKña(The doctrine of
collateral damage) ]TahrN_ )anmkBI liT§ifUmIus sþIBI { plb:HBal;eTVrdg }(the Thomist doctrine of ‘double-effect.’).

15
edAeyaFa ehIytamry³enH eKRtUvtMrg;TisedARbtibtþikarrbs;xøÜn EteTAelIeKaledAeyaFab:ueNÑaH.21eTaH
Caya:gNak¾eday karQWcab;rbs;CnsIuvilGacnwgekItmanenAkñúgeBleFVIkarvaylukeTAelIeKaledAeyaFa
edayeCosminputeT,Iy . PaBRsbc,ab;énkarvaylukenH nwgGacrkSa)andrabNakareFVIeGay)at;bg;
GayuCIvitCnsIuvil { minmancMnYneRcInelIslub EdlGacsMercRbeyaCn_Cak;Esþg nigedaypÞal;xageyaFa
.22

dUceyIg)andwgrYcehIy tamry³eKalkarN_enH bBaØtþiCaeRcInénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati KwCakmμvtßú

énkarCECkEvkEBaJkEbbenH. ]TahrN_ vtßúmYycMnYnEdlRtUv)ankarBar enAEtrkSazan³karBarrbs;vaCa
dEdl drabNavtßúTaMgenaHminRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;eKalbMNgTak;Tgnwgs®gÁam. dUecñH enAeBlEdl
GñkRbyuT§cUleTARCkekanenAkñúgRBHviharmYy RBHviharenaHkøayCaeKaledAeyaFaedayRsbc,ab; ehIy
)at;bg;karkarBar dUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati .23

buBVsiT§irbs;eyaFa
viFanmYykñúgcMeNamviFanRKwHepSgeTot énc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatimanenAkñúg { buBVsiT§rbs;
eyaFa }. enAeBlEdleKalkarN_Edl)anerobrab;xagelI )andak;kMhiteTAelIskmμPaBs®gÁam buBVsiT§
rbs;eyaFapþl;eGayeyaFanUvsiT§iRsbc,ab; edIm,IsMlab;kgT½Bbc©amiRt. dUecñH enAeBlEdlc,ab;mnusS
Fm’GnþrCati RKb;RKgral;meFüa)ayTak;TgnwgkarsMlab;TaMgenH eyaFaRsbc,ab;TTYl)anGP½yÉksiT§i
rYcputBIkarecaTRbkan;BIGMeBIsMlab;mnusS drabNa eKalkarN_énkarEbgEckminRtUv)anrMelaP .
21
BiFIsarbEnßmeTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv cuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 nigGnusBaØasþIBIkarkarBarCnrgeRKaH edayCMelaH
Rbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCati ¬BiFIsarTI1¦ maRta 48 cuHéf¶TI8 Exmifuna qñaM1977/ 1125 UNTS 3 [Edlcab;BIenHeTAehAfa BiFI
sarbEnßmTI1 b¤ API].
22
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl maRta57 .
23
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday KYrkt;sMKal;fa RbsinCamanCnsIuvilenAkñúgRBHvihar ¬RKiHsasna¦EdrenaH enaHeKalkarN_smamaRt
enAEtRtUvGnuvtþ. RbsinebICnsIuvilenAkñúgRBHviharmancMnYneRcInelIslubéncMnYnkgT½B Ep¥ktameKalkarN_smamaRt RtUvham
Xat;karvayRbhareTAelIRBHvihar kñúglkçN³EdlvabNþaleGayCnsIuvilTaMgenaHsøab;. sUmemIlpgEdr karBiPakSakñúgCMBUk
TI III, infra sþIBIkarkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’.

16
c,ab;TIRkugT,aeG nigc,ab;TIRkugvIEy:n
eKsegáteXIBaJfa enAkñúgstvtSTIdb;R)aMbYn KWCakarbBa©b;sn§isBaØaBhuPaKIelIkTImYy EdlbegáIt
c,ab;sþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF. RbCMuc,ab;eRcInCageKbMput KwenAkñúgGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1899 nigqñaM
1907 nigGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv qñaM1949 bEnßmedayBiFIsarbEnßm qñaM1977 . CaTUeTA sn§isBaØaTaMg
enH edIrtamKnøgpøÚvBIrepSgKñaénc,ab;mnusSFm’ EdlCaFmμta eKsÁal;faCac,ab;TIRkugT,aeG nigc,ab;TIRkug
hSWENv .

c,ab;TIRkugT,aeG EcgCasMxan;GMBIkardak;kMhiteTAelIskmμPaBs®gÁam rYmmankarhamXat;Cadac;

xatnUvkareRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþ nigmeFüa)ayeFVIs®gÁammYycMnYn. viFanc,ab;TIRkugT,aeG hamXat;
]TahrN_ karvayRbhareTAelIeKaledAmYycMnYn dUcCaTIRkugEdlKμankarkarBar b¤RKwHsßansasnanana
nigkareRbIR)as;RbePTGavuFepSg²CaBiess GavuFTaMgT,ayEdleKcat;TukfabgákarQWcab;EdlmincaM)ac;.
c,ab;TIRkughSWENvepþateTAelIkarkarBarbuKÁl EdlmincUlrYm b¤EdlElgcUlrYmRbyuT§teTAeTot
enAkñúgs®gÁam. GnusBaØanImYy²énGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTaMgbYn karBarRbePTepSgKñaénbuKÁl. GnusBaØa
TIRkughSWENvTImYy nigTIBIr karBarTahanEdlmanCm¶W nigTahanEdlRtUvrbYsenAelIsmrPUmi nigenAelI
smuRT dac;edayET,kBIKña. GnusBaØaTIbI RKb;RKgelIkarRbRBwtþcMeBaHeløIys®gÁam. karkarBarCnsIuvil KW
CaEpñkmYydac;edayET,kénGnusBaØaTIbYn. BiFIsarbEnßmelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv eFVIbc©úb,nñPaB nigekIt
manRsbeBlKñaCamYyc,ab;TIRkugT,aeG nigc,ab;TIRkughSWENv.
kñúgcMeNamviFanCamUldæanbMputénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati eRkABIeKalkarN_Edl)ankt;sMKal;xag
elIman ³ TahanEdlElgRbyuT§ekIt(hors de combat) ¬KWTahanEdlRtUv)aneKdkecBaJBIkarRbyuT§eday
sarTahanenaHmanCm¶W b¤sßitkñúgkarXMuxøÜn ¦ nigCnTaMgT,ayEdlmincUlrYmedaypÞal;enAkñúgs®gÁam RtUvEt
)anTTYlkarkarBar nigkarRbRBwtþRbkbedaymnusSFm’ edayKμankarerIseGIgeT,Iy. c,ab;enH hamXat;
karsMlab; b¤eFVIeGayrbYsdl;kgT½Bbc©amiRtEdlcuHcaBaJ; b¤TahanElgEdlRbyuT§teTAeTotekIt (hors
de combat). TahanEdlmanrbYs nigTahanEdlmanCm¶W RtUv)anRbmUl nigEfTaMedayPaKI Edldak;BYk

17
eKeGayenAeRkamGMNacrbs;xøÜn . RtUveKarBnimitþsBaØakak)atRkhmGnþrCati Edl)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;
karBarbuKÁlik nigRKwHsßanmnusSFm’ b¤RKwHsßan»sf . TahanEdlRtUv)ancab;xøÜn nigCnsIuvilEdlsßitenA
eRkamGMNacrbs;PaKIbdibkS RtUv)aneKeKarBsiT§iCamUldæan CaBiess BYkeKRtUv)ankarBarRbqaMgnwgGMeBI
higSa. buKÁlRKb;rUbmansiT§iTTYl)ankarFanakarBarsiT§iCamUldæanedaytulakar. PaKICMelaHminGaceRbI
GavuF b¤viFIsa®sþs®gÁambgáeGaymankarQWcab;EdlmincaM)ac;enaHeT,Iy. eRkABIenH TegVImYycMnYnk¾RtUv
)anhamXat;CaBiesspgEdr. TegVITaMgenaHrYmman kareFVITaruNkmμ karcab;mnusSeFVICacMNab;xμaMg karyk
mnusSeFVICaExl GMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³ karpþnÞaeTasedaykarbUkeTas karlYcykRTBüsm,tþirbs;Cn-
sIuvil24 nigkarsgswk25 RbqaMgnwgbuKÁlTaMgT,ayEdlRtUv)anTTYlkarkarBar.26
GMeBIrMelaPF¶n;F¶r
GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvk¾)anbegáItrbbRBhμTNÐBiessmYyEdr cMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPmYycMnYn - EdleK
ehAfa { GMeBIrMelaPF¶n;F¶r }. enAeBlEdlmankarRbRBwtþGMeBIelμIsF¶n;F¶r rdæTaMgGs;mankatBVkic©RtUvpþnÞa
eTasGMeBIelμIsTaMgenaHeRkamc,ab;Catirbs;xøÜn edIm,IEsVgrkCnelμIs ehIybBa©ÚnCnenaHeTAtulakar edIm,I
pþnÞaeTastamry³karecaTRbkan; b¤kareFVIbtüab½n.27

24
karéKbnøM KWCakarlYcRTBüsm,tþiCnsIuvil. GMeBIenH RtUvEtEckeGaydac;BIGMeBITTYlkarpÁt;pÁg;edayRsbc,ab; EdlkgT½B
¬Edl)ancUlkan;kab;TItaMgNamYy¦ RtUvkarcaM)ac; .
25
karsgswk KWCaskmμPaBmYyxusc,ab; Edl)anRbRBwtþeT,Ig edIm,ICakareqøIytbeTAnwgskmμPaBxusc,ab;mYyeTotrbs;KUbdi-
bkS. karsgswkRtUv)aneFVIeT,Ig edIm,ICMruBaJeGayKUbdibkSGnuvtþtam.
26
dUc)ankt;sMKal;xagelI visalPaBénkarkarBaredayGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv kMritcMeBaHEtRkumbuKÁlmYycMnYnb:ueNÑaH. karkar
BarCaeRcIneRkamGnusBaØa ¬TIbYn¦ kMritcMeBaHEtRkumCnsIuvilmYycMnYnb:ueNÑaH - { CnTaMgT,ay EdlsßitkñúgeBlkMNt;ehIy
eTaHCakñúgkrNINak¾eday dwgfaxøÜn kMBugsßitkñúgCMelaH b¤karkan;kab;NamYy kñúgédPaKICMelaH b¤kñúgGMNackan;kab;EdlBYkeKmin
EmnCaCnCatiénRbeTsenaH }. sUmemIl GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv sþIBIkarkarBarCnsIuvil enAkñúgeBlmans®gÁam
75 U.N.T.S. 287 maRta4 ¬1949¦ [Edlcab;BIenHeTA ehAfa GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv¬TI4¦].
27
sUmemIl GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvsþIBIkareFVIeGayRbesIreT,Igdl;sßanPaByuT§CnEdlQW nigrbYsenAelIsmrPUmi ¬GnusBaØa
TIRkughSWENvTI1¦ 75 U.N.T.S. 31maRta50 ¬1949¦ ¬{ karrMelaPF¶n;F¶relImaRtaBak;B½n§xagedIm KWCnTaMgT,ayEdlBak;B½n§
nwgGMeBIxageRkamenH RbsinCaGMeBITaMgenaHRtUv)anRbRBwtþRbqaMgnwgbuKÁl b¤RTBüsm,tþiEdl)anTTYlkarkarBaredayGnusBaØaenH³
kareFVImnusSXatedayecna kareFVITaruNkmμ b¤kareFVI)abedayGmnusSFm’ kareFVIBiesaFxagCIvsa®sþ karbgáedayectnaeGay

18
karbnþBak;B½n§énc,ab;TMenomTMlab;
eTaHbICabBaØtþic,ab;mnusSFm’ dUcKñanwgbBaØtþisþIBIGMeBIrMelaPF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvk¾eday
k¾eKalkarN_TUeTA nigc,ab;TMenomTMlab;s®gÁam Edl)anvivtþn_Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInstvtSknøgmkehIy
enaH enAEtbnþGnuvtþteTAeTotCadEdl karbMeBBaJnUvcenøaHRbehagrvagbTbBaØtþiénsn§isBaØaepSg². dUc
EdlmanEcgenAkñúgxEcgrbs;elakma:Etns_ (Martens) d¾l,IeQμaH ³28
rhUtTal;Etc,ab;s®gÁamRtUv)aneFVIcb;sBVRKb; ehIyRtUv)ancuHpSay rdæPaKIRtUvEtRbkas
CabnÞan;fa kñúgkrNIEdlmin)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgbTbBaØtþiEdlxøÜn)anGnum½t GñkRsuk nig
yuT§karI RtUvsßitenAeRkamkarkarBar nig viFanéneKalkarN_c,ab;Cati Edl)anmkBIkareRbI
R)as; Edl)anbegáIteT,IgedaybBaØv½nþ Edl)anmkBIc,ab;mnusSFm’ nigBImnsikarbs;
saFarN³Cn.29

manrbYsF¶n;F¶r b¤eGaymankarQWcab;dl;ragkay b¤suxPaB karbMpøaBaJ b¤eFVIeGayxUcxatF¶n;F¶reTAelIRTBüsm,tþi edayminman

ehtuplcaM)ac;xageyaFa EdleFVIeT,Igedayxusc,ab; nigKμanRtaRbNI }¦.
28
xEcgDWma:Etns_ ¬The ‘Martens clause’ ) edaysarEtxEcgenHl,IeQμaH eTIb)anCaeKbBa©ÚlvaeTAkñúgbuBVkfaénGnusBaØaTI
RkugT,aeG tamkarbBa¢arbs;elak eGhV eGhV DWma:Etns_(F. F. de Martens) Kat;CaGñkc,ab; nigCaRbtiPUCnCatir:usSIúd¾l,IeQμaH
mñak; Edl)aneTAcUlrYmkñúgsnñisITsnþiPaBTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1899. xEcgenHmansar³sMxan;sMrab;karbegáItc,ab;Cati edIm,Ipþl;kar
karBarbEnßmeTot dl;CnrgeRKaHedayGMeBIGmnusSFm’ Edlmin)anEcghamXat;edayGnusBaØaenH. xEcgenH )anpþl;pgEdrnUv
mUldæansMrab;karvivtþn_én]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati dUceK)andwgkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH. sUmemIl etGUD½r emr:un(Theodor
Meron) xEcgma:Etns_ , eKalkarN_mnusSFm’ nigGñkpþac;karénmnsikasaFarN³¬ The Martens Clause, Principles of
Humanity, and Dictates of Public Conscience) 94 AM. J. INT’L L. 78, 79 (2000) . tulakaryutþiFm’GnþrCati(ICJ) )anrk
eXIBaJfa xEcgenHbegáItCaviFanmYyénc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati. nItüanukUlPaBénkarKMramkMEhg b¤kareRbIR)as;GavuFnuyekøEG‘
qñaM1961 I.C.J. 226, 257 ¬éf¶TI8 Exkkáda¦.
29
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 (Hague Conventions of 1907) buBVkfa .

19
c,ab;sþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati
edaysarEteK)ancat;vacUleTAkñúgRbB½n§c,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati - KWCaRbB½n§mYyEdlBwgEp¥k
elIsmPaBénGFibetyürdæ30 nigeKalkarN_Bak;B½n§sþIBIkarmineRCotERCkKñaeTAviBaJeTAmk31- c,ab;mnusS
Fm’GnþrCatiTak;TgCaBiessCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCati ¬mann½yfa CaGnþrrdæ¦. enAkñúg
cMeNamGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTaMgbYnmanEt {maRta 3¬rYm¦} mYyb:ueNÑaHEdlGnuvtþCak;lak;eTAelICMelaH
Rbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati . maRta 3¬rYm¦ EcgkarBarmineGaymankarrMelaPF¶n;F¶rbMput.32 cMENk
ÉBiFIsarTIBIrénGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv qñaM1949 k¾GnuvtþpgEdr cMeBaHCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþr-
Cati vaEcgkarBarbuKÁlticCagBiFIsarTImYy EdlvaGnuvtþcMeBaHEtCMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCati b¤karkan;
kab;edayeyaFa . karGnuvtþn_GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG mankMritRbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgsPaBkarN_én
CMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCati .33

TaMgGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n TaMgGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv min)anpþl;niymn½yénRbeyaK { CMelaH

Rbdab;GavuF }cMeBaHCMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCati b¤CMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati EdlRtUv)anEcg
enAkñúgyutþisa®sþGnþrCatieT. ebItamyutiþsa®sþéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatimYy CMelaHRbdab;GavuFekIt

30
FmμnuBaØshRbCaCati(UN CHARTER) maRta2 ¬1¦.
31
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl maRta2 ¬7¦.
32
maRta3¬rYm¦hamXat;GMeBITaMgT,ayxageRkamenH RbqaMgnwgbuKÁlEdlmincUlrYmskmμenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaB ³ { GMeBIhwgSaRbqaMg
CIvit nigrUbkaymnusS CaBiess kareFVImnusSXatRKb;Ebbya:g kayviklkmμ karRbRBwtþeXaeXA nigkareFVITaruNkmμ karcab;
mnusSeFVICacMNab;xμaMg karbMBarbMBanelIesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;buKÁl CaBiess karRbmafemIlgay nigkarbenßakbnÞab nigkardak;eTas
nigkareFVITukçbukemñBaJ edayminmankarRbkassalRkmCamun edaytulakarEdl)anbegáIteT,Igedayc,ab; EdlFanakarGnuvtþn_
tampøÚvc,ab; ehIyEdlmnusSeCOnelOnRtUvTTYlsÁal;fasMxan;caM)ac; }.
33
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday sUmkt;sMKal;fa tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anBRgIkvisalPaBénbTdæan
EdlkMBugGnuvtþenAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati. enAkñúgkrNIerOgtaDIk(Tadic case) GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_)anrk
eXIBaJfabTdæanmYycMnYnénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCati )anvivtþn_tamry³c,ab;TMenomTMlab; ehIybc©úb,nñenH vaGnuvtþcMeBaH
CMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCatipgEdr. RBHraCGaCJa nigdasáÚ taDIc (Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-94-
1-AR72 esckþIsMercelIkarkarBarBaØtþisMrab;dIkarebobsala]T§rN_elIyutþaFikar ¶ 69 ¬éf¶TI2 Extula qñaM1995¦.

20
man { enAeBlEdlmanmeFüa)ayxagkMlaMgRbdab;GavuF rvagrdæ nig rdæ b¤manGMeBIhigSaeyaFa)anGUs
bnøayry³eBlEvg rvagGaCJaFrénrdæaPi)al nigRkumCnRbdab;GavuF b¤rvagRkumTaMgenHenAkñúgrdæmYy }.34
lkçN³Biessénc,ab;sþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCatienaHKW karGnuvtþn_rbs;vaeTAelIRkum
TaMgT,ayEdlminEmnCardæ . dUc)ankt;sMKal;xagelI kmμvtßúCaTMenomTMlab;énc,ab;;GnþrCati KWrdæ . eTaH
Caya:gNak¾eday enAkñúgstvtSknøgeTAenH eKalkarN_Edlfa manEtrdæeTEdlGacCakmμvtßúénkatBVkic©
KtiyutþiGnþrCati b:uEnþnaeBlbc©úb,nñ eKalkarN_enHmanTMenareTArkkarpøas;bþÚrtMél nigcritlkçN³rbs;
shKmn_GnþrCati . tamn½yenH maRta3 ¬rYm¦ énGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvcgP¢ab;katBVkic©rbs;rdæpg nig
cgP¢ab;katBVkic©rbs;PaKIminEmnCardæpg enAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati . eRkABIenH lixit
bTdæanmYycMnYnénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati )anvivtþn_eTACalixitbTdæanénc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati EdlP¢ab;
katBVkic©rbs;buKÁledaypÞal; .
K> karrMelaPc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati(IHL) EdlnaMeGaykøayCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam
eRkamnIti;GnþrCati
dUc)ankt;sMKal;enAkñúgesckþIepþImrYcmkehIy mankarbegáIttulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT)35bnÞab;
BIs®gÁamelakelIkTIBIrmk Edl)anCMruBaJeGaybegáItc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati .36 dUecñH cMnYnPaKeRcInén
]RkidækmμGnþrCati EdlshKmn_GnþrCati)anTTYlsÁal;enAeBlenaH KW]RkidækmμTaMgT,ayEdlTak;TgeTA
nwgs®gÁam CaGaT×KW karrMelaPelIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati . eRkABIenH karRbRBwtþ]RkidækmμGnþrCatiEdl
34
sUmemIlGtþbT dEdl ¶ 70 .
35
enAcugbBa©b;éns®gÁamelakelIkTI2 RbeTssm<½n§mitþ)anbegáIttulakareyaFaGnþrCatienATIRkugnUrauMb‘Åk(the International
Military Tribunal at Nuremberg) k¾dUcCa tulakareyaFaGnþrCatisMrab;cugbUBa’(the International Military Tribunal for the

Far East). tulakarTImYy RtUv)anbegáIteT,IgedayEp¥kelIsn§isBaØaBhuPaKI cMENkÉtulakarTIBIr RtUv)anbegáIteT,IgedayEp¥kelI

bBa¢aÉketaPaKIrbs;embBa¢akarCan;x<s;énkMlaMgkgTB½sm½<n§mitþ.
36
dUc)ankt;sMKal;xagelI eTaHbICac,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati Gaceyagdl;tYGgÁepSg²énc,ab;GnþrCati Edlrab;taMgBIIsn§isBaØasþIBI
btüab½nrhUtdl;kic©RBmeRBogpþl;CMnYyeGayKñaeTAviBaJeTAmkk¾eday enAkñúgmKÁúeTsn_BiPakSaenH eKeRbIvasMrab;niyayeyagdl;
tYGgÁénlixitbTdæanGnþrCati EdlkarrMelaPbMBanelIlixitbTdæanenH nwgnaMeGayCnRbRBwtþelμIsTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐeRkam
c,ab;GnþrCati .

21
mancritlkçN³ nigRTg;RTayFMCaeRcIn CaerOy²EtgekItmanRsbeBlKñanwgPaBclaclxøaMg dUcCa enAkñúg
eBlekItmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF .

{ ]Rkidækmμs®gÁam } KWCakarrMelaPelIc,ab;RBhμTNÐ CasMxan;eTAelIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati

¬CaGaT× KWkarrMelaPelIlixitbTdæanénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati EdlnaMeGaybuKÁlTTYlxusRtUvEpñk
RBhμTNЦ. ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ nig]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatimancritlkçN³xusEbøkKñaBI]Rkidæ
kmμs®gÁam Edl]RkidækmμenaH mincaM)ac;Tal;EtRbRBwtþenAkñúgeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuFenaHeT . eTaHCa
dUecñaHk¾eday eKKYrkt;sMKal;fa minEmnral;karrMelaPc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatiTaMgGs; suT§EtCa]Rkidækmμ
s®gÁamenaHeT . karrMelaPlixitbTdæanmYycMnYn GacRKan;EtCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæEtb:ueNÑaH ¬TRmg;
CaTMenomTMlab;énkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgnIti;GnþrCati¦ ehIyvaminEmnCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;buKÁlEdl
RbRBwtþelμIsenaHeT,Iy. CMBUkTImYy Edl)ankMNt;c,as;las;bMput GMBI]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkamnItiGnþrCati
enaHKW { karrMelaPF¶n;F¶r } dUcmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv qñaM1949 . dUc)anBiPakSaxagelI
GMeBITaMgenHKWCakmμvtßúénrbbRBhμTNÐdac;xat enAkñúgGnusBaØaTaMgenH . müa:gviBaJeTot vanaMeGaybuKÁl
TTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐ eRkamc,ab;sn§isBaØapg nigeRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCatipg . maRta6 én
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law)
Ecgya:gc,as;faGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanGMNac kñúgkarkat;esckþICnsgS½yfa)anrMelaPF¶n;F¶r eRkam
GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv qñaM1949 . karrMelaPF¶nF; ¶reTAelIeQøIys®gÁam rYmmankarsMlab;mnusSya:g
sahaveXaeXA kareFVITaruNkmμ b¤karRbRBwtþGMeBIGmnusSFm’ karbNþaleGaymankarQWcab;F¶n;F¶réRB
épS b¤kareFVIeGayrbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;ragkay b¤suxPaB karbgçitbgçMeQøIys®gÁameGaybMerIkñúgkgkMlaMgT½B
bc©amitþrbs;xøÜn b¤kardkhUtBIieQøIys®gÁamya:gsahavéRBépSnUvsiT§iCMnMuCRmHRbkbedayPaBRtwmRtUv nig
eTotTat;dUcmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaTIRkughSwENvTIbI .37

karrMelaPF¶n;F¶reTAelIbuKÁlEdlRtUv)ankarBar rYmman CnsIuvil nigkgkMlaMgRbdab;GavuF Edlmin

cUlrYmya:gskmμteTAeTot enAkñúgGMeBIGriPaBepSg² dUcCa karsMlab;mnusSya:gsahaveXaeXA kareFVI
37
GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv¬TIbI¦ (Geneva Convention III) maRta130.

22
TaruNkmμ b¤karRbRBwtþGMeBIGmnusSFm’ karbNþaleGayQWcab;F¶n;F¶réRBépS b¤kareFVIeGayrbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;
ragkay b¤suxPaB karnireTs b¤karbBa¢ÚnecBaJedayxusc,ab; b¤karXMuxøÜnedayxusc,ab;nUvbuKÁl EdlRtUv
)ankarBarCaGnþrCati karbgçitbgçMbuKÁlRtUv)ankarBarCaGnþrCati eGaybMerIkñúgkgkMlaMgRbdab;GavuFrbs;
bc©amiRt b¤kardkhUtBIibuKÁlRtUv)ankarBarCaGnþrCati ya:gsahavéRBépSnUvsiT§iCMnMuCRmHRbkbedayPaB
RtwmRtUv nigeTotTat; dUcmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaTIRkughSwENvTIbYn karcab;mnusSeFVICacMNab;xμaMg nigkar
bMpøicbMpøaBaJya:gF¶n;F¶r nigkarykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTmkeFVICarbs;xøÜn min)anbgðaBaJBIPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa
ehIy)anGnuvtþedayxusc,ab; nigedayKμanRtaRbNI.38
edIm,IkMNt;faetIGMeBIIGVIxøH eRkABIkarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r EdlkøayeTACa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkamnItiGnþr-
Cati tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_kñúgesckþIsMerc
Tadic rbs;xøÜn )anbegáItRkbx½NÐmYysMrab;eFVIkarviPaKGMBIfaetIlixitbTdæanénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatiNa

xøHEdlGacykmkeFVIkarecaTRbkan;enAcMeBaHmuxtulakarenH)an. lkçN³vinic©½yCacm,gEdl)anEcgKW
critlkçN³énlixitbTdæanxøÜnvapÞal; PaBF¶n;F¶rénGMeBIrMelaP nigplRbeyaCn_rbs;shKmn_GnþrCatikñúg
kareFVIkarKabsgát;.39 edaysarEtc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa
edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm kMNt;Ednsmtßkic©én]Rkidækmμs®gÁam énGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØsMrab;Et
karrMelaPF¶n;F¶r ¬nigkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJsm,tþivb,Fm’ RsbtamGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 ¦ vamintRmUv
eGayGgÁCMnMuCRmHenHeFVIkarecaTRbkan;]Rkidækmμs®gÁamdéTeToteT rYmman ]RkidækmμTaMgT,ayEdlekIt
eT,IgenAkñúgeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuFépÞkñúg .

edIm,IeGayTegVImYykøayCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eTaHCaGMeBIrMelaPenaHF¶n;F¶r b¤minF¶n;F¶rkþI vaRtUvEtman

cMNgehtu nigplrvagGMeBIelμIs nigCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlnaMeGaymankarGnuvtþn_c,ab;mnusSFm’Gnþr
Cati . tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTs
rVa:n;da(ICTR) )ankMNt;fa TMnak;TMngehtu nigpl ekItmanenAeBlEdlGMeBImYyBak;B½n§ya:gCitsñiT§eTA
nwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuF CaGaT× RbsinebIGMeBIenaHRtUv)anRbRBwtþkñúgkarCYyeRCamERCgeGaymanCMelaH
38
GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTIbYn(Geneva Convention IV) maRta147.
39
esckþIsMercsala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIc(Tadic Appeal Decision) ¶ 128.

23
Rbdab;GavuF b¤tamrebobénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF . eKcat;TukCaktþakMNt;EbbenH ³ CnelμIsCaeyaFa Cnrg
eRKaHCasmaCikénbkSRbqaMg GMeBIEdleKGacniyayfa CakarbMerIeGayeKaledAcugeRkayényuT§nakar
eyaFa ehIy]RkidækmμEdl)anRbRBwtþ KWCaEpñkmYy b¤ sßitkñúgbribTénParkic©pøÚvkarrbs;GñkRbRBwtþelμIs.

III. karbMpøicbMpøaBaJsm,tþivb,Fm’ enAkñúgeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF

GnuelamtamGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 sþIBIkarkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’40

c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm maRta7 Ecgfa ³

GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanGMNacvinicä½yeTasCnsgS½yTaMgT,ayEdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMput
cMeBaHkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJsm,tiþvb,Fm’kñúgeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF eyagtamGnusBaØaTI
RkugT,aeG qñaM1954 sþIBIkarkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’enAkñúgeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF ehIy
Edl)anRbRBwtþkñúgGMT,úgéf¶17 Exemsa qñaM1975 dl;éf¶6 Exmkra qñaM1979 .
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 minmanbBaØtþiNamYyEcgfa GMeBIrMelaPKWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;
buKÁleT,Iy . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday GnusBaØaenH)ankMNt;katBVkic©dl;rdænana eGayeKarBsm,tþivb,Fm’
edayeFVIkarTb;sáat; karbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTasGMeBImYycMnYn . GaRs½yehtuenH mansMnYrecaTeT,Igfa etI
GMeBIINaxøH EdlGnusBaØaenH)anhamXat; Edl)antRmUveGaybuKÁlTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐ eRkamc,ab;
km<úCa nigc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati enAkñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ .41 eyaledaymKÁúeTsn_
enHminedaHRsaysMnYrénc,ab;km<úCa karBiPakSadUcxageRkamenHKWmankMrit kñúgkarkMNt;fa etIRtUvkarBar
ya:gdUcemþcxøH cMeBaHsm,tþivb,Fm’ eRkamnItiGnþrCati enAkñúgry³kalcab;BIqñaM1975 dl; qñaM1979 .
KYrkt;sMKal;fa minmantulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatiNamYy )anecBaJesckþIsMercGMBIbBaðaenHenAeT,IyeT .

40
GnusBaØasþIBIkarkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’ enAkñúgeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF éf¶TI14 Ex]sPa qñaM1954/ 249 U.N.T.S. 240
[EdleKehAfa GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 (1954 Hague Convention)].
41
sUmemIlkarBiPakSaelIeKalkarN_nItüanukUlPaB infra § IX.

24
 k> karGnuvtþn_GnusBaØa
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 GnuvtþeTAelICMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCati nigCMelaHRbdab;GavuF
minEmnCaGnþrCati. dUecñH vaGnuvtþ { kñúgkrNIéns®gÁamEdl)anRbkas b¤énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFdéTeTot
EdlGacekItmanrvagrdæPaKIBIr b¤eRcIn ebIeTaHCasßanPaBs®gÁammin)anTTYlsÁal;edayPaKImYy b¤eRcIn
kñúgcMeNamenaHk¾eday .42 vak¾GnuvtþenARKb;krNITaMgGs; énkarkan;kab;TwkdImYycMENk b¤TaMgRsug
rbs;rdæPaKI .43
maRta19 ¬1¦ énGnusBaØaenH tRmUveGay { [1] kñúgkrNIEdlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCa
GnþrCatiekIteT,IgenAelITwkdIénrdæPaKINamYy PaKInmI Yy²énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFRtUvCab;katBVkic©GnuvtþCa
GtibrmanUvbTbBaØtþiénGnusBaØaenH EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkareKarBsm,tþivb,Fm’ } . karGnuvtþn_CaGtibrma
enHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgmaRta4 pgEdr EdlEcgGMBIkatBVkic©énrdæPaKI. enAkñúgGgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ Tadic
éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )ankMNt;ykmaRta19 CabBaØtþimYyEdlbnþic
mþg² )ankøayeTACac,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati } .44
x> niymn½yénsm,tþivb,Fm’
maRta1 énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 kMNt;nUvRbePTbI edayminKitBIedImkMeNIt b¤ kmμsiT§i
begáItCasm,tþivb,Fm’ ³ ¬1¦ cln b¤GclnRTBüEdlmansar³sMxan;bMputcMeBaHmrtkvb,Fm’rbs;CnRKb;
rUb ¬2¦ CMrkTaMgT,ayEdlmansm,tþivb,Fm’ nig ¬3¦ mNÐlEdlmansm,tþivb,Fm’eRcInéRkElg .45
cln b¤GclnvtßúTaMgenaHrYmman ³46
42
sUmemIl GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 (1954 Hague Convention) maRta18 ¬1¦ .
43
sUmemIlÉksardEdl maRta18 ¬2¦ RbeTskm<úCa)ankøayCardæPaKIénGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 kñúgqñaM1962.
44
sUmemIl esckþIsMercrbs;sala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIc(Tadic Appeal Decision) ¶ 98 .
45
sUmemIlGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 (1954 Hague Convention) maRta1 .
46
enAkñúgsnñisITsþIBIGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 (1954 Hague Convention) rdæPaKITaMgT,ay RtUv)anEbgEckrvagrdæEdl
cg;)anniymn½yTUeTA EdlGaceGayrdæPaKInImYy² ykeTAeFVIkarbkRsaybEnßmeTot enAkñúgc,ab;Cati b¤eFVIkarbriyaybBa©Úl
nigbMeBBaJbEnßmGMBIRTBüsm,tþiEdlRtUv)ankarBar. rdæPaKITaMgenH )anGnum½tykesckþIsMercCaGnþrkarmYy edaykarcRmaBaJ;yk

25
 cln b¤GclnRTBüEdlmansar³sMxan;bMputcMeBaHmrtkvb,Fm’énbuKÁlRKb;rUb dUcCa
vimanénsßabtükmμ sil,³ b¤Rbvtþisa®sþ eTaHCavabMerIeGayEpñksasna b¤ GaNacRk
TItaMgburaNvtßú vITüa RkuménGaKar EdlCaEpñkTaMgmUl mansar³RbeyaCn_CaRbvtþisa®sþ b¤
Casil,³ sñaédsil,³ GtßbTsresredayéd esovePA nigvtßúdéTeTot EdlmanGtß
RbeyaCn_xagsil,³ Rbvtþisa®sþ b¤xagburaNvtßvú iTüa smuc©½yénviTüasa®sþ nigkarsRmaMg
esovePA b¤ ÉksarsMxan;² b¤karcmøgénRTBüEdl)ankMNt;xagelI.47
CMrkénsm,tþivb,Fm’ rYmmanGaKarepSg²Edl { eKaledABisidæ nigCacm,g } rbs;vaKWedIm,IrkSa b¤
karBarclnRTBüTaMgT,ayEdl)ankMNt;kñúg supra dUcCasarmnÞIr bNÑaKar nigkEnøgtMkl;;ÉksarepSg²
.48 mCÄmNÐlénsm,tþivb,Fm’GacrYmbBa©ÚlTIRkugRbvtþisa®sþsMxan;² nigtMbn;buraNvtßúviTüa .49
niymn½yénsm,tþivb,Fm’ kñúgGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 kt;sMKal;BIkarpøas;bþÚreKaledABIsn§i
sBaØamun² Edl)ankMNt;niymn½yénsm,tþivb,Fm’ eTAelIkareRbIR)as;eRcInCagelIsar³sMxan;rbs;va .50
BiFIsarTImYy nigTIBIr EdlbEnßmeTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv qñaM1949 (BiFIsarbEnßmTImYy51 nigBiFIsar

Et]TahrN_mYycMnYnénsm,tþivb,Fm’ ehIy)ankMNt;ykEtCMBUksMxan;²mYycMnYnb:ueNÑaH. sUmemIlsnñisITGnþrrdæaPi)alsþIBIkar

karBarsm,tþivb,Fm’ kñúgkrNIEdlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF kMNt;ehtusnñisITEdl)anR)arB§eFVIeT,IgedayGgÁkaryUeNsáÚ
(UNESCO) nig)anR)arB§eFVIenATIRkugT,aeG cab;BIéf¶TI21 Exemsa dl;éf¶TI14 Ex]sPa qñaM1954 ¶ 172 . RtUv)ane)aHBum<

pSayedayrdæaPi)alénRbeTsnIDWT,g; (the Government of the Netherlands) TIRkugT,aeG Staatsdrukkerij en

Uitgeverijbedrijf, qñaM1961 [EdlenATIenHehAfar)aykarN_snñisIT] EdlmanenAkñúgvibsay
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000899/089916mb.pdf (unofficial translation from French to English).
47
sUmemIlÉksardEdl .
48
sUmemIlGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 (1954 Hague Convention) maRta1 .
49
sUmemIlÉksardEdl.
50
sUmemIl]TahrN_ bTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 (1907 Hague Regulations) maRta27 ¬karkarBar { GaKarTaMgT,ay
EdlbMerIeGay} eKaledAvb,Fm’mYycMnYn¦.
51
RbeTskm<úCa)ancUlCasmaCikénBiFIsarbEnßmTImYy(API) kñúgqñaM1998.

26
bEnßmTIBIr52) kMNt;niymn½yénsm,tþivb,Fm’ kñúglkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwgGnusBaØa qñaM1954. eTaHCa
ya:gNak¾eday GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 cat;Tuksm,tþiman {sar³sMxan;bMputcMeBaHmrtkvb,Fm’én
buKÁlRKb;rUb } BiFIsarbEnßmTImYy nigBiFIsarbEnßmTIBIr cat;Tuksm,tþi { EdlbegáIt)anCamrtkvb,Fm’ b¤
xagpøÚvcitþrbs;buKÁlRKb;rUb}.53 esckþIpþl;mtieTAelIBiFIsarbEnßmTImYy bBa¢ak;fa {eTaHbICamanPaBxus
EbøkKñaCaBaküeBcn_k¾eday eKalKMnitCacm,genaHKWdUcKña }54 { sm,tþivb,Fm’ b¤sm,tþixagpøÚvcitþRKb;dNþb;
elIvtßúTaMgT,ay EdlmantMélhYsRBMEdnPUmisa®sþ ehIymancritlkçN³EtmYyKμanBIr ehIyEdlTak;Tg
ya:gCitsñiTCamYyRbvtþisa®sþ nigvb,Fm’rbs;mnusSmñak;} .55 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday GaCJaFrTaMgT,ay
)aneFVIkarGHGagfa PaBxusEbøkKñaCaBaküeBcn_ KWCakarsMEdgBIeKalbMNgrbs;GñkRBagBiFIsarbEnßm
edIm,IRKb;dNþb;eTAelIcMnYnmankMriténsm,tþivb,Fm’TaMgT,ayNa EdlsMxan;bMputEtb:ueNÑaH } KWCasm,tþi
Edl { buKÁlRKb;rUbTTYlsÁal; sUm,IEtsm,tþienaHKμansBaØasMKal;k¾eday }.56

52
BiFIsarbEnßmeTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv cuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 ehIyEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarkarBarCnrgeRKaHeday
CMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati cuHéf¶TI12 ExFñÚ qñaM1977/1125 U.N.T.S. 609 cUlCaFrman enAéf¶TI7 ExFñÚ qñaM1978
[EdlenAkñúgÉksarenHehAfaBiFisarbEnßmTI2 b¤ APII], RbeTskm<úCa)ancUlCasmaCik APII enAqñaM1998.
53
sUmeFVIkareRbobeFobGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 (1954 Hague Convention) maRta 4¬1¦ CamYy BiFIsarbEnßmTImYy
(API) maRta53¬k¦ nigBiFIsarbEnßmTIBIr(APII) maRta16. sUmemIl JEAN-MARIE HENCKAERTS & LOUISE DOSWALD-

BECK, I c,ab;mnusSFm’TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati ³ viFanTI130 ¬2005¦ ¬kt;sMKal;BIniymn½yenAkñúgBiFIsar famaneKalbMNg

RKb;dNþb;EteTAelIsm,tþivb,Fm’sMxan;²mYycMnYn { Edl { buKÁlRKb;rUbTTYlsÁal; eTaHbICasm,tþiTaMgenaHminmansBaØasMKal;

k¾eday } . b:uEnþsUmemIlesckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCatieTAelIBIFIsarTImYy(ICRC commentary to
API) ¶ 2064 EdlmanenA kñúgvibsay http://www.icrc.org/ ihl. nsf/ CONVPRES?OpenView ¬KUsbBa¢ak;fa { eTaHbICa

manPaBxusEbøkKñanUvBaküeBcn_k¾eday k¾eKalKMnitCacm,grbs;vaKWdUcKña } ¦.
54
esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati¬ICRC commentary¦ ¶ 2064 sUmemIlpgEdr viFanfμIsMrab;Cnrg
eRKaHedayCMelaHRbdab;GavuF edayelak MICHAEL BOTHE, ET AL ³ karpþl;mtieTAelIBiFIsarBIr qñaM1977 bEnßmeTAelI
GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv qñaM1949 Rtg;cMNucTI333 ¬1982¦ .
55
esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati¬ICRC commentary¦ ¶ 2064 .
56
sUmemIlhan;kaeGIt & dUsV½l bic (HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) Rtg;cMNucTI130 ¬sMGagelI { esckþIEføgkarN_Ca
eRcInenAkñúgsnñisITkarTUt munkarGnum½tBiFIsarbEnßm } ¦.

27
 K> GMeBIEdlCakmμvtßúénkarpþnÞaeTas
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 kMNt;katBVkic©eGayrdæTaMgGs;eKarBsm,tþivb,Fm’ nigpþnÞaeTas
buKÁlTaMgT,ayNa EdlrMelaPelIlkçxNÐEdlmanEcgkñúgGnusBaØaenH . maRta28 Ecgfa ³

rdæPaKI;RtUvcat;viFankarcaM)ac;RKb;Ebbya:g enAkñúgRkbx½NÐényutþaFikarRBhμTNÐFmμta
rbs;xøÜn edIm,IeFVIkarecaTRbkan; nigpþnÞaeTasEpñkRBhμTNÐ b¤TNÐkmμxagvin½ycMeBaHbuKÁl
RKb;rUb eTaHCamansBa¢atiGVIk¾eday EdlRbRBwtþ b¤bBa¢aeGayRbRBwtþrMelaPelIBiFIsarenH
.57
maRta4 énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 manbYnCMBUkEdlniyayBIGMeBIEdlRtUvhamXat;KW ³
GMeBIecarkmμ karéKbnøM b¤karykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTmkeFVICarbs;xøÜn b¤karbMpøicbMpøaBaJsm,tþivb,Fm’
karsgswkRbqaMgnwgsm,tþivb,Fm’ GMeBIGriPaBRbqaMgnwgsm,tþiTaMgenH nigkareRbIR)as;EdlTMngCanaM
eGayGnþray b¤karbMpøicbMpøaBaJdl;sm,tþivb,Fm’ .
edIm,ICYykMNt;fa etIGMeBIxøH b¤GMeBITaMgGs;enH GacnaMeGaymankarTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐEdr
b¤eT enAkñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ EpñkbnÞab;BIenHnwgBinitüelIkarkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’ eday
lixitubkrN_mun²niglixitubkrN_shsm½y dUcCa GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv
qñaM1949 BiFIsarbEnßmTImYy¬API¦ nigBiFIsarbEnßmTIBIr¬APII¦. eRkABIenH karkarBarEdlmanEcgenA
kñúgRbPBc,ab;bnþbnÞab;mkeTot nwgRtUv)anBiPakSa edIm,IeFVICatwktagbBa¢ak;BITMenomTMlab;Edl Gacman
enAkñúgry³kalEdlBak;B½n§enH . eRkABIkarkarBarya:gmutmaM CaBiesscMeBaHsm,tþivb,Fm’eday

57
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 1954 (Hague Convention) maRta28. tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI
¬ICTY¦ )aneyagkatBVkic©enH edIm,IsMercfa ya:gyUrbMputenAkñúgTsvtS qñaM1990 karhamXat;cMeBaHkarrwbGUs karbMpøicbMpøaBaJ
b¤karbgáGnþrayF¶n;F¶rdl;sm,tþivb,Fm’ RtUv)ankMNt;karTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐGnþrCati. RBHraCGaCJa nig)a:lI ®sÞÚhÁar
(Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar) sMNMuerOgelx IT-01-42-T salRkm ¶ 233 ¬GgÁCMnMuCMRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI31 Exmkra

qñaM2005 ¦.

28
lixitubkrN_TaMgenH karkarBarTUeTACaGb,brmacMeBaHsm,tþivb,Fm’ RtUv)aneKeGayeQμaHfaCMBUk Edl
eXIBaJmYyRkeT,kEPñk¬ prima facie¦ énsm,tþirbs;CnsIuvil58 k¾RtUvelIkykmkBiPakSapgEdr .

1> GMeBIecarkmμ karlYcbøn; karéKbnøM karbMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn b¤saFarN³

rdæPaKITaMgGs;énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 } RtUvhamXat; karBar ehIyRbsinCacaM)ac;RtUv
bBaÄb;RKb;rUbPaBénGMeBIecarkmμ karéKbnøM b¤karykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTmkeFVICarbs;xøÜn nigGMeBITaMgT,ay
EdlsMedAbMpøicbMpøaBaJsm,tþivb,Fm’ .59 müa:gviBaJeTot rdæPaKITaMgGs;yl;RBm {bBaÄb;eFVIkarTamTarcln
RTBüvb,Fm’ EdlsßitenAelITwkdIénrdæPaKImYyeTot }.60 GVIEdlekItmanmunkarrMelaPTaMgenH nigFatupSMén
bTRBhμTNÐrbs;vaEdlGacman RtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSaenAEpñkxageRkay .
niymn½yénkarykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTmkeFVICarbs;xøÜn EdlRtUv)anhamXat;
Bakü { lYc } nigBakü { karykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTmkeFVICarbs;xøÜnedayxusc,ab; } minRtUv)aneK
eRbIenAkñúglixitubkrN_déTeToténc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatieT eTaHbICakarrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþi edaymin
bBa¢ak;BIPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa RtUv)anhamXat;CayUrNas;mkehIyk¾eday . siT§irbs;PaKImYyénCMelaH
cMeBaHkarrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn enAkñúgkal³eTs³mYycMnYn RtUv)anTTYlsÁal; b:uEnþvak¾RtUv)ankMrit
kMNt;edayeKalkarN_énPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFaEdr . eTaHbICa { karéKbnøM } manRbvtþiEvgq¶ayTak;Tgnwg
karhamXat; nigkarpþnÞaeTask¾eday k¾lixitubkrN_énc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati min)ankMNt;niymn½yén
BaküenHc,as;las;Edr .
lixitubkrN_ nigyutþisa®sþRBhμTNÐGnþrCati RtUv)anGnum½tbnÞab;BIyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØ b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday vapþl;karENnaMGMBIFatupSMénbTéKbnøM nigTMnak;TMngénGMeBIenH CamYy
bTecarkmμ nigkarykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTmkeFVICarbs;xøÜnedayxusc,ab;. tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
58
sUmemIl han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc (HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) Rtg;cMNucTI34 .
59
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 (1954 Hague Convention) maRta4¬3¦ .
60
GtßbTdEdl .

29
sMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anrkeXIBaJbTéKbnøMfaCaEpñkmYyén { bTbøn; } EdltulakarenH kMNt;fa
CakarykRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn b¤RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³61 edayectna nigedayxusc,ab; . müa:gviBaJeTot
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) kMNt;FatupSMénbTéKbnøMceg¥ótCag faCakarykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTmk
eRbICaÉkCn b¤ pÞal;xøÜn .62 karsikSanaeBlfμI²enHrbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati¬ICRC¦GMBI
c,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati)ankt;sMKal;fa { karhamR)ambTéKbnøM KWCakarGnuvtþn_d¾Cak;lak;mYyénviFan
TUeTAEdlhamXat;bTlYc } Edlman { enAkñúgc,ab;RBhμTNÐCatinana enATUTaMgBiPBelak} .63 niym
n½yTaMgenHbBa¢ak;fa bTéKbnøM manrUbPaBRbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgbTlYc nigkarykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéT
mkeFVICarbs;xøÜnedayxusc,ab; ehIymanlkçN³TUlMTUlayCagBaküeBcn_TaMgBIrenH. dUecñH n½yTUlay
bMputenaHKw BaküTaMgenH suT§swgCarUbPaBén { karykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTmkeFVICarbs;xøÜnedayxusc,ab; {
ehIyn½yceg¥ótbMputenaHKW varYmbBa©ÚlnUvkarykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTsMrab;eRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn . CMBUksþIBIkar
hamR)am TaMgkñúgn½yTUlay nigTaMgkñúgn½yceg¥ót RtUv)anelIkmkBiPakSaenAEpñkbnÞab;BIenH .
karyk nigTTYl)anRTBüsm,tþiCaTUeTA
cab;taMgBIkarGnum½tbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 mk karrwbGUsRTBüsm,tþirbs;BYkbc©amiRt64
edayrYmTaMgkarrwbGUsRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn enAelITwkdIEdlxøÜn)ancUlkan;kab;65 RtUv)anhamXat; kñúgkrNI
61
sUmemIlRBHraCGaCJa nigkDIc(Prosecutor v. Kordic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-95-14/2-A salRkm ¶ 84 (GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala
]T§rN_ éf¶TI17 ExFñÚ qñaM2004¦.
62
sUmemIlFatupSMénbTelμIsrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) maRta8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ ¬16¦ EdlmanenAkñúgvibsay
http://www.un.org/law/icc/asp/1stsession/report/english/part_ii_a_e.pdf.
63
sUmemIlhan;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) Rtg;cMNucTI185 .
64
sUmemIlbTbBaØtiþTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907(1907 Hague Regulations) maRta23 ¬q¦ ¬hamXat;karrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþi
rbs;bc©amiRt { luHRtaNaEtkarrwbGUs>>>>>>>>>enaHKWCaPaBcaM)ac;bMputéns®gÁam}¦. karkarBarénbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907
(1907 Hague Regulations) KWCakarRbkasenAkñúgc,ab;GnþrCati edaytulakareyaFaenATIRkugnUraMub‘Åk(the International

Military Tribunal at Nuremberg). karhamR)amenH enAeBlfμI²enH GnuvtþcMeBaHCMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCati nigCMelaH

Rbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati/ sUmemIlhan;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) Rtg;cMNuc175-176.

Bakü { rwbGUs } nigBakü { karyk } hak;RtUv)aneKeRbICMnYsKñaeTAviBaJeTAmk enAkñúgGkSrsa®sþ bBa¢ak;BIkarhamXat;enH.
65
sUmemIlbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907(1907 Hague Regulations) maRta46 ¬{ RTBüsm,tþiÉkCn minGaceFVIkarrwbGUs
)aneT,Iy}¦. tamkarsikSanaeBlfμI²enH rbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC) GMBIc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati)an

30
EdlKμanPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa.66 ]TahrN_ RTBüsm,tþiÉkCnGacRtUveKyk { edIm,IbMeBBaJesckþIRtUvkar
rbs;eyaFasMrab;karcUlkan;kab; } tambBa¢arbs;embBa¢akarpÞal;elIsmrPUmi.67 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday
{ RbsinCaGaceFVIeTA)an } karykRTBüsm,tþienaH KYrRtUvbg;éføCaTwkR)ak; b¤ebIBMuenaHeT RtUvecBaJbgáan;éd
nigcMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlRtUvbg;RtwmRtUvnigqab;rh½stamEdlGaceFVI)an.68 eRkABIkarkarBarTUeTAenH bTbBaØtþi
TIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 k¾)aneFVIkarhamR)ampgEdr cMeBaHkarrwbGUsyksm,tþivb,Fm’ ehIytRmUvfa kar
rwbGUsenH RtUveFVIeT,IgRsbeTAtamnItivIFIc,ab; } .69
karykRTBüsm,tþirbs;CnsIuvil edayKμanbBa¢ak;BIPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa RtUv)aneKcat;TukCayUr
mkehIyfaCabTelμIsRBhμTNÐ . ]TahrN_ karykRTBüsm,tþiTUeTArbs;CnsIuvil KWCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r
eRkamGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI1 nigTI2 nigTI4 kñúgkrNI { minmankarbBa¢ak;BIPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa ehIy
)anGnuvtþedayxusc,ab; nigKμanRtaRbNI .70 tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI¬ICTY¦ nig
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um KUsbBa¢ak;CafμIGMBIlkçN³vinicä½yénkarrMelaPF¶n;F¶rTaMgenH . lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Umk¾)anEcg
pþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐya:gTUlMTUlayEfmeTot cMeBaHkarrwbGUs { RTBüsm,tþirbs;bc©amiRt luHRtaEtkarrwb
GUsRTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaH KWCakarcaM)ac;bMputénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF } TaMgenAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþr-
CatiTaMgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati .71 enAeBlfμI²bMputenH KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþr-

rkeXIBaJfa karhamXat;karrwbGUs RTBüsm,tþiÉkCn enAkñúgeBlcUlkan;kab; elIkElgEtkarrwbGUsenaHmanPaBcaM)ac;bMputEpñk

eyaFaKWCa { viFanEdlmanyUrNas;mkehIy enAkñúgc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati } sUmemIl han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íc
(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) Rtg;cMNucTI178-179.
66
eKalKMnitsþIBIPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa RtUv)anBiPakSaenAkñúg infra, § III.D.
67
bTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907(1907 Hague Regulations) maRta52 .
68
GtßbTdEdl .
69
GtßbTdEdl maRta56 ¬Ecgfa kñúgkrNIénkarkan;kab; edaykMlaMgrbs;rdæPaKImYyeTot {ral;karrwbGUs >>> } rbs;sßab½n
TaMgT,ay rYmmansßab½nxagsasna sb,úrsFm’ vb,Fm’ sil,³ b¤vTi üasa®sþ vimanRbvtþisa®sþ nigsßaédsil,³ nigviTüasa®sþ
{ RtUv)anhamXat; ehIyRtUveFVItamnItiviFIc,ab; }¦.
70
GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI1 maRta50/ GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI2 maRta51 nigGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 maRta 147 .
71
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) maRta8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ ¬8¦/ ¬g¦ ¬7¦.

31
Cati sikSaGMBIc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati )anbBa¢ak;fa karykRTBüsm,tþiEdlmin)anbBa¢ak;BIPaBcaM)ac;
EpñkeyaFa KWCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁameRkamnIti;GnþrCati .72
maRta4 énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 Ecgya:gc,as;GMBIkarbdiesFPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFaBak;
B½n§nwgGMeBIrMelaPmYycMnYn b:uEnþminTak;TgnwgkarhamR)amrbs;vacMeBaH {karlYc karéKbnøM nigkarykRTBü
sm,tþiGñkdéTmkeFVICarbs;xøÜnedayxusc,ab; }. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday edaysarGMeBIITaMgenH suT§EtCa
karrMelaPelIParkic©eKarBsm,tþivb,Fm’ vaTMngCafa enAeBlEdlvaminEmnCaBaküEdlmann½ydUcKñaenaH
eTIbvasMedAdl;karrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþiRKb;RbePT EdlminmankarbBa¢ak;PaBcaM)acEpñkeyaFa .73
dUecñHGMeBITaMgenHGacCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁameRkamnItiGnþrCati enAkñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ Edl
ya:gehacNas; karykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTmkeFVICarbs;xøÜn edayxusc,ab; {TUeTA } .
karhamR)amkaréKbnøM nigkarlYc
karéKbnøMRtUv)anhamXat;edayKμanlkçxNÐBIrdg enAkñúgbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 ³ maRta
28 EdlEcgfa karéKbnøMenATIRkug b¤enATIkEnøgNamYy sUm,IEtenAeBlvayluk RtUv)anhamXat; { ehIy
maRta47 Ecgfa { karéKbnøMRtUv)anhamXat;CapøÚvkar }. karéKbnøMk¾RtUv)anhamXat;Cadac;xat eday
maRta33 énGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI474 nigedaymaRta4 énBiFIsarbEnßmTI275. esckþIpþl;mtirbs;
KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati elIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 kt;sMKal;fa karhamXat; { karRBYy
)armÖmanminRtwmEtkaréKbnøMtamry³TegVIrbs;buKÁledayKμankaryl;RBmBIGaCJaFreyaFab:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ
EfmTaMgkaréKbnøMRbdab;GavuFeTotpg>>}. müa:gviBaJeTot } vaFanakarBarRTBüsm,tþiRKb;Ebbya:g eTaHCa
RTBüsm,tþienaHCarbs;buKÁlÉkCn b¤Carbs;shKmn_énrdæk¾eday } . eTaHbICakarhamXat;karéKbnøMmin

72
sUmemIlhan;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK), maRta 574-575 ¬karEsVgrk { karbMpøicbMpøaBaJ
b¤karykRTBüsm,tþiTUeTA minmankarbBa¢ak;BIPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa } KWCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁameRkamc,ab;GnþrCati ¦.
73
sUmemIl]TahrN_ FatupSMénbTelμIsrbs;tulakarRBhμNÐGnþrCati(ICC) maRta8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ ¬16¦ cMNuc 47 ¬Ecgfa
{karykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéT edaybBa¢ak;PaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFaminGacbegáItCabTéKbnøM)aneT,Iy }¦ .
74
GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 maRta33 ¬Ecgfa { karéKbnøM RtUv)anhamXat; }¦.
75
BiFIsarbEnßmTI2(APII) maRta4 ¬Ecgfa karéKbnøM RtUv)an { hamXat;enARKb;eBlevla nigenARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs; } ¦.

32
RtUv)aneKbBa©ÚleTAkñúgBiFIsarbEnßmTI1 k¾eday k¾Gñkpþl;mtiCaeRcIn)ankt;sMKal;fa PaBcenøaHRbehag
enHhak;qøúHbBa©aMgBIkaryl;dwgrbs;GñkRBagfavaBitCa { EpñkmYyénc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati } dUecñaH
ehIy { kareBalGHGagrbs;vaminbBa¢ak;GaTiPaBx<s;enaHeT } .76
karéKbnøMRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam enAkñúgr)aykarN_eRkays®gÁamelakelIkTImYy
rbs;KN³kmμaFikarTTYlbnÞúkkarTTYlxusRtUv .77 GMeBIenHRtUv)anecaTRbkan;BIbT { bøn;ykRTBüsm,tþi
ÉkCn b¤RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³} edaytulakareyaFaGnþrCatienATIRkugnUrauMb‘Åk(IMT) nigEdleKTTYlsÁal;
faCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁameRkamnItiGnþrCati .78 enAeBlfμI²bMputenH tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt
yUehÁasøavI(ICTY) niglkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC Statute) )anTTYlsÁal;fa karéKbnøM b¤
karbøn; KWCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶rmYyeTAelIc,ab; nigTMenomTMlab;s®gÁam TaMgenAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþr
Cati TaMgenAkñúgCMelaHminEmnCaGnþrCati EdlbNþaleGaybuKÁlTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐ .79 karyk
RTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTmkeFVICarbs;xøÜnedayxusc,ab; KWCa { karéKbnøM } EdlRtUvcat;TukCabTelμIs eRkam
nIti;GnþrCati enAkñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ .
karbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn b¤saFarN³
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 k¾)anhamR)ampgEdr karbMpøicbMpøaBaJsm,tþivb,Fm’ { karbMpøic
bMpøaBaJ } minmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaenHeT ehIyBaküenHk¾minmaneRbIenAkñúglixitubkrN_énc,ab;mnusSFm’
GnþrCatiknøgmkEdr . vaTMngCaRtUv)ankMNt;niymn½yRsbeTAtamn½yFmμtarbs;vaKW { karbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤
eFVIeGayGnþrayedayecna b¤edaykars¥b;ex<ImnUvRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn b¤saFarN³ } . ]TahrN_énkarham
R)amTMngCaGacmanenAkñúgbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 EdlEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlmankarkan;kab;eday
76
sUmemIlkrNIerOgbUtFI eGGal(BOTHE, ET AL) maRta327.
77
sUmemIlhan;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) maRta182.
78
sUmemIlshrdæGaemrik nig hWEmn hÁ½riBaJ eGGal (United States v. Herman Goering et. al) e)aHBum<eT,IgviBaJ enAkñúgkarCMnMu
CRmHcMnYn22 én]RkidæCns®gÁamsMxan;² enAcMeBaHmuxtulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT) 253 ¬1948¦.
79
sUmemIllkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) maRta8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ ¬16¦ nig ¬g¦ ¬5¦ sUmemIlpgEdr han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc
(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) Rtg;cMNucTI134 ¬EdlEcgfa karhamXat;karéKbnøMKWCabTdæanmYy énc,ab;TMenom

TMlab;GnþrCatiEdlGnuvtþcMeBaHCMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCati nigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati¦.

33
kMlaMgénrdæmYyeTot { ral;karbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤kareFVIeGayGnþrayedayectnadl;sßab½nTaMgT,ay dUcCa {
sßab½nEpñksasna sb,úrsFm’ Gb;rM sil,³ b¤viTüasa®sþ vimanRbvtþisa®sþ nigsñarédsil,³ nigviTüasa®sþ
RtUv)anhamXat; .80 RbPBmYyeToténkarhamR)am TMngCakarhamR)amcMeBaHGMeBIGriPaBeTAelIsm,tþi
vb,Fm’ RtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSakñúg infra § 3.

2> karsgswk
rdæPaKITaMgGs;énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 RtUv } eCosvagGMeBINamYy EdleFVIeT,Igedaykar
sgswkeTAelIsm,tþivb,Fm’ }.81 cMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPEdl)anBiPakSaxagelI edIm,IkMNt;faGMeBIenHBak;B½n§
b¤minBak;B½n§dl;karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;buKÁl enAkñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØenaH KWEpñkbnÞab;BIenH
nwgBinitüGMBIzan³énkarhamR)amenHenAkñgú lixitubkrN_énc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati .
maRta50 énbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 Ecgfa { minmaneTasbBaØtþiTUeTA>>>RtUv)andak;eTAelI
RbCaBlrdæ cMeBaHGMeBIrbs;buKÁl EdleKminGaccat;TukfaCakarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKña nigedaymnusSeRcInnak;
)aneT }. maRta33 énGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 )anmkBImaRtaenH82 nigkarhamR)amTUeTAcMeBaH {kar
sgswkcMeBaHbuKÁlEdl)anTTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati nigRTBüsm,tþirbs;BYkeK } edayGMNacEdleK
kMBugkan;kab; .83 krNIenH rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgsm,tþivb,Fm’ EdlsßitkñúgRbePTRTBüsm,tþirbs;CnsIuvilEdl
eXIBaJmYyRkeT,kEPøt(Prima facie). esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC)elI
80
bTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907(1907 Hague Regulations) maRta56.
81
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954(1954 Hague Convention)maRta4 ¬4¦. KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC)
sikSaGMBIc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati EdlkMNt;GMBIkarsgswkrbs;bc©amiRtCa { TegVImYyEdlxusc,ab; b:uEnþelIkElgEtkñúgkrNI
mYycMnYn EdleKcat;TukfaRsbc,ab; eRkamc,ab;GnþrCati enAeBlEdleKeRbIR)as;vaCaviFankarBRgwg RbtikmμeTAnwgskmμPaBxus
c,ab;rbs;sRtUv ” han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK)Rtg;cMNucTI513.
82
sUmemIlesckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC) elIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 maRta33.
83
esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC) elImaRtaenH kMNt;karsgswkfaCa { viFankarEdlpÞúynwg
c,ab; b:uEnþenAeBlEdleKKitGMBIviFankarrbs;rdæmYyeTAelIrdæmYyeTot edIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIPaBR)akdRbCaénGMeBINamYy b¤edIm,ITTYl
)ansMNgkarxUcxatrbs;BYkeK TegVIenHRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCaCaTegVIRsbc,ab; sßitenAkñúglkçxNÐBiess EdleKGnuvtþ } esckþI
pþl;mtielIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 maRta 33.

34
maRta33 kt;sMKal;fa karhamXat;karsgswkKW {manlkçN³caM)ac; nigdac;xat dUecñaHehIyeKminGac
eFVIkarbkRsayfa manxrkSaTukCatuNðIPaBTak;TgnwgPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa)aneT,Iy } .
BiFIsarbEnßmTI1 )aneFVIkarhamXat;EfmeTotcMeBaHkarsgswk edIm,IrYmbBa©Úl {CnsIuvilCasRtUv
[nigvtßúsIuvil] enAelITwkdIEdlRKb;RKgkan;kab;edaysRtUv } . maRta52 énBiFIsarbEnßmTI1 hamR)am
84

cMeBaHkarsgswkelIvtßúsIuvil . eRkABIenH maRta53 énBiFIsarbEnßmTI1 hamR)amcMeBaHkarsgswkelI

{ vimanRbvtþisa®sþ sñaédsil,³b¤TIkEnøgskáar³bUCaEdlbegáItCamrtkvb,Fm’ b¤mrtkpøÚvcitþrbs;mnusS }.
KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC) )anbBa¢ak;GHGagnaeBlfμI²enHfa eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;
GnþrCati { karsgswkeTAelIvtßúEdlRtUv)ankarBar eRkamGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv nigGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG
sþIBIkarkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’ RtUv)anhamXat; } .85
eTaHbICavaRtUv)anhamXat;eRkamlixitubkrN_énc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati nigeRkamc,ab;TMenom
TMlab;k¾eday k¾karsgswkeTAelIvtßúsIuvil min)anEcgya:gc,as;enAkñúgsn§isBaØaNamYyfa RtUvpþnÞaeTas
RBhμTNÐeT,Iy . b:uEnþKYrkt;sMKal;fa maRta85¬3¦¬x¦ énBiFIsarbEnßmTI1 TTYlsÁal;favaCaGMeBIrMelaP
F¶n;F¶r { karvayRbharminerIsmuxb:HBal;dl;vtßúsIuvil>>>> edayxøÜndwgfa karvayRbharenaHnwgbgárGnþray
elI>>>>>ya:gF¶n;F¶rdl;vtßúsIuvil [Tak;TgnwgkarcUlrYm edIm,IGtßRbeyaCn_pÞal; nigCak;EsþgEpñkeyaFa] ” ) .
karsgswkeTAelIvtßúsIuvil EdlminEmnCaeKaledAeyaFa tamniymn½yenH KWRtUv)aneFVIeT,IgedayminerIs
mux86 dUecñHvaCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkamBiFIsarbEnßmTI1. müa:gviBaJeTot GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_én
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anTTYlsÁal;fa ya:gyUrbMputenAedImTsvtSqñaM
1990 RtUvmankarhamR)amCaTUeTAmYy cMeBaHkarvayRbharelIvtßúsIuvil kñúgmaRta52 énBiFIsarbEnßm
TI1 KWCabTdæanc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati EdlkarrMelaPelIbTdæanenHnwgnaMeGaybuKÁlTTYlxusRtUvEpñk
RBhμTNÐ RbsinCavabNþaleGayrbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;ragkay b¤suxPaB .87

84
sUmemIlkrNIerOgbUtFI eGGal(BOTHE, ET AL) Rtg;cMNucTI312.
85
sUmemIlhan;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) Rtg;cMNucTI523.
86
sUmemIlBiFIsarbEnßmTI1(API) maRta51¬4¦¬k¦.
87
sUmemIlsaldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgkDIc(Kordic Appeals Judgment) ¶¶ 56-67 .

35
 enAeBlEdlBiFIsarTI1)ancUlCaFrmankñúgqñaM1977 bTbBaØtþirbs;vaGacCaPsþútagbBa¢ak;BIzan³
énc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati kñúgry³kalmYyEdlTak;Tgnwgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm .88 b:uEnþ eTaHbICamankarkarBarCaeRcIn Edl
BiFIsarenH)anEcg minEmnCaTMenomTMlab;enAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØk¾edayk¾
ya:gehacNas; karsgswkeTAelIRTBüsm,tþibuKÁlEdlRtUv)ankarBarCaGnþrCati sßiteRkamkarkan;kab;
rbs;xøÜn RtUv)anhamXat;eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;enAeBlenaH ehIyTMngCabT]Rkidæ kñúgkrNIEdlmankar
rMelaPFøn;F¶r .
3> GMeBIGriPaB
rdæPaKITaMgGs;énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 tRmUveGayeKarBsm,tþivb,Fm’ { RtUveCosvag
ral;GMeBIGriPaBeTAelIRTBüsm,tþiTaMgenH }89 elIkElgEtkñúgkrNIcaM)ac;bMputEpñkeyaFa .90 karham
Xat;enHhak;mintRmUveGayRTBüsm,tþienaHTTYlrgkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karxUcxatCak;EsþgenaHeT.91 eTaH

88
sUmemIl]TahrN_ GtßbTdEdl ¶ 59 ¬edaysar { yl;eXIBaJfa enAeBlEdlc,ab;enH)anRbkaseGayeRbI karhamR)am
kñúgmaRta51 nigmaRta52 énBiFIsarbEnßmTI1 Ecgfa karvayRbhareTAelIvtßú>>>>>>rbs;CnsIuvil )anqøúHbBa©aMgGMBIzan³bc©úb,nñ
énc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati EdlkMNt;eKalkarN_c,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati sþIBIkarkarBarCnsIuvilenAkñúgsPaBkarN_én
CMelaHRbdab;GavuF }¦ ¬KuNkfaRtUv)aneKsresrrMlg¦.
89
sUmemIl GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954(1954 Hague Convention) maRta4 ¬1¦ ¬bEnßmesckþIbBa¢ak; ¦ .
90
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl maRta4 ¬2¦. n½yénBakü { PaBcaM)ac;bMputEpñkeyaFa } RtUv)anBiPakSakñúg infra § D.
91
TsSn³enHRtUv)anKaMRTedayesckþIpþl;mtielIBiFIsarbEnßmTI1(API) Edlkt;sMKal;BIPaBRbhak;RbEhlKñaénBiFIsarbEnßm
TI1(API) maRta53 ¬k¦ elIGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954(1954 Hague Convention) maRta4 ¬1¦ ehIyrkeXIBaJfa
maRta53 ¬k¦ { hamXat;minRtwmEtcMeBaHplvi)akGviC¢manFM²enaHeT b:uEnþcMeBaHral;skmμPaB { EdlmanTisedA } RbqaMgelI
vtßúEdlRtUv)ankarBar. cMeBaHkarrMelaPNamYyelImaRtaenH KWmincaM)ac;Tal;EtvtßúenaHmankarxUcxateT,Iy }. esckþIpþl;mtirbs;
KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati¬ICRC commentary¦ ¶ 2070. sUmemIlpgEdr RBHraCGaCJa nigmIuy:URdac cUKIc
(Prosecutor v. Miodrag Jokic), sMNMuerOgelx IT-01-42/1-S salRkmkat;eTas ¶ 50 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 1 éf¶TI18

ExmIna qñaM2004¦ ¬sMGagelIesckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati¬ICRC commentary¦ sMrab;esckþI

esñIenH ¦.

36
Caya:gNak¾eday dUc)anBiPakSaenAkñúg infra § IX GMBIeKalkarN_nItüanukUlPaB kMritF¶n;F¶rénkarxUcxat
GacTak;TgeTAnwgkarkMNt;fa etIGMeBIenaHCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;buKÁlEdr b¤eT.92
Gñkpþl;mtimYyrUb )ankt;sMKal;kñúgbribTBak;B½n§enHfa ³
kareRbIR)as;Bakü { GMeBIGriPaB } CMnYseGayBakü { karvayRbhar } bgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJ
fa karhamR)amGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHPaKImYyEdlCam©as;sm,tþivb,Fm’ nigsm,tþipøÚvcitþd¾
sMxan;bMput . dUecñH maRtaenHhamR)amkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJvtßúEdlRtUv)ankarBar edayPaKI
mYyénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF TaMgedaykarvayRbhar b¤TaMgedaykarkMeTcvtßúEdlsßiteRkam
karRtYtRta b¤karRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜnenaHecal .93
edIm,IkMNt;faetI { GMeBIGriPaB } NaxøH EdlGaccab;eGaybuKÁlTTYlxusRtUuvEpñkRBhμTNÐ)an enA
kñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ EpñkbnÞab;BIenHnwgBinitüGMBIzan³énkarhamR)amenAkñúglixitubkrN_
Bak;B½n§nwgc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati .
karkarBarRTBüsm,tþirbs;CnsIuvilCaTUeTA
karbMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþirbs;sc©amiRt edayKμanPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa RtUv)anhamR)amCayUr
yamkehIy²karhamR)amenH manEcgenAkñúgmaRta23 énbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 . enAkñúg
krNIénkarcab;mnusSeFVICacMNab;xμaMg bnÞab;BIs®gÁamelakelIkTIBIr tulakarshrdæGaemrik)anrkeXIBaJfa
{ karbMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþi Rsbc,ab;eTA)anluHRtaNaEtmanPaBcaM)ac;dac;xaténs®gÁam . karbMpøic

92
sUmemIl]TahrN_ salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgRsþÚhÁar (Strugar Trial Judgment) ¶ 231 ¬rMlwkeT,IgviBaJfa
{ bTelμIsénkarvayRbharelIvtßúrbs;CnsIuvil [cUlkñúglkçxNÐTIbI EdlmanrayenAkñúgkrNItaDIc (the Tadic case) sMrab;
kMNt;fa etIkarrMelaPc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati CakarTTYlxusRtUvRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl b¤ya:gNa] kalebIGMeBIenaHbNþaleGay
mankarxUcxatF¶n;F¶r }¦.
93
sUmemIl krNIerOgbUtFI eGGal(BOTHE, ET AL) maRta333-334 ¬BiPakSaelIBiFIsarbEnßmTI1(API) maRta53 ¬k¦
hamXat; { GMeBIGriPaBEdlmanTisedARbqaMgelI } sm,tþivb,Fm’ { edayKμanbuervinicä½y } cMeBaHbTbBaØtþiénGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG
qñaM1954 (1954 Hague Convention).

37
bMpøaBaJ enAcugbBa©b;rbs;va KWCakarrMelaPelInIti;GnþrCati }.94 luHdl;eRkaymk RTBüsm,tþirbs;CnsIuvil
rYmTaMgsm,tþivb,Fm’ EdleKTTYlsÁal;RtUv)ankarBarmineGaymankarbMpøicbMpøaBaJedayectnakñúgmaRta
53 énGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 . maRtaenHhamR)amCaTUeTA dl;PaKIkan;GMNacmineGayeFVIkarbMpøic
bMpøaBaJ { cln b¤GclnRTBüEdlCarbs;buKÁl b¤Carbs;smUhPaBénbuKÁlÉkCn b¤Carbs;rdæ b¤Carbs;
GaCJaFrsaFarN³ b¤Carbs;GgÁkarshkrsgÁm>>> elIkElgEtkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJenaH KWCakarcaM)ac;bMputenA
kñúgRbtibtþikareyaFa }.
kalebIkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþi { TUeTA } RtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r kñúgkrNIEdl {
minmanbBa¢ak;BIPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa ehIyEdl)anGnuvtþxusc,ab; nigKμanRtaRbNI}.95 dUecñH vaTMngCafa
{]b,tþiehtudac;edayET,k minmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;enaHeT }.96 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday vaGaceGayRBwtþi
karN_mYymanlkçN³RKb;RKan;)an RbsinebIGMeBIenaHRtUv)anRbRBwtþedayectna .97 tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþr
CatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) niglkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um KUsbBa¢ak;BIlkçN³vinicä½yénkarrMelaPF¶n;F¶renH .
tulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT) k¾)anrkeXIBaJfa { karbMpøicbMpøaBaJKμanRtaRbNIeTAelIrdæFanI TIRkug
b¤PUmi b¤karbMpøicbMpøaBaJepSg²eTot Edlmin)anbBa¢ak;BIPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa } KWCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eday
mintRmUvfaTal;EtmankarxUcxat { TUeTA } enaHeT,Iy . ebItamtulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT) GMeBITaMg
T,ayEdlekIteT,Igedays®gÁamelakelIkTI2 { RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;rYcehIy faCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkam

94
enAkñúgbBa¢Ieyag ¬{ krNIénkarcab;mnusSeFVICaCacMNab;xμaMg }¦/ 11 KN³kmμkar]Rkidækmμs®gÁaménGgÁkarshRbCaCati
karkat;esckþI]RkidæCns®gÁam enAcMeBaHmuxtulakareyaFaénTIRkugnUraMub‘Åk¬International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg),
eRkamc,ab;RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitüelx 10 759/ 1253-54 ¬1950¦.
95
GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI1 maRta50/ GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI2 maRta51 nigGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 maRta147.
96
esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCatielIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 (CRC commentary to Geneva IV)
maRta147 esckþIpþl;mtirbs; KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCatielIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI1 (CRC commentary to
Geneva I) maRta50.
97
sUmemIlesckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCatielIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 (CRC commentary to
Geneva IV) maRta147.

38
nItiGnþrCati }.98 lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um k¾)ancat;TukGMeBITaMgenHfa CabTelμIsRBhμTNÐpgEdr { karbMpøic
bMpøaBaJ>>>>RTBüsm,tþirbs;bc©amitþ elIkElgEtkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaH KWCa
bBa¢adac;xatedayPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa enAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFenaH } TaMgkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþr
Cati nigTaMgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati .99 KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC) )an
TTYlsÁal;fa CMBUkenHminsUvmanPaBtwgEtgeT ya:gehacNas;sMrab;eBlbc©úb,nñenH faCa]Rkidækmμ
s®gÁam eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati .100
vahak;dUcCafa karbMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþirbs;bc©amiRt edayminmanPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa KWCa
]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkamc,ab;Cati enAkñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCnM MuCRmHvisamBaØ ya:gehacNas; karbMpøicbMpøaBaJ
enaHRtUvmanlkçN³ { FMeFg } .

karkarBarCak;lak;eTAelIsm,tþivb,Fm’

karhamR)amcMeBaHGMeBIGriPaBpÞal;RbqaMgnwgsm,tþivb,Fm’ RtUv)aneFVICac,ab;enAedImqñaM1907 kñúg

maRta27 énbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG EdltRmUveGay { cat;viFankarRKb;Ebbya:g } tamEdlGaceFVI)an min
eGaymankarbMpøicbMpøaBaJGaKarTaMgT,ay EdleRbIR)as;sMrab;eKalbMNgxagsil,³ nigvimanRbvtþisa®sþenA
kñúgkareT,amB½T§ nigkarTMlak;RKab;EbkeLIy .101 eRkays®gÁamelakelIkTI1 KN³kmμkarTTYlbnÞúkkar
98
sUmemIl shrdæGaemrik nighWEmn hÁ½riBaJ eGGal(United States v. Herman Goering et. al) e)aHBum<eT,IgviBaJenAkñúgkarCMnMu
CRmHcMnYn 22 krNIén]RkidæCns®gÁamsMxan;² enAcMeBaHmuxtulakareyaFaGnþrCati 253 ¬1948¦.
99
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) maRta8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ ¬13¦/ ¬g¦ ¬12¦ sUmemIl han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS &
DOSWALD-BECK) maRta574-575 ¬cat;TukkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþi { d¾FMeFg } EdlminEmneFVIeT,IgedaymkBImUlehtuén

PaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa } KWCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkamnItiGnþrCati ¦.

100
sUmemIl han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) maRta574-575 ¬cat;TukkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBü
sm,tþiEdlminEmneFVIeT,IgedaymkBImUlehtuénPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa } KWCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkamnItiGnþrCati }¦.
101
bTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907(1907 Hague Regulations) maRta27 ¬Ecgfa { kareT,amB½T§ nigkarTMlak;RKab;Ebk RtUv
cat;viFankarcaM)ac;RKb;Ebbya:g tamEdlGaceFVI)an minRtUveGayb:HBal;dl;GaKarEdl)ansg;eT,IgsMrab;eKalbMNgsasna
sil,³ viTüasa®sþ b¤eKalbMNgsb,úrsFm’ vimanRbvtþisa®sþ >>>> ehIyminRtUveRbIR)as;kEnøgTaMgenaH eFVICacMNuceKaledAeyaFa

39
TTYlxusRtUv )ansMKal;eXIBaJfa { karbMpøicbMpøaBaJKμanRtaRbNIeTAelIGaKarsasna sb,úrsFm’ Gb;rM viman
nigGaKarRbvtþisa®sþ } KWCakarrMelaPc,ab; nigTMenomTMlab;s®gÁamEdlRtUvpþnÞaeTas } .102 BiFIsarbEnßm
TI1 nigBiFIsarbEnßmTI2 hamR)am { GMeBIGriPaBNamYy EdlmaneKaledARbqaMgnwgvimanRbvtþisa®sþ sña
édsil,³ b¤TIkEnøgskáar³bUCa EdlbegáIt)anCamrtkvb,Fm’ b¤mrtkpøÚvcitþrbs;mnusS } .103 RbkarenH
RtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCakarbBa¢ak;eT,IgviBaJnUvmaRta27 énbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 EdlhamR)amkar
vayRbhareTAelIsm,tþivb,Fm’ { Edl)anEcgfa sm,tþiTaMgenaHminRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAeBlenaH sMrab;
eKalbMNgeyaFa } .104 eTaHbICaPasaenAkñúgBiFIsarbEnßmminEcgbdiesFPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa dUc)an
BiPakSaxagelI105 kþIk¾ maRta53 énBiFIsarbEnßmGackarBarRbePTRTBüsm,tþimankMriteRcInCagmaRta27
énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeGqñaM1907 b¤maRta4 énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeGqñaM1954 . eRkABIenH Gñkpþl;mti)an
kt;sMKal;fa ³

drabNa>>> [dUcbTbBaØtþiTaMgenH] )anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as; { edaymineFVIeGayxUcdl;GnusBaØa

TIRkugT,aeG nigral;lixitubkrN_Bak;B½n§déTeTot } ¬rYmmanmaRta27 énbTbBaØtþiTIRkug
T,aeG¦RtUvcat;TukfaCakar)at;bg;karkarBarCaBiess>>>>>>>> KWCaviFankarkarBarsmRsb
EdlGaccat;eT,Ig RbsinebIRTBüsm,tþiEdlRtUv)ankarBar RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; edIm,IKaMRT
dl;kic©xitxMRbwgERbgxageyaFa>>>>.106
eT,Iy }¦ GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeGTI9 (Hague Convention IX ) sþIBIkarTMlak;RKab;Ebk edaykgT½BGakasenAkñúgeBleFVIs®gÁam
éf¶TI8 Extula qñaM1907/ 36 Stat. 2351,maRta5 ¬Ecgfa { mhaRKwHsMrab;eKarBbUCa GaKarTaMgT,ayEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;eKal
bMNgsil,³ viTüasa®sþ nigeKalbMNgsb,úrsFm’ [nig] vimanRbvtþisa®sþ>>>> edayyl;eXIBaJfa GaKarTaMgenaHminRtUv)aneRbI
R)as;enAeBlCamYyKñasMrab;eKaledAeyaFaeT }¦.
102
sUmmIlhan;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) maRta128 ¬kt;sMKal;karrkeXIBaJenH enAkñúgkar
BiPakSaGMBIviFanc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati EdlhamXat;karvayRbharelIsm,tþivb,Fm’ nigtRmUveGaymankarEfTaMCaBiess
enAkñúgRbtibtþikareyaFa edIm,IeCosvagkarbgákarxUcxatelIRTBüsm,tþiTaMgenH ¦.
103
BiFIsarbEnßmTI1(API) maRta53 ¬k¦ BiFIsarbEnßmTI2(APII) maRta16 .
104
sUmemIlkrNIerOgbUtFI eGGal(BOTHE, ET AL) maRta329.
105
sUmemIlkarBiPakSa § A, supra.
106
sUmemIlkrNIerOgbUtFI eGGal(BOTHE, ET AL) maRta 332 - 333 .

40
 KYrkt;sMKal;fa BiFIsarbEnßmTI1 TTYlsÁal;karrMelaPF¶n;F¶r EtcMeBaHkarvayRbharTaMgT,ayNa
EdleFVIeTAelIvimanRbvtþisa®sþEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;BitR)akd sñaédsil,³ b¤¤TIkEnøgskáar³bUCaEdlbegáIt
)anCamrtkvb,Fm’ b¤mrtkpøÚvcitþrbs;mnusS ehIyEdlRtUvpþl;karkarBarCaBiess edaykarerobcMBiess
mYy ]TahrN_ sßitkñúgRkbx½NÐénGgÁkarGnþrCatimansmtßkic© eKaledAénkarvayRbharbNþaleGay
mankarbMpøicbMpøajd¾FMeFg kñúgkrNIEdlKμan Psþútag [favtßúenaHRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgeKalbMNgeyaFa] >>>>
[RtUv)an] taMgenACitbMputéneKaledAeyaFa .
107

Gñkpþl;mtielIBiFIsarbEnßmTImYy sMKal;eXIBaJlkçN³vinicä½ycMnYnR)aM sMrab;karvayRbhar edIm,I

cat;TukCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r eRkambBaØtþienH ³
• karvayRbharRtUvEt)aneFVIeT,IgtamTMenIgcitþ
• sm,tþivb,Fm’ minRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;eKaledAeyaFaeT,Iy
• RtUvpþl;karkarBarBiesscMeBaHRTBüsm,tþiEdlmanbBaða tamry³karerobcMBiess
• RTBüsm,tþiminRtUv)antaMgenACitbMputéneKaledAeyaFaeT,Iy ehIy
• karvayRbharRtUvEt)anbNþaleGayxUcxatRTBüsm,tþid¾FMeFg .108
GaRs½yedayBiFIsarbEnßmTI1 RtUv)anGnum½tenACitdl;yutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØ eTIbeKGacfa GMeBIGriPaBRbqaMgnwgsm,tþivb,Fm’ minRtUv)aneKbBa©ÚleTAkñúgrbbkarBarBiess109

107
BiFIsarbEnßmTI1(API) maRta85¬4¦ ¬X¦ ¬hamXat;karvayRbharTaMgT,ayNa { EdlRbRBwtþtamTMenIgcitþ ehIyrMelaP
elIGnusBaØa b¤BiFIsar qñaM1949 }¦. BiFIsarbEnßmTI1(API) maRta85 ¬3¦ ¬x¦ dak;;eTasRBhμTNÐbEnßmeTot cMeBaHkarvay
RbharminerIsmux eTAelIRTBüsm,tþi edayrMelaPelIbTbBaØtþiénBiFIsarenH enAeBlEdlva)anRbRBwtþtamTMenIgcitþ { edaykardwg
fakarvayRbharenHnwgbNþaleGayxUcxatF¶n;F¶rdl;RTBüsm,tþisIuvil} nig { karsøab; b¤karrbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;ragkay b¤suxPaB}.
karhamXat;enHTMngCaGnuvtþTUeTA eTAelIkarvayRbhareRcInCagGMeBITaMgT,ayEdl {manTisedARbqaMgnwg} sm,tþivb,Fm’ dUecñH
vaTal;EtekItmanCak;Esþg eTIbGackMNt;FatupSMénkarhamXat;xagRBhμTNÐ)an eRkamGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954
(1954 Hague Convention).
108
esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati elIBiFIsarbEnßmTI1(ICRC commentary to API) maRta85
¶ 3517 .

41
nigminRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCatieTenAeBlenaH . eTaHCa
y:agNak¾eday dUc)anBiPakSaxagelIrYcehIy GMeBIGriPaBedayectnaeTAelIRTBüsm,tþibc©amitþ - rYmman
sm,tþi - EdlGacCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati enAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñén
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ edaykMNt;fa RTBüsm,tþiEdlmanbBaðaenaHminEmnCaeKaledAeyaFa110 ehIykar
xUcxatdl;RTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHRtUvEtmanTMhMFMeFg .
4> kareRbIR)as;TMngCadak;RTBüsm,tþieGayrgkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karxUcxat
katBVkic©rbs;rdæPaKI RtUveKarBsm,tþivb,Fm’ eRkamGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 EdltRmUv
eGayrdæTaMgenaH { eCosvagkareRbIR)as;RTBüsm,tþi nigTItaMgCMuCitenaH b¤eRKOg]bkrN_sMrab;karkarBar
nigeKalbMNgrbs;xøÜn EdlTMngCadak;RTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHeGayrgkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karxUcxatkñúgRBwtþi
karN_énCMelaHRbdab;GavuF}111 elIkElgEtkñúgkrNIénPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa .112 r)aykarN_snñisiTmin
)ankMNt;niymn½yénBakü { eRKOg]bkrN_ } ehIysMnYrenH minRtUv)anelIkeT,IgedayRbtiPUsnñisiT b¤

109
eRkamGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954(1954 Hague Convention) maRta8 ¬6¦ { karkarBarBiess RtUv)anpþl;cMeBaHsm,tþi
vb,Fm’ enAeBlEdlsm,tþiTaMgenaH {)ancuHbBa¢Ism,tþivb,Fm’GnþrCati sßiteRkamkarkarBarBiess } . PsßútagbgðaBaJfa enAéf¶TI
31 ExmIna qñaM1972 GKÁnaykénGgÁkaryUeNsáÚ (Director-General of UNESCO) )andak;BaküsMuBIsaFarN³rdæExμr esñIsMu
eGaymankarkarBarBiessdl;R)asaTGgÁvtþ nigsm,tþivb,Fm’déTeTot rdæPaKIdéTeToténGnusBaØaenH)anCMTas;nwgsMeNIrenH
BIeRBaHeKminTTYlsÁal;rbbsaFarN³rdæExμrfaCaGaCJaFrsmRsb kñúgkareFVIsMeNIrenH dUecñHehIyeTIbeKmin)anpþl;karkarBarenaH
eT. sUmemIlCIrI fUEmn(JIRI TOMAN) karkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’enAkñúgRBwtþikarN_énCMelaHRbdab;GavuF 108 ¬1996¦.
110
karbnþGnuvtþesckþItRmUvenH bgaðBaJBIrbkKMehIBaJfμI²enHfa karvayRbharelIRTBüsm,tþisasna b¤vb,Fm’ { tRmUvfaRTBü
sm,tþiTaMgenaHminEmnCaeKaledAeyaFa } KWCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati TaMgenAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuF
CaGnþrCati TaMgenAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati. sUmemIl han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-
BECK), Rtg;cMNuc 576/ 579/ 593/ 596.
111
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954(1954 Hague Convention) maRta4¬1¦.
112
sUmemIlGtþbTdEdl maRta4¬2¦ PaBcaM)ac;bMputxageyaFaRtUv)anBiPakSa infra, § D, GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954
(1954 Hague Convention) maRta11 EcgfaGP½yÉksiT§iénsm,tþivb,Fm’ eRkamkarkarBarBiess GacdkhUt)anEtkñúgkrNI {

elIkElgmYycMnYnénPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa EdlminGaceCosvag)anb:ueNÑaH }. bTdæanenHGacBak;B½n§ RbsinebIRbeTskm<úCaGnuvtþ

manRbsiT§iPaBcMeBaHkarkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’TaMgT,ayEdlmanbBaða.

42
minRtUv)anBiPakSaenAkñúgr)aykarN_tamkalkMNt;rbs;rdæPaKInana GMBIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØa .113 vaGacfa
eRKOg]bkrN_TaMgenH Tak;TgeTAnwgsMPar³Edl)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;karBarsm,tþivb,Fm’ ]TahrN_ RbGb;
karBar sMNaBaJ b¤ CBa©aMg ]bkrN_KuNPaBxül; kMuBüÚT½rsMrab;EfTaMRbB½n§karBar ePøIg RbB½n§ePrvsBaØa
b¤RbB½n§bgáarGKÁIP½y .l.114
minmanlixitubkrN_déTeTot énc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati hamR)amkareRbIR)as;sm,tþivb,Fm’eT,Iy
rhUtdl;mankarGnum½tBiFIsarbEnßmkñúgqñaM1977 . BiFIsarbEnßmTI1 nigBiFIsarbEnßmTI2 pþl;karkarBar
ya:geRcIncMeBaHsm,tþivb,Fm’kñúgfñak;mYymankMNt; edayeFVIkarhamR)am {kareRbIR)as; [vimanRbvtþisa®sþ
sñaédsil,³ b¤TIkEnøgskáar³bUCa EdlbegáIt)anCamrtkvb,Fm’ b¤mrtkpøÚvcitþrbs;mnusSCati] kñúgkarKaM
RTdl;eKaledAs®gÁam]”115 EdlminbdiesFcMeBaHPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa . Gñkpþl;mti)ankt;sMKal;fa {kar
KμanbBaØtþiGnuBaØateGaymankarbdiesF>>>>KWCakarbgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJEfmeTotfa manEtRTBüsm,tþikñúgfñak;
mankMNt; KWRTBüsm,tþimanlkçN³sMxan;bMputxagvb,Fm’ nigxagpøÚvcitþ EdlsßitenAkñúgrgVg;én [karham
R)am kñúgmaRta53 énBiFisarbEnßmTI1]” .116
KYrkt;sMKal;fa kareRbIR)as;bBaØtþihamR)amkñúgmaRta53 minRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgbBa¢IénkarrMelaP
F¶n;F¶rrbs;BiFIsarbEnßmTI1 eLIy . müa:gviBaJeTot minmankarhamR)amEbbenH enAkñúgcMeNam]Rkidækmμ
s®gÁamEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúglkçnþik³éntulakarBiess b¤tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatieT,Iy . karhamR)am
sþIBI { kareRbIR)as;RTBüsm,tþiEdlmansar³sMxan;bMputcMeBaHmrtkvb,Fm’rbs;mnusSRKb;rUb sMrab;eKal
113
esckþIEføgkarN_eRkApøÚvkaredaysmaCikmYyrUbénelxaFikardæanGgÁkaryUeNsáÚ epJICUnbuKÁlikGgÁkarRsavRCavGMBI]Rkidækmμ
s®gÁam(WCRO) éf¶TI3 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2005.
114
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl .
115
BiFIsarbEnßmTI1(API) maRta53 ¬x¦ BiFIsarbEnßmTI2(APII) maRta16 esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhm
GnþrCatielIBiFIsarbEnßmTI1(ICRC commentary to API) Ecgfa { eKaledAs®gÁam } KWCaeKalKMnitmYyEdlTUlMTUlaybMput
EdlRKb;dNþb;elIskmμPaBeyaFaTaMgGs; EdlCaTegVIéns®gÁam. dUecñH vahamXat;karTaBaJykplRbeyaCn_BIRTBüsm,tþi
EdlRtUv)ankarBar ¬karKaMRTGkmμ¦ k¾dYcCa edIm,IeRbIR)as;RTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaH ¬karKaMRTskmμ ¦ ]TahrN_ edayrYmbBa©ÚlRTBü
sm,tþiTaMgenaHenAkñúgTItaMgkarBarmYy. esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCatielImaRta53
(ICRC commentary to art. 53) ¶ 2078 .
116
sUmemIlkrNIerOgbUtFI eGGal(BOTHE, ET AL).,maRta 334.

43
bMNgTaMgT,ay EdlTMngCadak;vaeGayrgkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karxUcxat } eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday enAeBl
fμI²enH RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;faCabTdæanénc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati EdlGnuvtþTaMgcMeBaHCMelaHRbdab;
GavuFCaGnþrCati nigTaMgcMeBaHCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati .117 müa:gviBaJeTot { esovePAk,Ünxñat
eyaFaCaeRcIn EcgfakareRbIR)as;GaKarbuBVsiT§NamYysMrab;eKalbMNgminsmRsb KWCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam
}.118 eTaHbICakareRbIR)as;EdlRtUv)anhamR)aménsm,tþivb,Fm’ begáIt)anCabTelμIs enAkñúgyutþaFikar
énGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØk¾eday k¾eKebIkcMhreGayecaTsYrEdr b:uEnþkarecaTsYrenaH KWsYrEteTAelIfaetI
GMeBIelμIsenaHF¶n;F¶r ehIynaMeGaymankarxUcxatFMeFgEdr b¤eT ?.
X> GvtþmanPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa
maRta4 ¬2¦ énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 Ecgfa rdæPaKITaMgGs;mankatBVkic©Tb;sáat;GMeBI
GriPaB EdlmanTisedARbqaMgelIsm,tþivb,Fm’ nigraraMgkareRbIR)as;sm,tþienH kñúgeKalbMNgEdlTMngCa
naMeTArkkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤kareFVIeGayxUcxat119 GacRtUv)anbdiesF } EtkñúgkrNIEdlmanPaBcaM)ac;bMput
xageyaFa } Etbu:eNÑaH . GnusBaØaenHminkMNt;karhamR)amRsedogKñacMeBaH karlYc karéKbnøM karbMpøic
bMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn b¤RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³ karykRTBüGñkdéTCarbs;xøÜnedayxusc,ab;120 b¤kar
sgswk . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday dUc)anBiPakSaenAkñúg supra in § C(1) karbMpøicbMpøaBaJ nigkarrwbGUsyk
RTBüsm,tþi minTMngCanaMeGaymankarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐenaHeT enAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñén
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ RbsinCakarrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHeFVIeT,IgedaysarEtPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa.
kñúgkrNIEdlkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ nigkarrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþiCakmμvtßúénkarbdiesFenaH karBiPakSadUcteTA
enH GacTak;TgeTAnwgGMeBITaMgenHpgEdr .

117
sUmemIl han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) maRta131.
118
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl.
119
sUmemIlkarBiPakSa supra §§ C.3 nig 4 ..
120
edaysarGnusBaØaniyaysMedAdl; { karykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTCarbs;xøÜnedayxusc,ab; } karvaytMélGMBIGtßiPaBénPaB
caM)ac;xageyaFaGacRtUv)ansnμt;kñúgkarkMNt;fakarykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTKWxusc,ab;.

44
 1> niymn½yénPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 mineGayniymn½yénBakü { PaBcaM)ac;bMputEpñkeyaFa } eT .121
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday bTdæanenH)anEcgCac,ab;enAkñúgshsm½yCamYynwgbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM
1907 Edlfa yuT§karIRtUv)anhamR)am {karbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþirbs;bc©amiRt luHRta
EtkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHKWCabBa¢adac;xat edayPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa{.122
ebItameKalkarN_enH GMeBIhigSaxageyaFaGacedaHsar)an { EtcMeBaHviFankarTaMgT,ayNa EdlminRtUv
)anhamXat;edayc,ab;GnþrCatiEdlBak;B½n§ nigEdlmansmamaRt }.123 eKalkarN_bEnßménc,ab;mnusS
Fm’hamR)am { viFankarénGMeBIhigSaTaMgT,ay EdlminmanlkçN³caM)ac; ¬]TahrN_ EdlBak;B½n§ nig
EdlsmamaRt ¦ edIm,IsMercplRbeyaCn_cm,gxageyaFa } .124
eKalkarN_PaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;buKÁl cMeBaHkarrMelaPelIeKalkarN_enH
RtUv)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgkarCMnMuCRmH]Rkidækmμs®gÁamCaeRcIn Edl)aneFVIeT,IgenAeRkays®gÁamelakelIk
TI2.125 ]TahrN_ enAkñúgkrNIénkarcab;mnusSeFVICacMNab;xμaMg tulakareyaFashrdæGaemriksMercfakar
bMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþi tRmUveGaymankarbBa¢aeGayeFVIedaysarPaBcaM)ac;éns®gÁam } ehIyfakarbMpøic

121
sUmemIlfUEmn (TOMAN), maRta70 ¬esñIeGayPaKITaMgGs;e)aHbg;ecal { PaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa } minc,as;las;;sMrab;bBa¢ak;
GMBIsßankarN_TaMgT,ayenH ¦. kgT½BshrdæGaemrik qñaM2005 ¬eKalkarN_énPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa GnuBaØateGayeRbIR)as;
kMlaMg edIm,IsMercebskkmμ. PaBcaM)ac;xageyaFaminGnuBaØateGayeFVIGMeBITaMgT,ayNaEdlc,ab;s®gÁam)anhamXat;eT,Iy.
eKalkarN_enH RtUvEtGnuvtþRsbCamYyc,ab;déTeTot GMBIeKalkarN_s®gÁam Edl)anBiPakSaenAkñúgCMBUkenH k¾dUcCaenAkñúgCMBUk
epSgeTot karcab;bgçMxagpøÚvc,ab;Cak;lak;EfmeTot dUcmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;sn§isBaØas®gÁam EdlshrdæGaemrikCaPaKImYy
{ esovePAc,ab;RbtibtþikareyaFashrdæGaemrik } Ch. 2, § IV.A.1 (2005), manenAkñúgvibsay
http://www.nimj.com/Home.asp..
122
bTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907(1907 Hague Regulations) maRta23 ¬q¦ ¬bEnßmesckþIbBa¢ak;¦.
123
sUmemIlkrNIerOgbUtFI eGGal(BOTHE, ET AL)., maRta194 ¬rMlgesckþIbBa¢ak;¦.
124
sUmemIlGtþbTdEdl maRta195.
125
sUmemIl]TahrN_GIunrIv:unlab (In re von Leeb) nig]TahrN_déTeTot r)aykarN_sþIBI]Rkidækmμs®gÁam 12, 93 (1949)
¬rkeXIBaJfa RbsinCamanPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa pþl;eGayyuT§karInUvqnÞanusiT§imYyKμankMNt; kñúgkareFVIGVI²RKb;Ebbya:g edIm,IsMerc
eKaledAs®gÁam vaGac { lubbM)at;ecalral;GMeBImnusSFm’ nigsuPavFm’ nigc,ab;TaMgGs;ecBaJBIdMeNIrs®gÁam}¦.

45
bMpøaBaJedayeKalbMNgrbs;vapÞal; KWCakarrMelaPc,ab;GnþrCati .126 cMeBaHbBaðaenH { vaRtUvEtman
cMNgehtu nigplsmRsbmYycMnYn rvagkarbMpøicbMpøBaJRTBüsm,tþi nigkardeNþImC½yCMnHelIkMlaMg
bc©amiRt } .127
enAkñúgBiFIsarbEnßmTI1 eKalKMniténPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa KWCaEpñksñÚlénniymn½yénBakü {
eKaledAeyaFa }.128 dUc)anBiPakSakñúg infra, BiFIsarTI2 qñaM1999 dl;GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeGqñaM1954
[BiFIsarqñaM1999] bEnßmeTAelIBakükñúgBiFIsarTI1 edIm,IbBa¢ak;n½yénBakü {PaBcaM)ac;bMputxageyaFa
129

} .130 RbeTskm<úCaminEmnCaPaKIénBiFIsar qñaM1999 eT . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday eyaledayBiFIsar

qñaM1999 maneKaledAbEnßmeTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 vaGacbBa¢ak;eGayritEtc,as;EfmeTot
nUvn½yénrdæPaKIénGnusBaØa cMeBaHBakü { PaBcaM)ac;bMputxageyaFa } .

126
sUmemIlkñúgbBa¢Ieyag ( In re List), 11 KN³kmμkar]Rkidækmμs®gÁamGgÁkarshRbCaCati karCMnMuCRmH]RkidæCns®gÁamenA
cMeBaHmuxtulakareyaFaTIRkugnUraMub‘Åk (the Nuremberg Military Tribunals) eRkamc,ab;RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitüelx10 759/
1253-54 ¬1950¦.
127
sUmemIlGtþbTdEdl Rtg;cMNuc 1254.
128
sUmemIlBiFIsarTI1(API) maRta52¬2¦ EdleGayniymn½yvtßúeyaFafaCa { vtßúTaMgT,ayEdlmancrit TItaMg eKalbMNg
b¤kareRbIR)as;rbs;va eFVIkarrYmcMENkd¾manRbsiT§iPaBdl;skmμPaBeyaFa ehIykarbMpøicbMpøaBaJmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsug kardeNþImkan;
kab; b¤karbnSab enAkñúgkal³eTs³RKb;RKgnaeBlenaH pþl;GtßRbeyaCn_BitR)akdxageyaFa }¦.
129
BiFIsarTIBIr(APII) énGnusBØaTIRkugT,aeG sþIBIkarkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’ enAkñúgRBwtþikarN_énCMelaHRbdab;GavuF maRta29
¬éf¶TI26 ExmIna qñaM1999¦ manenAkñúgvibsay http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/hague/html_eng/protocol2.shtml
[EdlenATIenHehAfaBiFIsarqñaM1999 (1999 Protocol)].
130
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl buBVkfa pmbl.¶ 4 ¬{ edayyl;eXIBaJfa viFanTaMgT,ayEdlRKb;RKgsm,tþivb,Fm’enAkñúgRBwtþikarN_én
CMelaHRbdab;GavuFKYrEtqøúHbBa©aMgBIkarvivtþn_énc,ab;GnþrCati }¦. BiFIsarqñaM1999 bEnßmelIGnusBaØa qñaM1954 (The 1999
Protocol supplements the 1954 Convention) edaybegáIt { RbB½n§BRgwgbEnßménkarkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’Cak;lak;mYycMnYn}.

sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl buBVkfa pmbl. ¶ 2 RbeTskm<úCa)ancuHhtßelxaelIBiFIsarqñaM1999(1999 Protocol) enAéf¶TI17

Ex]sPa qñaM1999 b:uEnþRbeTsenHminEmnCardæPaKIeT. sUmemIlbBa¢IrdæhtßelxIrbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati
ICRC) enAkñúgvibsay http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/db8c9c8d3ba9d16f41256739003e6371/ fec98860daef6aa
1412567d100407a67?OpenDocument

46
 k> GMeBIGriPaB
maRta6 ¬k¦ énBiFIsarqñaM1999 elIGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 Ecgfa ³
karbdiesFedayEp¥kelIPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa RsbtammaRta4 kfax½NÐTI2 énGnusBaØa
qñaM1954 GacGnuvtþcMeBaHEtkarRbRBwtþGMeBIGriPaBedaypÞal; RbqaMgnwgsm,tþivb,Fm’enA
eBlEdl nigkñúgkrNIEdl ³
1> sm,tþivb,Fm’ edaymuxgarpÞal;rbs;va RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;eFVICaeKaledAeyaFa nig
2> minGacmanlT§PaBNaepSgBIenH edIm,ITTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_xageyaFaRsedogKñaenH
eRkAEtBIkartMrg;TisedAGMeBIGriPaBRbqaMgnwgvtßúenaH .
eK)anraykarN_fa { enAkñúgGMT,úgeBleFVIkarcrcaGMBIBiFIsar qñaM1999 karbkRsayénkarbdiesF
enH kñúgkrNIénPaBcaM)ac;bMputxageyaFa minmanmtiCMTas;enaHeT } .131
maRta1 ¬c¦ énBiFIsar qñaM1999 Ecgfa { vtßúeyaFa } manlkçN³dUcKñaeTAnwgvtßúEdlmanEcgenA
kñúgmaRta52 ¬2¦ énBiFIsarbEnßmTI1 .132 eRkamBiFIsarTaMgBIr Baküfa vtßúeyaFa KW {sMedAdl;vtßúTaMg
T,ayEdlcritlkçN³ TItaMg eKalbMNg b¤kareRbIR)as;rbs;va eFVIkarrYmcMENkd¾manRbsiT§iPaBdl;skmμ
PaBeyaFa ehIykarbMpøicbMpøaBaJmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsug kardeNþImkan;kab; b¤karbnSab enAkñúgkal³eTs³
RKb;RKgnaeBlenaHpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_BitR)akdxageyaFa }¦.133 müa:gviBaJeTot vaminmanlkçN³Rsb
c,ab;eT kñúgkarebIkkarvaylukmYy EdlRKan;EtedIm,IGtßRbeyaCn_enAéf¶GnaKt b¤EdlminmanPaBc,as;
las; .134
131
sUmemIl han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc (HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK), maRta 130.
132
sUmemIlBiFIsarqñaM1999(1999 Protocol) maRta1¬c¦.
133
niymn½yenHRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCabTdæanénc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati EdlGnuvtþeTAelITaMgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCati
nigTaMgeTAelICMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati. sUmemIl han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK),
maRta29. GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954(1954 Hague Convention) Ca]TahrN_éneKaledAeyaFa mandUcCa { RBlan
ynþehaH sßanIypSaysMelg¬viTüú nigTUrTsSn_¦ RKwHsßanBak;B½n§nwgkarkarBarCati kMBg;Ep sßanIyGaysμ½yyanEdlCaTItaMg
sMxan; b¤CabNþaBaJTUrKmnaKmn_d¾cm,g } GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeGqñaM1954 (1954 Hague Convention) maRta8¬1¦¬k¦.
134
esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati elIBiFIsarbEnßmTI1(ICRC commentary to API) maRta52

47
 maRta52 ¬3¦ énBiFIsarbEnßmTI1 )aneFVIkarsnμt;fa TIkEnøgskáar³bUCa lMenAdæan salaeron nig
vtßúdéTeTot { EdltamFmμta eFVIeT,IgsMrab;eKalbMNgsIuvil } Edlmin { rYmcMENkd¾manRbsiT§iPaBdl;
skmμPaBeyaFa }. eyaledayvtßúvb,Fm’ { CaFmμta minmankareRbIR)as; b¤maneKalbMNgeyaFaCadM
kMPYn }135 dUecñH eKKYrEtsnμt;vafaCavtßúsIuvil. karsnμt;enH GaceFVI)ancMeBaHmNÐlEdlrkSaTuksm,tþi
vb,Fm’ { enAeBlNaEdleKeRbIR)as;vasMrab;cl½tTB½ b¤sMPar³eyaFa eTaHCaenAkEnøgqøgkat;kþI } . krNI
dUcKñaenH RtUvGnuvtþenAeBlEdlmanskmμPaBBak;B½n§pÞal;CamYyRbtibtþikareyaFa kardak;BRgaykgT½B
b¤karpliteRKOgsMPar³eyaFa eFVIeT,IgenAkñúgmNÐlenH } .136 edaysarEtBiFIsarTI1 RtUv)anGnum½tenA
CiteBlCamYyyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ eTIbniymn½yrbs;vacMeBaHBaküeKaledA
eyaFaGacqøúHbBa©aMgGMBIbTdæanBak;B½n§ eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati enAkñúgry³kalcab;BIqñaM1975-
1979. GaRs½yehtuenH vaTMngCafa enAkñúgry³kalenaH karkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’ minEmnCakmμvtßúénkar
bdiesF edaysarPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFaenaHeT,Iy luHRtaEtRTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHsßitenAkñúgmNÐlmYy Edl
eKeRbIR)as;sMrab;eKaledAeyaFa .
eRkABIkarkarBarTUeTAcMeBaHRTBüsm,tþiEdleKsnμt;faCaRTBüsm,tþisIuvil ¬rYmTaMgsm,tþivb,Fm’¦
eRkamniymn½yénBakü { PaBcaM)ac;bMputxageyaFa } enAkñúgBiFIsar qñaM1999 sm,tþivb,Fm’mansiT§iTTYl
)annUvkarkarBarBiessmYyRsTab;bEnßmeTot . bTdæanenHtRmUvfa kñúgkrNIEdlsm,tþivb,Fm’RtUv)aneK
cat;TukCaeKaledAeyaFa vaGacCakmμvtßúénkarvayRbhar RbsinCa { minGacrkCMerIsepSgBIenH })an. va
minc,as;fakareRbIR)as;knøgmkénRbeyaK { PaBcaM)ac;bMputxageyaFa } dUcCaRbeyaKEdlmanenAkñúgbT
bBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 )aneGayniymn½yEbbenH dUecñHvaminc,as;faetI enAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaH
GasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ sm,tþivb,Fm’TaMgT,ay EdlRtUv)ankarBaredayGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM
1954 RtUv)ankarBaredaybTdæanEdl)anbEnßmenH { minGacmanCMerIsepSgBIenHeT,Iy } . ebIsinCaKμan

¶ 2024.
135
sUmemIlkrNIerOgbUtFI eGGal(BOTHE, ET AL) maRta 326.
136
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954(1954 Hague Convention) maRta8¬3¦.

48
sm,tþivb,Fm’enAEtRtUv)ankarBarCadEdl luHRtaEtvaRtUv)anbdiesF edaybTdæanénPaBcaM)ac;tictYcxag
eyaFa GnuvtþcMeBaHRTBüsm,tþisIuvilRKb;RbePT .

x> kareRbIR)as;EdlTMngCanaMeGayRTBüsm,tþiTTYlrgkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karxUcxat

maRta6 ¬x¦ énBiFIsarTI2 qñaM1999 elIGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 Ecgfa ³
karbdiesFcMeBaHeKalkarN_énPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa RsbtammaRta4 kfax½NÐTI2 énGnu
sBaØaenH GacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHEtkareRbIR)as;sm,tþivb,Fm’ kñúgeKalbMNgTaMgT,ay Edl
TMngCanaMeGayRTBüsm,tþienaHTTYlrgkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karxUcxat enAeBlEdl nigkñúg
krNIEdlminGacmanCMerIsepSg rvagkareRbIsm,tþivb,Fm’enH nigviFIsa®sþEdlmanepSg
BIenH edIm,ITTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_eyaFaNamYyRsedogKñaenH .
Gñkpþl;mtiCaeRcIn)ankt;sMKal;fa { enAeBleFVIkarcrcaGMBIBiFIsarTIBIr karbkRsayenHminman
mtiCMTas;eT .137 edaysarGMeBIenH minRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐ enAkñúglixitubkrN_TaMgT,ayknøgmk
vaminc,as;faetIbTdæanbEnßménPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFaenHGnuvtþenAkñúgry³kalqñaM1975-1979 Edr b¤eT.

2> GMNackñúgkarkMNt;GMBIPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa

GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 minRKan;EttRmUveGayrdæPaKITaMgGs;eKarBsm,tþivb,Fm’Edlsßit

eRkamkarBarCaTUeTAEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgbegáItnItiviFImYy edIm,Idak;CMrk nigmNÐlTaMgT,ayEdl)an
cuHbBa¢IGnþrCati eRkamkarkarBarBiesspgEdr .138 maRta11 ¬2¦ énGnusBaØaenH Ecgfa cMeBaHsm,tþi
vb,Fm’EdlsßiteRkamrbbkarBarBiessenH PaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa GacRtUv)ankMNt;eday { embBa¢akar
EdlbBa¢aelIkgT½BesμInwgmYykgBl b¤eRcInCagenH } . pÞúÞyeTAviBaJ maRta4 min)anEcgGMBIfa etIGñkNa

137
sUmemIl han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) maRta 130.
138
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954(1954 Hague Convention) maRta8 ¬1¦/ 9.

49
GackMNt;PaBcaM)ac;xageyaFacMeBaHsm,tþivb,Fm’ enAeRkamkarkarBarTUeTAenHeT . kares¶óms¶at;én
maRta4 GacbgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJfa enAkñúgqñaM1954 minmankarritt,itedayc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCatiGMBI
faetIGñkNaGackMNt;PaBcaM)ac;xageyaFacMeBaHsm,tþivb,Fm’TUeTAeT,Iy .

KYrkt;sMKal;fa karritt,itenHRtUv)anEcgenAkñúgBiFIsarqñaM1999 énGnusBaØaenH EdlmanEcgGMBI

sm,tþivb,Fm’ EdlsßiteRkamkarkarBarTUeTAfa ³

karsMerckñúgkarkMNt;GMBIPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa GaceFVI)anEtedayembBa¢akar EdlbBa¢aelIkgT½B

esμInwgmYykgvresnatUc b¤FMCag b¤kMlaMgT½BEdlmanTMhMtUcCagenH RbsinebIkal³eTs³minGMeNay
pl. 139
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday vahak;minmanPsþútagNamYybBa¢ak;fa bTdæanenH b¤bTdæandéTeTot )an
GnuvtþcMeBaHRTBüsm,tþiTUeTA enAkñúgry³kalcab;BIqñaM1975-1979 enaHeT . ehtudUecñaHehIy enAkñúg
yutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ karkMNt;BIPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFacMeBaHkarvayRbharelI
sm,tþivb,Fm’ EdlminsßiteRkamrbbénkarkarBarBiessenaH minGackMNt;GMBIfñak;Cak;lak;NamYyénExS
ry³bBa¢aenH)aneT,Iy .

3> katBVkic©pþl;karENnaM

maRta11¬2¦ énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 niyayGMBIRTBüsm,tþi EdlsßiteRkamrbbkarBar

BiessénGnusBaØaEcgfa enAeBlesckþIsMercmYyRtUv)aneFVIeT,Ig edIm,IdkGP½yÉksiT§iBIRTBüsm,tþieRkam
karkarBarBiess { RbsinebIkal³eTs³GMeNaypl RtUvCUndMNwgeTAPaKIRbqaMgnUveBlevlasmRsbCa
mun } GMBIesckþIsMercenH . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday GnusBaØa qñaM1954 minEcgGMBIkatBVkic©RsedogKñaenH
edIm,Ipþl;karENnaMcMeBaHsm,tþivb,Fm’ EdlsßiteRkamkarkarBarTUeTAeT,Iy. b:uEnþKYrkt;sMKal;fa enAqñaM
139
BiFIsarqñaM1999(1999 Protocol), maRta6 ¬K.

50
1999 maRta6¬X¦ BiFIsarqñaM1999 énGnusBaØaenH EcgGMBIsm,tþivb,Fm’TUeTAfa { kñúgkrNIénkarvay
RbharedayEp¥kelIesckþIsMerc[énPaBcaM)ac;bMputxageyaFa] RtUveFVIkarENnaMRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBCamun
RbsinebIkal³eTs³GMeNaypl } .
eTaHbICamankarxkxanmin)anbBa©ÚlkatBVkic©CUndMNwgGMBIkarvayRbhareTAelIsm,tþivb,Fm’TUeTA
k¾edayk¾GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 GacbBa¢ak;fa mincaM)ac;mankarCUndMNwgCamuneT enAeBlenaHeK
tRmUveGayCUndMNwgcMeBaHEtkarvayRbhareTAelIRTBüsm,tþirbs;CnsIuvil EdlCaTUeTAsßiteRkamc,ab;
TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati . BitNas; maRta26 énbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 Ecgfa { embBa¢akarénkg
kMlaMgvayRbhar enAmuneBlcab;epþImTMlak;RKab;Ebk elIkElgEtkñúgkrNIénkarvayluk RtUveRbIR)as;
GMNacrbs;xøÜn edIm,ICUndMNwgeTAGaCJaFrnana } . BiFIsarbEnßmTI1 EcgRsedogKñaenHfa { RtUveFVIkarCUn
dMNwgRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBCamunGMBIkarvayRbharTaMgT,ayNa EdlGacb:HBal;dl;CnsIuvil ebIBMuenaH
eT luHRtaEtkal³eTs³minGMeNaypl } .140 katBVkic©enH KWCabTdæanyUrGEgVgmYyénc,ab;TMenomTMlab;
GnþrCati141 dUecñHehIyvaGacCakartRmUvenAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ .
g> bMNg]Rkidð (Mens rea)

GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 minEcgGMBIkartRmUveGaymanbMNg]Rkidæ(mens rea) sMrab;kar

TTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐP¢ab;eTAnwgGMeBIEdlhamXat;enaHeT. GMeBIEdl)anhamXat;TaMgenHhak;bBa©Úl
nUvGMeBITaMgBIr KWGMeBIEdlmancritectnadUcCakartMrgTisedAénGMeBIGriPaBRbqaMgnwgsm,tþivb,Fm’142 nig
GMeBIEdlmancriteFVsRbEhs dUcCakareRbIR)as;vtßúEdlCasm,tþivb,Fm’ kñúglkçN³EdlnaMeGayvaTTYl
rgkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karxUcxat . cMENkÉBiFIsar qña1M 999 énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 viBaJ EcgGMBI
karTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐrbs;buKÁl cMeBaHkarrMelaPedayecnaeTAelIGMeBIEdl)anhamXat;TaMgenH

140
BiFIsarbEnßmTI1(API) maRta57 ¬2¦¬K¦.
141
sUmemIlsalRkmCMnMuCRmHkñúgkrNIerOgkUERbsÁIc (Kupreskic), ¶ 524 . sUmemIlpgEdr han;kaeGIt & dUsV½l b‘íuc
(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK), Rtg;cMNuc 62.
142
sUmemIlsalRkmCMnMuCRmHkñúgkrNIerOg®sþÚhÁa ( Struga), ¶ 296 .

51
vaminEcgGMBIFatuectnaeT,Iy .143 dUc)anBiPakSaenAkñúg supra, GMeBImYycMnYnRtUv)anhamXat;enAkñúg
GnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐ edaylixitubkrN_déTeTot b¤edaytulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) . enAkñúgEpñkbnþbnÞab;BIenH bTdæanbMNg]Rkidæ RtUv)aneKkt;sMKal;fa )anGnuvtþ
enAkñúgkrNITaMgenH .
karykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTCarbs;xøÜnedayxusc,ab; nigkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn b¤saFarN³

GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv qñaM1949 cat;TukkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJd¾FMeFg nigkarykRTBüsm,tþiGñkdéTCa

rbs;xøÜnfaCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r enAeBlEdlmankarRbRBwtþ { ya:géRBEpS } .144 yutþaFikaréntulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anrkeXIBaJfa vaCabBaðaTak;Tgnwgc,ab;TMenomTMlab;Gnþr
Cati bBaØtþienHtRmUvfa CnelμIsRtUvEt { )anRbRBwtþedayectna edIm,IbMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþiTaMgenH b¤
edaymankareFVsRbEhs edayminKitKUdl;karxUcxatrbs;vaCayfaehtu } .145

müa:gviBaJeTot lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(ICC Statute) min)anEcgbBa©ÚlFatuxagsμartIcMeBaHGMeBIenH

eT.146 Caplvi)ak maRta30 RtUvykmkGnuvtþ .147 maRta30 Ecgfa ³
2> sMrab;eKalbMNgénmaRtaenH Cnmñak;RtUvcat;Tukfamanecna RbsinebI ³

143
sUmemIlBiFIsarqñaM1999 (1999 Protocol) maRta15 ¬{ karrMelaPF¶n;F¶relIBiFIsarenH ³ 1> CnNaRbRBwtþGMeBIelμIsenAkñúg
n½yénBiFIsarenH RbsinebICnenaHRbRBwtþedayectna ehIykñúgkarrMelaPelIGnusBaØaenH b¤viFIsarenH RbRBwtþGMeBIelμIsTaMgT,ay
dUcteTAenH>>>>}¦.
144
sUmemIlGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI1 maRta50 GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI2 maRta51 nig GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 maRta147
145
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgNalItasic eG Ga(Naletilic et al) ¶ 577 .
146
sUmemIl hWEmn v:un hWEbl(Herman von Herbel), FatupSMénbT]Rkidækmμs®gÁam(Elements of War Crimes) kñúgFatu
pSMénbT]Rkidæ nigviFanénnItiviFI nigPsþútag(ELEMENTS OF CRIMES AND RULES OF PROCEDURE AND EVIDENCE) 109/
134/ 172.
147
sUmemIllkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um maRta30 ¬EdlEcgfa { elIkElgEtmanEcgpÞúyBIenH Cnmñak;RtUvTTYlxusRtUv nigTTYlTNÐkmμ
xagRBhμTNÐ cMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐzitkñúgyutþaFikartulakar EtkñúgkrNIEdlFatusMxan;²RtUv)anRbRBwtþedayectna nigeday
mankardwg(knowledge) dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta30 ¦.

52
 ¬k¦ enAkñúgkarTak;TgeTAnwgkarRbRBwtþ mann½yfa CnenaHP¢ab;karcUlrYm(engage) enA
kñúgkarRbRBwtþenaH
¬x¦ enAkñúgkarTak;TgeTAnwgplvi)ak mann½yfa CnenaHbgáeGaymanplvi)akenaH b¤Cn
enaHmanstidwgfa vanwgekItmanenAkñúgdMeNIrEdlekItmaneT,IgCaFmμtaénRBwtþikarN_.
3> sMrab;eKalbMNgénmaRtaenH Bakü {kardwg = knowledge } mann½yfa karmansti
dwg(awareness) fakal³eTs³mYykMBugmanvtþman b¤ plvi)akmYynwgekItmanenAkñúg
dMeNIrekItmaneT,IgFmμtaénRBwtþikarN_.
elIsBIenHeTAeTot FatupSMénbTelμIsrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) tRmUveGayCnelμIs
RtUvmanstidwgGMBIkal³eTs³Cak;Esþg GMBIzan³karBarénRTBüsm,tþi .148 tamry³RbPBTaMgenH eyIg
eXIBaJfa CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anRbRBwtþedaykardwgGMBIcriténRTBüsm,tþi . bTdæanbMNgrbs;tulakarRBhμ
TNÐGnþrCati(ICC) GacmanlkçN³twgEtgCagkarbkRsayedaytulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt
yUehÁasøavI(ICTY) sþIBIkarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r eRkamGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv.149 b:uEnþvaTMngCafa bTdæanénGnu-
sBaØaTIRkughSWENvqøúHbBa©aMgBIsßanPaBénc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati enAkñúgry³kalEdlBak;B½n§ ehIykar
bkRsayrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) GacmanGaCJaRBwtþelIcMNucenH .
karéKbnøM

cMeBaHkaréKbnøM FatupSMénbTelμIsrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) tRmUveGay { CnelμIsman

ectnadkhUtykRTBüsm,tþiBIm©as;RTBü ehIyykvamkeRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn b¤ÉkCn }.150 kartRmUvTUeTA

148
sUmemIlFatupSMénbTelμIsrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) maRta8 ¬2¦ ¬k¦ ¬4¦ ¬x¦ ¬13¦ ¬g¦ ¬12¦.
149
eTaHbICaPaBgayRsYlyl;énmaRta30 KWmankarbBa©ÚlkareFVsRbEhsk¾eday ya:gticNas;k¾manGñkpþl;mtimñak;Edr
)anesñIfa eKalKMniténkareFVsRbEhs RtUv)anEcgrYcehIyenAkñúgmaRta28 énlkçnþik³TIRkugr:UmTak;TgnwgkarTTYlxusRtUvx<s;.
sUmemIl Per Saland eKalkarN_c,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati kñúgtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati ³ kareFVIlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um 189, 206.
150
FatupSMénbTelμIsrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) maRta8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ ¬16¦ ¬g¦ ¬5¦.

53
enHmanlkçN³RsbKñaCamYyyutþaFikaréntulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT)nigtulakarBiessnana(theadhoc
tribunals).
151

GMeBIGriPaB
maRta85 énBiFIsarbEnßmTI1(API) EdlGnuvtþeTAelIfñak;énvtßú mankMritCagenAkñúgGnusBaØaTIRkug
T,aeG Ecgfa karyksm,tþivb,Fm’eTAeFVICavtßúénkarvayRbhar KWCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r kalebIkarRbRBwtþ
enaHmancritlkçN³ { éRBépS } . esckþIpþl;mtielImaRtaenHEcgfa ³
CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anRbRBwtþedaymansti nigedayectna mann½yfa manbMNgRbRBwtþ
GMeBIenaH ehIydwgBIplvi)akrbs;va nigedayKμanPaBGlÉkkñúgcitþ ¬{ ectna]Rkidæ
(criminal intent)} b¤KMnitBüa)aTKitTukCamun (malice aforethought)}¦vaekþabeKalKMnit

{ ectnaGaRkk; } b¤ { kareFVsRbEhs } Ca\riyabTrbs;GñkRbRBwtþ edaymindwgc,as;GMBI

lT§plEdlnwgekItman TTYlykPaBEdlGacekItmanrbs;va müa:gviBaJeTot kareFVs
RbEhsFmμta b¤karxVHkaryl;ehtukarN_Camunmin)anRKb;dNþb;elI>>>>.152
yutþaFikaréntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI¬ICTY¦ tRmUvfa CnCab;ecaTRbRBwtþ
bTelμIsedayectna nigedaykardwgGMBIcritlkçN³énRTBüsm,tþiEdl)an nigkMBugTTYlrgkarvay
Rbhar . ]TahrN_ enAkñúgkrNIerOgKordictulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI¬ICTY¦
)ansMercP¢ab;karTTYlxusRtUveRkamlkçnþik³rbs;xøÜn cMeBaHkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ { sßab½nTaMgT,ayEdl)anbegáIt
eT,IgsMrab;buBVehtusasna sb,úrsFm’ nigvb,Fm’ sil,³ nigviTüasa®sþ vimanRbvtþisa®sþ nigsñaédsil,³
nigviTüasa®sþ } CnCab;ecaTRtUvEtRbRBwtþkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karxUcxatya:géRBépS ehIy { GMeBIrbs;eKRtUv
EteFVIeT,Igedayectna edIm,IbgáeGaymankarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karxUcxatdl;sßab½nTaMgT,ayEdl)anksag

151
sUmemIl]TahrN_ RBHraCGaCJa nig Jelisic sMNMuerOgelx IT-95-10-T salRkm/ kfax½NÐ 48-49 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg
éf¶TI14 ExFñÚ qñaM1999¦.
152
esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCatielIBiFIsarbEnßmTI1(ICRC commentary to API) ¶ 3474
¬briyayGMBIn½yénBakü {GMBIéRBépS } Tak;TgeTAnwgGnuEpñkTI3¦.

54
eT,IgsMrab;buBVehtusasna b¤karGb;rM ehIyminRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;eKaledAeyaFaeT,Iy }.153 enAeBl
fμI²enH TsSn³enH RtUv)anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;enAkñúgkrNIerOgStrugar EdlkñúgenaH tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþr
CatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) rkeXIBaJfa { CnelμIsRtUvEtRbRBwtþedayectnapÞal; edIm,IbMpøaBaJ b¤eFVI
eGayxUcxatRTBüsm,tþiEdlmanbBaða } .154 GgÁCMnMuCRmH)anecaTsYrfa etIectnaminpÞal;Gaccat;faCarUb
PaBmYyEdlGacTTYlyk)anénbMNg]Rkidæ cMeBaHbTelμIsenHEdr b¤eT eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday sMnYrenH
minTan;mancMelIyenAeT,IyeT edaysarbBaðaenHmin)anecaTeT,Igedaykal³eTs³énkrNI .155 dUcCa
yutþaFikartulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) FatupSMénbTelμIséntulakarGnþrCati
¬ICC¦ EcgBIkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl cMeBaHkarvayRbharedayecnaeTAelIRTBüsm,tþiEdl
RtUv)anTTYlkarkarBar enAeBlEdlCnelμIsmanecnaeFVIeGayGKar b¤vimankarBarCaeKaledAénkarvay
Rbhar.156 CnelμIsRtUvdwgGMBIzan³Ktiyutþirbs;xøÜn manEtkal³eTs³Cak;EsþgeT EdlGackMNt;GMBIzan³
KtiyutþienH)an .157

c> esckþIsnñidæan

edaysarsm,tþiTaMgBIrRbePT KWsm,tþirbs;CnsIuvli CaTUeTA nigsm,tþivb,Fm’CaBiess RtUv)ankar

BarCayUrmkehIy eRkamc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati eTIbmankarCECkEvkEBaJkfa ral;karrMelaPelImaRta4
énGnusBaØaTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 GacRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐeRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati enAkñúg
yutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñéntulakarenHEdr b¤eT. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday eKRtUvEteFVIkarsikSaRsavRCav
153
RBHraCGaCJa nigkDIc eGGal(Prosecutor v. Kordic et al) sMNMuerOgelx IT-95-14/2-T salRkmelx ¶ 361.
¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI26 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2001 ¦. sUmemIlpgEdr RBHraCGaCJa nig)øasÁIc(Prosecutor v. Blaskic)
sMNMuerOgelx ¶ 185 ¬sMercfa karxUcxat b¤karbMpøicbMpøaBaJ RtUvEt)anRbRBwtþeday ectnaeTAelIsßab½nTaMgT,ayEdleK
sÁal;ya:gc,as;fa RtUv)anksageT,IgsMrab;buBVehtusasna b¤karGb;rM¦ krNIerOgNalItalic (Naletilic) salRkmsaladMbUg
elx605 ¬tRmUvfa { CnelμIs)anRbRBwtþedayectnabMpøicbMpøaBaJRTBüsm,tþi }¦.
154
krNIerOg®sþÚhÁar salRkmsaladMbUg ¶ 311 .
155
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl.
156
sUmemIlFatupSMénbTelμIséntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) maRta8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬9¦¬g¦ ¬4¦.
157
sUmemIlv:unhWEbl(von Herbel) Rtg;cMNucTI163.

55
bEnßmeTot edIm,IbBa¢ak;eGayc,as;GMBIzan³BitR)akdénc,ab;enH k¾dUcCa FatupSMsMxan;²énbTelμIsTaMgenH
enAkñúgry³kalEdlmanbBaða .
IV. ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati
maRta5 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIem
dwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) EcgfaGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanGMNacvinicä½yeTasCnsgS½yTaMgT,ay Edl
)anRbRBwtþ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati . ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasCaGnþrCatielIk
dMbUg bnÞab;BIs®gÁamelakelIkTI2 enAtulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT) naTIRkugnUrauMb‘Åk158 nigtulakareyaFa
GnþrCatisMrab;cugbUBa’(IMTFE)159 nig enAkñúgc,ab;RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitücMnYn10 krNIerOg .160
PasaénmaRta5 manlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgniymn½y enAkñúglkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐ
GnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) .161 dUecñH kic©RBmeRBogxagRkbx½NÐEcgfa kmμvtßúénGgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØ RtUvEtCa { ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati dUc)ankMNt;enAkñúglkçnþik³TIRkugr:UmsþIBItulakar

158
kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIkarecaTRbkan; nigkarpþnÞaeTas]RkidæCns®gÁamsMxan;²énsm½<n§mitþGWr:ub éf¶TI8 ExsIha qñaM1945 maRta6 ,
82 U.N.T.S. 279, manenAkñúgvibsay http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/imtconst.htm [Edlcab;BIenHteTA

ehAfaFmμnuBaØTIRkugT,úgdug(London Charter)].
159
FmμnuBaØrbs;tulakarEdl)aneFVIviesaFnkmμ maRta5¬K¦ EdlmanenAelIvibsay http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/
imtfech.htm..
160
sUmemIlc,ab;RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitüelx10 karpþnÞaeTasCnTaMgT,ayEdlmanBiruT§PaBén]Rkidækmμs®gÁam ]RkidækmμRbqaMg
snþiPaB nig]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati e)aHBum<pSayeT,IgviBaJ kñúgkarCMnMuCRmHcMnYn3 krNI én]RkidæCns®gÁam enAcMeBaHmuxtula
kareyaFaTIRkugnUraMub‘Åk(Nuremberg Military Tribunals) maRta1 ¬1951¦. c,ab;RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitücMnYn10 krNIerOgRtUv
)anCMnMuCRmH eRkamkarCYy]btþmÖBI;RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitüRKb;RKgrYménsm<½n§sMrab;RbeTsGaT,Wm:g; rdæaPi)alkan;GMNacénRbeTs
GaT,Wm:g; bnÞab;BIkardkT½Brbs;xøÜnedayKμanlkçxNÐmk.
161
sUmemIllkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da S.C. Res. 955, U.N. SCOR, 49th Sess., 3453d mtg.,
]sm<½n§ maRta3 , U.N. Doc. S/RES/955 (1994) [Edlcab;BIenHteTAehAfalkçnik³ ICTR] ¬)aneGayniymn½yénBakü ]Rkidæ
RbqaMgnwgmnusSCatifaCa ]RkidækmμEdl { KWGMeBINamYy EdlvayRbharCaTUeTA b¤edaymankarerobcMRbqaMgeTAelICnsIuvileday
mUlehtuCati neya)ay CatiBn§ú BUCsasn_ b¤ sasna¦.

56
RBhμTNÐGnþrCati qñaM1998 } niymn½yenH RtUv)aneKbBa©ÚleTAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMu
CRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm qñaM2001(KRT Law) minRtUv)aneFVI
viesaFnkmμ edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgGMBITsSn³enHeT. dUecñH EpñkenHnwgBiPakSaGMBITRmg;én]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwg
mnusSCati eRkamc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwk
naMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) edayBinitüeTAelIyutþisa®sþrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI
(ICTY) nigyutþisa®sþrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) nigRbPBbEnßmmYyeTot

KWlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) nigkarerobcMkargarrbs;va¬its travaux préparatoires ¦.

kñúgn½yTUlay niymn½yénBakü]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati GacEckecBaJCaeKalkarN_mYyehA
famYk¬chapeau¦ b¤FatupSMxagbribT¬contextual elements¦ én]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati nigGMeBITaMg
T,ayEdl)anerobrab; .

k> FatupSMEpñkbribTén]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati
maRta5 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI
emdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) Ecgfa ³
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati>>>>KWGMeBINamYy EdlvayRbharCaTUeTA b¤edaymankarerobcMRbqaMg
eTAelICnsIuviledaymUlehtu Cati neya)ay CatiBn§ú BUCsasn_ b¤ sasna.
1> karvayRbharEdlmanlkçN³CaTUeTA b¤EdlmankarerobcM

niymn½yénkarvayRbhar

niymn½yénkarvayRbhar minc,as;las; b:uEnþeKGaceGayniymn½yCaTUeTAfaCaGMeBI b¤RBwtþikarN_

b£lMdab;énRBwtþikarN_Edlxusc,ab; EdlBak;B½n§nwgskmμPaBénGMeBIhigSa.162 { karvayRbhar } mincaM)ac;
162
sUmemIlRBHraCGaCJa nig )aøehÁaecvic nigcUXic (Prosecutor v. Blagojevic and Jokic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-02-60 salRkm
¶ 543 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI17 Exmkra qñaM2005 ¦.

57
Tal;EtmankareRbIR)as;kMlaMgRbdab;GavuFenaHeT vaGacmanrUbPaBdéTepSgeTot énkarRbRBwtþGMeBI
GmnusSFm’eTAelICnsIuvil .163

CaTUeTA b¤edaymankarerobcM

lkçN³vinicä½yBITMhM nigkarerobcM énkarvayRbharmankarEckdac;BIKñaenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIt

eGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) GnuBaØat
eGaymanyutþaFikareTAelIkarvayRbharEdlmanRTg;RTayFM b¤edayEp¥kelIkMritNamYyénkareFVIEpnkar
b¤karerobcM . enHKWCaesckþItRmUvsMrab;eFVIkarpþnÞaeTas]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati cab;taMgBIkarkrekIt
eT,IgéntulakareyaFaGnþrCatienATIRkugnUrauMb‘Åkmk . edaysarPasaEdleRbIenAkñúgFmμnuBaØnUrauMb‘Åk min
niyaysMedAdl;FatuénTMhM b¤karerobcM eTIbsalRkm)ansMercfa ]Rkidækmμ { RtUv)anRbRBwtþkñúgRTg;RTay
FM ehIykñúgkrNICaeRcInKWCakarerobcM nigCaRbB½n§} .164 RsedogKñaenHEdr kñúgkrNIerOgeGnsþaRKubEb:n
(Einstazgruppen) RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitü 10 tulakar )anGHGagfa { ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati KWCa

GMeBIEdl)anRbRBwtþrMelaPelIGayuCIvit nigesrIPaBedayminerIsmux nigmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§} .165 dUcCa

c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm
(KRT Law) tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) niglkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute)

163
sUmemIlRBHraCJa nigT,rin sIuma:n;hSa(Prosecutor v. Laurent Semanza) sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-97-20 salRkm nigkarpþnÞa
eTas ¶ 327 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 3 éf¶TI15 Ex]sPa qñaM2003 ¦. sUmemIlpgEdr RBHraCGaCJa nigmIulUma sþaKIc
(Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-97-24 salRkm ¶ 623 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 2 éf¶TI31 Exkkáda

qñaM2003 ¦ ¬bgðaBaJBIPaBxusKña rvagkarvayRbhar nigCMelaHRbdab;GavuF ³ { bBa¢ak;fa karvayRbharGacekItmun zitefr

b¤bnþenAkñúgeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF b:uEnþvamincaM)ac;Tal;EtCaEpñkrbs;vaeT,Iy ehIyvaminkMNt;cMeBaHEtkareRbIR)as;kMlaMg
Rbdab;GavuFenaHk¾eTEdr vaekþabEteTAelIkarRbRBwtþeXaeXA GmnusSFm’eTAelICnsIuvilEtb:ueNÑaH } ¦.
164
shrdæGaemrik nighWEmn ehÁariBaJ eGGal(United States v. Herman Goering et. al,) e)aHBum<eT,IgviBaJkñúgkarCMnMuCRmH
cMnYn22 krNI én]RkidæCns®gÁamsMxan;²enAcMeBaHtulakareyaFaGnþrCati 498 ¬1948¦.
165
shrdæGaemrik nigG½rlindUh(V United States v. Ohlendorf et. al) ¬krNIerOg 9 ¦ e)aHBum<eT,IgviBaJkñúgkarCMnMuCRmHcMnYn4
krNIén]RkidæCns®gÁamenAcMeBaHmuxtulakareyaFaGnþrCatiTIRkugnUraMub‘Åk(Nuremberg Military Tribunals) ¬1952¦.

58
Ecgya:gCak;lak;eTAelIkarEbgEckenH.166 eTaHCalkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁa
søavI(ICTY Statute) mineRbIR)as;PasaRsedogenHk¾edayk¾yutþaFikaréntulakarenHtRmUveGaysMEdgkar
eBBaJcitþcMeBaHkarsakl,gepSgKñaenHEdr.167
eRkamyutþaFikaréntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY)nigyutþaFikaréntulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) Baküfa { TUeTA } RtUv)anbkRsay edaybBa©ÚlnUvGMeBICa
eRcInekItmanenAkñúgeBl b¤kñúgPUmisa®sþ k¾dUcCaGMeBImYy b¤eRcInEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgRTg;RTayFM.168 cMeBaH
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) Baküfa { CaRbB½n§ } CaTUeTA niyaysMedAdl;crit
lkçN³énkarvayRbharEdlmankarerobcM b¤manEpnkar .169 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday EpnkarenHGaceFVI
eT,IgedayGgÁkar b¤Rkum minkMNt;cMeBaHEtrdæ b¤sßab½neyaFaenaHeT .170 tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;
RbeTsyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )aneGayniymn½yRsedogKñacMeBaHPaBCaRbB½n§enH ehIy)ankMNt;ykktþa
mYycMnYnEdlBak;B½n§ kñúgkarkMNt;FatupSMenHpgEdr .171 cMENkÉlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) viBaJmin

166
RBHraCGaCJa nig Dusko Tadic a/k/a/ "Dule," sMNMuerOgelx IT-94-1-T CMerIs nigsalRkm ¶ 626 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHTI1
éf¶TI7 Ex]sPa qñaM1997¦.
167
]TahrN_ RBHraCGaCJa nigedru:nCik (Prosecutor v. Deronjic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-02-61, salRkm ¶ 109 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmH
sala]T§rN_ éf¶TI20 Exkkáda qñaM2005¦.
168
sUmemIlRBHraCGaCJa nigCInb:UlGakaeys‘U(Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu), sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-4, mti nigsal
Rkm ¶ 580 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgTI1 éf¶TI2 ExkBaØa qñaM1998¦ krNIerOgtaDIc(Tadic) salRkmCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg
¶ 648; RBHraCGaCJa nig Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovac & Zoran Vukovic sMNMuerOgelx IT- 96-23/1salRkm

¶ 94 (GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éf¶TI12 Exmifuna qñaM2002¦.

167
sUmemIlkrNIerOgGakaeys‘U(Akayesu) salRkmsaladMbUg ¶ 173.
170
RBHraCGaCJa nig Ignace Bagilishema sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-95-1A-T salRkm ¶ 78 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg1 éf¶TI7
Exmifuna qñaM2001¦.
171
RBHraCGaCJa nig Tihomir Blaskic sMNMuerOgelx IT-95-14 salRkm ¶ 203 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg1 éf¶TI2 ExmIna
qñaM2000¦. ktþaBak;B½n§rYmman ³
• GtßiPaBéneKalneya)ay KMeragEpnkar b¤menaKmviC¢asþIBIkarvayRbhar EdlKaMRTdl;karbMpøicbMpøaBaJ kareFVITukçbuk

emñBaJ b¤kareFVIeGayshKmn_EdlCaeKaledAcuHexSay.

59
)aneGayniymn½yénBakü { TUeTA } b¤ { CaRbB½n§ } enaHeT . GñkcrcaéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatirk
eXIBaJfa Bakü { TUeTA } mann½yfa { mnusScMnYneRcIn } b¤ { karvayRbharkñúgRTg;RTayFM }172 ehIy { Ca
RbB½n§ } KWRKbdNþb;eTAelIeKalneya)ayEdl)anbegáIteT,Ig b¤karerobcM nigkareFVIEpnkarskmμPaBrbs;
fñak;elI .173 tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa manEtkarvay
Rbhar ehIyminEmnCaTegVIrbs;CnCab;ecaTeT RtUvEtmanlkçN³TUeTA b¤CaRbB½n§.174 dUcKñaenHEdr enA
eRkamc,ab;ExμrRkhm(KRT law) skmμPaBNamYyEdlCaEpñkénkarvayRbharEdlmanlkçN³TUeTA b£Ca
RbB½n§ bMeBBaJtamlkçN³vinicä½ydéTeTot GacbegáIt)anCakarTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐ.175

mintRmUveGaymaneKalneya)ay

KN³kmμaFikarRtYtBinitü 10 tulakar )aneFVIkarbkRsayya:ghμt;ct;GMBIyutþaFikarrbs;xøÜnxag

kmμvtßú edIm,IbBa©ÚlEtbTelμIsNa EdlrdæaPi)alGaT,Wm:g;)anGnuBaØat tamry³skmμPaB b¤karxkxan .176
• kareFVIkarvayRbharkñúgRTg;RTayFMbMputmYy RbqaMgnwgCnsIuvilmYyRkum b¤karRbRBwtþGMeBIGmnusSFm’dEdl²Ca
eRcInelIkeRcInsar nigCabnþbnÞab; EdlmanTMnak;;TMngKñaCamYynwgGMeBIdéTeTot.
• kareRbIFnFansaFarN³ b¤FnFanÉkCnya:geRcInsn§wksn§ab; eTaHCaFnFanenaHCarbs;kgT½B b¤Carbs;GñkdéTeTotkþI

nig
• karcUlrYmkñúgGaCJaFreyaFa nigb¤ GaCJaFrneya)ayfñak;x<s; kñúgkarbegáIt nigkarGnuvtþn_KMeragEpnkar.
172
sUmemIlKN³kmμaFikarerobcMsþIBIkarbegáIttulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) r)aykarN_segçbsþIBIkic©dMeNIrkarrbs;KN³
kmμaFikaerobcM enAkñúgry³eBlcab;BIéf¶TI25 ExmIna dl; éf¶TI12 Exemsa qñaM1996 Rtg;cMNuc ¶ 45, U.N. Doc. A/AC.249/1
(éf¶TI7 Ex]sPa qñaM1996) [Edlcab;BIenHteTAehAfa r)aykarN_énkic©dMeNIrkarrbs;KN³kmμaFikarerobcM qñaM1996]
173
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl ¶ 45.
174
edru:nCik (Deronjic) saldIkasala]T§rN_ ¶ 109 ¬{ kartRmUveGaymankarvayRbhar [manlkçN³TUeTA b¤CaRbB½n§] sMedA
dl;karvayRbharEtb:ueNÑaH ehIyminsMedAdl;TegVIpÞal;rbs;CnCab;ecaTeLIy} ¦.
175
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI]RkidækmμEdlRbRBwtþeT,IgenAkñúgry³kal
énkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü(KRT Law) maRta 5 .
176
sUmemIlkrNIerOgrbs;eGnsatRKubEb:n(Einsatzgruppen) Rtg;cMNucTI 498 ¬edaysegáteXIBaJfayutþaFikarGnþrCati
GnuvtþEteTAelIbTelμIsTaMgT,ayNa Edl { Bak;B½n§nwgrdæ edaysarkarRbegIykenþIy karKμanGMNac b¤karXubXit EdlminGac
b¤Edlxkxanmin)anb®gáabGMeBIelμIs b¤pþnÞaeTasCnelμIs}¦. dUcKñaenHEdr tulakareyaFaGnþrCatisMrab;cugbUBa’(IMTFE)

60
eTaHCamankarkMNt;fa rUbPaBénkarcUlrYmrbs;rdæaPi)al KWCa { FatupSMxagsMPar³én]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwg
mnusSCati}177 k¾eday k¾eKmintRmUveGaymanGtþiPaBéneKalneya)aypøÚvkarEdr . minmaneKalneya
)ayCak;lak;NamYyrbs;rdæaPi)al b¤GgÁkardéTeTot RtUv)antRmUveRkamlkçnþik³éntulakarBiesseT
eTaHCaPsþútagéneKalneya)ay b¤KMeragEpnkar GacmanRbeyaCn_kñúgkarbBa¢ak;GMBIcritlkçN³ { PaBTU
eTA } b¤ { CaRbB½n§ } énkarvayRbharenaHk¾eday .178
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) eGayniyménBaküvayRbhar faCa { dMeNIrkarénkarRbRBwtþ
mYyBak;B½n§nwgkarRbRBwtþGMeBICaeRcIn dUcmanEcgkñúgkfax½NÐTI1 RbqaMgnwgCnsIuvli Rsbtam b¤sßitkñúgkar
eFVIeGayeCOnelOneTAmuxrbs;rdæmYy b¤eKalneya)aycat;taMg edIm,IeFVIkarvayRbharEbbenH} .179 dUecñH
CaGBaØRtkmμ lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) tRmUveGaymanrdæmYy b¤ktþaneya)aycat;taMgBitR)akd
.180 kardkesckþItRmUveGaymaneKalneya)aymYydUcKñaenH ecBaJBIc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMu
CRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) TMngenHeFVIeT,Igeday
ectna.181 GaRs½yehtuenH vaTMngCafa eKRtUvEtkMNt;GtþiPaBéneKalneyaymYy edIm,IbMeBBaJtamniym
n½yénBakü {karvayRbharCaTUeTA b¤edaymankarerobcM } eRkamc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) .

)anrkeXIBaJfa rdæaPi)alCb:un nigTahansIuQñÜl )anecBaJbBa¢aCasMgat; b¤manectnamineGIeBIcMeBaHkarekItmanGMeBIeXaeXAEdl

naMeGayman]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati. sUmemIl Ga cn RBItqat nig sUnIGa ma:C)anUGa éhSed/ 103
karkat;esckþI]Rkidækmμs®gÁamFM²enATIRkugtUXüÚ 49/591 ¬1988¦ R. JOHN PRITCHARD & SONIA MAGBANUA
ZAIDE, 103 THE TOKYO MAJOR WAR CRIMES TRIAL 49,591 (1988)
177
shrdæGaemrik nigGal;sþÚEGtFW eG Gal(Alstoetter et al.) ¬krNI 3 ¦ e)aHBum<pSaysareT,IgviBaJ enAkñúgkarkat;esckþI
énkrNIerOgcMnYn3 Bak;B½n§nwg]RkidæCns®gÁam enAcMeBaHmuxtulakareyaFaTIRkugnUraMub‘Åk 984 ¬1951¦ [Edlcab;BIenHteTAehAfa
krNIyutþiFm’ ].
178
sUmemIlsIuma:n;hSa( Semanza) salRkmsaladMbUg ¶¶ 326/ 329; kUNara:k; (Kunarac) saldIkasala]T§rN_ ¶¶ 89/
98 .
179
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) maRta7 ¬1¦/ ¬2¦ ¬k¦
180
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) maRta7 ¬2¦ ¬k¦
181
dUc)anBiPakSaxagelI edaysarc,ab;Rkbx½NÐEcgfa ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati RtUv)ankMNt;Rsbtamlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um
maRta5 minqøúHbBa©aMgGMBITsSnvis½yenHeT.

61
 2> karvayRbharEdlmanTisedARbqaMgnwgCnsIuvil
niymn½yénCnsIuvil

c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμr
Rkhm(KRT Law) Ecgfa karvayRbharRbqaMgeTAelICnsIuvilNamñak;. lkçnþik³nigyutþaFikaréntulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) k¾
eRbIBaküenHEdr EdlRtUv)aneKbkRsayfa CakarrYmbBa©ÚlbuKÁlEdlminEmnCaCnsIuvil¬kMlaMgT½B b¤Cn
TaMgT,ayEdlknøgmk)ankan;GavuFenAkñúgCMelaH¦ EdlmincaM)ac;Tal;EtGñkTaMgenaHCaCnEdleKdkhUt
siT§iBlrdæenaHeT .182 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday RbCaCnEdlCaeKaledARtUvEtmancritlkçN³CaCnsIuvil
Cadac;xat .183 müa:gviBaJeTot ebItamyutþaFikaréntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR)
nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) vaKWCasßanPaBCnrgeRKaHenAeBlvayRbhar

182
sUmemIl krNIerOgtaDIc(Tadic) salRkmsaladMbUg ¶ 638 krNIerOg)aøsÁIc(Blaskic) salRkmsaladMbUg ¶ 209
RBHraCGaCJa nig Zoran Kupreskic, Mirjan Kupreskic, Vlatko Kupreskic, Drago Josipovic, Dragan Papic, Vladimir
Santic, a/k/a “Vlado,” sMNMuerOgelx IT-95-16 salRkm ¶ 568 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHTI2 éf¶TI14 Exmkra qñaM2000¦ Akayesu

salRkmsaladMbUg , at n. 146 .
183
sUmemIlkrNIerOgGakaeys‘U(Akayesu) salRkmsaladMbUg ¶ 575 ¬RBHraCGaCJa nig Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir
Kovac & Zoran Vukovic sMNMuerOgelx IT-95-13-R61 viFan16 esckþIsMerc cuHéf¶TI3 Exemsa qñaM1996 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmH

saladMbUg 2 éf¶TI3 Exemsa qñaM1996¦. b:uEnþsUmemIl shrdæGaemrik nig von Leeb et al., ¬krNI 12¦ e)aHBum<eT,IgviBaJkñúg
karCMnMuCRmH 11 krNIén]RkidæCns®gÁam enAcMeBaHmuxtulakareyaFaTIRkugnUraMub‘Åk 462, 679, 683 (1950) ¬pþnÞaeTascugecaTén
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati fa)anrYmcMENkeFVIeGayEpnkarsMerceCaKC½y kñúgkarBaJúHBaJg;eGayRbharCIvitkgT½BGakassm<½n§
mitþ nigCMruBaJeGaypþnÞaeTascMeBaHkarRbharCIvitenH B.V.A. Roling. karCMnMuCRmHkþIenATIRkugtUXüÚ(Tokyo) nig Beyond 3
(Antonio Cassese, ed. 1993) ¬bgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJfa kardkRbeyaK { RbqaMgnwgCnsIuvilNamñak; } ecBaJBIGtßbTEdl)an

eFVIviesaFnkmμénFmμnuBaØTIRkugtUXüÚ(Tokyo Charter) GacCaectnacg;BRgIkvisalPaBén]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati edIm,IFana

eGaymankarpþnÞaeTascMeBaHkarsMlab;TahankñúgRTg;RTayFM¦.

62
ehIyminEmnCazan³CnrgeRKaHenaHeT EdlCacMNucRtUvykcitþTukdak;enAeBleFVIkarsaksYr .184 dUecñH
enAkñúgbribTén]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati buKÁlTaMgT,ayEdlminEmnCaCnsIuvil eTaHCakñúgkrNINak¾
edayminRtUvcat;TukfaCaEpñkmYyénCnsIuvileT,Iy sUm,IEtenAeBlvayRbhar CnenaHmin)ancUlrYmkñúg
s®gÁamkþI .
esckþItRmUvxagRbCaCn niyaysMedAdl;KMnitEdlfa RtUvEtmanmnusSeRcInCaeKaledA edIm,I
bgðaBaJfakarvayRbhareFVIeT,IgRbqaMgnwg { RbCaCn } EdlvamanlkçN³xusKñaeTAnwgkarvayRbhareTAelI
buKÁlmYycMnYnCak;lak; .185 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI
(ICTY) )ansMercfa { RbCaCn } mincaM)ac;Tal;EtCaRbCaCnTaMgGs;énrdæ rdæFanI b¤TIRkugmYyenaHeT .
186

3> bMNg]Rkidæ
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμr
Rkhm(KRT Law) minbBa¢ak;GMBIFatupSMbMNg]Rkidæ eT eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday eyaledayc,ab;enHeRbI
BaküeBcn_rbs;lkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrva:n;da(ICTR) dUecñHeKRtUvEteFVIkarbk
RsaydUcKña edaytRmUveGaycugecaTdwgBIkarvayRbhar EdleFVIeGaykarRbRBwtþrbs;xøÜnkøayeTACa
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati . enHKWBIeRBaH vaTak;TgeTAnwgkarvayRbharCaTUeTA b¤mankarerobcM EdlCMruBaJ
eGaymanGMeBIelμIsTaMgenHeT,Igdl;kMriténkarRbqaMgnwg {mnusSCati } .

184
sUmemIl Bagilishema salRkmsaladMbUg ¶ 79 ¬bBa¢ak;enAsalRkmsaladMbUg énkrNIerOg)aøsÁIc(Blaskic) ¶ 214
¬RtUvKitGMBIsPaBCak;EsþgénCnrgeRKaHkñúgeBlRbRBwtþbTelμIseRcInCagKitGMBIzan³rbs;CnrgeRKaH kñúgkarkMNt;zan³CaRbCa
CnsIuvil} ¦.
185
sUmemIlkrNIyutþiFm’ (Justice Case) Rtg;cMNucTI973 kDIc (Kordic) saldIkasala]T§rN_ (Appeals Judgment)
¶ 95 .
186
]TahrN_ sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl.

63
 kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg enHmann½yfa CnelμIsRtUvEtdwgGMBIkarvayRbhar nigkaryl;dwgxøHGMBI
TMnak;rvagkarRbRBwtþrbs;xøÜn nigkarvayRbhar.187 eRkamyutþaFikartulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt
yUehÁasøavI(ICTY) kardwgfa karRbRBwtþenHCaEpñkmYyénkarvayRbhard¾FMmYy KWmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;
edIm,IkMNt;esckþItRmUvénkardwg .188 müa:gviBaJeTot GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_KUNara:k;(Kunarac) )an
bBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa CnelμIsmincaM)ac;dwglMGitGMBIkarvayRbharenaHeT .189 dUcKñaenHEdr FatupSMénbT
elμIsrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC)190 Ecgfa kardwgGMBIkarvayRbhar mincaM)ac;Tal;EtdwgTaMgGs;
GMBIlkçN³lMGiténkarvayRbhar b¤KMeragEpnkar b¤eKalneya)ayenABIxageRkaykarvayRbharenaH
eT.191
tulakarBiessTaMgBIrkt;sMKal;fa mUlehtuenaH KWdac;edayET,kBIKñaTaMgRsug .192 müa:gviBaJeTot
CnelμIsmincaM)ac;RtUvcUlrYmkñúgeKalbMNg b¤eKaledAneya)ayenABIxageRkaykarvayRbharenH CamYy

187
RBHraCGaCJa nig Clement Kayishema nig Obed Ruzindana sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-95-1-T salRkm ¶¶ 131-32 ¬GgÁCMnMu
CRmHsaladMbUg 2 éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM1999¦ ¬{ CnelμIsRtUvEtdwgfa xøÜnRbRBwtþbTelμIsRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati mann½yfa Kat;
RtUvyl;GMBIbribTTUeTAénkarRbRBwtþrbs;xøÜn}¦. dUcKñaenHEdr eRkamyutþaFikarrbs;RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitüelx10 Psþútag {
karcUlrYmedaymanmnsika } enAkñúgeKalneya)ayEdlmankarerobcM edIm,IRbRBwtþ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati Edl)antRmUv.
sUmemIlkrNIyutþiFm’ 982 (See Justice Case, 982).
188
sUmemIlsaldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgkUNara:k; (Kunarac) ¶ 102.
189
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl (See id.).
190
ICC-ASP/1/3 (2002) ¬mankarBiBN’naGMBIFatupSMEdlRtUvEtman edIm,IkMNt;BiruT§PaBénbTelμIsenAkñúglkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um ¦
EdlmanenAkñúgvibsay http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/officialjournal/Elements_of_Crimes_120704EN.pdf.
191
KN³kmμkarerobcMsMrab;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) r)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarerobcMsMrab;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
(ICC) PaK2 )anBinitücugeRkayelIGtþbTRBagGMBIFatupSMénbTelμIs ]bsm<½n§ Rtg;cMNuc 9 U.N. Doc. PCNICC/2000/1/

Add.2 (2000) [Edlcab;BIenHteTAehAfa FatupSMénbTelμIsrbs;KN³kmμkarerobcM ].

192
sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgkUNara:(Kunara) ¶ 103 salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgKUeRbsÁIc
(Kupreskic) ¶ 558 . PaKIeRcIn PsþútagEdlCnelμIs)anRbRBwtþ edIm,ImUlehtupÞal;xøÜnsuT§saF KWbgðaBaJBIcMelIyedaHsarfa

CnelμIsmin)andwgfakarRbRBwtþrbs;xøÜn CaEpñkmYyénkarvayRbharenaHeT,Iy. sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNI

erOgkUNara:; (Kunara) ¶ 103

64
sßab½ndéTeToteLIy .193 dUcKñaenHEdr vaminTak;TgfaetICnCab;ecaTmanecnaRbRBwtþGMeBIenaHRbqaMgnwg
RbCaCnEdlCaeKaledA b¤RbqaMgeTAelIEtCnrgeRKaHmYycMnYnenaHeT,Iy .194
FatupSMénbTelμIséntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) manvisalPaBelIlkçnþik³éntulakarBiess
edaydak;bBa©ÚlbBaØtþimYy EdlEcgCaBiessGMBI { emekøag } . { emekøag } KWGñkepþImKMniteFVIkarvay
Rbhar b¤GñkRbRBwtþbTelμIsEdl)aneFVIskmμPaBepþImecBaJBIcMNuckMBUlénkarvayRbhar - EdlmanbMNg
]Rkidæ ebIsinCamanPsþútagbBa¢ak;fa CnenaHmanectnacg;eGayekItmankarvayRbhar .195

4> tRmUveGayeFVIeT,IgedayminerIsmux
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμr
Rkhm(KRT Law) manlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñanwglkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;
da(ICTR) ehIyvamindUcKñanwgbBaØtþirbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) nig
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) EdltRmUveGaykarvayRbharRtUvEteFVIeT,IgedayerIsmux. enAkñúgkrNI
Gakaeys‘U(Akayesu) GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_)anrkeXIBaJFatupSMerIseGIgenHfa CaesckþItRmUvxag
yutþaFikarenAkñúglkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) ehIyminmanbMNgeFVIkarEk
ERbniymn½yén]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCatieT,Iy. dUcKñaenHEdr yutþa-
FikartulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anGHGagfa karerIseGIgminEmnCaFatupSMén
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatieT elIkElgEtbTelμIseFVITukçbukmñiBaJ .196 karviPaKelIeKalbMNgrbs;Rkum
RbwkSasnþisuxelIbTbBaØtþienH enAeBlbegáIttulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) GgÁCMnMu
CRmHsala]T§rN_Gakaeys‘U(Akayesu) )ansMercfa ³

193
sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgkUNara: (Kunara) ¶ 103 .
194
sUmemIlGtßbTrdEdl (See id.).
195
FatupSMénbTelμIséntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) Rtg;cMNucTI9 ¶ 2 .
196
RBHraCGaCJa nig Dusko Tadic a/k/a “Dule” sMNMuerOgelx IT-94-1-A, salRkm ¶ 249 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_
éf¶TI15 Exkkáda qñaM1999¦. sUmemIlpgEdr kUDIk(Kordic) salRkmsaladMbUg ¶ 211.

65
 vasßitenAkñúgbribTenH cMeBaHcritlkçN³énRBwtþikarN_enAkñúgRbeTsrVa:n;da(Rwanda) EdlCnsIuvil
KWCaeKaledABitR)akdénkarvayRbharerIsmux¦ EdlRkumRbwkSasnþisux)ansMerckMNt;Ednsmtßkic©rbs;
tulakarenHeTAelI]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati cMeBaHEtkrNITaMgT,ay)anRbRBwtþedayerIsmux . enHbBa¢ak;
fa RkumRbwkSasnþisuxmanbMNgkMNt;fa tulakarenHminKYrecaTRbkan;CnelμIsTaMgT,ay EdlGacRbRBwtþ
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatieT,Iy .197
dUecñHRBMEdn Edl)ankMNt;edayPasamYk(chapeau) kñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) manlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKña
nwglkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) KYrEtRtUv)aneKyl;fa CakarBüayamkMrit
Ednsmtßkic©rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØenH cMeBaHEtGMeBImYycMnYn CaCag { eFVIkarEkERbFatupSMKtiyutþiEdl
)antRmUv[eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;] ...... cMeBaH]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati }.198 GaRs½yehtuenH eKKYr
EtEcgBIcritlkçN³én { karvayRbhar } CaCagkarEcgGMBIectnarbs;buKÁlEdlCaCnelμIs .199 ebItam
n½yenH GMeBIEdl)anRbRBwtþedaymUlehtubuKÁlsuT§saF EdlminEmnCamUlehtuénkarerIseGIg mincaM)ac;
RtUvpat;ecBaJBI]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatieT drabNabTelμIsenaHRtUv)anRbRBwtþCaEpñkmYyénkarvay
RbharRTg;RTayFM edayEp¥kelImUlehtu Cati neya)ay CatiBn§ú nigsasna. müa:gviBaJeTot tulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) rkeXIBaJfa CnrgeRKaHedaykarvayRbharedaysarkarerIs
eGIg mincaM)ac;Tal;EtCasmaCikénRkummYyEdlRtUveKerIseGIgenaHeT,Iy .200

197
RBHraCGaCJa nig Jean-Paul Akayesu, sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-4 salRkm ¶ 464 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éf¶TI1
Exmifuna qñaM2001¦.
198
GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_elIkrNIGakaeys‘U( Akayesu) ¶ 465 ..
199
GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOg)aCIlIsIuma:(Bagilishema) ¶ 81. esckþIsnñidæan)anTTYYlkarKaMRT edaykarEcgeT,Ig
viBaJGMBIktþaerIseGIgcMeBaHbTelμIseFVITukçbukemñBaJ EdlminmanPaBcaM)ac; RbsinCaral;]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati tRmUveGay
manFatuectnaerIseGIg.
200
RBHraCGaCJa nigGal;®hVwt mUsIuma: (Prosecutor v. Alfred Musema) sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-13, salRkm nigkarpþnÞa
eTas ¶ 209 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 1/ cuHéf¶TI27 Exmkra qñaM2000¦.

66
 5> TMnak;TMngKñarvagGMeBI nigkarvayRbhar
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt
yUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )aneFVIkarbkRsaylkçnþik³rbs;xøÜn tRmUveGaymanTMnak;TMngKñarvagGMBI nigkarvay
Rbhar .201 dUecñH ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatirYmman { GMeBI } rbs;buKÁlEdlsßitenAeRkam EdlCab;
Tak;Tgnwg b¤EdlekItmanenAkñúgkar { vayRbhar } RTg;RTayFM .202 yutþaFikaréntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþr
CatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) )ankMNt;fa GMeBImYymincaM)ac;Tal;Et)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgeBl b¤kEnøgCamYy
KñanwgkarvayRbhar b¤cUlrYmkñúgTidæPaBdUcKñaenaHeT,Iy b:uEnþvaRtUvEtCaGMeBIEdlsßitkñúgkMritsMxan;mYyEdl
begáIt)anCaEpñkmYyénkarvayRbhar .203 ]TahrN_ vaRtUvEtmanTMnak;TMngxøH CaeNþaHGasnñ b¤Ca
PUmisa®sþCamYykarvayRbhar . edIm,IbMeBBaJ)annUvesckþItRmUvenH GMeBImYymincaM)ac;Tal;Et)anRbRBwtþ
RbqaMgnwgRbCaCndUcKñakñúgEpñkmYyénkarvayRbharRTg;RTayFMenaHeT .204

6> KμankartRmUveGaymanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF

TMnak;TMngKñarvagGMeBI nigkarvayRbharRtUvEtEckeGaydac;RsT,HBIbBaðaEdlfa etIGMeBImYyRtUv

)an {RbRBwtþenAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuF } b¤eT . FmμnuBaØéntulakareyaFaGnþrCati(The IMT Charter) )an
eGayniymn½yénBakü]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati faRtUvEtmanTMnak;TMngKñaCamYyGMeBIelμIsNamYy
epSgeTotEdlsßitkñúgyutþaFikaréntulakarenH EdleKeGayeQμaHfa ]RkidækmμQøanBan b¤]Rkidækmμ
s®gÁam . cMENkÉlkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) k¾)anbBa©ÚlesckþI
tRmUvxagTMnak;TMngénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFfa CaFatupSMmYyEpñkyutþaFikaréntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;
GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa FatupSMenHminRtUv)aneKtRmUveRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;Gnþr-

201
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIuma:n;hSa(Semanza) ¶ 330 . saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDic
(Tadic) ¶ 251 .

67
CatieT .205 eTaHbICac,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIem
dwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) min)anEcgGMBIesckþItRmUvxagCMelaHRbdab;GavuFk¾eday k¾RbEhlCaeK
GnuBaØateGayeFVIkarecaTRbkan;GMeBITaMgT,ayEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgeBlmansuxsnþiPaB k¾dUcCaenAkñúg
eBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCaGnþrCati b¤CMelaHRbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCatipgEdr Gñkpþl;mtimYycMnYn
)anecaTCasMnYrfa etIkarKμanesckþItRmUvenH KWCaTMenomTMlab; b¤ya:gNa enAkñúgGMT,úgeBlényutþaFikar
beNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØenH .206 kñúgxN³EdltulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT) xøÜnvapÞal;min
manPaBc,as;las; GMBIfaetIeKtRmUveGaymanTMnak;TMngeRkamc,ab;GnþrCati ehIylixitubkrN_KtiyutþimYy

202
GMeBInImYy²EdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 3 ¬k¦-¬1¦ manesckþItRmUvrbs;vapÞal; b:uEnþ GMeBInImYy²enaHRtUvEtCaEpñkmYyénkarvay
RbharEdlmanRTg;RTayFM dUcEdl)antRmUvedayviFanmYk (Chapeau) . GMeBITaMgLayEdl)anerobrab; GacQandl;kMritén
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati KWmanEcgdUcKñakñúglkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) niglkçnþik³én
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY Statute). lkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI
(ICTY Statute) S.C. Res. 827 , U.N. SCOR, 3217 mtg , art. 5, U.N. Doc. S/RES/827 (1993); ICTR Statute, art. 3.
203
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIuma:n;hSa(Semanza) ¶ 329 ¬{eTaHbICaGMeBImYy mincaM)ac;RtUvEt)anRbRBwtþenA
eBl nigenATIkEnøgEtmYy CamYynwgkarvayRbhar b¤rYmcMENkRKb;TidæPaBTaMgGs;énkarvayRbharkþI k¾critlkçN³rbs;va RtUvEt
manFatupSM ectna crit b¤plvi)akCaktþastüanum½t EdlbegáIt)anCakarvayRbharedayerIsmux }¦. sUmemIl saldIkasala
]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDic (Cf Tadic) ¶ 251 .
204
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIuma:n;hSa(Semanza) ¶ 330. eTaHbICaGMeBIenaH mincaM)ac;RtUvEt)anRbRBwtþ
RbqaMgnwgmnusSdEdlkþI RbsinebIGMeBIenaHRtUv)anRbRBwtþRbqaMgnwgmnusSdEdl critlkçN³enaH GacRtUv)aneKeRbI edIm,IbgðaBaJ
BITMnak;TMngrvagGMeBI nigkarvayRbhar.
205
sUmemIlesckþIsMercrbs;sala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIc(Tadic) ¶ 141 ¬bBa¢ak;fa { mkRtwmeBlenH viFanEdlmanRsab;
énc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati Edlfa]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati mintRmUveGaymanTMnak;TMngKñaeTAnwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl
mancritlkçN³CaGnþrCatieT,Iy } ¦. eTaHbICalkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY Statute) rkSa
eGayenAdEdl esckþItRmUvénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFcMeBaH]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIc
(Tadic) )anesñIfa { RkumRbwkSasnþisux Gac)aneGayniymn½yénBakü]RkidækmμenAkñúgmaRta5 manlkçN³ceg¥ótCagGVIEdlcaM)ac;

enAeRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati } GtþþbT dEdl. ebItamn½yenH lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um k¾)anbBa©ÚlesckþItRmUvenH Bak;B½n§nwg

viFanmUk (The Chapeau) én]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati.
206
sUmemIl ]TahrN_ STEVEN R. RATNER & JASON S. ABRAMS, karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIeXaeXAelIsiT§imnusSenAkñúg
c,ab;GnþrCati ³ ekrþ×dMENlrbs;nUraMub‘Åk 288 ¬kare)aHBum<pSayelIkTI2 qñaM2001¦ ¬bBa¢ak;fa {bBaðaEdllM)akCageKbMputkñúgkar
kMNt;faetITMnak;TMngeTAnwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFenAEtCakartRmUvdEdl b¤ya:gNa [KitmkTl;nwgqñaM1975 ” ).

68
cMnYn)anlubecalesckþItRmUvenH enAqñaM1968.207 bBaðaRtg;faetI eKtRmUv[manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgCMelaH
Rbdab;GavuFeRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCatiEdr b¤eT enAkñúgGMLúgeBlEdlvamanyutþaFikar EdlkarenH
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ KWCaGñkRtUvkMNt;.

x> GMeBITaMgT,ayEdl)anerobrab;
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμr
Rkhm(KRT Law) )anerobrab;BIGMeBImYycMnYn EdlbegáIt)anCa]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati RbsinebI
PsþútagbribTbMeBBaJFatupSMmYk(the chapeau) . GMeBITaMgenHrYmman ³ kareFVImnusSXat GMeBIRbl½yBUC-
sasn_ kareFVIeGayeTACaTaskr nireTs kardak;Bn§naKar kareFVITaruNkmμ karrMelaPelIpøÚvePT kareFVITukç
bukemñBaJ nigGMeBIeXaeXA GmnusSFm’déTeTot . KYrkt;sMKal;fa enHminEmnCabBa¢ImYydac;edayET,k
enaHeT .208 eTaHbICaGMeBIPaKeRcInTaMgenHRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;faCa]Rkidækmμ eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;Gnþr
Catik¾eday k¾eKalkarN_nItüanukUlPaBEdl)anBinitükñúg infra kñúgCMBUkTI9 tRmUvfaGMeBInImYy²Edl)an
erobrab;RtUvEtBinitü edIm,IkMNt;fa etIvanaMeGaymankarTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐGnþrCati b¤eT enAkñúg
GMT,úgeBlEdlGMeBIenaHRtUv)anRbRBwtþ . bTelμIs kareFVIeGayeTACaTaskr kareFVITaruNkmμ karrMelaP

207
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Rtg;cMNucTI50-52 ¬Edlkt;sMKal;fa enAeBlEdltulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT) xøÜnvapÞal; )aneCos
vagsMNYrEdlfaFmμnuBaØenH tMNageGaykRmgc,ab;GnþrCatiTaMgmUl b¤minTaMgmUlenaH { c,ab;RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitüelx10
[Control Council Law No. 10] min)anbBa©ÚlTMnak;TMng ehIykrNITaMgLay Edl)anecaTRbkan;eRkamc,ab;enH )anbegáIt

TsSn³pÞúyKñafa etIeKRtUvmanesckþItRmUvenH b¤ eT¦. cMENkGnusBaØaqñaM1968 sþIBIkarminGnuvtþn_GaCJayukalcMeBaH]Rkidækmμ

s®gÁam nig]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati Edl)anGnum½tniymn½y edaytulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT) eKk¾)anTTYlsÁal;fa bTelμIs
TaMgenaHRtUv)anRbRBwtþ { kñúgeBls®gÁam b¤eBlmansnþiPaB }. sUmemIl maRta 1¬x¦. müa:gviBaJeTot KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati
)anlubecal esckþItRmUvxagTMnak;TMng enAkñúgesckþIRBagRkmrbs;xøÜn sþIBIbTelμIsqñaM1954 ehIyya:gyUrbMputenAedImTsvtS
qñaM1980 smaCikrbs;KN³kmμkarenH )anyl;RBmya:gc,as;fa mincaM)ac;manesckþItRmUvenHeT enAeRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;Gnþr
Cati. sUmemIl ra:tNW Rtg;cMNucTI56 (RATNER, AT 56)
208
sUmemIlc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law)
maRta5 ¬Ecgfa]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati rYmmanGMeBITaMgLay { dUc } Edl)anerobrab;¦.

69
elIpøÚvePT nigGMeBIeXaeXA GmnusSFm’déTeTot RtUv)anBiPakSakñúg infra kñúgCMBUkTI7 Tak;Tgnwgskáanu-
Blrbs;vaeTAelIGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT .

V. ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_209

k> esckþIepþImGMBI]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_
Baküfa { Rbl½yBUCsasn_ } RtUv)anbegáIteT,Igedayelakra:hV½l lwmXin (Raphael Lemkin) Ca
Gñkc,ab;CnCatiGaemrik edImkMeNItb:UT,ÚBaJ enAedImTsvtS qñaM1940 Edl)anBiBN’naGMBIkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ
edayectnarbs;RkummYycMnYn . karniBn§enH eFVIeT,IgenAkñúgcenøaHeBlEdlmanPaBvwkvr ¬haynPaB¦
kargarrbs;elak lwmXin (Lemkin) RtUv)aneKdwgB¤CaTUeTAenAkñúgRBwtþikarN_éns®gÁamelakelIkTI2.210
eTaHbICaBakü {Rbl½yBUCsasn_ } minmanEcgenAkñúgFmμnuBaØTIRkugnUrauMb‘Åk b¤enAkñúgsalRkmtula
kareyaFaGnþrCatienATIRkugnUrauMb‘Åkk¾eday niymn½yrbs;vamanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØasþIGMBIkarbgáar nigpþnÞa-
eTascMeBaH]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ qñaM1948 Ecgfa ³
{ karRbl½yBUCsasn_ } mann½yfa CaGMeBINamYykñúgcMeNamGMeBITaMgb:unμanxageRkamenH EdlRtUv
)aneFIVeLIgkñúgbMNgbMpøicbMpøaj eTaHCaTaMgRsugkIþ b¤EpñkxøH²kIþ dl;RbCaCatimYy BUCsasn_mYy b¤Rkum
sasn_mYydUcCa ³
¬k¦- karsMlab;smaCikénRkum .
¬x¦- karbgákarQWcab; nigkarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rdl;ragkay b¤stibBaØaénsmaCikRkum .
¬K¦- karbgámhnþray b¤karbgðinbegðacedayectnadl;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;sgÁmmnusS tamry³
karkMeTc karbMpøicbMpøajRkumTaMgmUl b¤mYyEpñkénsgÁm .
¬X¦- karbgçMeGayGnuvtþviFankarnana EdlraraMgkarpþl;kMeNItTarkenAkñúgsgÁm .
209
EpñkenHKWEp¥kTaMgRsugelI J. Cerone, karvivtþn_fμI²énc,ab;sþIBI]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ enAkñúgkare)assMGatCatiBn§enA
GWr:ubkñúgstvtSTI20 (S. Vardy & T. Tooley eds., 2003).
210
sUmemIl Raphael Lemkin, GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_KWCa]RkidækmμeRkamc,ab;GnþrCati , 41 AMER. J. INT’L L. 145 (1947).

70
 ¬g¦- karykkumarecjedaybgçM BIsgÁmmYy eTAdak;enAkñúgsgÁmmYyeTot .

niymn½yenHRtUv)aneKeRbIRtg;²tamBakü enAkñúglixitubkrN_c,ab;GnþrCatiTaMgGs; EdlBak;Bn§

rYmTaMgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμr
Rkhm(KRT Law) pgEdr .211 kñúgn½yTUlay niymn½yenHGacEckecBaJCaFatupSMxagsMPar³ ¬ectna
caM)ac;kñúgkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJRkumdUcenH¦ nigFatupSMxagragkay ¬RtUvEt)anRbRBwtþGMeBImYyya:gtickñúgcMeNam
GMeBITaMgT,ayEdl)anerobrab;¦.

x> TidæPaBepSgKñaénniymn½y

karsegátmYycMnYnBIxagedIm GMBIniymn½yKWmansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas; . TImYy GMeBIRbl½yBUC

sasn_ KWCabTelμIsmYymanecnac,as;las; . esckþItRmUvGMBIecnaBiessenH b¤ (dolus specialis) KWCa
FatupSMénbTelμIs . CnelμIsRtUvEtmanectnabMpøicbMpøaBaJRkumdUcenH TaMgRsug b¤mYyEpñk .
TIBIr karsMlab;minRtUv)antRmUvCaBiesseT . CnelμIsRKan;Et)anRbRBwtþGMeBImYykñúgcMeNamGMeBI
TaMgT,ayEdl)anerobrab; ehIykarRbRBwtþenaHRtUvEtedayectna . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karerobcMkar
gar ¬travaux préparatoires¦ bgðaBaJya:gc,as;fa niymn½yénBaküRbl½yBUCsasn_ EdlmanEcgkñúg
GnusBaØaenH minmanbMNgRKbdNþb;eTAelI { karRbl½yvb,Fm’ { ehIyk¾minmanbMNgpþl;karkarBarNa
mYydl;RkumGñkneya)ayenaHk¾eTEdr .212
TIbI vamindUc]Rkidækmμs®gÁameT ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ mincaM)ac;Tal;EtGMeBIenaHekItmanenA
kñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFNamYyenaHeT,Iy . müa:gviBaJeTot eTaHbICa]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ nig
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati GacRtUv)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgeBlmansnþiPaBk¾eday ]RkidækmμTaMgBIrenHKYrEt
211
sUmemIl maRta4 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm
(KRT Law) .
212
sUmemIl Josef L. Kunz GnusBaØaGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIkarbgáar nigkarpñnÞaeTascMeBaHbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ 43
AMER. J. INT’L L. 4 (1949).

71
RtUv)aneFVIkarEbgEckeGaydac;BIKñapgEdr. GgÁCMnMuCRmHéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI
(ICTY) )ankt;sMKal;enAkñúgkrNIénRBHraCGaCJa nigKUeRbsÁic(Kupreskic)fa ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_

CarUbPaBmYyénGMeBIeXaeXA GmnusSFm’bMputén]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati énkareFVITukçbukemñBaJ bMNg

]Rkidærbs;vatRmUveGaybgðaBaJPsþútagGMBIectna minRtwmEtmanecnaerIseGIgb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgman
ectnabMpøicbMpøaBaJTaMgRsug b¤mYyEpñk dl;RkumEdlCnrgeRKaHeday]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_rs;enAkñúg
RkumenaH .213
enATIbBa¢ab; karhamXat;]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ )ankøayCatYGgÁénc,ab;TMenomTMlab;Gnþr
Cati. dUecñHehIy katBVkic©karBar nigpþnÞaeTas]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ KWCakatBVkic©énsn§isBaØarbs;rdæ
nImYy²edayÉkraCüerog²xøÜn ¬mann½yfa sUm,IEtrdæEdlminEmnCaPaKIénGnusBaØaenH k¾mankatBVkic©RtUv
GnuvtþpgEdr¦.214 müa:gviBaJeTot bTdæanKtiyutþi¬c,ab;¦manlkçN³cab;bgçMeGayrdæTaMgGs;RtUvEteKarB
tamedayKμankarelIkElg(jus cogens)mann½yfa vamantMélx<s;Cag nigman]tþmμanuPaBlubelIkatBVkic©
nigsn§isBaØadéTeTot .215

K> GMeBIEdl)anerobrab;
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) )aneFVIkarbkRsayya:gEvgGnøaymYy GMBI
niyménBakü]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ ehIytulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) k¾
213
RBHraCGaCJa nig Zoran Kupreskic, Mirjan Kupreskic, Vlatko Kupreskic, Drago Josipovic, Dragan Papic, Vladimir
Santic, EdlsÁal;EdrfaCa { Vlado } sMNMuerOgelx IT-95-16 salRkm ¶ 636 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 2 éf¶TI14 Exmkra qñaM

2000¦.
214
sUmemIlxrkSaTukcMeBaHGnusBaØasþIBIkarbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTas]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ ¬eyabl;RbwkSa¦ r)aykarN_én
tulakaryutþiFm’GnþrCati(ICJ) qñaM1951.
215
KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS esckþIpþl;mtiTUeTAelx6 cuHéf¶TI30 Exkkáda qñaM1982. sUmemIlkrNITak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþn_
GnusBaØasþIBIkarbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTas]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro)) ¬eyabl;dac;edayET,krbs;ecARkmT,tFWpac; (Lauterpacht) qñaM1993 tulakaryutþiFm’GnþrCati 325.
)øaehÁaecvic nigcUXic salRkménGgÁCMnMuRmHsaladMbUg ¶ 639 (Blagojevic and Jokic, Trial Judgement ¶ 639).
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday KYrkt;sMKal;fa liT§i/c,ab;cab;bgç(M jus cogens) b¤ (coercive law)minRtUv)aneKTTYlykCasklenaHeT.

72
)aneFVIkarbkRsayBaküenHtictYcEdr . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karbkRsayenHmanplRbeyaCn_eTAviBaJ
eTAmkrvagtulakarTaMgBIrenH tulakarnImYy²EtgEtelIksMGagkrNIEdl)anCMnMuCRmHenAtulakarmYy
eTot edIm,IeFVIeGaysMercesckþIrbs;xøÜnmanPaBcuHsRmugKña .

1> karsMlab;smaCikénRkum

karsMlab;

cMeBaHGMeBIEdl)anerobrab;TImYy karsMlab;smaCikénRkum tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTs

rVa:n;da(ICTR) )aneFVIkarbkRsaytamn½yceg¥ótedaytRmUveGaykarsMlab; KWCaXatkmμ¬ectna]RkidæmYy
Cak;lak;¦.216 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday minmanGVIfμIeT kñúgkarcat;TukkarsMlab;edaymanectnabMpøicbMpøaBaJ
Rkum EdlCaTUeTA mann½yfa CnelμIsmanbMNgsMlab;CnrgeRKaHenAkñúgkrNImYy .
RkumEdlTTYl)ankarkarBar

tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) )anBinitüGMBIcritlkçN³énRkumEdl)anerob
rab;enAkñúgniymn½y nig)andkRsg;ykEtGVIEdlCalkçN³vinicä½yrYm { smaCikPaBkñúgRkumTaMgenH EdlCa
Fmμta minRtUv)anCMTas;edaysmaCikrbs;xøÜn ehIyEdlCasmaCikrbs;RkumedaysV½yRbvtþiBIkMeNIt bnþ
CahUrEhrmk ehIymanlkçN³CaGcié®nþy_ } .217 tulakarenH)ankMNt;fa CaRkummYymanesßrPaBGci-
é®nþy_ ehIyKYrEt)anTTYlkarkarBarCaBiess .

216
krNIerOgGakaeys‘U(Akayesu) GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg Rtg;cMNuc ¶ 501. RsedogKñaenHEdr tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
sMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anbBa¢ak;fa { kareFVImnusSXat } KWCa {karRbRBwtþedayectna b:uEnþvamincaM)ac;Tal;EtKitTukCamun
enaHeT } krNIerOgsáaKIc GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg Rtg;cMNuc ¶ 515.
217
sUmemIlRBHraCGaCJa nig CIn b:Ul Gakaeys‘U( Jean-Paul Akayesu) sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-4 mtieyabl; nigsalRkm ¶
511 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg1 éf¶TI2 ExkBaØa qñaM1998.

73
 tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY)k¾)ankMNt;n½yTUlaydUcKñaenHEdrfa Rkum
mYyGacRtUv)ankMNt; edayeyageTAelIGakb,kiriyarbs;CnelμIs . enAkñúgkrNIerOgeylIsic(Jelisic)
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )ansMercfa ³
karBüayamkMNt;RkumCati CatiBn§ b¤Catisasn_ naeBlbc©úb,nñenH edaykareRbIlkçN³vinicä½yxag
vtßúvis½y nigxagviTüasa®sþEdll¥\tex©aHenaH GacCakarGnuvtþn_mYyEdlRbkbeTAedayeRKaHfñak;
eRBaHfalT§plrbs;vaminRsbeTAnwgkaryl;dwgrbs;buKÁlEdlBak;B½n§ tamry³karcat;CaRkumEbb
enH . GaRs½yehtuenH vamanlkçN³smRsbCag kñúgkarvaytMélzan³rbs;RkumCati CatiBn§ b¤
Catisasn_ edayEp¥kelIsBaØaNrbs;buKÁlTaMgT,ay Edlcg;bMEbkRkumrbs;xøÜndac;edayET,kBI
shKmn_enaH .218
tulakar)anbBa¢ak;eTotfa viFIsa®sþviC¢man b¤GviC¢man GacRtUv)aneRbIkñúgkarkMNt;EbbenH .219
viFIsa®sþviC¢aman dUc)ankMNt;edaytulakarenH vaGacTak;TgeTAnwgkarEbgEckRkummYy tamcritlkçN³
EdlCnelμIssßitenAkñúgRkumenaHEtmþg . viFIsa®sþGviC¢aGacCakrNIEdlCnelμIscat;TukxøÜnÉgfaCaRkum
CatiBn§ Catisasn_ sasna b¤RkumCatiepSgBIRkummYy b¤RkumdéTeTot . viFIsa®sþGviC¢manKW eTaHCaya:g
Nak¾eday enAeBlfμI²enHRtUv)anbdiesFedayGgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;
GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) enAkñúgkrNIerOgsþaKic(Stakić) . GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_)anbBa¢ak;GMBIesckþI
tRmUvfaRkumEdlRtUv)anTTYlkarkarBar KWeKaledA { dUcenH } ehIy)ansMercfa PasaenH { bgðaBaJfa
bTelμIstRmUveGaymanectnabMpøicbMpøaBaJhVÚgmnusS EdlmanGtþsBaØaNCaRkummYyedayET,k} .220 BI
eRBaHkñúgTsSn³rbs;xøÜn { RkumEdl)ankMNt;tamlkçN³GviC¢man KμancritlkçN³Biess karkMNt;Rkum
tamEbbGviC¢manGacpÞúyeTAnwgqnÞHrbs;GñkRBagGnusBaØaRbqaMgGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ } .221

218
eclIsIuc(Jelisic), salRkménGgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg ¶ 70.
219
sUmemIlGtþbTdEdl Id. ¶ 71.
220
RBHraCGaCJa nigmIuT,Úma sþaKIc(Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakić) sMNMuerOgelx IT-97-24 A salRkm ¶ 20
¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM2006¦.
221
[
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 22.

74
 2> karbgáeRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rxagpøÚvkay nigxagpøÚvcitþrbs;smaCikRkum

cMeBaHGMeBIEdl)anerobrab;TIBIr tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) )anbBa¢ak;

enAkñúgkrNIerOgGakaeys‘(U Akayesu) fa { karbgáeRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rxagpøÚvkay b¤xagpøÚvcitþrbs;smaCik
Rkum mincaM)ac;Tal;EteRKaHfñak;enaHmanlkçN³Gcié®nþy_ nigEdlminGacBüa)al)anenaHeT { .222 kñúgkar
eFVIEbbenH tulakarenH )anelIksMGagkrNIerOgGIutma:n;(Eichmann) cMeBaHPaBsmamaRtfa {eRKaHfñak;
F¶n;F¶rdl;ragkay b¤bBaØasμartIrbs;smaCikRkumGacbgáeT,Ig } edayGMeBITasPaB karbg¥t;Gahar nireTs
nigkareFVITukçbukemñBaJ [...] nigedaykarXMuxøÜnBYkeKenAkEnøgqøgkat;(detention in ghettos) nigCMrMuRbmUlpþMú
enAkñúgsßanPaBmYyEdl)anerobcMeT,Ig naMeGaymankarbnÞabbenßak kardkhUtsiT§iCamnusS ehIyedIm,IeFVI
karKabsgát; nigbNþaleGayBYkeKrgkarQWcab;edayGMeBIGmnusSFm’ nigkareFVITaruNkmμ }.223 enATI
bMput tulakar)ancat;TukeRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rdl;ragkay b¤bBaØasμartI { edayminkMritEtRtwmenHeT mann½yfa
kareFVITaruNkmμ karRbRBwtþeXaeXA GmnusSFm’ karbnÞabbenßakelIrUbragkay b¤bBaØasμartII KWCakareFVITukç
bukemñBaJ }.224 tulakarenH )anrkeXIBaJfa GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePTk¾sßitenAkñúgCMBUkenHEdr ehIyenATIbBa©b;
)ancg¥úlbgðaBaJfa karrMelaPelIpøÚvePT kñúgkrNIenH KWCaGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ .
3> karbgáeRKaHfñak;edayectnaeTAelIRkum GMBIsßanPaBkñúgkarrs;enAEdleKcat;
TukfaGacnaMeGayGnþraydl;ragkayTaMgmUl b¤mYyEpñk
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) )ansMercfa karbgáeRKaHfñak;edayectnaeTA
elIRkum MBIsßanPaBkñúgkarrs;enA EdleKcat;TukfanaMeGayGnþraydl;ragkayTaMgmUl b¤mYyEpñkkñúg
cMeNamenaH rYmman kardak;eGaymnusSmYyRkumTTYlrbbGaharminRKb;RKan; karbeNþBaJJCalkçN³RbB½n§
ecBaJBIlMenAdæannigkarkat;bnßyesvacaM)ac;EpñkeBTüeGaysßitenAeRkamkMritGb,brmaénesckþIRtUvkar}.22
5

222
GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgGakaeys‘U (Akayesu Trial Chamber) ¶ 502.
233
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 503.
224
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id ¶ 504.
225
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id ¶ 506 .

75
 4> karcat;viFankarepSg² kñúgeKalbMNgraraMgkarpþl;kMeNItenAkñúgRkum

enAkñúgCMBUkénviFankarenH tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) )anbBa©ÚlkareFVI

kayviklkmμelIpøÚvePT kareFVIeGayeTACaGa¬KμankUn¦ karRtYtBinitüelIkarpþl;kMeNItedaybgçM karEbg
EckeGayrs;enAtamePT nigkarhamXat;mineGayerobGaBah_BiBah_ .226 müa:gviBaJeTot tulakarenH
)ansMercfa kñúgvb,Fm’mYyEdlsmaCikPaBenAkñúgRkumenH RtUv)ankMNt;edayGtþsBaØaNrbs;«Buk kareFVI
eGay®sþImanKk’edayectna enAeBlrMelaPelIpøÚvePT edaybursmñak;EdlminsßitenAkñúgRkumenH227 k¾Gac
naMeGaymankarcat;viFankarenHpgEdr . tulakar)ansMerceTotfa viFankarenH mancritlkçN³xagbBaØa
sμartI . tulakar)anbBa¢ak;fa { ]TahrN_ karrMMelaPelIpøÚvePT GacCaviFankarmYyEdlmanbMNgeFVIkar
raraMgkarpþl;kMeNIt enAeBlEdl®sþIEdlRtUveKrMelaPRbEkkminRBmeFVICatikmμenAeBleRkaymk enAkñúgviFI
dUcKñaEdlsmaCikRkummYy GacRtUv)aneKdwknaMtamry³karKMramkMEhg kareFVIeGaykarb:HTgÁic b¤rbYsF¶n;
F¶rEdlminGaceFVICatikmμ)an }.228

5> karbBa¢ÚnkumaredaybgçMBIRkummYy eTARkummYyeTot

RsbKñanwgkarbkRsaykñúgn½yTUlayrbs;xøÜn eTAelIGMeBITaMgbYn Edl)anerobrab;BIdMbUg GgÁCMnMu

CRmHkñúgkrNIerOgGakaeys‘U (Akayesu) )anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa eKalbMNgénGMeBITIR)aM Edl)anerobrab;
{ minRtwmEtRtUvdak;TNÐkmμfaCaGMeBIEdlRbRBwtþedaykarbBa¢ÚnkumaredaybgçMEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMg

226
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 507 .
227
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl ¬{ enAkñúgsgÁmebetþyüka enAeBlEdlsmaCikPaBenAkñúgRkummYy RtUv)ankMNt;edayGtþsBaØaNén
«Buk ]TahrN_ viFankarEdlmanbMNgraraMgkMeNItenAkñúgRkum KWCakrNIEdlenAkñúgeBlRbRBwtþGMeBIcab;rMelaP RsþIenAkñúgRkumRtUv
)aneKrMelaPeGaymanépÞeBaHedayectna edaybursmñak;enAkñúgRkumepSgeTot EdlmanectnaeGay®sþIenaHsMralkUn Edlmin
EmnCakUnrbs;mþayenAkñúgRkumrbs;xøÜn}.
228
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 508 .

76
RtUvdak;TNÐkmμfa CaGMeBIKMramkMEhg b¤kareFVIeGaymankarb:HTgÁic b¤rbYsF¶n;F¶rEdlGacnaMeTArkkarbBa¢Ún
kumaredaybgçMBIRkummYyeTARkummYyeTot } .229
X> esckþItRmUveGaymanectnaCak;lak;

eRkABIectna]Rkid(Mens rea) énbTelμIsEdl)anKUsbBa¢ak;enH ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_tRmUv

eGaymanPsþútagEdlCaectnaCak;lak;mYy(dolus specialis) kñúgkarRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_.
GaRs½yehtuenH ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_mingaynwgrkPsßútagmkbBa¢ak;)aneT,Iy . edayyl;fa
ectnaBiess EdlmanenAkñúg]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ KWCaktþasμartImYuyEdlmankarBi)ak ehIyritEt
minGackMNt;)anEfmeTot GgÁCMnMuCRmHenAkñúgkrNIerOgGakaeys‘U(Akayesu) )ankt;sMKal;fa {edaysar
KμancMelIysarPaBBICnCab;ecaT eTIbectnarbs;Kat; GacRtUv)anTaBaJykBIkarsnñidæaneTAelIGgÁehtumYy
cMnYn}.230
enAkñúgkrNIerOgGakaeys‘(U Akayesu) tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) )an
BicarNafaeKGacRsavRCavrkectnaRbl½yBUCsasn_énGMeBIedayET,kmYyBI ¬1¦bribTTUeTAénkarRbRBwtþ
GMeBIxusqÁgdéTeTot Edl)anerobcMeT,Ig edIm,IRbqaMgnwgRkumdEdlenaH faetIGMeBITaMgenHRtUv)anRbRBwtþ
edayCnelμIsdEdl b¤edayCnelμIsdéTepSgeTot ¬2¦TMhMénGMeBIeXAeXAEdl)anRbRBwtþ critlkçN³
TUeTArbs;vaenAkñúgsasnab¤enAkñúgRbeTsmYy nig ¬3¦maneKaledAedayectna b¤edaymankarerobcMeTA
elICnrgeRKaHedaysarEtBYkeKCasmaCikrbs;RkumNamYy edayminrab;bBa©ÚlsmaCikRkumdéTeTot.231
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )ansMercfa ectnaEdltRmUveGayman
GacTaBaJykBI { karRbRBwtþGMeBIEdlrMelaP b¤EdlCnelμIsxøÜnÉgpÞal; KitfarMelaPelIeKalkarN_RKwHén
RkumenH - GMeBITaMgT,ayEdlmin)anerobrab;enAkñúgmaRta4 ¬2¦ b:uEnþGMeBITaMgenHRtUv)anRbRBwtþCaEpñkmYy

229
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 509 .
230
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 523 .
231
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 523 .

77
kñúglMnaMénkarRbRBwtþdUcKña } .232 kñúgkrNIenaHtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )an
rkeXIBaJfa { ectnaenH)anmkBIvi)akrYménsMdI b¤KMerag begáIt)anCamUldæansMrab;eFVIyutþikmμelIGMeBITaMgenH
b¤)anmkBITMhMTaMgmUlénplvi)ak edaysarkarbMpøci bMpøajrbs;eK nig)anmkBIcritlkçN³Biessrbs;va
EdlmanbMNgeFVIeGayxUcdl;GVIEdleKcat;TukfaCamUldæanRKwHrbs;RkumenH } .233
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) )anpþl;]TahrN_bEnßmxøH GMBIktþaEdlGac
eRbIsMrab;TaBaJykectnaRbl½yBUCsasn_ . enAkñúgkrNIerOgr:UhSiúndara:(Ruzindana) tulakar)ansMGag
elI { lMnaMénskmμPaBmYyEdlmanbMNg } EdlGacbBa©Úl ³ ¬1¦eKaledAeTAelIragkaybuKÁlkñúgRkum
b¤RTBüsm,tþirbs;BYkeK ¬2¦kareRbIPasaRbmafemIlgaydl;smaCikRkumEdlCaeKaledA ¬3¦kareRbI
R)as;GavuFbNþaleGayrbYsF¶n;F¶relIragkay nig ¬4¦kareRbIR)as;meFüa)ayEdlCaBiFIsa®sþkñúgkareFVI
KMeragEpnkar rebobsMlab;mnusSEdlmankarerobcMCaRbB½n§ .234

1> { TaMgRsug b¤ CaEpñk}

cMeBaHTidæPaB { TaMgRsug b¤CaEpñk } énkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJedayectna tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati

sMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anbBa¢ak;BItYnaTIrbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCatifa karbMpøicbMpøaBaJRkummYy
TaMgRsug b¤RKb;RCugeRCayTaMgGs;enaH minEmnCakartRmUvenaHeT .235 CaBiess enAkñúgkrNIerOg
ey:lIsuic(Jelisic) tulakar)ansMercfa ectnaGactRmUvEtenAkñúgtMbn;PUmisa®sþmYycMnYnb:ueNÑaH .236 eTaH
232
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 524 .
233
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id..
234
RBHraCGaCJa nigekøEmn kayIsIuma: nigGUebdr:Usiundara:(Prosecutor v. Clement Kayishema & Obed Ruzindana)
sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-95-1; 2: ICTR-96-10 salRkm ¶ 93 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM1999¦.
235
eclIsIuc (Jelisic), salRkménGgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg ¶ 80 ¬Edlkt;sMKal;;GMBI esþhVan; høas;s½r c,ab;GnusBaØaRBhμTNÐ
GnþrCati RbUyEln RbUsEsl qñaM1970 TMB½r107. (citing Stefan Glaser, Droit International Penal Conventionnel,
Bruylant, Brussels, 1970, p. 107)
236
sUmemIl RBHraCGaCJa nigRKIsÞIc(Prosecutor v. Kristic) sMNMuerOgelx IT- 98-33, salRkm ¶ 590 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala
dMbUg1 éf¶TI2 ExsIha qñaM2001¦ ¬kt;sMKal;fa eTaHbICakarsMlab;smaCikRkumTaMgGs;EdlCaEpñkénRkummYy enAkñúgtMbn;PUmi

78
bICaminmankarkMNt;cMnYnCnrgeRKaHcaM)ac; edIm,IkMNt;faCaGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_k¾eday k¾tulakarRBhμ
TNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )ansMercfa { CaEpñk } mann½yfa kñúgEpñkmYyeRcInKYrsm . 237
tulakarenH )anEcgEfmeTotfa EpñkmYyeRcInKYrsmGacrab;TaMgEpñkmYyFM b¤tMNagEpñkmYy . RbsinebI
tMNagEpñkenaH RtUv)anbMpøicbMpøaBaJ tamviFINamYy edIm,ICakarKMramkMEhgdl;GayuCIviténRkumenHTaMgmUl
.238
2> muxgarrbs;CnelμIsmñak;²

enAkñúgkrNIerOgey:lIsuic(Jelisic) tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) k¾)an

edaHRsaybBaðaTak;TgnwgCnelμIsmñak;² kñúgkarRbRBwtþ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ . CaTUeTA tulakarRtUv
kMNt;CadMbUgGMBITItaMgEdlekItmanGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ ehIybnÞab;mk tulakarbnþkMNt;teTAeTotfa etI
buKÁlmñak;mancMENk b¤eT enAkñúgectnaRbl½yBUCsasn_enH. enAkñúgkrNIerOgey:lIsuic(Jelisic) tulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY))anbBa¢ak;fa buKÁlmñak;GacTTYlxusRtUvkñúgbT]RkidæRbl½y
BUCsasn_ eTaHCabuKÁlenaHCaXatkrmYyrUbkñúgcMeNamXatkrdéeTotEdl)anRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUC
sasn_ EdlmankarerobcMenAkMritx<s; b¤buKÁlenaHRbRBwtþbTelμIsRbl½yBUCsasn_edaypÞal;xøÜnÉgk¾eday
.239 dUecñH tulakarbBa¢ak;fa buKÁlEtmñak;Égk¾GacmanBiruT§PaBedaykarRbRBwtþbTelμIs Rbl½yBUCsasn_
)anEdr BMuenaHeT vamankarBi)aknwgbBa¢ak;fa GMeBIenaHminmanlkçN³TUeTA nigminmankarKaMRTedayGgÁ
kar b¤RbB½n§NamYy .
sa®sþCak;lak;NamYy GacCakarsMlab;ticCag karsMlab;mnusSkñúgyuT§nakarmYyenAtMbn;PUmisa®sþFM vaKW { ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUC
sasn_ RbsinCa)aneFVIeT,Ig edayectnabMpøicbMpøaBaJEpñkmYyénRkumenH eTaHCakarsMlab;mnusSeFVIeLIgkñúgtMbn;PUmisa®sþtUcenHk¾
eday }¦.
237
sUmemIl RBHraCGaCJa nigRKIsÞIc(Prosecutor v. Kristic) sMNMuerOgelx IT- 98-33, salRkm ¶ 8 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala
]T§rN_ éf¶TI19 Exemsa qñaM2004¦.
238
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl ¶¶ 8-9 GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgeclIsIuc (Jelisic Trial Chamber) ¶ 83 ¬ GgÁCMnMuCRmH
saladMbUg 1/ éf¶TI14 ExFñÚ qñaM 1999¦. sUmemIlpgEdr 18 USC 1093 (2000) ¬{ EpñksMxan; } mann½yfa CaEpñkénRkummYy
manGtßn½ysMxan;CacMnYn EdlkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ b¤karxUcxaténEpñkenaH KWCakarbMpøicbMpøaBaJdl;Rkum EdlCatYGgÁmYyd¾sMxan;enAkñúg
Cati ehIyRkumenaH KWCaEpñkmYyénCatienaH } ¦.
239
GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgeclIsIuc (Jelisic Trial Chamber) ¶ 78.

79
 3> GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ nigkarbeNþBaJecBaJedaybgçM
eKminGacbBa¢ak;eGayc,as;RKb;RKan;)aneTfa vtþmanénectna]Rkidæ kMNt;cMeBaHEtbTelμIsEdl
)anekIteT,IgenaH . enAkñúgbribTenH sMxan;RtUvcgcaMfa eTaHbICatulakarBiess)ansMercfa karbeNþBaJ
ecBaJedaybgçM GacCaGMeBImYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIdéTeTot EdlbegáIt)anCa]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ kar
beNþBaJecBaJenH RtUvEteFVIeT,IgedaymanectnabMpøicbMpøaBaJRkumenH edIm,IeGayGMeBIenaHkøayCa]Rkidækmμ
Rbl½yBUCsasn_ . dUecñH enAkñúgkrNIerOgKUeRbsÁic(Kupreskic) tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt
yUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anrkeXIBaJfa ³
eKalbMNgsMxan;énkarsMlab;rgÁal KWedIm,IeFVInireTsGñkkan;sasnam:Usøim (Muslims) ecBaJBIPUmi
edaysMlab;RbCaBlrdæTaMgenaHCaeRcInnak; edaykardutbMpøaBaJpÞHsEm,g karsMlab;bsustVrbs;
eK edaykarXMuxøÜn nigkarnireTsxøÜnGñkEdlenArs;edayxusc,ab;eTAkan;tMbn;mYyepSgeTot .
eKaledAcugeRkayénGMeBITaMgenH KWedIm,IbgáeGaymankarP½yxøacenAkñúgcMeNamRbCaCn edIm,IeFVI
ya:gNaeGaysmaCikTaMgT,ayénRkumCatiBn§enaH vilRtT,b;eTAkan;RsukPUmirbs;xøÜnviBaJ .240
ehtudUecñHehIyeTIbtulakar)ansMercfa enHKWCakrNI]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatiénkareFVITukçbuk
emñBaJ ehIyfavaminEmnCakrNIén]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_enaHeT.241 ebItamkareRbobeFob GgÁCMnMuCRmH
sala]T§rN_RKIsÞic(Krstić) )anrkeXIBaJfa manRbCaCnmYyPaKR)aM(1/5) RtUv)aneKsMlab;rgÁal rYmTaMg
bursTaMgGs; Edlsßitkñúgv½ybMerIkgT½BpgEdr karbBa¢Ún®sþI kumar nigmnusScas;edaybgçMGacCa { meFüa-
)aybEnßm edIm,IFanaeGaymankarbMpøicbMpøaBaJragkaysmaCik } shKmn_mYy lubbM)at;ecalnUvlT§PaB
EdlGaceGayeKbegáItshKmn_rbs;xøÜnCafμIeT,IgviBaJ)an .242
240
sUmemIl GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgKUeRbsÁic (Kupreskic Trial Chamber) ¶ 749.
241
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl ¶ 751 ¬b:uEnþRtUvkt;sMKal;fa RBHraCGaCJa)anyl;RsbtamtulakarkñúgkrNIenaH. ehIyminecaT
Rbkan;BIbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_eT¦. Gaxd sþaKIc (Accord Stakic) saldIkasala]T§rN_ ¶ 519 ¬{eKRtUveFVIkarEbgEck
eGaydac;RsT,HBIKñarvagkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJelIragkay nigkarrMlay b¤karbMEbkbM)ak;RkummYy. karbeNþBaJsmaCikecBaJBIRkummYy
b¤Epñk énRkummYy RKan;EtTegVImYyenH minRKb;RKan;sMrab;ecaTRbkan;BIbT]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_eT,Iy } ¦.
242
RBHraCGaCJa nigRKisÞic(Prosecutor v. Krstić) sMNMuerOgelx IT-98-22-A salRkm ¶ 31 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_
éf¶TI19 Exemsa qñaM2004¦.

80
 4> viFIsa®sþkñúgkarcUlrYm

mindUcGnusBaØasþIBIkarbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTascMeBaHbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ niglkçnþik³tulakar

RBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR)
EdltulakarTaMgenH)aneFVIbBa¢IviFIsa®sþkñúgkarcUlrYmdac;edayET,kBIKñacMnYnR)aM sMrab;]RkidækmμRbl½yBUC
sasn_ c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμr
Rkhm(KRT Law) EcgGMBIviFIsa®sþcMnYnR)aMénkarcUlrYmsMrab;bTelμIsTaMgGs; EdlsßitkñúgyutþaFikarén
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ ehIy)anrayeQμaHdac;edayET,kBIKña nUvviFIsa®sþbEnßmcMnYnbIeTot sMrab;bT]Rkidæ
Rbl½yBUCsasn_mYyEtb:ueNÑaH KW ³ karb:unb:gRbRBwtGþ MeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ karsmKMnitRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½y
BUCsasn_ karcUlrYmRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ . karBiPakSaGMBITRmg;énkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ
TaMgenH RtUv)anbBa©ÚlenAkñúgCMBUksþIBIkarTTYlxusCabuKÁl .

5> kareRbobeFobKñaCamYylkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute)

eTaHbICaniymn½yénBaküRbl½yBUCsasn_ enAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) manlkçN³dUcKñaeTAnwgniym
n½yenAkñúglkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) k¾eday k¾FatupSMénbTelμIsEdl)anbegáIteT,Igedaytulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) cMeBaHGMeBIelμIsnImYy² Edl)anerobrab;sþIBI]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ bBa©ÚlFatu
rYmmYy EdlminEmnCakartRmUvCak;EsþgenAkñúglkçnþik³knøgmk b¤enAkñúgyutþaFikaréntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþr
CatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) b¤tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) EdlehAfa kar
RbRBwtþRtUvEt)anekIteT,Ig { kñúgbribTénlMnaMmYyCak;Esþg EdlmancritlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwg
karRbRBwtþRbqaMgnwgRkumenaH b¤CakarRbRBwtþEdlTegVIrbs;vapÞal; naMeGaymankarbMpøicbMpøaBaJTaMgenH } .

81
VI. ]RkidækmμRbqaMgbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCati RsbtamGnusBaØaTIRkug
vIEy:n qñaM1961 sþIBITMnak;TMngkarTUt

maRta8 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμr

Rkhm(KRT Law) Ecgfa ³
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanGMNacvinicä½yeTasCnsgS½yEdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMput cMeBaH
bT]RkidæRbqaMgeTAelIGñkEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCati eyagtamGnusBaØaTIRkug
vIEy:n qñaM1961243 sþIBITMnak;TMngkarTUt [GnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961] ehIyEdl)an
RbRBwtþkñúgGMT,úgéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 dl;éf¶TI6 Exmkra qñaM1979 .
r)aykarN_rbs;RkumGñkCMnaBaJkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIkm<úCa )anrkeXIBaJPsþútagfa { emdwk
naM nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm KWCaGñkRbRBwtþ >>>>>>> bTelμIsRbqaMgCnEdl)anTTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati }
kt;sMKal;fa { enAkñúgExemsa qñaM1975 rbbenH)anXMuxøÜnbuKÁlikbMerIkarenAsßanTUt)araMg ehIybnÞab;mk
)anbBa¢ÚnBYkeKecBaJ ehIy)ansMlab;bþIbuKÁlikTUtbreTsEdlCaCnCatikm<úCa }.244 dUecñH vaTMngCafa
maRta8 )anedaHRsayGMeBITaMgenH . EpñkbnÞab;BIenHnwgeFVIkarviPaKfa etICnTaMgenH GacTTYl)ankarkar
BareRkamGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 ehIyfa etIbTelμIsRbqaMgnwgbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCa
GnþrCatiKWCabTRBhμTNÐEdr b¤eT enAkñúgry³kalcab;BIqñaM1975 dl;qñaM1979 nigeRkamGnusBaØaTIRkug
vIEy:n qñaM1961 b¤ c,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati .

243
GnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:nsþIBITMnak;TMngkarTUt 500 U.N.T.S. 95 RtUv)anGnum½t enAéf¶TI18 Exemsa qñaM1961 cUlCaFrman
enAéf¶TI24 Exmifuna qñaM1964 [Edlcab;BIenHteTAehAfa GnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961].
244
r)aykarN_rbs;RkumGñkCMnaBaJsMrab;RbeTskm<úCaEdl)anbegáIteT,Ig RsbtamesckþIsMerccitþrbs;mhasnñi)atGgÁkarsh-
RbCaCatielx 52/135, U.N. Doc. A/53/850, ¶ 79 ¬éf¶TI16 ExmIna qñaM1999¦.

82
 k> TMnak;TMngénGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 eTAnwgGnusBaØaqñaM1973 sþIBI
karkarBar nigkarpþnÞaeTascMeBaH]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankar
karBarCaGnþrCati

GnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 )anbBa©ÚlbBaØtþiCaeRcIn énc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCatisþIBI { TMnak;

TMngkarTUt nigGP½yÉksiT§iTUt }.245 km<úCa)ancUlCasmaCikénGnusBaØaenHkñúgqñaM1965 . GnusBaØaenH
begáItkatBVkic©rvag { rdæbBa¢Ún } nig { rdæm©as;pÞH } b:uEnþmin)aneFVIkarpþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐcMeBaHkarRbRBwtþ
rMelaPelIkatBVkic©TaMgenHeT ehIyk¾mintRmUveGayrdæPaKIpþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐ b¤eFVIkarecaTRbkan;kar
rMelaPenH enAkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜnEdr .
GnusBaØaqñaM1973 sþIBIkarbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTasbT]RkidæRbqaMgnwgbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkarBar
CaGnþrCati [Edlcab;BIenHteTAehAfaGnusBaØaqñaM1973]246 RtUv)anerobcMRBageT,IgedIm,IelIksÞÜy { kic©-
shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati edIm,Ibgáar nigpþnÞaeTasbT]RkidæRbqaMgnwgbuKÁl [EdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþr-
Cati].247 GnusBaØaenH tRmUveGayrdæPaKITaMgGs; EdleFVIkarvayRbharbuKÁl nigTItaMgEdl)anTTYlkar
karBarCaGnþrCati { TTYlkarpþnÞaeTassmRsbeTAtamkMritF¶n;F¶rénkarRbRBwtþrbs;xøÜn }.248 müa:gviBaJ
245
kñúgqñaM1952 mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati tamry³esckþsI Merccitþelx685 ¬7¦ cuHéf¶TI5 ExFñÚ )anesñIsMueGayKN³
kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) TTYleFVIc,ab;sþIBI { TMnak;TMng nigGP½yÉksiT§ikarTUt }. sUmemIl kMNt;ehtupøÚvkarrbs;mhasnñi)at
GgÁkarshRbCaCati U.N. GAOR, 9th Sess., Supp. No. 9, U.N. Doc. A/2693. sUmemIlpgEdr Gas‘Åva:t; (ARTHUR
WATTS), 1 KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati qñaM1949-1998 Rtg;cMNucTI165 ¬1999¦ ¬kt;sMKal;fa RkmsIlFm’énTMnak;TMngkar

TUt { sßitkñúgvisalPaBFMeFgbMput RtUvEtTTYl)anCaeRscnUvzan³énviFanc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati }¦.

246
GnusBaØasþIBIkarbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTascMeBaH]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgbuKÁl Edl)anTTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati, 1035 U.N.T.S.
167, 13 I.L.M. 41, RtUv)anGnum½t enAéf¶TI14 ExFñÚ qñaM1973 nigcUlCaFrman enAéf¶TI20 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1977 [Edlcab;BIenHt

eTAehAfa GnusBaØaqñaM1973] maRta2 ¬2¦.

247
esovePAkMNt;;ehtuRbcaMqñaMrbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati qñaM1972 (Yearbook of the ILC 1972), r)aykarN_rbs;KN³
kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati (ILC) sþIBIkargarénsm½yRbCMuTIémÖbYnrbs;xøÜn éf¶TI2 Ex]sPa dl;éf¶TI7 Exkkáda qñaM1972/ Ch. 3, Supp.
No. 10, at 312 ¶ 67, U.N. Doc. A/8710/Rev.1 [Edlcab;BIenHteTAehAfa r)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCatielI

esckþIRBagGnusBaØaqñaM1973].
248
GnusBaØaqñaM1973 maRta2¬2¦.

83
eTot GnusBaØaenHtRmUveGayrdæPaKITaMgGs; eFVIkarecaTRbkan; b¤eFVIbtüab½nCnTaMgT,ay EdleKGHGag
fa )anRbRBwtþelμIs .249 edaysarEtkm<úCa minEmnCaPaKIénGnusBaØaqñaM1973 eTIbrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)an
sMercminbBa©ÚlGnusBaØaenHCamUldæansMrab;yutþaFikarRBhμTNÐ enAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMu
CRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) edayeFVIkarBnül;fa
esckþIsMercenH caM)ac;edIm,I ³

eCosvagkarCECktva:GMBIsuBlPaBénc,ab;EdlkMBugGnuvtþ Bak;B½n§nwgsmtßkic©rbs;GgÁ
CMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ . kardak;bBa©ÚlGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 sþIBITMnak;TMngkarTUt
Edlkm<úCaKWCaRbeTshtßelxI GacBRgIkvisalPaBsMrab;karecaTRbkan; eRBaHfaebIeXIBaJ
EtmYyRkeT,kEPñk(Prima facie) vahak;dUcCa ExμrRkhmmin)anrMelaPGnusBaØaenHeT.250
KYrkt;sMKal;fa eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday GnusBaØaqñaM1973 Ecgfa GMeBITaMgT,ayEdlGnusBaØaenH
tRmUveGayeFVIkarecaTRbkan; b¤eFVIbtüab½n RtUveKcat;TukfaCabTelμIs { EdlshKmn_GnþrCatiRBYy)armÖ
bMput } enAeBlEdlGnusBaØaenH RtUv)anGnum½tkñúgqñaM1973 .251 GñkRBagc,ab;énKN³kmμkarc,ab;Gnþr
Cati(ILC drafters) )anyl;RsbEdrfa GnusBaØaenHnwgbegáIteGaymanbTelμIsfμImYyeTot b:uEnþvak¾Gac
CYyCMruBaJeGaymankic©shkarKña kñúgkarecaTRbkan;GMeBIelμIskñúgRsukEdlekItmanknøgmk ehIyEdleK
)anTTYlsÁal;pgEdr .252 dUecñH vaGacpþl;karENnaMd¾manRbeyaCn_GMBIfa etIGMeBINamYyRbqaMgnwgbuKÁl
249
sUmemIlÉksardEdl maRta6 ¬1¦ ¬tRmUveGay {rdæPaKIEdlenAelITwkdIrbs;xøÜnekItmanbTelIμs >>> edIm,Icat;viFankarsm
RsbeRkamc,ab;Catirbs;xøÜn edIm,IFanavtþmanrbs;xøÜn kñúgeKalbMNgvinicä½yeTas b¤eFVIbtüab½n}¦ GtþbTdEdl maRta7 ¬tRmUv
eGayrdæPaKIEdlenAelITwkdIrbs;xøÜnekItmanbTelμIs ebIsinCamineFVIbtüab½nCnelμIs KμankarelIkElgeTaskñúgkrNINamYy nig
KμankarBnüaeBlhYsehtu RtUvbBa©ÚnCnenaHeTAGaCJaFrmansmtßkic©rbs;xøÜn edIm,IeFVIkarvinicä½yeTaseTAtamc,ab; }¦.
250
lixitrbs;Ék]tþm sux Gan(Sok An) eTsrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkTIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI epJICUnelak han; kUEr:l¬Hans Corell) GKÁ-
elxaFikarrgGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkkic©karc,ab; ¬éf¶TI22 Exmkra qñaM2002. GacrkeXIBaJenAkñúgvibsay http://www.
cambodia.gov.kh/krt/pdfs/Sok%20An%2002-01-22%20to%20HC%20on%2011%20points.pdf.
251
GnusBaØaqñaM1973 buBVkfa (1973 Convention, pmbl. ¶ 3).
252
sUmemIl]TahrN_ r)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) sþIBIesckþIRBagGnusBaØa qñaM1973 Rtg;cMNuc312
¶ 67 ¬edayEp¥kelIkatBVkic©c,ab;EdlmanRsab; kñúgeKalbMNgcUlrYmCaviPaKTanRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB cMeBaHkarminGacrMelaP

bMBan)an nigkarkarBarbuKÁlTaMgT,ayEdlmanbBaða esckþIRBagmaRtaTaMgenH xitxMBüayameFVIya:gNaeGaysMerceKalbMNgenH

84
Edl)anTTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati RtUv)anhamXat;edayGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n EdlRtUvcab;eGayTTYl
xusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐCaGnþrCati enAkñúgry³kalcab;BIqñaM1975 dl;qñaM1979 .

x> niymn½yénbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCati

GnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 pþl;buBVsiT§i nigGP½yÉksiT§iya:geRcIndl;Pñak;garTUt dUcmanEcg

kñúgmaRta30 RbFanebskmμ nigsmaCikebskkmμkarTUtrbs;eK . maRta38 Ecgfa rdæm©as;pÞHRtUvpþl;
karkarBarya:geRcIn lÁwkNa { Pñak;garTUt EdlmansBa¢atirbs;rdæm©as;pÞH b¤manlMenAdæanGcié®nþy_kñúgrdæ
m©as;pÞHmanGP½yÉksiT§ikñúgkarCMnMuCRmH nigsiT§iminGacb:HBal;)anEtelIskmμPaBpøÚvkar Edl)anbMeBBaJ
kñúgkarGnuvtþn_muxgarrbs;xøÜn}. maRta37 EcgkarBarbEnßmeTotfa { smaCikRKYsarrbs;Pñak;garTUtEdl
rYmrs;CamYyPñak;garTUt>>>lÁwkNaEtGñkTaMgenaHminEmnCaBlrdæénrdæm©as;pÞH { RtUvman } buBVsiT§i nigGP½y
ÉksiT§idUcmanEcg[sMrab;Pñak;garTUt] kñúgRbkar29 nig36 [énGnusBaØaenH]}. pÞúyeTAviBaJ smaCikRKYsar
rbs;Pñak;garTUtEdlmansBa¢atirbs;rdæm©as;pÞH minmanGP½yÉksiT§iTaMgenHeT . dUecñHenAkm<úCa shB½n§
¬bþI b¤RbBn§¦GñkkarTUtCnCati)araMgminTTYl)ankarkarBareRkamGnusBaØaenHeT .
smaCik buKÁlikrdæ)al nigbec©keTsénebskkmμkarTUt k¾dUcCasmaCikRKYsarEdlrYmrs;CamYy
erog²xøÜn mansiT§iTTYl)ankarkarBaresÞIEtdUcKñanwgTIPñak;garTUt nigsmaCikRKYsarrbs;Pñak;garTUt eRkam
GnusBaØaenH lÁwkNaEtGñkTaMgenaHminEmnCaBlrdærbs;rdæm©as;pÞH b¤KμanlMenAdæanGcié®nþy_ enAkñúgrdæm©as;
pÞH>>>>}.253 harITUtmansiT§iTTYl)ankarkarBarmankMrit edIm,IGaceGayBYkeKbMeBBaJmuxgarpøÚvkarrbs;xøÜn
)an .254

tamry³karelIksÞÜykic©shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati sMrab;karkarBar nigkarpþnÞaeTas]Rkidækmμ Edl)anRbRBwtþRbqaMgnwgbuKÁlTaMg

enaH }¦.
253
GnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 maRta37 ¬2¦ ¬Ecgfa buKlÁ TaMgT,ayenaH { RtUvmanbuBVsiT§i nigGP½yÉksiT§i dUc)anKUs
bBa¢ak;enAkñúgmaRta29 dl;maRta35 } énGnusBaØaenH } ¦.
254
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl maRta27 ¬5¦ ¬Ecgfa harIkugs‘ul { TTYl)annUvsiT§iminRtUveKbMBarbMBanelIrUbkay nigminRtUvsßit
eRkamrUbPaBénkarcab;xøÜn b¤XMuxøÜnNamYyeT,Iy }¦.

85
 GnusBaØaqñaM1993 pþl;niymn½yTUlayCagenH{buKÁlEdl)anTTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati } rYmTaMg
RbmuxrdæEdlmkeFVITsSnkic©nigm®nþICan;x<s;déTeTot nigsmaCikRKYsarrbs;BYkeKEdlGmdMeNIrRBmTaMg ³
GñktMNag b¤m®nþINamñak;énrdæmYy b¤m®nþINamñak; b¤Pñak;garénGgÁkarGnþrCatimYyEdlmancritCa
GnþrrdæaPi)al EdlenAeBlnigenAkñúgkEnøgEdlmanGMeBIelμIsmkelIxøÜn TIbrievNpøÚvkarrbs;xøÜn bnÞb;sñak;
enAÉkCnrbs;xøÜn b¤meFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnEdlRtUv)anRbRBwtþ mansiT§iRsbc,ab;GnþrCati TTYl)ankarkarBar
CaBiessBIkarvayRbharNamYyeTAelIbuKÁlik esrIPaB b¤esckþIéføfñÚrrbs;xøÜn k¾dUcCasmaCikRKYsarrbs;
xøÜnEdlbegáIt)anCaRkumRKYsar .255
KYrkt;sMKal;fa BaküenHrYmTaMgsmaCikRKYsar { begáIt)anCaEpñkmYyénRkumRKYsarrbs;eK [buKÁl
EdlTTYl)ankarkarBar ].256 dUecñH enAcMeBaHmuxGnusBaØaqñaM1973 pþl;karkarBareTAelIsmaCikRKYsar
eRcInCagGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 EdlvaRbEhlCaGnuvtþEteTAelIshB½n§Namñak;¬bþI b¤RbBn§¦ Edl
CaCnCatiénrdæTTYl . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday edaysarGnusBaØaqñaM1973 RtUv)anRBageT,IgsMrab;eKal
bMNgelIksÞÚykic©shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati kñúgkarecaTRbkan;]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankar
karBarCaGnþrCati257 vamiinR)akdeTfa niymn½yenHmaneKalbMNgGnuvtþelIsBIkarTTYlsÁal;RbePT
epSg²énbuKÁlEdlmansiT§irYcCaeRsc kñúgkarTTYl)ankarkarBarCaBiesseRkamc,ab;GnþrCati .258 TsSn³
255
GnusBaØa qñaM1973 maRta1.
256
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id..
257
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl buBVkfa ¶ 4 ¬)anbBa¢ak;GHGagfa minmanesckþIRtUvkarcaM)ac;NamYy kñúgkarcat;viFankarsmRsb
nigmanRbsiT§iPaB edIm,Ibgáar nigpþnÞaeTas]Rkidækmμ>>>>>[RbqaMg] Pñak;garTUt nigbuKÁldéTeTot EdlRtUv)anTTYlkarkarBarCa
GnþrCati] . sUmemIlpgEdr esovePAkMNt;ehtuRbcaMqñaM ExSTI1 Rtg;cMNucTI193-94/ sm½yRbCMuelIkTI1183 ¶ 31
¬raykarN_GMBITsSn³rbs;smaCikmñak;énKN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) fa { esckþIRBagc,ab;enHmanbMNgBRgwgBRgIk
visalPaBeGay)anya:gFMeFgbMput tamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an nigEp¥kelIbdikar eKarBeKalkarN_mYy Edl)anbegáItya:gRtwm
RtUvénc,ab;GnþrCati }¦.
258
sUmemIl GnusBaØaqñaM1973 maRta1 ¬kMNt;niymn½yénBakü { buKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCati } {sMrab;eKal
bMNgénGnusBaØaenH } ¦. sUmemIlpgEdr r)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) sþIBIesckþIRBagGnusBaØaqñaM1973
Rtg;cMNucTI313 ¶ 5 ¬bBa¢ak;fa KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) { )ansMercKaMRTkarbegáItRkbx½NÐTUeTA [énbuKÁlEdlRtUv)an
TTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati ] elIkarerobrab;fñak;epSg² Edl)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgGnusBaØaBiessTaMgenH faCameFüa)ayd¾RbesIrbMput

86
enH RtUv)anKaMRTedaymtiPaKeRcIn kñúgcMeNamGñkRBagGnusBaØaqñaM1973 fakarTTYl)ansiT§ikarBarCa
BiessminEmn)anmkBIBaküeBcn_EdleRbIR)as;enAkñúgGnusBaØaxøÜnvaenaHeT b:uEnþ { vaRtUvEtmanGtþiPaB
Rsbtamc,ab;GnþrCatiTUeTA b¤kic©RBmeRBogGnþrCati nig>>>>>>>>EdlkMBugGnuvtþenATIkEnøg nigenAeBlekIt
mankarRbRBwtþbTelμIs .259 PasaénesckþIRBagrbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) manlkçN³Rbkd
RbCaeRcInCagedaybBa¢ak;fa smaCikRKYsarEdlTTYl)ankarkarBar KWkMNt;cMeBaHEtbuKÁlTaMgT,ayNa
{ EdlmansiT§iTTYl)ankarkarBarCaBiess } .260 eKmankaregOgq¶l;fa ehtuGVI)anCamhasnñi)atGgÁkar
shRbCaCatilubecalPasaenH b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday vaRbEhlCasmaCikRKYsarEdlCaCnCatiénrdæ
m©as;pÞH GacsßitenAeRkamGnusBaØaqñaM1973 Edr eRBaHBYkeK)anTTYlkarkarBarrYcehIyedayGnusBaØaqñaM
1961 b¤mUldæanKtiyutþimYycMnYnepSgeTot. GaRs½yehtuenH edayxøÜnvapÞal; PasaénGnusBaØaqñaM1973
hak;min)anBRgIgkarkarBarCaBiessdl;shB½T§¬bþI b¤RbBn§¦ Pñak;garTUtEdlTTYledayRbeTskm<úCa
eT,Iy .

kñúgkareFVIeGaysMercbMNgR)afñaEdl)anbBa¢ak;énmhasnñi)at sMrab;visalPaBRKbdNþb;ya:gFMeFgbMputtamEdlGaceFVI)an}¦.
KYrkt;sMKal;fa KN³kmμkar)anbdiesFkarBRgIkvisalPaBénkarkarBar cMeBaHPñak;garTUtTaMgT,ay EdleTAsMrakvismkalenA
xageRkArdæm©as;pÞH edayeFVIkarBicarNafa { karBRgIkkarkarBarBiesscMeBaH ]TahrN_ Pñak;garTUtEdleTAsMrak; b¤eFVIvismkal
enArdæTIbI EdleKGacmindwgBIvtþmanrbs;GñkTaMgenaH minGacelIkykmksMGag eRkamGnusBaØaGnþrCatinanaEdlkMBugsßitenACa
Frman b¤viFanc,ab;GnþrCatiEdlkMBugGnuvtþ)aneT,Iy }. sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Rtg;cMNucTI422, ¶ 6 . sUmemIlpgEdr esovePA
kMNt;ehtuRbcaMqañMelx 1972 ILC Yearbook, ExSTI1 Rtg;cMNucTI194-195 ¶ 37 ¬raykarN_GMBIkarBiPakSarbs;smaCik
KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC member’s discussion) elIIbBaðaenH¦.
259
sUmemIl r)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) sþIBIesckþIRBagGnusBaØaqñaM1973 Rtg;cMNucTI314 ¶ 11.
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Rtg;cMNucTI311 ¶ 66.
260
PasaesckþIRBagrbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) )ankMNt;niymn½yénBakü buKÁlEdlRtUv)anTTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati
edayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg ³
m®nþINamñak;énrdæ b¤GgÁkarGnþrCatimYy EdlmansiT§i Rsbtamc,ab;GnþrCatiTUeTA b¤kic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatimYy
TTYl)ankarkarBarBiess cMeBaH b¤ BIeRBaHEtkarbMeBBaJmuxgarkñúgnamrdæ b¤GgÁkarGnþrCatirbs;xøÜn RBmTaMg
smaCikRKYsarrbs;BYkeKRKb;rUb k¾mansiT§iTTYl)ankarkarBarBiessenHdUcKña. sUmemIl r)aykarN_rbs;
KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) sþIBIesckþIRBagGnusBaØaqñaM1973 Rtg;cMNucTI312 ¬bBa¢ak;bEnßm¦.

87
 K> karRbRBwtþEdlGacCakmμvtßúénkarpþnÞaeTas

1> karbMBanelIPaBminGacrMelaP)anénbuKÁlEdl)anTTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati

maRta29 énGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n Ecgfa ³

rUbkayrbs;Pñak;garkarTUt minGacRtUvrMelaPbMBan)aneT . Pñak;garkarTUtminGacRtUvsßit
enAeRkamrUbPaBNamYyénkarcab; b¤XMuxøÜneT,Iy . rdæm©as;pÞHrab;GanPñak;garTUtedaykar
eKarB EdlPñak;garenaHRtUvTTYl nigcat;RKb;viFankarsmRsb edIm,IraraMgmineGaymankar
rMelaPNamYyelIrUbkay esrIPaB nigesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;eK .
tulakaryutþiFm’GnþrCati(ICJ) )anrkeXIBaJfa katBVkic©rbs;rdæenH eRkammaRtaenHKW { katBVkic©
eRkamc,ab;GnþrCatiTUeTA }.261 eRkABIPñak;garkarTUt maRta29 GnuvtþcMeBaHsmaCikbuKÁlikrdæ)alnigbec©k
eTsénebskkmμkarTUt k¾dUcCa smaCikRKYsarénRkumEdlTTYl)ankarkarBar lÁwkNaEtGñkTaMgenaHmin
EmnCaBlrdæénrdæm©as;pÞH.262 eRkammaRta27 ¬5¦ harITUtmansiT§i { minRtUveKrMelaPelIrUbkay nigmin
GacRtUvsßitenAeRkamrUbPaBNamYyénkarcab;xøÜn b¤XMuxøÜneT,Iy } kñúgkarbMeBBaJmuxgarrbs;xøÜn .263
buKÁlEdl)anTTYlkarkarBar { RtUvTTYl)an [buBVsiT§i nigGP½yÉksiT§i] enAeBlbuKÁlenaHcUleTA
kñúgTwkdIénrdæm©as;pÞH kñúgviFITTYlmuxdMENg b¤RbsinCa)anTTYlrYcehIyenAelITwkdIrbs;xøÜn KWcab;KittaMgBI

261
krNIerOgTak;TgnwgbuKÁliksßanTUt nigsßankugs‘ulshrdæGaemrikRbcaMenATIRkugETr:g;(Tehran) ¬shrdæGaemrik nig
RbeTseG‘ór:g; (U.S. v. Iran) qñaM1980/ I.C.J.3 ¬salRkmcuHéf¶TI24 Ex]sPa¦ Rtg;cMNucTI62 ¬{ tamTsSn³rbs;tulakar
katBVkic©rbs;rdæaPi)aleG‘or:g; [eRkamGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961] minRtwmEtCakatBVkic©kñúgkic©snüab:ueNÑaHeT >>>> b:uEnþvaEfm
TaMgCakatBVkic©eRkamc,ab;GnþrCatiTUeTAeTotpg }¦.
262
GnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 maRta37 ¬1¦/¬2¦.
263
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 37 ¬5¦.

88
eBlEdlbuKÁlenaHTTYldMNwgBIkarEtgtaMg>>>>} eGayeTAeFVIkarenArdæm©as;pÞH .264 karkarBarenH { nwgRtUv
bBa©b;eTAviBaJ enAeBlEdlbuKÁlenaHcakecBaJBIrdæm©as;pÞH b¤enAeBlputkMNt;énry³eBlsmRsbEdl
buKÁlenaHRtUveFVI b:uEnþenAEtmanrhUtdl;eBlenaH ebIeTaHbICakñúgkrNIénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFk¾eday }.265
dUc)anKUsbBa¢ak;xagelI karrMelaPelIkarkarBarTaMgenH minRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐeT Ep¥kelI
lkçxNÐEdlmanEcgkñúgGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:vqñaM1961. ehtudUecñHehIy vaGacmanRbeyaCn_EdlRtUv
emIlGnusBaØaqñaM1973 EdlesñIeGayrdæPaKITaMgGs;pþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐcMeBaH { karRbRBwtþedayectnaén
bTelμIsdUcCabT ³ kareFVImnusSXat karcab;BRgt; b¤karvayRbhareTAelIbuKÁl b¤esrIPaBrbs;buKÁlEdl
TTYl)ankarBarCaGnþrCati }.266 esckþIRBagrbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) énmaRtaenH)antRmUv
eGayeFVIkarpþnÞaeTascMeBaH { karvayRbharya:geXaeXAeTAelIbuKÁl b¤esrIPaBrbs;buKÁlEdlTTYl)an
karBarCaGnþrCati }267 b:uEnþvaRtUv)aneKyl;eXIBaJdUcKñafa RtYvbBa©ÚlCaGb,brmanUvbTelμIseFVImnusSXat
nigkarcab;BRgt; . 268 KYrkt;sMKal;Edrfa GñkRBagénKN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) eCOCak;fa { GMeBIenH
manEcgfa [enAkñúgesckþIRBagrbs;xøÜn] CaFmμtaRtUv)aneKcat;TukCabTelμIsenAkñúgc,ab;Cati ehtudUecñaH
ehIyvaRtUv)aneKelIkykmkBicarNaenAkñúgmaRta2 .269 eTaHbICavaminc,as;fa ehtuGVI)anCamha
snñi)atsMercbBa©ÚlCaBiessnUv]TahrN_GMBI { karvayRbhar } enAkñúgGtßbTcugeRkay TaMgenAkñúgesckþI
RBagTaMgenAkñúgGtßbTcugeRkayEdlminmankMNt; RKb;dNþb;eTAelIbTelμIsCaeRcIn . smaCikKN³

264
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 39 ¬1¦.
265
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 39 ¬2¦.
266
GnusBaØa qñaM1973 maRta2 ¬1¦¬k¦.
267
sUmemIl r)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) sþIBIesckþIRBagGnusBaØaqñaM1973 maRta315.
268
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl ¶ 5 ¬bBa¢ak;fa PasaenHGnuvtþcMeBaHEtbTelμIsdUcCa { kareFVImnusSXat kareFVIeGayrbYs b¤karcab;
BRgt; [CnEdl)anTTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati ]}¦.
269
r)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) sþIBIesckþIRBagGnusBaØaqñaM1973 Rtg;cMNucTI316 esovePAkMNt;ehtu
RbcaMqñaM1972 ExSTI1 TMB½r197 sm½yRbCMuelIkTI1184 ¶ 11 ¬bBa¢ak;fa { karvayRbhareTAelIGñkkarTUt Canic©kalKWCabT
elμIs EdlRtUvpþnÞaeTaseRkamc,ab;Rkug }¦ sUmemIlGtßbTdEdlpgEdr Rtg;cMNucTI203 sm½yRbCMuelIkTI1185 ¶ 40
¬kt;sMKal;fa { minmanenAkñúgPasaén [esckþIRBagc,ab; ] maRta2 esñIeGaybegáItbTelμIsfμImYyeT eRBaHfa enAkñúgRbeTsesÞIr
EtTaMgGs;elIBiPBelak bTelμIsTaMgT,ayEdl)anerobrab; RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasedayc,ab;rYcehIy }¦.

89
kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCatimanbMNgcg; { rayeQμaHbTelμIsmYy² dac;edayET,kBIKña EdlRtUvRKb;dNþb;eday
maRtaRBag>>>>[edIm,IeGay] { maRtaTaMgT,ayEdlBak;B½n§nwgerOgRBhμTNÐmanPaBCak;lak;bMput tamEdl
GaceFVI)an BIeRBaHkarbkRsaybTelμIsEdl)ankMNt;RtUvEp¥kelIeKalkarN_mYyEdlceg¥ót .270 eTaHCa
ya:gk¾eday enATIbBa©b;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati)ansMerc ³
eRbIBaküTUeTAKW {karvayRbharya:geXaeXA } edIm,IeGayGnusBaØaTaMgBIrenHRKb;dNþb;Ca
sMxan;EteTAelIbTelμIsTaMgT,ayNaEdlF¶n;F¶r ehIyenAeBlCamYyKñaenH edIm,IbeBa¢ós
karlM)akEdlGacekItman edaysarkarrayeQμaHbTelμIsmYycMnYnenAkñúgGnusBaØamYy
sMrab;eGayrdæCaeRcInGnum½tTTYlyk >>>> dUecñHehIyeK)ansMercTukvaeGayenAcMhrsMrab;
eGayrdæPaKIerog²xøÜn riHrklT§PaBeRbIR)as;niymn½yepSg² EdlmanenAkñúgc,ab;Cati
rbs;xøÜncMeBaHbTelμIsmYycMnYnEdlsßitenAkñúgeKalKMniténkarvayRbharya:geXaeXA
eTAelIbuKÁl b¤esrIPaB. . . .... .271

karvayRbharya:geXaeXAnImYy² RbqaMgnwgbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCatiRtUvEt)an
eFVIkarviPaKdac;edayET,kBIKña edIm,IkMNt;fa vaCabTelμIsEdlsßitenAeRkamc,ab;km<úCapg nigsßitenA
eRkamc,ab;GnþrCatipg enAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday dUc
EdlGñkRBagGnusBaØaqñaM1973 )anKUsbBa¢ak;Edrfa kareFVImnusSXat ehIyCaBiess karcab;BRgt;
KWCabTelμIsEdl { eKsÁal;ya:gc,as;enAkñúgc,ab;Cati }272 vaRbEhlCafa ya:gehacNas; GMeBITaMgenH
tRmUvmankarTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl enAkñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ .273
270
sUmemIl r)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) sþIBIesckþIRBagGnusBaØaqñaM1973 maRta315 ¶ 3 .
271
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. maRta315 ¶ 4 .
272
sUmemIl ]TahrN_ esovePAkMNt;ehtuRbcaMqñaM1972 ExSTI1 TMB½r199 sm½yRbCMuelIkTI1184 ¶ 40 ¬bBa¢ak;GMBITsSn³
rbs;rdæaPi)al)araMgfa { min)aneFVIkarxitxMRbWgERbgNamYy edIm,IkMNt;bTelμIsmYyfμI >>>> [edaysMGagfa] bTelμIsTaMgT,ay
dUcCa karcab;BRgt; kareFVImnusSXat nigkarXat;xøÜnedayxusc,ab; KWCabTelμIsEdlmanEcgya:gc,as;enAkñúgc,ab;CatirYceTA
ehIy²rdæGacmankarsÞak;esÞIr kñúgkarTTYlykGtßbTmYy Edl)anbegáItCMBUkBiessmYycMnYnsMrab;bTelμIsTaMgenH RsbeTAtam
zan³énCnrgeRKaH }¦.
273
sUmemIl karBiPakSaelIeKalkarN_nItüanukUlPaB, § IX, infra.

90
 2> karbMBanelIPaBminGacrMelaP)an énTItaMgebskkmμ nignievsndæanÉkCn
rbs;Pñak;garkarTUt

maRta22 énGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 Ecgfa ³

¬1¦ TIzanebskkmμ minGacRtUvrMelaP)aneT,Iy . bNþaPñak;garrbs;rdæm©as;pÞH minRtUv

)anGnuBaØateGaycUlenAkñúgTIzanebskkmμeT,Iy elIkElgEtmankaryl;RBmBIRbFan
ebskkmμ .
¬2¦ rdæm©as;pÞHmankatBVkic©Biess cat;RKb;viFankarsmRsb edIm,ITb;sáat;mineGayTI
zanebskkmμRtUvrMelaP b¤ RtUvxUcxat snþiPaB enAkñúgebskkmμRtUvkkrl¥k; b¤PaBéføfñÚr
rbs;eKRtUvfycuH .
¬3¦ TIzanebskkkmμ sgðarwm nigvtßúepSg²eTotEdlenATIenaH k¾dUcCameFüa)aydwk
CBa¢Únrbs;ebskkmμ minGacRtUvdak;kmμvtßúénkarEqkeqrkMENn rwbGUs b¤viFankarGnuvtþn_
esckþIsMercrbs;tulakareT,Iy .
GñkRBaghak;yl;Rsbfa { eKalkarN_énkarminGacrMelaP)ancMeBaHTIzanebskkmμ KWCaeKal-
karN_mYyburaNbMput enAkñúgc,ab;GnþrCati } .274 maRta1 ¬1¦ eGayniymn½yfa {TIzanrbs;ebskkmμ }
KW { GaKar b¤EpñkénGaKar nigTIlanCab;nwgGaKar eTaHCakmμsiT§irbs;CnNak¾eday EdleRbIR)as;kñúgpl
Rbeyan_rbs;ebskkmμ rYmTaMglMenAdæanrbs;RbFanebskkmμpgEdr . müa:geTot maRta 29 ¬1¦ Ecgfa
{ lMenAdæanÉkCnrbs;Pñak;garTUt k¾TTYl)annUvsiT§iminGacrMlaP)an nigkarrkSakarBardUcKñanwgzan³ebsk

274
sUmemIlr)aykarN_segçbénsm½yRbCMuelIkTI22/ snñisITGgÁkarshRbCaCati [1961] sþIBITMnak;TMng nigGP½yÉksiT§iTUt/
KN³kmμaFikarkic©karTUeTA ¶ 12, U.N. Doc. A.CONF.20/14. sUmemIlTUeTA ÉksardEdl ¶¶ 1-68 ¬CECktva:TUeTA RbqaMg
nwgkarbBa©ÚlGBaØRtkmμcMeBaHeKalkarN_enH¦.

91
kmμkarTUtEdr } . tulakaryutþiFm’GnþrCati(ICJ) )anrkeXIBaJfa katBVkic©rbs;rdæ eRkammaRtaTaMgenH KW Ca
{ katBVkic©eRkamc,ab;GnþrCatiTUeTA } .275
dUc)anKUsbBa¢ak;xagelI karrMelaPelIeKalkarN_karBarTaMgenH minRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐeT
Ep¥kelIlkçxNÐEdlmanEcgkñúgGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 . ehtudUecñHehIy vaGacmanRbeyaCn_
RbsinebIeyIgemIlGnusBaØa qñaM1973 EdlesñIeGayrdæPaKIpþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐcMeBaHbTelμIsEdl {
RbRBwtþedayectna { mandUcCa ³ ¬x¦ karvayRbhareXaeXAeTAelITIzanpøÚvkar bnÞb;sñak;enAÉkCn b¤
meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Únrbs;buKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCati EdlnaMeGayeRKaHfñak;dl;rUbkay b¤esrI
PaBrbs;eK}.276 cMENkÉkarvayRbhareTAelIbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCati KN³kmμkarc,ab;
GnþrCati(ILC) )ansMerc ³
eRbIBaküTUeTAKW {karvayRbharya:geXaeXA } edIm,IeGayGnusBaØaTaMgBIrenH RKbdNþb;
sMxan;EtelIbTelμIsTaMgT,ayNaEdlF¶n;F¶r ehIyenAeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr edIm,IbeBa©ós
karlM)akEdlGacekItmanedaysarkarrayeQμaHbTelμIsmYycMnYnenAkñúgGnusBaØamYy
sMrab;eGayrdænanaGnum½t >>>> dUecñHehIyeK)ansMercTukvaeGayenAcMhrsMrab;eGayrdæ
PaKIerog²xøÜn riHrklT§PaBeRbIR)as;niymn½yepSg² EdlmanenAkñúgc,ab;Catirbs;xøÜn
cMeBaHbTelμIs mYycMnYnEdlsßitenAkñúgeKalKMniténkarvayRbharya:geXaeXA>>>>>>>eTA
elITIzan b¤kEnøgsñak;enApøÚvkar >>>>>>>.277
]TahrN_énbTelμIsTaMgenH RtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg {karTMlak;RKab;EbkelIsßanTUt karcUleday
eRbIkMlaMgeTAkñúgzanebskkmμkarTUt b¤kar)aBaJ;kaMePøIgeTAelIlMenAdæanrbs;ÉkGKÁrdæTUt } edayminKitBI {

275
krNIerOgTak;TgnwgbuKÁliksßanTUt nigsßankugs‘ulshrdæGaemrik RbcaMenATIRkugETr:g;(Tehran) ¬shrdæGaemrik nig
RbeTseG‘or:g; (U.S. v. Iran) qñaM1980/ I.C.J.3 ¬salRkm cuHéf¶TI24 Ex]sPa¦/ Rtg;cMNucTI62 ¬{tamTsSn³rbs;tulakar
katBVkic©rbs;rdæaPi)aleG‘or:g; [eRkamGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961] minRtwmEtCakatBVkic©kñúgkic©snüab:ueNÑaHeT >>>> b:uEnþvaEfm
TaMgCakatBVkic© eRkamc,ab;GnþrCatiTUeTAeTotpg }¦.
276
sUmemIl GnusBaØa qñaM1973 maRta2 ¬1¦¬x¦ .
277
sUmemIl r)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) sþIBIesckþIRBagGnusBaØa qñaM1973 maRta315 ¶ 4 .

92
karrMelaPtictYceTAkñúgTIzanTaMgT,ayEdlTTYl)ankarkarBar} .278 GMeBIeXaeXANamYyRbqaMgTItaMg
eKaledACak;lak;NamYy RtUvEteeFVIkarviPaKdac;edayET,kBIKña edIm,IkMNt;fa etIvaCaGMeBIelμIsEdlsßit
eRkamc,ab;km<úCa b¤c,ab;GnþrCati enAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ . eTaHCaya:gNa
k¾eday KYrkt;sMKal;fa GñkRBagénKN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) CaTUeTAEtgcat;Tuk { GMeBITaMgenHRKb;
dNþb;elI>>>>>>>EdltamFmμtaRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCabTelμIs EdlRtUvpþnÞaeTasedayc,ab;kñúgRsuk>>>>}.279

X> bMNg]Rkidæ(Mens rea)

GnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 min)anEcgpþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐcMeBaHkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgbuKÁl

nigTIzanEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCatienaHeT . maRta2 énGnusBaØa qñaM1973 müa:geTot tRmUv
eGayeFVIkarpþnÞaeTascMeBaHkarRbRBwtþGMeBITaMgenH { edayectna } . RbeyaKenH TTYl)ankaryl;RBm
edaysarEtbMNgR)afñarbs;GñkRBag { bBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa ]RkidæCnRtUvEt)andwgGMBIzan³rbs;CnrgeRKaH
faCaGñkkarTUt b¤CabuKÁldéTeTotEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCati }280 k¾dUcCa karTb;sáat;mineGay
GnuvtþmaRtaenH { ]TahrN_ karecaTRbkan;BIbTeFVImnusSXat bNþalmkBIeRKaHfñak;cracr } .281
278
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 5 .
279
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl maRta316. sUmemIlpgEdr esovePAkMNt;ehtuRbcaMqñaM1972/ ExSTI1 TMB½r202 sm½yRbCMuelIk
TI1185 Rtg;cMNucTI203 ¶ 40 ¬kt;sMKal;fa { minmanenAkñúgPasaén [esckþIRBagc,ab; ] maRta2 esñIeGaybegáItbTelμIsfμI
mYyeT eRBaHfa enAkñúgRbeTsesÞIrEtTaMgGs;elIBiPBelak bTelμIsTaMgT,ayEdl)anerobrab; RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasedayc,ab;rYc
ehIy }¦. sUmemIl karBiPakSaGMBIeKalkarN_nItüanukUlPaB, § IX, infra.
280
sUmemIl esovePAkMNt;ehtuRbcaMqñaM1972/ ExSTI1 TMB½r202 sm½yRbCMuelIkTI1185 ¶ 2 . sUmemIlGtßbTdEdlpgEdr
¶ 30 ¬BiPakSaGMBIesckþIRtUvkaredIm,I { eFVIkarpøas;bþÚrmtieyabl;fa GMeBIenHRtUvEtCakarvayRbharEdl)anRbRBwtþRbqaMgnwgbuKÁl

NamYyEdlRtUv)anTTYlkarkarBarCaGnþrCati enAkñúgsmtßkic© [pøÚvkar] rbs;buKÁlenaH>>>>} ¦. sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Rtg;cMNucTI

203 ¶ 34 ¬esñIsMudak;Bakü { eday)andwg } CMnYseGayBakü { edayminKitBIehtuplGVImYy { edIm,ITaBaJykKMnitGMBIectna nig
edIm,IbBa¢ak;eGayc,as;fa CnelμIsRtUvEt)andwgeBBaJelBaJGMBIzan³rbs;CnrgeRKaH>>>>}¦.
281
sUmemIl esovePAkMNt;ehtuRbcaMqñaM1972 rbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC)/ sm½yRbCMuelIk TI24/ karRbCMuelIkTI11
91/ ¶ 28/ TMB½r237. sUmemIlpgEdr r)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati(ILC) sþIBIesckþIRBagGnusBaØa qñaM1973 Rtg;
cMNucTI315.

93
GaRs½yehtuenH vamanFatupSMBIr KWectnaeFVIkarvayRbhar nigkardwgGMBIzan³rbs;CnrgeRKaH b¤TIzan
EdlCaeKaledARtUvEtmanenAkñúgFatupSMbMNg]Rkidæ(Mens rea) enAeRkamGnusBaØa qñaM1973 . dUecñH eK
RtUvEtbgðaBaJFatupSMTaMgenH edIm,IkMNt;GMBIkarTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl cMeBaHGMeBIEdl)anRbRBwtþ
dUcKña eRkamGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 . vaminc,as;faetI karRbRBwtþedayeFVsRbEhs Gacman
lkçN³RKb;RKan;sMrab;ecaTRbkan;Edr b¤eT .

VII. bTelμIsGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT
k> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶reTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv
1> karrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶r
maRta6 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIem
dwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) manGMNacvinic©½yeTasCnEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarRbRBwtþGMeBIbMBarbMBan
ya:gF¶n;F¶reTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv .282 mindUcCalkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt
yUehÁasøavI(ICTY) lkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) niglkçnþik³éntulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) eT c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;
esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) min)anEcgc,as;GMBIkarpþnÞaeTaskarrMelaPc,ab; nigTMenomTMlab;
s®gÁamEdlminEmnCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r .283 dUecñaHehIy karrMelaPc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati EdlekItecBaJBI
282
maRta6 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI]RkidækmμEdlRbRBwtþeT,IgenAkñúg
ry³kalénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü(KRT Law) mYyEpñkEcgfa ³
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanGMNacvinicä½yeTasCnsgS½y Edl)anRbRBwtþ b¤bBa¢aeGayRbRBwtþGMeBIbMBarbMBanya:g
F¶n;F¶reTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv cuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 dUcCaGMeBIRbqaMgnwgmnusS b¤RTBüsm,tþi
EdlRtUvkarBaredaybTbBaØtþiénGnusBaØaenH ehIyEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgGMT,úgéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 dl;
éf¶TI6 Exmkra qñaM1979 >>>>> kareFVITaruNkmμ b¤kareFVI)abedayGmnusSFm’ karbgáedayectnaeGaymanrbYs
F¶n;F¶r b¤eGaymankarQWcab;dl;ragkay b¤suxPaB>>>>>
283
eRbobeFob c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI]RkidækmμEdlRbRBwtþeT,IgenAkñúg
ry³kalénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü(KRT Law) maRta6 ¬EcgEtGMBIkarvinicä½yeTasCnsgS½y { Edl)anRbRBwtþ b¤)anbBa¢aeGay

94
GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT RtUvEtecaTRbkan;enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ TukCabTelμIsF¶n;F¶r. edIm,IeCos
vagkarrMelaPelIeKalkarN_ KμanbTelμIs ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg (nullum crimen sine lege) vaCakarsMxan;
Nas;sMrab;GgÁCMnMuCMRmHvisamBaØ RtUveFVIkarBicarNafa etIc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati )anTTYlsÁal;GMeBITaMg
enaHfaCaGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT EdlRtUvpþnÞaeTasCaGMeBIrMelaPF¶n;F¶r enAkñúgry³kalcab;BIqñaM1975 dl;
qñaM1979 Edr b¤eT.
GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT kñúgeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuFRtUv)anhamXat; cab;taMgBIedImstvtSTIdb;
R)aMmkem:øH enAeBlEdlecARkmcMnYn27 rUb énGaNacRkr:UmaMghUlI (the Holy Roman Empire) )an
vinicä½y nigpþnÞaeTaselak PIefI va:n; hahÁin)ac; (Peter van Hagenbach) enARbeTsGaT,Wm:g; edayKat;)an
beNþayeGayTahanrbs;Kat;cab;rMelaP nigsMlab;CnsIuvilCaeRcInnak; .284 GñkniBn§TsSnavdþId¾l,IeQμaH
mñak;KWelakh‘UehÁa RkUTIyUs (Hugo Grotius) )anGHGagCafμI karhamXat;GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePTenAkñúg
eBlmans®gÁamenABak;kNþalstvtSTIR)aMBIr .285 bTdæanenH RtUv)aneKsresrcgRkgCaesovePAenAkñúg
RbeTsCaeRcIn kñúgenaHrYmmanRkmlIbWxUt(Lieber Code) rbs;GaemrikkaMgd¾man\T§iBlmYyenAkñúg
qñaM1863 Edl)ane)aHBum<pSay edIm,IRKb;RKgelIsIlFm’rbs;kgT½BshPaB kñúgs®gÁamsIuvilenAshrdæ
Gaemrik .286 müa:gviBaJeTot maRta46 énbTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907287 k¾manEcgpgEdr CamYyesov
RbRBwtþGMeBIbMBarbMBanya:gF¶n;F¶reTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv cuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 }¦ CamYynwg lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμ
TNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) Rtg;maRta3 ¬EcgGMBIkarvinicä½yeTascMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPc,ab; nigTMenomTMlab;s®gÁam¦
ehIylkçnþik³tulakarRBhμ TNÐGnþrCatisMrab;rVa:n;da (ICTR) Rtg;maRta4 ¬EcgGMBIkarvinicä½yeTascMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPelI maRta3
¬rYm¦ énGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv nigBiFsI arbEnßmTI2 elIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv¦.
284
Gwm eQorIhV )asIuGUnI (M. Cherif Bassiouni), eBlevla)anmkdl;ehIysMrab;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati (ICC), 1 IND.
INT’L COMP. L. REV. 1, 1 (1991), )anbBa¢ak;enAkñúg dUeron Gwm KWnniBaJ nigEXlI DI GasÁin (Dorean M. Koening & Kelly D.

Askin), c,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati (ICL)nig lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC Statute): ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgRsþIePT,

enAkñúgesovePAEdlmancMNgeCIgfa ®sþI nigc,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCati, 3, 9 n.31 EXlI DI GasÁin eG Gal e)aHBum<pSay qñaM2000
.
(Kelly D. Askin et al. eds., 2000)
285
hU‘ehÁa RKUTIyUs(HUGO GROTIUS, 3) siT§iéns®gÁam nigsnþiPaB 1300-01 (Richard Tuck ed., 2005).
286
RkmlIb‘ÅxUt(The Lieber Code) kareFVIeGayeTACac,ab;kñúgRsukelIkTImYy énc,ab;s®gÁam ehIyRtUv)anBicarNaya:gTUlM
TUlayenAkñúgc,ab;TaMgT,aymun GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv qñaM1949 — )anhamXat;GMeBIcab;rMelaP edaycat;TukfaCa]Rkidækmμ
s®gÁam EdlmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶rRKb;RKan; edIm,IeFVIkarpþnÞaeTasRbharCIvit. RkmlIb‘ÅxUt(The Lieber Code) ³ esckþIENnaMrbs;

95
ePAEdlmancMNgeCIgfa DWma:Etn xøÚs(the Martens Clause),288 edIm,IhamXat;GMeBIrMlaPelIpøÚvePT nig
karebotebonelIpøÚvePT enAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuF. enABak;kNþalstvtSTIémÖ tulakarCatiCaeRcIn)an
bBa¢ak;EfmeTotfa GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT minRtwmEtCakarrMelaPc,ab; nigTMenomTMlab;s®gÁamb:ueNÑaHeT
b:uEnþ vanaMeGaymankarTTYlxusRtUvRBhμTNÐCabuKÁlpgEdr .289
eTaHbICaGñkRBagGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv min)anrayeQμaHGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePTfa CakarrMelaP
F¶n;F¶rk¾eday k¾Gñkpþl;mtiCaeRcIneCOfakarRbRBwtþenH ya:gehacNas;k¾GacfaCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r)anEdr KW
{ karRbRBwtþ eXaeXA GmnusSFm’ } b¤ { karbNþaleGayQWcab;ya:gsahavéRBépSbMput b¤kareFVIeGay
rbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;raykay nigsuxPaB } .290 KYrkt;sMKal;fa cMENkÉGñkRBaglkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome
Statute))ansMercmincat;TukGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePTfaCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶reT BYkeKeCOEdrfa eKGacpþnÞaeTas

GMeBIenH)anehIy eRkambTbBaØtþiEdlmanRsab;sþIBIkarrMelaP . tamBit enAkñúgbBaØtþiEdlerobrab;BIGMeBI

higSaelIpøÚvePT EdlesμInwg {karrMelaPc,ab;F¶n;F¶r nigTMenomTMlab;TaMgT,ayEdlGnuvtþenAkñúgCMelaH

rdæaPi)al dl;kgT½Bshrdæ GaemrikEdlenAelIsmrPUmi bTbBa¢aTUeTA elx 100 cuHéf¶TI24 Exemsa qñaM1863 maRta44/ 47/
e)aHBum<pSayeT,IgviBaJenAkñúg c,ab;sþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF 10 (D. Schindler & J. Toman eds., 1981).
287
bTbBaØtþiTIRkugT,aeG qñaM1907 maRta46 ¬{ kitþiys nigsiT§iRKYsar CIvitmnusS nigRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn k¾dUcCa kardak;eTas
nigkarGnuvtþn_xagsasna RtUvEteKarB }¦.
288
sUmemIlkMNt;sMKal;elx 28 nigGtßbTGm, supra.
289
sUmemIl ]TahrN_ hinXWt nig dUsSv½l b‘íuc(HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) Rtg;cMNuc 324-25 ¬bBa¢ak;
BIkrNIerOgrbs;takasIu saék(Takashi Sakai) enAcMeBaHmuxtulakareyaFa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam(WCMT) énRksYgkarBar
Caticin¬1946¦ nigkrNIerOgrbs; cn s‘Uls_(John Schultz case) enAcMeBaHmuxsala]T§rN_eyaFashrdæGaemrik
¬1952¦ CaPsþutagfa karRbRBwtþGMeBIcab;rMelaPKWCa { bTelμIsEdleKTTYlsÁal;Casakl faRtUvpþnÞaeTaseRkamc,ab;
s®gÁam}¦.
290
sUmemIl han; kaGWt nig dUsSv½l b‘íc (HENCKAERTS & DOSWALD-BECK) Rtg;cMNucTI585 ¬)aneBalGHGagfa {
eKRtUvcat;TukCakarbMBarbMBanya:gF¶n;F¶r } elIeKalkarN_enH¦ ExllI DI Gas;Xin(Kelly D. Askin) ecaTRbkan;BIkar
RbRBwtþGMeBIcab;rMelaP kñúgeBls®gÁam nigbTelμIsBak;B½n§pøÚvePTdéTeTot eRkamc,ab;GnþrCati ³ PaBeCOnelOnxusFmμta/
karCMnH]bsKÁepSg²/21 b‘ÅkXWlI ec(BERKELEY J. INT’L L. 288, 310) (2003) ¬bBa¢ak;fa { PasakarbMBanya:gF¶n;F¶r
RtUv)anBRgIkvisalPaBCaGnþrCati edIm,Ipþl;karkarBareGay)aneRcIntamEdlGaceFVI)an dl;buKÁlEdlRtUv)anTTYlkar
karBaredayGnusBaØa ehIyk¾manmti ÉkcänÞCaTUeTAmYyfa bTbBaØtþienHKYrEtRtUv)aneFVIkarbkRsayedayesrI }¦ .

96
Rbdab;GavuFCaGnþrCati } GñkRBaglkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um)anbEnßmRbeyaKmYy { b¤ rUbPaBNamYyénGMeBIhigSa
elIpøÚvePTk¾begáIt)anCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r eTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvEdr } .291 PasaenHqøúHbBa©aMgya:g
c,as;GMBITsSn³rbs;GñkRBagfa GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePTk¾GacpþnÞaeTas kñúgbTrMelaPF¶n;F¶r)anEdr .292 dUecñH
vahak;minmankarCMTas;GVIeT EdlfaGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT GacRtUv)anpþnÞaeTaskñúgbTrMelaPF¶n;F¶r eRkam
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute). karbkRsayenHmanlkçN³RsbKñaCamYyyutþisa®sþrbs;tulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY).293 dUecñH GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT k¾GacRtUv)anpþnÞaeTas dUc
CaGMeBIrMelaPF¶n;F¶rdéTeTotEdr enAkñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday edIm,I
eCosvagkarrMelaPelIeKalkarN_nItüanukUlPaB GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ RtUvBinitüfaetIenAkñúgry³kalenH
GMeBIrMelaPF¶n;F¶rénkareFVITaruNkmμ karRbRBwtþeXaeXA GmnusSFm’ kareFVIeGayQWcab;ya:gsahavéRB
épSbMput b¤kareFVIeGayQWcab;dl;ragkay nigsuxPaB )anRKb;dNþb;eTAelIGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePTEdr b¤eT.

2> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶rénkareFVITaruNkmμ

291
sUmemIl lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um maRta8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ ¬22¦ ¬{]Rkidækmμs®gÁam } mann½yfa >>>>>>>>karrMelaPF¶n;F¶rdéTeTot
elIc,ab; nigTMenom TMlab;EdlGnuvtþenAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuF>>>>>[rYmTaMg] >>>>>karRbRBwtþGMeBIcab;rMlaP TaskmμpøÚvePT
eBsüakmμedaydak;bgçM karmanKP’edaybgçM vZÆkmμedaybgçM b¤karbMBanpøÚvePTkñúgRTg;RTayepSg²eTot k¾begáItCakar
bMBanya:gF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvEdr }¦.
292
sUmemIl Hebel & Robinson, at 109 n.96, 117 n.11¬bBa¢ak;fa { PasakñúgmaRta8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ ¬22¦ manbMNgbBa¢ak;
karyl;dwgfa GMeBIhwgSapøÚvePT k¾GacRtUv)anecaTRbkan;eRkambTbBaØtþisþIBIkarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r énGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv)anEdr}¦
edayRKIsþÚhVW ext hl(Christopher Keith Hall) sm½yRbCMuelIkTIR)aMrbs;KN³kmμaFikarerobcMrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati
sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymantulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati, 92 A.J.I.L. 331, 334 ¬1998¦ ¬{ GñkRBagmanbMNgbBa¢ak;fa BaküeBcn_
énkarhamXat;GMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³ nigGMeBIrMelaPpøÚvePT bBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa RBHraCGaCJak¾GaceFVIkarecaTRbkan;GMeBITaMg
enHdac;edayET,kBIKña)anEdr kñúgkMriténkarrMelaPF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv dUcCa kareFVITaruNkmμ kareFVI)abeday
GmnusSFm’ karbgáedayectnaeGaymanrbYsF¶n;F¶r b¤eGaymankarQWcab;dl;ragkay b¤suxPaB eTaHbICaectnaenHmin)an
bgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJc,as;nUvBaküeBcn_Edl)anGnum½tcugeRkayk¾eday}¦.
293
RBHraCGaCJa nighVÚr:unhSIúca (Prosecutor v. Furundzija) sMNMuerOgelx IT-97-17 1, salRkmelx ¶ 172 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmH
saladMbUg éf¶TI10 ExFñÚ qñaM1998¦.

97
 eRkammaRta6 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;
esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) Bakü { kareFVITaruNkmμ } KWCakarRbRBwtþbMBarbMBanya:gF¶n;F¶reTAelI
GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv .

k> FatupSMénbTeFVITaruNkmμ
esckþIRbkassþIBIkarRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ(Torture Declaration)294 RtUv)anGnum½tCaÉkcänÞenA
kñúgqñaM1975 edaymhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati(General Assembly) EdlRbEhlCaBaküeBcn_
RbesIrbMputénzan³rbs;c,ab; TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati hamXat;kareFVITaruNkmμenAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaH
GasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ . CakarBitNas; tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY)
)ankt;sMKal;fa { smaCikTaMgGs;énGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anRBmeRBog nig)anKaMRTniymn½yenH .295
esckþIRbkassþIBIkarRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμenH tRmUveGayrdæTaMgGs; eFVIkarhamXat; nigpþnÞaeTas]Rkidæ
kmμénkareFVITaruNkmμ EdltulakarenH )ankMNt;ya:gc,as;fa ³
GMeBINamYyEdlbNþaleGaymankarQWcab;F¶n;F¶rxagpøÚvkay b¤pøÚvcitþEdlbgáeT,Igeday
ectna b¤tamkarBaJú:HBaJú:gBIm®nþIsaFarN³eTAelIbuKÁlNamYy kñúgeKalbMNgTTYl)anBI
buKÁlenaH b¤BIttIyCn(CnTIbI ) nUvB½t’man b¤cMelIysarPaB RtUvpþnÞaeTasCnenaH cMeBaH
GMeBIEdl)anRbRBwtþ b¤sgS½yfa)anRbRBwtþ b¤bMPitbMP½ybuKÁlenaH b¤GñkdéTeTot>>>> GMeBI
TaruNkmμbegáIt)anCarUbPaBénsßanTm¶n;eTas ectnaénkarpþnÞaeTasBIbTRbRBwtþGMeBIeXa
eXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab .296

294
esckþIRbkassþIBIkarkarBarbuKÁlRKb;rUb EdlRtUveKdak;CakmμvtßúénkareFVITaruNkmμ nigkarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn
b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot EdleXaeXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab G.A. Res. 3452 ]bsm½<n§ maRta7, 10, U.N. GAOR, 30th
Sess., Supp. No. 34, U.N. Doc. A/10034 ¬cuHéf¶TI9 ExFñÚ qñaM1975¦ [Edlcab;BIenHteTAehAfa esckþIRbkas

RbqaMgnwgTaruNkmμ].
295
sUmemIl salRkmrbs;saladMbUgelIkkrNIerOghVÚr:unhSIúca ¶ 160.
296
sUmemIl esckþIRbkassþIBIkareFVITaruNkmμ maRta1.

98
 kñúgkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu(Celebici) GgÁCMnMuCRmHéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI
(ICTY) )aneRbIniymn½yénesckþIRbkassþIBIkarRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ(Torture Declaration) CamYy

niymn½yEdlmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkmμ nigkarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot EdleXa

eXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab ¬qñaM1984 ¦ EdlehAkat;fa GnusBaØaRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ(Torture
Convention)
297
nigGnusBaØaGnþrGaemrikaMg qñaM1985 sþIBIkarbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTaskareFVITaruNkmμ298
CaPsþútagénniym n½yénkareFVITaruNkmμ Ca]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati .299 GgÁ
CMnMuCRmHéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) sala]T§rN_énGgÁCMnMuCRmHenH )an
kMNt;bTelμIsenH famanFatupSMdUcxageRkamenH EdlsßiteRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati ³
¬1¦ RtUvEtCaGMeBImYy b¤ karxkxan EdlbNþaleGaymankarQWcab;elIrUbkay b¤xagpøÚvcitþ
¬2¦ RtUvEt)aneFVIeT,Igedayectna

297
GnusBaØaGnþrCatiRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ nigkarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot EdleXaeXAGmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab
cuHéf¶TI10 ExFñÚ qñaM1984, 1465 U.N.T.S. 85, 114, maRta1 ¬1¦ cUlCaFrmanenAéf¶TI26 Exmifuna qñaM1978 [Edlcab;BIenH
teTAehAfa GnusBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkmμ ] ¬mYyEpñkEcgfa Bakü :TaruNkmμ : mann½yfa GMeBITaMgLayNa EdlnaMeGaymankar
QWcab; b¤rgTukçy:agxøaMg eTaHpøÚvkay b¤pøÚvcitþkþI EdlRtUv)anbgáeLIgeday ectnaeTAelICnNamñak; kñúgeKalbMNgTaMgLaydUcCa
karTajykB½t’manBICnenaH b¤ttiyCnNamñak; dak;TNÐkmμCnenaHcMeBaHGMeBINamYy EdlCnenaH b£ttiyCnNamñak;)anRbRBwtþ
b¤ sgS½yfa)anRbRBwtþ b¤bMPitbMP½y b¤bgçitbgçMCnenaH b¤ttiyCnNamñak; b¤edIm,ImUlehtuNaepSgeTot EdlEp¥kelIkarerIseGIg
NamYy RbsimebIkarQWcab; b¤karrgTukçbgáedaym®nþIsaFarN³ b¤CnepSgeTot tamkarjúHjg; b¤karRBmeRBog b¤epþImKMnitrbs;
mRnþI saFarN³ b¤CnepSgeTot EdlbMeBjtYnaTICapøÚvkar }¦.
298
GnusBaØaGnþrGaemrikaMg sþIBIkarbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTaskareFVITaruNkmμ O.A.S. sn§isBaØaSeries elx67/ cUlCaFrmanenAéf¶
TI28 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1987 e)aHeT,IgviBaJ CaÉksareKal Bak;B½n§nwgsiT§imnusSenAkñúgRbB½n§GnþrGaemrikkaMg OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82
doc.6 rev.1 at 83 (1992).
299
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIulIRbIsIu ¶ 459 .
300
sUmemIlRBHraCGaCJa nigXVÚka eGt Gal (Prosecutor v. Kvocka, et. al) sMNMuerOgelx IT-98-30/1-A salRkm ¶ 289
¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ cuHéf¶TI28 ExkmÖH qñaM2005. RBHraCGaCJa nigKUNara:k; kUva:k; nig v:UkUvic (Prosecutor v. Kunarac,
Kovac and Vokovic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-96-23 salRkm ¶ 142 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ cuHéf¶TI12 Exmifuna qñaM2002.
mindUcKñanwgGnusBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkmμeT niymn½yenAkñúgc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCatiénBaküTaruNkmμsMedAdl;]Rkidækmμs®gÁam b¤
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati EdlmintRmUveGayTegVIenaHRtUvEt)anRbRBwtþedaybuKÁl eRkamc,ab;NamYyeLIy. sUmemIlkMNt;
infra elx 308-311.

99
 ¬3¦ cMeBaHeKalbMNgEdl)anhamXat; dUcCakarTTYl)anB½t’man b¤cMelIysarPaBBICnrg
eRKaH b¤BIttIyCn¬CnTIbI ¦ kardak;TNÐkmμ karbMPitbMP½y karRbmaf b¤karbgçitbgçMCn
rgeRKaH b¤ttIyCnNamñak; b¤karerIseGIgedaymUlehtuNamYyeTAelICnrgeRKaH b¤ttIy
Cn.300

karQWcab;pøÚvkay bpøÚvcitþF¶n;F¶r
edIm,IkMNt;faetIkarRbRBwtþGMeBImYynaMeGaymankarQWcab;pøÚvkay b¤pøÚvcitþF¶n;F¶rEdr b¤eTenaH
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anrkeXIBaJfa eRkABIkarBicarNaelIPaBF¶n;F¶rén
karQWcab;tamktþastüanum½t tulakarenHk¾)anBicarNapgEdr eTAelIlkçN³vinicä½yelIktþaGtþenam½t {
dUcCakarb:HBal;xagpøÚvkay nigpøÚvcitþ énkarRbRBwtþeTAelICnrgeRKaHNamñak; ehIyenAkñúgkrNIxøH ktáa
mYycMnYndUcCaGayu ePT b¤sßanPaBénsuxPaBrbs;CnrgeRKaH } .302 tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt
yUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anTTYlsÁal;fa { GMeBIxøH dUcCakarrMelaPesBsnÞv³ ebItamniymn½y vaTMngCabMeBBaJ
tamlkçN³vinicä½yGMBIPaBF¶n;F¶r } .303 dUecñHkarQWcab;pøÚvkay b¤pøÚvcitþF¶n;F¶r dUc)antRmUvkñúgniymn½yén
bT]RkidæénkareFVITaruNkmμ { Gacniyay)anfa )anekItman enAeBlEdlmankarbBa¢ak;c,as;famankar
rMelaPesBsnßv³Emn edaysarkarrMelaPesBsnÞv³caM)ac;RtUvEtmankarQWcab;xagpøÚvkay b¤pøÚvcitþ. }304
kkþaeKalbMNgRtUv)anhamXat;
esckþIRbkassþIBIkarRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ hamXat;kareFVITaruNkmμ { edIm,IeKalbMNg ykBICn
enaH b¤ttIyCn¬CnTIbI ¦ nUvB½t’man b¤cMelIysarPaB dak;TNÐkmμbuKÁlenaH cMeBaHGMeBIEdlCn)anRbRBwtþ

302
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgXVÚka (Kvocka Trial Judgment) ¶ 143. sUmemIlpgEdr salRkmsaladMbUg
elIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍusuI (Celebici Trial Judgment) ¶¶ 462-469 edayBinitüelIyutþaFikarsiT§imnusSEdlbBa¢ak;GMBIRbePT
énGMeBIEdlbegáIt)ankareFVITaruNkmμ ¦.
303
sUmemIlRBHraCGaCJa nigRbItcanIn (Prosecutor v. Brdjanin) sMNMuerOgelx IT-99-36 salRkm ¶ 485 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmH
saladMbUg cuHéf¶TI01 ExkBaØa qñaM2004¦.
304
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id.

100
b¤ sgS½yfa)anRbRBwtþ b¤bMPitbMP½yCnenaH b¤CndéTeTot .305 GnusBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkmμ nigkarRbRBwtþ
mkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot EdleXaeXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab )anbBa©ÚlPasaesÞIrEtdUcKñaTaMg
Rsug.306 enAkñúgkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu(Celebici) GgÁCMnMuCRmHtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁa
søavI(ICTY) )anrkeXIBaJ Tak;TgnwgGnusBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkmμenH faRbeyaK { edIm,IeKalbMNgenH }
bBa¢ak;fabBa¢IenHenAmanerobrab;eRcIneTot .307 dUecñH kareRbIRbeyaKenHenAkñúgesckþIRbkassþIBIkar
RbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ KYrEt)aneRbI edIm,IbBa©ÚleKalbMNgEdl)anhamXat; CaCagGVIEdl)anerobrab; .

mintRmUveGayrdæcat;viFankar
KYreGaykt;sMKal;fa cMNat;viFankarrbs;rdæKWCaktþamYyénkareFVITaruNkmμ dUcmanEcgenAkñúg
esckþIRbkassþIBIkarRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ nigGnusBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkmμ .308 dUc)anBnül;edayGgÁCMnMu
CRmHsala]T§rN_éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) enAkñúgkrNIerOgkUNUra:k;
(Kunarac) eTaHbICaniymn½yénGnusBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkmμ bgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæ

cMeBaHc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati enHminmann½yfa { niymn½yenH qøúHbBa©aMgeTAelIc,ab;TMenomTMlab;

GnþrCatiTaMgmUlenaHeT Bak;B½n§eTAnwgniymn½yénbTelμIseFVITaruNkmμTUeTA }.309 KaMRTdl;TsSn³enH

305
sUmemIlesckþIRbkassþIBIkareFVITaruNkmμ maRta1..
306
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl ¬karBRgIkniymn½yenH edayrYmbBa©ÚlfaCaeKalbMNghamXat; { ehtupl mYyEp¥kelIkarerIs
GIgRKb;Ebbya:g } ¦.
307
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘Íusu (Celebici Trial Judgment), ¶ 470. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgsalRkmelIkrNIerOg
hVÚr:unsIuca(Furundzija judgment), salRkmsaladMbUg )anrkeXIBaJfa {karRbmafemIlgay } KYrEt)anBicarNakñúgeKalbMNg
hamXat;. salRkmelIkrNIerOghVÚr:unsIuca(Furundzija judgment) ¶ 162 ¬kt;sMKal; { sBaØaNénkarRbmafemIlgay
KW>>>>>>>>Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeTA nwgsBaØaNénkarbMPitbMP½y Edl)anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;enAkñúgniymn½yénkareFVITaruNkmμ enAkñúgGnu-
sBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkmμ }¦.
308
sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgKUNara:k; ¶ 148/ salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgKUNara:k; ¶ 496 ¬rkeXIBaJ
fa { vtþmanrbs;m®nþIrdæ b¤GaCJaFrmansmtßkic©Namñak; enAkñúgkic©dMeNIrkareFVITaruNkmμ minEmnCakarcaM)ac;kñúgkarcat;TukbTelμIs
faCakareFVITaruNkmμeRkamc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatieT,Iy }¦.
309
saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgKUNara:k;( Kunarac Appeals Judgment) ¶ 147.

101
GnusBaØaRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa niymn½yrbs;vaRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; { sMrab;eKalbMNg
énGnusBaØaenH } .310 dUecñH { esckþItRmUvxagm®nþIsaFarN³ minEmnCakartRmUveRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;
GnþrCati cMeBaHkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl cMeBaHkareFVITaruNkmμenAeRkARkbx½NÐénGnusBaØa
RbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ } .311 edaysaresckþIRbkassþIBIkarRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ RtUv)anGnum½tRsedog
Kña edIm,IRKb;RKgskmμPaBrbs;rdænana esckþItRmUvfa { m®nþIsaFarN³} rbs;xøÜn KYrEtcat;TukfaCaktþa
caM)ac;mYy énniymn½yrbs;xøÜn sMrab; eKalbMNgkñúgkarkMNt;BIkarTTYlxusRtUvCabuKÁl .

x> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakareFVITaruNkmμ

tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) KWCatulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatidMbUgeKbg¥s;
EdlTTYlsÁal;fa GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT GacRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasCabTeFVITaruNkmμ enAeBlEdlGMeBIenH
bMeBBaJFatupSMEdl)antRmUv . tulakarenH)anrkeXIBaJfa { GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePTcaM)ac;EdlnaMeGayman
karQWcab;F¶n;F¶rxagrUbkay b¤xagpøÚvcitþ ehIykñgú lkçN³enH eKGacelIsMGagBIlkçN³sm,tþirbs;vafaCa
kareFVITaruNkmμ } .312 enAkñúgkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu(Celebici) GgÁCMnMuCRmHéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;
GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anbBa¢ak;fa ³
GgÁCMnMuCRmHBicarNafa karrMelaPelIpøÚvePT elICnNamñak; KWCaGMeBIEdlKYreGays¥b;ex<Im
EdleFVIeGayb:HBal;ya:gxøaMgdl;esckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS nigbUrNPaBrUbkay>>>>>>>GMeBI
rMelaPelIpøÚvePT bNþaleGaymankarQWcab;xagpøÚvkay nigxagpøÚvcitþ . karQWcab;xag
pøÚvcitþénCnEdlRtUveKrMelaPelIpøÚvePT RtUvTTYlrgnUvsßanPaBF¶n;F¶rxagsgÁm nigvb,Fm’
ehIyGacmansPaBF¶n;F¶n;kan;EtxøaMgeT,IgEfmeTot nigmanry³eBlyUrGEgVg. müa:gviBaJ
eTot vamankarlM)akkñúgkarRbemIlemIlBIkal³eTs³énkarrMelaPeday b¤tamry³kar
310
GnusBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkmμ maRta1 ¬1¦ (Torture Convention, art. 1(1).
311
saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgKUNara:k;(Kunarac Appeals Judgment) ¶ 148.
312
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl ¶ 150; sUmemIlpgEdr salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu( Celebici Trial Judgment) ¶¶
480-493 salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgh‘VÚr:unhSIúca( Furundzija Trial Judgment) ¶¶ 163-171 .

102
 BaJúHBaJg;BIm®nþIsaFarN³NamYy b¤edaymankarRBmeRBog b¤karRsuHRsYlKñaBIm®nþINamñak;
Gaccat;TukfaekItmansMrab;eKalbMNgmYyminBak;B½n§ enAkñúgviFImYy énkareFVITNÐkmμ
karbgçM karerIseGIg b¤karbMPitbMP½y . cMeBaHGgÁCMnMuCRmHenH vaGacmanenAkñúgsßanPaBén
CMelaHRbdab;GavuF .313
müa:gviBaJeTot tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anrkeXIBaJfa mankarbgçM
eGayTTYlsÁal;GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT314 b¤TTYlsÁal;karrMelaPelIpøÚvePTrbs;xøÜn315 KWCarUbPaBénkar
QWcab;EdlGacbegáIt)anCakareFVITaruNkmμ BIeRBaHEtplvi)akxagsgÁm nigxagpøÚvcitþya:geRCA .
edaysarGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT RtUv)aneKrkeXIBaJfa)anbMeBBaJFatupSMénbTeFVITaruNkmμ eRkamc,ab;
GnþrCati eTIbGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØTMngCamanGMNacvinicä½yeTasGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT esμInwgkarrMelaPF¶n;
F¶rénkareFVITaruNkmμ . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday bBaðaKWenARtg;fa etIbTelμIspøÚvePTEbbNaEdlbegáIt)an
CaGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT eRkamc,ab;GnþrCati enAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHenH . bBaðaenH
RtUv)anBiPakSaenAkñúg infra, § B.1 . müa:gviBaJeTot mansMnYrfa etIcMNat;viFankarrbs;rdæKWCaktþatRmUv
mYyénbTelμIseFVITaruNkmμEdr b¤eT enAkñúgry³kalenH . Ep¥kelIehtuplrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
sMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) mankarCECkEvkEBaJkya:gxøaMg GMBIviFankarrbs;rdæfa KWCaktþamYyénkar
rMelaPsiT§imnusSedaykareFVITaruNkmμ b:uEnþvaminTak;TgnwgbBaðaénkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl
enaHeT dUecñH ehIyvaminEmnCaFatupSMénbTeFVITaruNkmμenaHeT,Iy. eRkABIbTrMelaPelIpøÚvePT sMnYrsYrfa
etIGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT GacmankMritesμInwgGMeBIrMelaPF¶n;F¶rénkareFVITaruNkmμEdr b¤eT enAkñúgyutþaFikar
énGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØenaH KWvaGaRs½yeTAelI faetIGMeBITaMgenHbMeBBaJFatupSMénbTelμIsEdl)antRmUvenH
Edr b¤eT .
313
sUmemIlpgEdr salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu( Celebici Trial Judgment) ¶¶ 495-96 (Celebici Trial
Judgment, ¶¶ 495-496) ¬Ecgfa { enAeBlEdlkarRbRBwtþGMeBIcab;rMelaP nigrUbPaBepSgeToténGMeBIhwgSapøÚvePTbMeBBaJlkçN³
vinicä½y [dUcteTA enH] enaHvabegáIt)anCakareFVITaruNkmμ }¦.
314
;sUmemIlsalRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚr:unhSIúca( Furundzija Trial Judgment) ¶ 267 .
315
;sUmemIlsalRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgKUNara:k; (Kunarac Trial Judgment) ¶ 149 ¬{ vtþmanGñkQremIl
CaBiesssmaCikRKYsar k¾GaceFVIeGayb:HBal;F¶n;F¶r xagpøÚvcitþ QaneTAdl;kareFVITaruNkmμGñkEdleKrMlaPesBsnßv³ }¦.

103
 3> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶rénkarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’
eRkammaRta6 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;
esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) { kareFVI)abedayGmnusSFm’ } KWCakarRbRBwtþbMBarbMBanya:gF¶n;F¶r
eTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv .

k> FatupSMénkarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’
esckþIRbkassþIBIkarRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ )anEBaJkkareFVITaruNkmμecBaJBIrUbPaBdéTeTot énkar
RbRBwtþeXaeXA GmnusSFm’ edayeFVIkarbriyaykareFVITaruNkmμfaCa { TRmg;énkarRbRBwtþeXaeXA
GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab b¤kardak;TNÐkmμF¶n;F¶r nigedayectna } .316 dUcKñaenHEdr enAkñúgqñaM1978
tulakarsiT§imnusSGWr:ub )anrkeXIBaJfa PaBxusKñarvagkarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ nigkareFVITaruNkmμ GaRs½y
eTAelIkMriténPaBF¶n;F¶r nigEp¥kelIkal³eTs³énkrNIenH .317 KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS)ankt;sMKal;kñúg
qñaM1982 fa { vamincaM)ac;eFVIkarEBaJkeGaydac;RsT,HBIKña rvagTRmg;TaMgT,ayEdl)anhamXat;énkar
RbRBwtþ nigkardak;TNÐkmμ . karsMKal;TaMgenH Ep¥kelIRbePT eKalbMNg nigPaBF¶n;F¶rénkarRbRBwtþmYy
cMnYn }.318
eTaHbICaKMniténkarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ { mankarlM)akkñúgkarkMNt; } k¾eday k¾esckþIpþl;mtieTA
elIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTIbYn bBa¢ak;fa vaminkMNt;RtwmEt { karRbRBwtþEdlnaMeTArkkarvayRbharelI

316
GnusBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkmμ maRta1 ¬2¦ (Torture Convention, art. 1(2).
317
RbeTseG‘oT,g; nigcRkPBGg;eKøs(Ireland v. United Kingdom), 23 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. B), ¶ 162 (1976) ¬{ karRbRBwtþ
eXaeXA GmnusSFm’ RtUvEtsßitkñúgkMritGb,brmaénPaBF¶n;F¶r RbsinebIvasßitenAkñúgvisalPaBénmaRta3. karvaytMélelIkMrit
Gb,brmaenHKW sßitkñúgcritlkçN³énvtßúepSg²EdlTak;Tg vaGaRs½yeTAelIkal³eTs³TaMgGs;énkrNI dUcCary³eBlénkar
RbRBwtþ plb:HBal;rbs;vaeTAelIragkay nigelIpøÚvcitþ ehIyenAkñúgkrNIxøHdUcCa ePT Gayu nigsßanPaBénsuxPaBrbs;CnrgeRKaH
CaedIm .l.}¦.
318
KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS 7 ¬16¦ U.N. Doc. A/37/40 ¬cuHéf¶TI30 Ex kkáda qñaM1982¦.

104
bUrNPaBrUbkay b¤suxPaB } b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþvak¾rab;bBa©ÚlpgEdr nUvviFankarTaMgT,ayEdlbNþaleGay
{manrbYsF¶n;F¶rcMeBaH>>>>>esckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS } .319 tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI
(ICTY) )anrkeXIBaJdUcKñafa { karRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ } rab;bBa©ÚlkarRbRBwtþEdl { bNþaleGaymanrbYs

b¤karQWcab;F¶n;F¶rxagpøÚvkay nigxagpøÚvcitþ b¤begáIteGaymankarvayRbharF¶n;F¶reTAelIesckþIéføfñÚrCa

mnusS }320 RsedogKñanwgbTelμIsepSgeTot én {GMeBIGmnusSFm’ÉeTot } eRkam]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusS
Cati } .321
RbePTFM²déTeTot énkarRbRBwtþeXaeXA GmnusSFm’ GacsßitenAkñúgniymn½yenH . BitNas;
esckþIpþl;mtieTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv niyayfa GñkRBagGnusBaØaenHmanectnamineFVIkarerobrab;
GMeBIEdl)anerobrab;TaMgGs; Edl)anhamXat;én { GMeBIGmnusSFm’ } ³
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday eKRtUvEtykcitþTukdak;begáItbBa¢IrUbPaBepSg²énGMeBIrMelaP eKmin
GactamTan;karRsemIlRsémrbs;GanaKtGñkeFVITaruNkmμTaMgT,ay EdlmanbMNgcg;
bMeBBaJsPavKtishavrbs;xøÜnenaHeLIy ehIyeKRtUvEtBüayameFVIbBa¢IeQμaHbTelμIs
eGay)anCak;lak; nigeBBaJelBaJ edIm,IeGaymanlkçN³ceg¥ótEfmeTot .322
dUcKñaenHEdr tulakarGnþrCatimin)anBüayamkMritRbePTénkarRbRBwtþEdlGacsßiteRkamcMNgeCIg
xagelIenHeT b:uEnþpÞúyeTAviBaJ )aneFVIkarviPaKedayEp¥kelIGgÁehtuénPaBF¶n;F¶rénkarRbRBwtþkñúgkrNI
319
esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC Commentary) elIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 maRta147
nigesckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC Commentary) elIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI3 maRta150.
320
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu( Celebici Trial Judgment) ¶ 543.
321
{ GMeBIGmnusSFm’déTeTot } rYmmanGMeBITaMgT,ayEdl { bgákarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rdl;bUrNPaBrUbkay b¤bUrNPaBpøÚvcitþrbs;
CnrgeRKaH b¤suxPaBrbs;Kat; b¤esackþIéføfñÚrCamnusS }. sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu( Celebici Trial
Judgment) ¶ 533.
322
sUmemIl esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC Commentary) elIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI1
maRta3 ¬eyagmaRta3 ¬rYm¦ hamXat;karRbRBwtþeXaXAGmnusSFm’ EdlnaMeTArkkareRbI { ¬k¦ GMeBIhwgSadl;GayuCIvit
nigelIrUbragkay CaBiess kareFVImnusSXatRKb;Ebbya:g kayviklkmμ karRbRBwtþGMeBIéRBépS nigkareFVITaruNkmμ { b¤ } ¬x¦
karrMelaP bMBanelIesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;buKÁl CaBiess karRbmafemIlgay nigkarRbRBwtþeXaeXA GmnusSFm’ nigbenßakbnÞab}¦.

105
nImYy². ]TahrN_ tulakareyaFamYy EdlRtUv)anbegáItenAeRkays®gÁamelakelIkTI2 )ankat;eTas
buKÁlmYycMnYnGMBIbTRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’Bak;B½n§karbgçMeGayeFVIkarhYskMlaMg sßanPaBkargarminl¥ kareRbI
GMeBIeXAeXAéRBépS323 nigkarykmnusSsMrab;eFVIBiesaFfñaMeBTüedayKμankarsμ½RKcitþ .324

x> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’

bBa¢Id¾EvgénGMeBITaMgT,ayEdlbegáIt)anCakarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ TMngCaGaceFVIkarpþnÞaeTasGMeBI
higSaelIpøÚvePT CarUbPaBmYyénkarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ . BitNas;
esckþIpþl;mtielIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTIbYn )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa { RbePTénkarRbRBwtþEdlRKb;dNþb;eday
[maRta 27 - rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT eBsüakmμedaybgçM b¤rUbPaBepSgeToténGMeBIebotebon

dl;ekrþ_xμas ] EdlGacbMpøaBaJPaBCamnusS } .325

eTaHbICaFmμnuBaØTIRkugnUrauMb‘Åk(Nuremberg Chater) min)anniyayc,as;las;GMBIGMeBIhwgSaxagpøÚv
ePTenAkñúbBa¢Irbs;xøÜnén]Rkidækmμs®gÁamk¾eday k¾Gñkpþl;mtiCaeRcIn)anGHGagfa GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT
GacRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasCa { karRbRBwtþeXaeXAGmnusSFm’ }.326 TsSn³enHRtUv)anKaMRT edayehtufa
323
sUmemIl]TahrN_ shrdæGaemrik nigRKub 9(U.S. v. Krupp, IX) karkat;esckþI]RkidæCns®gÁam enAcMeBaHmuxtulakar
eyaFaTIRkugnUraMub‘Åk 1373(TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS BEFORE THE NUREMBURG MILITARY TRIBUNALS 1373)
¬rkeXIBaJfa karRbRBwtþeTAelIkmμkrsIuvil nigeQøIys®gÁam enAkñúgCMrMuBlkmμTaskrGaT,Wm:g;(German slave labor camps) KWCa
{ karRbRBwtþeXaeXA GmnusSFm’ } Ca]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati nigCa { karRbRBwtþxusc,ab; } EdlbegáIt)anCa]Rkidækmμ
s®gÁam. GMeBITaMgenaHrYmman karbgçMeGayeFVIkarhYskMlaMg karbg¥t;Gahar nigkarminpþl;esvaEfTaMsuxPaB[)anRtwmRtUv }¦.
324
shrdæGaemrik nigR)an; eG Gal(U.S. v. Brant et al) ¬tulakareyaFashrdæGaemrikTI1 éf¶TI19 ExsIha qñaM1947¦
e)aHBum< eT,IgviBaJ kñúg 1 RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitüelx 10 krNI/ Rtg;cMNucTI16 ¬dIkaecaTRbkan; ¦. 2> c,ab;RkumRbwkSa
RtYtBinitüelx 10 krNI/ Rtg;cMNucTI198/ 207/217/ 222/ 235/ 241/ 248 ¬saldIka¦.
325
sUmemIl esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati (ICRC Commentary) elIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4
maRta147.
326
sUmemIl ExlIDI GasÁIn(KELLY D. ASKIN), ]Rkidækmμs®gÁamRbqaMgnwg®sþI ³ karvinicä½yeTasenAkñúgtulakar]Rkidækmμs®gÁam
GnþrCati (WAR CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN: PROSECUTION IN INTERNATIONAL WAR CRIMES TRIBUNALS) 138
¬1997¦ ¬kareBalGHGagfa karebotebonpøÚvePT { BitCa } GacRtUv)anvinicä½yeTaskñúgbT]Rkidækmμs®gÁaménkar { RbRBwtþeXa

106
tulakareyaFaGnþrCatisMrab;cugbUBa’(IMTFE))anpþnÞaeTasbuKÁlBIbTrMelaPelIpøÚvePT elI®sþIsIuvil nig
buKÁlikeBTüEdlmanrUbPaBCa {karRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ }.327 dUecñHvaTMngCaGMeBIrMelaPxagpøÚvePT eRkam
c,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati GacRtUv)anpþnÞaeTas CakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶rénkarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’enAkñúgyutþa-
FikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ . sMNYrsYrfa etIvaCaGMeBIhigSaxagpøÚvePTEdr b¤eT eRkABIGMeBI
rMelaPEdlGacRtUv)anpþnÞaeTaseRkamcMNgeCIgxagelI nwgtRmUveGaymankarviPaKenAkñúgkrNInImYy²fa
etIkarRbRBwtþGac)anbMeBBaJFatupSM Edl)antRmUvenAkñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ b¤eT .

eXAéRBépS } enATIRkugnUraMub‘Åk¦ FmμnuBaØTIRkugnUraMub‘Åk(Nuremberg Charter) maRta6 ¬x¦ ¬rab;bBa©ÚlGMeBIelμIsCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam

EdlRtUvsßiteRkamkarvinicä½yeTasBIbT { RbRBwtþeXaeXAéRBépS } b:uEnþminEmnCa { kareFVITaruNkmμ } b¤ { karRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ }
enaHeT¦.
327
mIuEql kUTIey:(Michael Cottier) karRbRBwtþcab;rMelaPelIpøÚvePT¬rMelaPesBsnßv³¦ nigrUbPaBdéTeToténGMeBIhwgSapøÚv ePT
enAkñúg esckþIpþl;mtielIlkçnþik³TIRkugr:UmsþIBItulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(COMMENTARY ON THE ICC) 249GUtU RTIhVtWrW eGDI
1999 (Otto Triffterer ed., 1999) bBa¢ak;enAkñúg 1>salRkmtUXüÚ(1 TOKYO JUDGMENT) 385/ b‘ÍvIeG r:UlIBaJ & sIueGhV r:UtW
GIuDIeGs (B.V.A. Roling & C.F. Ruter eds.) ¬Ecgfa { PsþútagTak;TgnwgGMeBIeXaeXA nig]Rkidækmμs®gÁamdéTeTot Edl
)anbgðaBaJenAcMeBaHmuxtulakar bgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJ >>>>>> karRbRBwtþcab;rMelaPelIpøÚvePT¬rMelaPesBsnßv³¦ nigGMeBIeXaeXAdéT
eTot EdlmancritlkçN³GmnusSFm’ nigéRBépSbMputRtUv)aneKeFVIedayesrI>>>>}¦. sUmemIlpgEdr 2 salRkmtUXüÚ(2 TOKYO
JUDGMENT) 967 ¬):alec mtiCMTas;elIehtuplepSgeTot¦ ¬bBa¢ak; enAkñúg]bsmç½n§éndIkaecaTRbkan; Edl)ancat;Tukkar

RbRBwtþcab;rMelaPelIpøÚvePT¬rMelaPesBsnßv³¦ CakarrMelaPc,ab; nigTMenomTMlab;s®gÁam EdlsßitenAkñúgCMBUkén { karRbRBwtþ

GmnusSFm’ }¦ etGUD½r emr:un (Theodor Meron) karRbRBwtþcab;rMelaPelIpøÚvePT¬rMelaPesBsnßv³KWCa]Rkidækmμs®gÁam eRkam
c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati (Rape as a War Crime under International Humanitarian Law), 87 AM. J. INT’L. L. 426, n.14
(1993) . KYrkt;sMKal;fa enAkñúgqñaM1976 KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSGIr:ub (the European Commission of Human Rights)
)anrkeXIBaJfa karRbRBwtþcab;rMelaPelIpøÚvePT¬rMelaPesBsnßv³¦ KWCakarrMelaPelIkatBVkic©rdæ EdlmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaGWr:ub
EdlhamXat;kardak;buKÁlRKb;rUbCakmμvtßúénkarRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’. RbeTssIuR)as; CamYyRbeTstYKI ( Cyprus v. Turkey),
Eur. Comm’n. H.R., 482 Eur. H.R. Rep. ¶ 374 (1996); GnusBaØaGWr:ubsþIBIsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan(European

Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms), 213 U.N.T.S. 222, maRta3 cUlCaFrman enAéf¶TI2 ExkBaØa

qñaM1953 ¬Rbkasfa { KμanbuKÁlNamYy RtUv)andak;CakmμvtßúénkareFVITaruNkmμ b¤karRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot EdleXa

eXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞabeT,Iy }¦.

107
 4> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶rbgáreGaymankarQWcab;ya:g
sahavéRBépSbMput b¤naMeGaymanrbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;ragkay b¤suxPaB
eRkammaRta6 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;
esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) Ecgfa { GMeBIEdlbgáedayectnaeGaymanrbYsF¶n;F¶r b¤eGayman
karQWcab;dl;ragkay b¤suxPaB } KWCakarRbRBwtþbMBarbMBanya:gF¶n;F¶reTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv .
esckþIpþl;mtielIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTIbYn Ecgfa { enHniyaysMedAdl;karQWcab;Edl)anbgáeT,Ig
edayKμanTIbBa©b; cMeBaHTaruNkmμEdl)anbgáeT,Ig b¤BiesaFxagCIvsa®sþEdl)aneFVIeT,Ig . dUecñHvaGacnaM
eGaymankareFVITaruNkmμ kñúgkarsgswk b¤sMrab;ehtupldéTeTot RbEhlCakarsb,ayeFVIeGayGñk
déTQWcab; } .328 müa:gviBaJeTot { eyaledayGnusBaØaenHminEcgeGayc,as;fa manEtkarQWcab;xag
ragkayEtb:ueNÑaH eTIbeKGaccat;faCakarRsbc,ab; edIm,IRKb;dNþb;elIkarQWcab;xagpøÚvcitþpgEdr .329
enAkñúglkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) GMeBIrMelaPF¶n;F¶renH RtUv
)aneKeGayniymn½yfaCa { GMeBI b¤karxkxanedayectna EdlkñúgenaHman karbNþaleGaymankar
QWcab; b¤rbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;ragkay b¤suxPaB rYmTaMgsuxPaBpøÚvcitþ Edl)anRbRBwtþRbqaMgnwgbuKÁlNamñak;
Edl)anTTYlkarkarBar } .330 GgÁCMnMuCRmHéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )an
rkeXIBaJfabTelμIsenH { RKb;dNþb;elIGMeBITaMgT,ay EdlminbMeBBaJesckþItRmUvsMrab;bTelμIsénkareFVI
TaruNkmμ eTaHbICavac,as;Nas;Edlfa GMeBITaMgGs;enHbegáIt)anCakareFVITaruNkmμ ehIyEdlGacekIt
eLIgenAcenøaHeBlRbRBwtþbTelμIsenH } .331 eRkABIenH va)ankMNt;lkçN³vinicä½ycMeBaHPaBF¶n;F¶r EdlCa

328
sUmemIl esckþIpþl;mtirbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC Commentary) elIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4
maRta147.
329
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu( Celebici Trial Judgment) ¶¶ 509-09 ¬rkeXIBaJfa
GMeBIelIμsenH Gacrab;TaMg { karQWcab;xagpøÚvcitþ }¦.
330
sUmemIl lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) maRta2 ¬K¦. niymn½yénbTelμIsenH enAkñúg
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(The Rome Statute) qøúHbBa©aMgelIniymn½yénbTelμIsenH enAkñúglkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;
GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY). sUmemIl FatupSMénbTelμIs enAkñúgtulakatRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) maRta8 ¬2¦ ¬k¦ ¬3¦.
331
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu( Celebici Trial Judgment) ¶ 511.

108
{ eRKaHfñak;bNþalmkBIkarxUcGtßRbeyaCn_F¶n;F¶r nigEdlmanry³eBlEvgdl;lT§PaBrbs;CnNamñak; kñúg
karRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitFmμta nigsßabna }332 EdlvapÞúynwg { GMeBIEdlmaneRKaHfñak;bnÞab;bnSMBak;B½n§
cMeBaHEtesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusSmñak;² }333 EdlGacCasmasFatuén]Rkidækmμs®gÁaménkarRbRBwtþGmnusS
Fm’ .
enAkñúgqñaM1992 KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC) )anRbkasfa karrMelaPF¶n;F¶rén
{ karbNþaleGayQWcab;ya:gsahavéRBépSbMput >>>>} RKb;dNþb;eTAelIGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT .334 eRkABI
enH eTaHbICamankaresñIBIRbeTsBaJÚ:EslEln(New Zealand) nigRbeTssVIs(Switzerland) enAkñúgsnñisiT
TIRkugr:Um sMubEnßmRbeyaK { GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePTCaBiess } eTAelIkarrMelaPF¶n;F¶renHk¾eday k¾karesñI
sMuenHRtUv)aneKbdiesF KYrkt;sMKal;fa krNIenH)anekItman BIeRBaHGñkRBageCOfa bTrMelaPelIpøÚvePT
RtUv)anRKb;dNþb;rYcehIy edayPasaTUeTAénbBaØtþienH .335 GaRs½yedaymanmtiyl;RsbCaÉkcänÞelI
bBaðaenH eTIbGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePTGacRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasesμInwgkarrMelaPF¶n;F¶rén { karbNþaleGayQW
cab;ya:gsahavéRBépSbMput >>>>} enAkñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ . sMnYrEdlfa GMeBIhwgSaxagpøÚv
ePT GacRtUv)aneFVIkarpþnÞaeTasEdr b¤eTenaH kñúgerOgenH vaRtUvTamTareGaymankarviPaKelIkrNIImYy²
dac;edayET,kBIKña edIm,IkMNt;fa etIkarRbRBwtþenH)anbMeBBaJFatupSMEdl)antRmUvénbTelμIsenH b¤eT .

x> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCa]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati

332
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgNatalic (Naletilic Trial Judgment) ¶ 343 ¬{ karQWcab;F¶n;F¶r mincaM)ac;RtUvEt
bNþaleGayQWcab;CaGcié®nþy_ nigminGacBüa)al)anenaH b:uEnþvaRtUvEtTak;TgnwgkarQWcab; EdlhYsBIkarminsb,aycitþ
beNþaHGasnñ ¬Fmμta¦ karxμas;eGon b¤kaeemIlgayemIlefak}¦.
333
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgkUDIc (Kordic Trial Judgment) ¶ 245.
334
sUmemIl CMnYysμartI(Aide-Mémoire)¬éf¶TI3 ExFñÚ qñaM1992¦ rbs;KN³kmμaFikarkak)atRkhmGnþrCati(ICRC))anKUs
bBa¢ak;enAkñúg mIur:un(cited in Meron) Rtg;cMNucTI 426.
335
hWbEbl & r:Ubuinsin(Hebel & Robinson)Rtg;cMNucTI108-09. GñkRBagk¾manbMNgeCosvagkarExVgmtiKña EdlGac
QaneTArkkarbEnßmbTelμIsfμI eTAkñúgbBa¢IénkarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r Edlzan³rbs;vasßitenAeRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati Edlmin
GacRbEkk)an. sUmemIlGtþbTdEdl Id.

109
 maRta6 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI
emdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) pþl;GMNacvinicä½y]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati )anEcgfa { GMeBINamYYy
Edl)anRbRBwtþCaTUeTA b¤edaymankarerobcMRbqaMgeTAelICnsIuvil edaymUlehtu Cati neya)ay CatiBn§
BUCsasn_ b¤sasnaNamYydUcCa ³ kareFVImnusSXat karsmøab;rgÁal kareFVIeGayeTACaTaskr karnireTs
kardak;kñúgmnÞIrXMuXaMg kareFVITaruNkmμ karrMelaPelIpøÚvePT kareFVITukçbukemñBaJ edaymUlehtu neya)ay
BUCsasn_ b¤sasna GMeBIGmnusSFm’epSg²eTot } .
KYrkt;sMKal;fa maRtaenHmin)anbBa©ÚlbBa¢IeQμaHd¾EvgénbTelμIsrMelaPelIpøÚvePT EdlmanenAkñúg
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um rYmman { karrMelaPelIpøÚvePT kareFVIeGayeTACaTaskrpøÚvePT ebsüakmμedaybgçM kar
eFVIeGaymanépÞeBaHedaybgçM kareFVImineGaymankUnedaybgçM b¤rUbPaBepSgeToténGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT
EdlmansßanTm¶n;eTasdUcKña } .336 GñkRBagc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakar
km<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) Gacmanectnamindak;bBa©ÚlbTelμIsénGMeBIhwgSa
xagpøÚvTaMgenH . eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday eKGacelIksMGag)anpgEdrfa c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁ
CMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) KYrEtRtUv)aneFVIkarbk
Rsay edIm,ICMruBaJeGaypþnÞaeTasGMeBITaMgenH . TImYy c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúg
tulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) manbMNgGnuvtþRkbx½NÐkic©RBmeRBogrvag
GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraCrdæPaPi)alkm<úCa ehIymaRta9 énkic©RBmeRBogenH )aneFVIkarGMBavnavsMu
eGayGnum½tniymn½yén]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati dUcmanEcgkñúglkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um .337 TIBIr kñúgnam
CardæPaKIénlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )aneGaysBaØarYcehIy BIkarEdlxøÜnyl;
RBmTTYlykbBa¢Id¾EvgenH . enATIbBa©b; eK)andak;bBa©ÚlRbeyaK { dUcCa } bBa¢IbTelμIsEdl)anerobrab;
BImun kñúgmaRta5 bgðaBaJBIectnamindak;kMritsmtßkic©rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ cMeBaHGMeBITaMgenH

336
sUmemIl FatupSMénbTelμIs enAkñúgtulakatRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) maRta7 ¬1¦ ¬q¦.
337
sUmemIl kic©RBmeRBog rvagGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa sþIBIkarvinicä½yeTas eRkamc,ab;km<úCa cMeBaH]Rkidækmμ
Edl)anRbRBwtþ enAkñúgry³kalénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü maRta9 RtUv)ancuHhtßelx enAéf¶TI6 Exmifuna qñaM2003 Rbkas;eGay
eRbIeday RBHraCRkmelx ns /rRkm /1004 /004 ¬2004¦ ¬Ecgfa { RtUvsßiteRkamyutþaFikarrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ cMeBaH
bTelμIsTaMgT,aydUcCa >>>> ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati dUcmanEcgenAkñúglkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) qñaM1998 >>>} .

110
eT,Iy.338 cMENkÉshRBHraCGaCJaénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ Gacyl;faCakarsmRsb kñúgkarBicarNa
GMBIniymn½yEdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlayCagénlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) énBaküGMeBIhwgSaxagpøÚv
ePT edIm,IeFVIkarecaTRbkan;)an dMbUgeKRtUvEtkMNt;fa etIGMeBITaMgenHGaceFVIkarecaTRbkan;BIbT]Rkidæ
RbqaMgnwgmnusSCati)anEdr b¤eT enAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ .
eRkammaRta5 GMBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCa]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati EdlTMngCaGaceFVIkarpþnÞa
eTasBIbTrMelaPelIpøÚvePT kareFVIeGayeTACaTaskr kareFVITaruNkmμ b¤GMeBIGmnusSFm’epSg²eTot)an.
1> GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT¬rMelaPesBsnßv³¦
dUc)ankt;sMKal;xagelI GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT KWCaGMeBImYyEdl)anerobrab; eRkambBaØtþisþIBI]Rkidæ
kmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;
esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) . niymn½yénBakü ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatikñúgc,ab;TMenom
TMlab;GnþrCati )anbBa©ÚlbTrMelaPelIpøÚvePT ya:gehacNas; cab;taMgkarbBa©b;s®gÁamelakelIkTI2 enA
eBlEdlc,ab;RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitüelx10 )anEcgya:gc,as; eRkamCMBUkénbTelμIsenH .339 lkçnþik³
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) lkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTs
rVa:n;da(ICTR) niglkçnþik³éntulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(SCSL) k¾)anbBa©ÚlGMeBIrMelaPxagpøÚv
ePTfaCabTelμIsbnÞab;bnSMén]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatiEdr .340
338
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) maRta5
Ecgfa { ]RkidðkmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati>>>>>>KWGMeBINamYy EdlvayRbharTUeTA b¤edaymankarerobcMRbqaMgeTAelICnsIuvil
edaymUlehtu Cati sasna CaBnÞ BUCsasn_ b¤sasnaNamYy dUcCa kareFVImnusSXat karsmøab;rgÁÁal kareFVIeGayeTACaTaskr
karnireTas kardak;kñúgmnÞIrXMuXaMg kareFVITaruNkmμ karrMelaPelIpøÚvePT kareFVITukbukemñBaJ edaymUlehtuneya)ay BUCsasn_
b¤sasna GMeBIGmnusSFm’epSg²eTot}. ¬bBa¢ak;bEnßm¦¦.
339
RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitüelx 10 karpþnÞaeTasbuKÁlTaMgT,ayEdlmanBiruT§PaB BIbT]Rkidækmμs®gÁam ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgsnþiPaB
nig]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati maRta 2 ¬1¦ ¬K¦ ¬cuHéf¶TI20 ExFñÚ qñaM1945¦ 3> RkumRbwkSaRtYtBinitüraCkic© sMrab;RbeTs
GaT,Wm:g; 50 ¬1946¦.
340
lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY Statute) maRta5 lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;
RbeTsrVa:n;da (ICTR Statute) maRta3 lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC Statute) maRta7 ¬1¦ ¬q¦ lkçnþik³tulakar

111
 eTaHbICaminmanniymn½yc,as;las;énGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePTeRkamc,ab;GnþrCati EdlmanenAkñúg
yutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØk¾eday k¾tulakarBiess)anbegáItcab;BIeBlenaHmknUv
niymn½yTUlaymYyGMBIbTelμIsenH. GgÁCMnMuCRmHéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR)
)anebIksvnakarenAkñúgkrNIerOgGakaeys‘U(Akayesu) Edlniymn½yénGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePTmanlkçN³
Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgniymn½yénkareFVITaruNkmμ EdleK)ansgát;F¶n;eTAelI {Rkbx½NÐxagRTwsþIénrdæ
Edldak;TNÐkmμdl;GMeBIhwgSaenaH } eRcInCagelI { RbePTynþkarmYyénvtßú b¤EpñkéndgxøÜn } .341 bnÞab;
mktulakarenHbnþkMNt;GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT Ca { karbMBarbMBanelIragkayEdlmancritlkçN³pøÚvePT
Edl)anRbRBwtþeTAelIbuKÁlsßiteRkamkal³eTs³énkarbgçitbgçM .342 enAkñúgkrNIerOgkUNara:k;(Kunarac)
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anGnum½tRkbx½NÐxagRTwsþIénkrNIerOgGakaeys‘U;
(Akayesu) bnÞab;mk)anEcgGMBIFatusMxan;²énbTrMelaPelIpøÚvePT. enAkñúgTsSn³rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala

]T§rN_ FatupSMénbTrMelaPelIpøÚvePTman ³
karbBa©ÚlRbdab;ePT eTaHCakarcUlenaH tic b¤eRcIn k¾eday ³
¬k¦ eTAkñúgTvarbKÁ¬rn§eyanI¦ b¤vc©mKÁ¬TaVrlamk¦ rbs;CnrgeRKaH edayGgÁCati
¬ligÁ¦rbs;CnelμIs b¤vtßúdéTeTot EdlCnelμIs)aneRbIR)as; b¤
¬x¦ eTAkñúgmat;rbs;CnrgeRKaH edayGgÁCati¬ligÁ¦rbs;CnelμIs RbsinebIkar
dak;bBa©ÚlRbdab;ePTenH eFVIeT,IgedayKμankaryl;RBmBICnrgeRKaH .
karyl;RBm kñúgeKalbMNgenH RtUvEtCakaryl;RBmedaysμ½RKcitþ Edl)anmkBIqnÞHesrI

BiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone)kñúg r)aykarN_rbs;elakGKÁelxaFikar

GgÁkarshRbCaCati sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymantulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn P¢ab;CamYy]bsm<½n§ maRta2 ¬q¦ U.N.
Doc. S/2000/915 (2000) [Edlcab;BIenHeTAehAfa lkçnþik³tulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(SCSL Statute)].
341
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgGakaeys‘U (Akayesu Trial Judgment) ¶ 597.
342
sUmelIkGtßbTdEdl ¶¶ 598/ 688. CalT§plénniymn½yenH GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg)anTTYlsÁal;fa karrMelaPesB
snßv³min)ankMNt;RtwmEt { TMnak;TMngpøÚvePT edayKμankaryl;RBm } b¤ { karrMelaPbMBanelIragkaymnusS } b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfm
TaMg { GacbBa©ÚlpgEdr nUvGMeBITaMgT,ayEdlminBak;B½n§dl;karbBa©ÚlGgÁCati b¤karb:HBal;elIrUbragkay} . sUmemIl salRkm
saladMbUgelIkrNIerOgGakaeys‘U (Akayesu Trial Judgment) ¶¶ 686/688.

112
 rbs;CnrgeRKaH Edl)aneFVIkarvaytMélkñúgbribTénsßanPaBenACMuCitTIenaH . bMNg]Rkidæ
(Mens rea) KWCaectna Edlman\T§iBleTAelIkardak;bBa©ÚlRbdab;ePTenH ehIykardwgfa

vaekIteT,IgedayKμankaryl;RBmBICnrgeRKaH.343
sMxan;bMputenaHKW PsþútagEdlbgðaBaJfaminmankaryl;RBm GacbgðaBaJfamankal³eTs³rMelaPelI
pøÚvePT edaybgçitbgçMBitR)akdEmn enAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuF .344
vaminc,as;fa niymn½yenH KWCaEpñkmYyénc,ab;TMenomTMlab; enAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁ
CMnMuCRmHvisamBaØeT . dUc)ankt;sMKal;edaytulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) enA
kñúgkrNIerOghVÚr:unhSIúca¬the Furundzija case¦ mansnÞúHmYyya:gxøaMgenAkñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAenH
kñúgviFIEdlyutþaFikarkñúgRsukeGayniymn½yénBakürMelaPelIpøÚvePT ³
eKGacemIleXIBaJninñakarmYy enAkñúgc,ab;CatiénrdæmYycMnYn EdleFVIkarBRgIkniymn½yén
BakürMelaPelIpøÚvePT EdlenAeBlbc©úb,nñenH vaRKbdNþb;elIGMeBIEdl)ancat;fñak;knøg
mk ebItamkareRbobeFob vaCabTelμIsEdlminmansPaBF¶n;F¶rb:unμaneT enaHKWCakarebot
ebonelIpøÚvePT b¤karebotebondl;ekrþ×xμas; . ninñakarenHbgðaBaJfa enAfñak;Cati rdæman
TMenareTArkcat;viFankartwgEtgCag cMeBaHrUbPaBF¶n;F¶rénGMeBIebotebondl;ekrþ×xμas; .

343
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgKUNara:k;(Kunarac Trial Judgment) ¶ 460-437 )ansMercenAkñúgsaldIkasala
]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgKUNara:k;(Kunarac Appeals Judgment) ¶ 128.
344
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl ¶ 129. sUmemIlpgEdr r)aykarN_rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;
GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) kñúgkrNIerOghVÚ‘r:unsIuca (Furundzija) fa } rUbPaBNamYyénkarcab;bgçaMgeGayyl;RBm}. GgÁCMnMuCRmH
saladMbUghVÚ‘r:unsIuca( Furundzija Trial Chamber) 271. sUmemIlGak;K½r RBHraCGaCJa nigmUhIuma:Na(accord Prosecutor v.
Muhimana), sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-95-IB-T, salRkm ¶ 546 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI28 Exemsa qñaM2005¦

¬{GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg RtUv)anbBa©úHbBa©ÚledaykarviPaKrbs;GgÁCMnuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt

yUehÁasøavI[ICTY] fakarbgçitbgçMKWCaFatupSMmYy EdlGacCa]bsKÁdl;karyl;RBm EdlCaktþaPsþútagmYy enAkñúgbTelμIs
rMelaPesBsnßv³. müa:gviBaJeTot GgÁCMnMuCRmHenH yl;RsbCamYyKMniteyabl;Edlfa kal³eTs³manenAkñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn Edl
RtUv)anecaTRbkan;eRkamc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati faCa]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati b¤]Rkidækmμs®gÁam
EdlGMeBIenHsuT§swgEtCakarbgçitbgçMTaMgGs; dUecñHvabgá]bsKÁdl;karyl;RBmBitR)akd }.

113
 saøksñamTuys’(stigma) énGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT bc©úb,nñenH )anP¢ab;eTAnwgkarrIkduHdal
eT,IgénbTelμIspøÚvePT EdlCakarBitNas; vaRtUvEtbMeBBaJesckþItRmUvmYycMnYn Rbkar
EdlsMxan;bMputenaHKW karbBa©ÚlGgÁCatiedaybgçMelIragkay .345
GaRs½yehtuenH enAeBlEdlniymn½yénBakürMelaPelIpøÚvePT enAkñúgc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati
bc©úb,nñ RKb;dNþb;minRtwmEteTAelIkarbBa©ÚlGgÁCatiedayminmankaryl;RBmb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþvak¾RKb;dNþb;
pgEdr eTAelIGMeBImYycMnYndUcCa karrYmePTtammat;edaybgç346 M vaminc,as;famanbBaðaenHekIteT,IgenA
kñúgry³kalcab;BIqñaM1975 dl;qñaM1979 eT . BitNas; niymn½yénBakürMelaPelIpøÚvePT eRkamRkm
RBhμTNÐkm<úCa qñaM1956 manlkçN³ceg¥ótCag EdlRkmenHEcgfa { CnNamñak; EdlbBa©ÚlGgÁCati
b¤BüayambBa©ÚlGgÁCatiedaybgçMeTAkñúgTvarbKÁ¬rn§eyanI¦rbs;®sþImñak; edayminmankaryl;RBmBI®sþIenaH
RtUvmanBiruT§PaBBIbTrMelaPelIpøÚvePT }.347 eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday vac,as;Nas;Edlfa CnelμIs
rMelaPelIpøÚvePT enAkñúgsm½yExμrRkhmkñúgRbeTskm<úCa KYr)ankt;sMKal;fa ya:gehacNas; ebIeKeGay
niymn½yceg¥ótbnþic GMeBIenHRtUvpþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐ .
müa:gviBaJeTot vaGacfa niymn½yeRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati enAkñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñ
énGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ manynþkarticCag ynþkarEdlmanEcgenAkñúgRkmRBhμTNÐ qñaM1956 . BitNas;
345
GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚ‘r:unsIuca( Furundzija Trial Chamber) ¶ 179.
346
tamTsSn³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) GMeBITaMgenH { begáIt)anCakarvayRbharedaykar
RbmafemIlgay nigkarbenßakbnÞabbMput eTAelIesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS } ehIyKYrEtcat;fñak;CaGMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³. sUmemIl
GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚ‘r:unsIuca( Furundzija Trial Chamber) ¶ 183.
347
RkmRBhμTNÐkm<úCa maRta443 ¬1956¦. karMelaPesBsnßv³kumarIGayueRkamdb;bIqñaM RtUvpþnÞaeTasdak;Bn§naKar nwgbgçM
eGayeFVIkarF¶n; rIÉkarrMelaPesBsnßv³kumarIGayuelIdb;bIqñaM RtUvpþnÞaeTasdak;Bn§naKarBImYyqñaM eTAR)aMqñaM. GtþbTdEdl maRta
21/ 443. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karrMelaPesBsnßv³kumarIeRkamGayudb;bIqñaM GacbnßyeTasmkenATabCag edayEp¥kelI
karyl;RBm kalebImankaryl;RBm { edayKμankarbgçitbgçM KμankareRbIGMeBIhwgSa b¤edayKμankare)akbeBaäat}. sUmemIlGtþbT
dEdl maRta444. karpþnÞaeTascMeBaHbTelμIsrMelaPesBsnßv³mankMriteTasF¶n;F¶rCagenH RbsinebICnrgeRKaHCa®sþIRBhμcarI
®sþImanbþIehIy EdlTak;TgedaypÞal;eTAnwgCnelμIs eRkamkarRKb;RKgEfrkSaedaypÞal;BICnelμIs karrMelaPedayCnBal
kareRbIfñaMeBaJónedayCnelμIs karrMelaPesBsnßv³enAeBlkMBugeKglg;lk; b¤RbsinCaCnelμIseGayCndéTcUlrYmRbRBwtþkarcab;
rMelaPesBsnßv³CaGñksmKMnit. sUmemIlGtþbTdEdl maRta445-46.

114
manyutþaFikarCaeRcIn)aneRbIR)as;niymn½yTUlayenAkñúgry³kalenH bgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJfa mankarpøas;
bþÚrmYycMnYn énniymn½ykñúgc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati GacekItmanrYcehIyenAeBlenaH . ]TahrN_
enAcugTsvtS qñaM1970 rdæcMnYnEssibmYyrdæ kñúgshrdæGaemrik )anbþÚreQμaHbTelμIsBI {bTrMelaPxagpøÚv
ePT } mk {bTkarebotebonelIpøÚvePT } ehIy)ansresrlkçnþik³sþIBIkarrMelaPelIpøÚvePTenHeT,IgviBaJ
edIm,IeGaymanGBüaRkitxagey:nD½r ehIy)anBRgIgniymn½yénBakürMelaPelIpøÚvePT edayrab;TaMgkar
bBa©ÚlGgÁCatieTAkñúgTvarbKÁ¬rn§eyanI¦ eTAkñúgmat; nig eTAkñúgvc©mKÁ¬TaVrlamk¦ nig edayvtßúeRkABI
GgÁCati .348 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday rdæRtUveFVIkarsÞg;mtiya:gTUlMTUlaymYy edIm,IkMNt;niymn½yénbT
elμIsenH enAkñúgc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati enAcenøaH qñaM1975 dl; qñaM1979 .

2> kareFVIeGayeTACaTaskr nigTaskmμelIpøÚvePT

dUcCalkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatidéTeTotEdr epþImecBaJBIFmμnuBaØTIRkugnUrauMb‘Åk(Nuremburg
Charter) nigFmμnuBaØéntulakareyaFaGnþrCatisMrab;cugbUBa’(IMTFE Charters) Edr maRta5 énc,ab;sþIBI

karbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law)

)anrayeQμaHkareFVIeGayeTACaTaskrfaCa GMeBIbnÞab;bnSMmYyén]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati .349 ]Rkidæ
kmμénkareFVIeTACaTaskr )anmkBIkarhamR)amkareFVIeGayeTACaTaskr¬Taskmμ¦ enAkñúgGnusBaØa
RbqaMgnwgTaskmμqñaM1926350 EdlRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;faCac,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati enAqñaM1937.351
348
sUmemIl ]TahrN_, FLA. STAT. ANN. § 794.011 (West 1976) (“karbgárrbYssñamelIpøÚvePT”); N.M. STAT. ANN. §
30-9-11 (Supp. 1982) (“ bBa©ÚlGgÁCatixagpøÚvePTkñúgbTelμIsRBhμTNД).
349
sUmemIl FmμnuBaØTIRkugnUraMub‘Åk(Nuremberg Charter) maRta6 FmμnuBaØtulakareyaFaGnþrCatisMrab;cugbUBa’ (IMTFE
Charter), maRta5 ¬K¦ lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁa søavI(ICTY) maRta5/ lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐ

GnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da (ICTR) maRta3 ¬K¦ lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um (Rome Statute) maRta7 ¬1¦ ¬K¦ lkçnþik³tulakarBiess
sMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(SCSL Statute) maRta2 ¬K¦.
350
Taskmμ kareFVIeGayeTACaTaskr kargaredaybgçM nigsßab½n nigkarGnuvtþn_Rbhak;RbEhlenH GnusBaØaqñaM1926 60
L.N.T.S.253, cUlCaFrman enAéf¶TI9 ExmIna qñaM1927 [Edlcab;BIenHteTAehAfa GnusBaØaRbqaMgTasPaB] .
351
sUmemIl ]TahrN_ eGm eQorIhV )asIuGUnI (Cherif Bassiouni, Enslavement)enAkñúg 1 c,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati 663-704
eGm eQorIhV )asIuGUnI e)aHBum<pSay qñaM1999 (M. Cherif Bassiouni ed., 1999).

115
 eRkamGnusBaØaRbqaMgGMeBITasPaB kareFVIeGayeTACaTaskr¬Taskmμ¦ RtUv)aneKeGayniymn½y
faCa { zan³ b¤sßanPaBénbuKÁlmñak;eTAelIGMNacNamYy b¤GMNacTaMgGs; EdlP¢ab;eTAnwgkarGnuvtþn_
siT§ielIkmμsiT§i } .352 tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anGnum½tniymn½yenHenA
kñúgkrNIerOgkUNara:k; (Kunarac) .353 müa:gviBaJeTot GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_kñúgkrNIerOgkUNara:k;
(Kunarac) )anrkeXIBaJfa CnNamñak;RtUv)aneKykeTAeFVICaTaskr b¤Gt;enaH { RtUvEp¥keTAelIKuNPaBén

TMnak;TMngrvagCnCab;ecaT nigCnrgeRKaH } .354 ktþaBak;B½n§rYmman ³

karRKb;RKgeTAelIskmμPaBrbs;CnNamñak; karRtYtBinitüeTAelIsßanPaBragkay karRtYt
BinitüeTAelIktþacitþsa®sþ viFankarnanaEdl)ancat;eT,Ig edIm,Ibgáar b¤raraMgkareKcxøÜn karbgçit
bgçM karKMrameRbIR)as;kMlaMg b¤karbgçitbgçM efrevla karGHGagBIsiT§ipþac;mux kardak;eGaysßitenA
eRkamkarRbRBwtþeXaeXA nigkarrMelaP karRKb;RKgelIbBaðapøÚvePT nigkargaredaybgçM .355

TaMglkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um TaMglkçnþik³éntulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(SCSL) bBa©ÚlBakü

{ TaskmμelIpøÚvePT } CaGMeBImYyEdl)anerobrab; EdlbegáIt)anCa]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati kalebIGMeBI
352
GnusBaØaRbqaMgTasPaB maRta1.
353
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgkUNara:k;(Kunarac Trial Judgment) ¶ 539 ¬kMNt;kareFVIeGayeTACaTaskrfaCa {
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati enAkñúgc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati rYmmankareRbIR)as;GMNacmYy b¤GMNacTaMgGs; EdlCab;Ca
mYysiT§ikmμsiT§ielIbuKÁlmñak; }¦ )anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;saldIkasala]T§rN_kUNara:k;(Kunarac Appeals Judgment) ¶ 117
¬KMnitCaRbéBNIénkarykmnusSeFVICaTaskr dUcmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaRbqaMgTasPaB qñaM1926 ehIyCaerOy²eKniyaysMedA
dl; { TasPaBEdlmanrUbragCak;Esþg nigmanclna } )anvivtþn_RKb;dNþb;eTAelIrUbPaBepSg²énTasPaBkñúgsm½ykalEtmYy
EdlvaEp¥kpgEdreTAelIkareRbIR)as;GMNacmYy b¤GMNacTaMgGs; EdlCab;CamYysiT§ikmμsiT§i }¦. CalMdab; niymn½yrbs;
tulakarelIkrNIerOgkaNara:k; )anbegáItCamUldæansMrab;kareGayniymn½yénBakükareFVIeGayeTACaTaskr enAkñúglkçnþik³
TIRkugr:Um(the Rome Statute). sUmemIl lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(the Rome Statute) maRta7 ¬2¦ ¬K¦ ¬{ kareRbIR)as;GMNacmYy
b¤GMNacTaMgGs; EdlCab;CamYysiT§ikmμsiT§ielIbuKÁlmñak; ehIyrYmTaMgkareRbIR)as;GMNacenHkñúgkrNIénkarCYBaJdUrmnusS
CaBiess ®sþI nigkumar}¦.
354
saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgkUNara:k;(Kunarac Appeals Judgment) ¶ 121 .
355
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl ¶ 119. KYrkt;sMKal;fa skmμPaB nigkarRbRBwtþEpñkCMnYBaJ minRtUv)anBicarNaedaytulakarRBhμTNÐ
GnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) faCasnÞsSn_énkarykmnusSeTAeFVICaTaskreT,Iy.

116
enHRtUv)anRbRBwtþCaEpñkmYyénkarvayRbharTUeTAb¤CaRbB½n§eTAelICnsIuvilNamñak;.356 xN³Edlminman
minTan;mankarecaTRbkan;NamYyGMBIbTTaskmμelIpøÚvePTRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaytulakarRBmμTNÐGnþr
Cati(ICC) RBHraCGaCJaéntulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(SCSL) )anecaTRbkan;smaCikbIrUb
énRkumRbwkSabdivtþn_kgkMlaMgRbdab;GavuF(AFRC) elIkrNIcMnYnbYnepSg²KñaénGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT eday
rYmTaMg GMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³ TaskmμelIpøÚvePT nigGMeBIGmnusSFmdéTeTot sßitkñúgrUbPaBCa {GaBah_
BiBah_edaybgçitbgçM } EdlCa]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati k¾dUcCakarbMBarbMBanelIesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;buKÁl KW
Ca]Rkidækmμs®gÁam.357GgÁCMnMuCRmHéntulakarBiess)anpþnÞaeTasCnCab;ecaTTaMgbIrUbenHepSg²Kña mñak;BI
bTrMelaPesBsnßv³ EdlCa]RkidÐkmμRbqaMgmnusSCati ehIymñak;eTotBIbTbMBarbMBanelIesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;
buKÁlEdlCa]RkidÐkmμs®gÁam Edl { RKb;dNþb;elIGMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³ nigb¤ RbePTepSgeToténGMeBI
higSaelIpøÚvePTk¾dUcCaTaskmμ }.358 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday GgÁCMnMuCRmH)anelIkElgecaTRbkan;bT
TaskmμelIpøÚvePT nigGMeBIGmnusSFm’déTeTot ¬GaBah_BiBah_edaybgçitbgçM¦ Ca]RkidÐkmμRbqaMgmnusS
Cati edayehtufa karecaTRbkan;TaMgenHmanlkçN³ RtYtKñaelIkarecaTRbkan;BIbT]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusS
CatiénGMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³ nig]Rkidækmμs®gÁaménkarbMBarbMBanelIesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;buKÁl. 359

edaysarEtminTan;manbBaØtþiBiess bBa©ÚlkareyagCak;lak;NamYycMeBaHGMeBIénTaskmμelIpøÚv
ePT enAkñúglkçnþik³rbs;xøÜn eTIbEpñkEdlCasmasFaturbs;va RtUv)anecaTRbkan;enAtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþr
CatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY)faCa GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT Edl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgry³eBlénTasPaB.
360
edaysarEtGMeBIénTaskmμelIpøÚvePT min)anerobrab;enAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) eTIbshRBHraCGaCJaénGgÁCMnMu

356
sUmemIlFatupSMénbTelμIs enAkñúgtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) maRta7 ¬1¦ ¬q¦ -2 ¬EdlEcgGMBIFatupSMén]Rkidækmμ
RbqaMgmnusSCatiénTaskmμpøÚvePT . tulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn (SCSL Statute) maRta 2 ¬q¦.
357
sUmemIlRBHraCGaCJa nig RBIma:/ kama:ra: nigkanU (Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara and Kanu) sMNMuerOgelx SCSL-2004-
16-PT. salRkm ¶ 691 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI20 Exmifuna qñaM2007¦
358
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl salRkm ¶ 719
359
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl salRkm ¶¶ 95/714
360
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgkUNara:k; (Kunarac Trial Judgment) ¶ 515.

117
CRmHvisamBaØGaceRCIserIsGnum½tyutþisa®sþRsedogKñaenH . müa:gviBaJeTot eKaledAenHk¾GacRtUv)aneRbI
R)as;pgEdr edIm,IpþnÞaeTasbTelμIsBak;B½n§ dUcCa {GaBah_BiBah_edaybgçitbgçM } .361
karsMxan;enaHKW RtUvEBaJkeGaydac;BIKñarvagkarykmnusSeTAeFVICaTaskr TaskmμelIpøÚvePT nig {
GaBah_BiBah_edaybgçitbgçM } EdlRtUv)anhamXat;enAkñúgGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv362 nigenAkñúgBiFIsarén
GnusBaØaenH .363 lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) bBa©ÚlTaMgBIr TaMgbTelμIseBsüakmμedaybgçM nigTaMg
bTelμIsTaskmμelIpøÚvePT.364 FatupSMuénbTelμIsrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) Bnül;fa karxus
EbøkKñasMxan;rvagGMeBITaMgBIrenH enaHKWeBsüakmμedaybgçM tRmUveGay {CnelμIs b¤CndéTeTot)anTTYl
361
enAkñúgbBa¢IénFatupSMénbTelμIsTaskmμpøÚvePT FatupSMénbTelμIséntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(the ICC Elements of
Crimes) EcgeyagGnusBaØabEnßmsþIBIkarlubbM)at;GMeBITasPaB karCYBadUrmnusSeFVICaTaskr nigsßab½n nigkarGnuvtþn_Rbhak;

RbEhlcMeBaHGMeBITasPaB ( the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slavery Trade, and
Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery), 266 U.N.T.S. 3 (1957) [Edlcab;BIenHteTAehAfa GnusBaØabEnßmRbqaMg

Taskmμ] EdlhamXat; { karGnuvtþn_Rbhak;RbEhlnwgGMeBITasPaB } rYmTaMgkarGnuvtþn_énGaBah_BiBah_edaybgçM. sUmemIl

FatupSMénbTelμIséntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(the ICC Elements of Crimes) maRta7 ¬1¦ ¬q¦-2. GaBah_BiBah_edaybgçM
RtUv)ankMNt;niymn½yenAkñúgGnusBaØabEnßmsþIBIkarlubbM)at;GMeBITasPaBfaCa ³
¬1¦ ®sþImñak; EdlKμansiT§iRbEkkbdiesF RtUv)aneKsnüa b¤bgçMeGayerobGaBah_BiBah_ edaybg;R)ak; b¤vtßú
mantMélepSgeTot eTAeGay«Bukmþay GñkGaNaBüa)al b¤RkumRKYsarrbs;nag b¤buKÁl b¤¤RkumNamYyepSg
eTot.
¬2¦ bþIrbs;®sþIenaH RKYsar b¤bkSBYkrbs;bursCabþIenaH mansiT§iepÞrnageTAeGaybursmñak;eTot edIm,ITTYl)an
R)ak; b¤rbs;mantMéldéTeTot b¤
¬3¦ ®sþIenaHenAeBlEdlbþInagTTYlmrN³PaBeTA RtUv)anbursmñak;epSgeTotTTYlbnþ. GnusBaØabEnßm
RbqaMgTaskmμ maRta 1 ¬K¦. KYrkt;sMKal;fa GtßbTenHelIkeT,IgGMBIkarGnuvtþn_RbéBNI TMenomTMlab; GaBah_BiBah_
EdlmankarerobcMTukdak;edaybgçM ehIyminEmnCakarcab;BRgt;®sþI nigkarbgçitbgçMBYkeKeT { eGayerobGaBah_ BiBah_
} enAkñúgbribTénkareRbIGMeBIhwgSaTUeTA. b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾ eday GnusBaØaenH pþl;Psþútagfa enAkñúgyutþaFikarén
GgÁCMnMuCrHvisamBaØ { GaBah_BiBah_edaybgçM } KWCa rUbPaBmYyénGMeBI TasPaB EdlRtUv)anhamXat; eRkamc,ab;Gnþr-
Cati.
362
GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTI4 maRta72 .
363
BiFIsarbEnßmTI1 (API) maRta75 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ maRta76 ¬1¦ BiFIsarbEnßmTI2(APII) maRta4 ¬2¦ ¬g¦.
364
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) maRta7 ¬1¦ ¬q¦.

118
b¤rMBwgfanwg)anTTYlluykak; b¤GtßRbeyaCn_epSgeTot Cakarpøas;bþÚr b¤Tak;TgCamYyGMeBIEdlmancrit
lkçN³pøÚvePT } .365

3> kareFVITaruNkmμ
GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT KWCa]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati k¾GacRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasCabTeFVITaruNkmμ
pgEdrenAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ eRkammaRta6 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
kñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) . niymn½yénkareFVITaruNkmμ eRkam
c,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati RtUv)anBiPakSakñúgEpñk k>2>k kñúgbribTén]Rkidækmμs®gÁam .
4> kareFVITukçbukemñBaJ
kareFVITukçbukemñBaJRtUv)aneKeGayniymn½yfaCa kardkhUtsiT§iCamUldæanNamYy edaymUlehtu
énkarerIseGIg.366 vaKWCaGMeBIelμIsmYy EdlbegáIt)anCa]RkidÐkmμRbqaMgmnusSCati EdlGMeBIelμIsRtUvEt
)anRbRBwtþkñúglkçN³erIseGIg. tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa ³
[kareFVITukçbukemñBaJ] RtUv)aneGayniymn½yfa CaTegVI b¤karxkxanmin)anbMeBBaJkatBVkic© EdlnaM

eGay ³ 1- mankarerIseGIgCak;Esþg EdlbdiesF b¤rMelaPelIsiT§iCamUldæaNamYy EdlmanEcgkñúgc,ab;

TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati nigc,ab;sn§isBaØa ¬GMeBIBiruT§¦ nig 2- RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayectnakñúgeKalbMNg
erIseGIgelImUlehtuNamYyxageRkamenH CaBiess elICatisasn_ sasna b¤ninñakarneya)ay ¬bMNg
]Rkidæ¦ (the men rea). 367
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa karrMelaPesB
snßv³ KWCaGMeBIEdlmansßanTm¶n;RKb;RKan; Edlkñúgkal³eTs³mYycMnYn GacbegáIt)anCakareFVITukçbuk
emñBaJ.369 RsedogKñaenHEdr { karbMBarbMBanelIpøÚvePT } minEmnCakarrMelaPesBsnßv³enaHeT dUecñHGMeBI
365
FatupSMénbTelμIséntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC Elements of Crimes) maRta7 ¬1¦ ¬q¦-3 ¬2¦.
366
sUmemIl sIuma:n;sa salRkmsaladMbUg (See Semanca, Trial Judgment) ¶ 347 ¬dkRsg;ecBaJBIlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um
éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati (ICC) k¾dUcCa yutþaFikartulakarGnþrCatisMrab;GtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI(ICTY).
367
sUmemIl edr:unCik saldIkasala]T§rN_ (Deronjic, Appeals Judgment) ¶ 109 ¬karKUsbBa¢ak;xagkñúgRtUv)anrMlg¦.
369
sUmemIl R)acanIn salRkmsaladMbUg (Brdjanin, Trial Judgment) ¶¶ 1008-1009.

119
enHGacRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasBIbTeFVITukçbukemñBaJ eRkamc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati)an luHRtaEtGMeBIenaHQandl;
kMriténPaBF¶n;F¶rdUcCa]RkidÐkmμRbqaMgmnusSCatidéTeTot Edl)anerobrab;kñúglkçnþik³enH.370 dUecñH
tulakar RBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) yl;fa GMeBITaMgenH GacbegáIt)anCa]RkidÐkmμ
RbqaMgmnusSCatiénkareFVITukçbukemñBaJ kalebIGMeBIenHbgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJfaman {karerIseGIgya:gBit
R)akd}.371

5> GMeBIGmnusSFm’déTeTot
{ GMeBIGmnusSFm’déTeTot } k¾GacRtUv)anpþnþaeTas dUcCa]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatiEdr eRkam
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm
(KRT Law) . RbePTEdlenAesssl;enH RtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúglkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatiTaMg

Gs;.372 tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) )anrkeXIBaJfa vaRKb;dNþb; { ]RkidækmμTaMg

T,ayEdlRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati EdlminRtUv)anKUsbBa¢ak; [faCa]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati enAkñúg
lkçnþik³] b:uEnþvamanPaBF¶n;F¶rdUcKña }.373 dUecñHGMeBIelμIsTaMgenH RtUv)aneKkMNt;faCa { GMeBI b¤karxkxan
EdlmanectnabNþaleGaymankarQWcab; b¤rbYsF¶n;F¶rxagpøÚvkay nigxagpøÚvcitþ b¤begáIteGayeTACakar

370
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl Id. Rtg;cMNuc ¶ 1012.
371
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl Id. Rtg;cMNuc ¶¶ 1010-1011 GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI1 ExkBaØa qñaM2004 (Trial Chamber,
September, 2004) ¬EdlBnül;faGMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³eTAelI®sþICnCatim:UsøImbUesñó nigbUesñóRkUGat edayTahan b¤nKr)al
CnCatiEsbbUesñó)anbnSl;TuknUv { PaBGs;cMgl;fa GMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³TaMgenH KWCakarerIseGIgya:gBitR)akd } ehIyfa lkç-
xNÐtRmUvxagbMNg]Rkidæ (the men rea) RtUv)anbgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJya:gc,as;edayCnelμIs { kareRbIR)as;ya:geBBaJTMhwgénPasa
GviC¢man } )anbgðaBaJGMBIectnaerIseGIg ¦.
372
FmμnuBaØtulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT Charter) maRta6 ¬K¦ FmμnuBaØtulakareyaFaGnþrCaticugbUBa’ (IMTFE Charter),
maRta5 ¬K¦ lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY Statute) maRta5 ¬1¦ lkçnþik³tulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da (ICTR Statute) maRta3 ¬1¦ lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) maRta7 ¬d¦ tulakar
BiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn (SCSL Statute) maRta 2 ¬1¦.
373
RBHraCGaCJa nigkaryIussIuma: nigr:usSIúndaNa(Prosecutor v. Kayishema & Ruzindana) sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-95-1-T
salRkm ¶ 150 ¬GgÁCMnMCRmHsaladMbUg 1 éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM1999¦.

120
vayRbharF¶n;F¶reTAelIesckþIéføfñÚrCamnusS } .374 tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI
(ICTY) )ankMNt;fa { GMeBIGmnusSFm’mYyeTot } RtUvEtbNþaleGaymaneRKaHfñak; {F¶n;F¶r } PaBF¶n;F¶r

rbs;vaRtUv)aneFVIkarvaytMél { Ep¥kelIkrNInImYy² dac;edayET,kBIKña edayBinitüCak;EsþgeTAelIkal³

eTs³erog²xøÜn >>>>>}.375 ktþaBak;B½n§nana GacbBa©Úl { critlkçN³énGMeBI b¤karxkxan bribTEdlbNþal
eGayekItmanGMeBIenH ry³eBlrbs;va nig/b¤ karekIteT,IgmþgehIymþgeTot plb:HBal;xagpøÚvkay nig
xagpøÚvcitþ edayGMeBIenHeTAelICnrgeRKaH nigkal³eTs³pÞal;xøÜnrbs;CnrgeRKaH rYmmanGayu ePT nig
suxPaB .376
CMBUkenHRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;elIkdMbUgbg¥s; edIm,IpþnÞaeTasGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT enAeBlEdl
tulakareyaFaGnþrCatisMrab;cugbUBa’(IMFTE) )ankat;eTascugecaTénkgT½Bsm<½n§mitþCb:uncMnYnémÖR)aMbI
nak;BIbTrMelaPelIpøÚvePT elI®sþIsIuvil nigbuKÁlikeBTü eRkamCMBUksþIBI {karRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ } { kar
RbRBwtþxusc,ab; } nig { karRbRBwtþeXaeXAGmnusSFm’ } .377 cMeBaHbTrMelaPelIpøÚvePT \T,ÚvenHRtUverob

374
sUmemIlGtþbTdEdl ¶ 151. tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati ( The ICC) )ankMNt;niymn½yRbhak;RbEhlKña { GMeBI
GmnusSFm’ } KWCaGMeBITaMgT,ayEdlmancritlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñanwg []RkidækmμdéTeTotRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati ] Edlman
ectnaeFVIeGayQWcab;xøaMg b¤rbYsF¶n;F¶relIrUbkay b¤suxPaBpøÚvkay b¤pøÚvcitþ }. FatupSMénbTelμIséntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
(ICC Elements of Crimes) maRta7¬1¦ ¬d¦.
375
saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgkDIk (Kordic Appeals Judgment) ¶ 117. ¬tMkl;salRkmsaladMbUg¦ ¶ 271¦.
376
RBHraCGaCJa nig kñÚeyT,ak; sMNMuerOgelx IT-97-25 salRkm( Judgment) ¶ 131 cuHéf¶TI15 ExmIna qñaM2003 GgÁCMnMu
CRmHsaladMbUg¦. sUmemIlpgEdr salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgva:sIuley:vic (Vasiljevic Trial Judgment) ¶ 235.
377
GasÁin karvinicä½yeTaskarrMelaPelIpøÚvePTkñúgeBls®gÁam Rtg;cMNucTI302/ KaMMRT karkat;esckþI]Rkidækmμs®gÁamenA
tulakarTIRkugtUXüÚ(THE TOKYO WAR CRIMES TRIAL) sMrg;salRkmTaMgRsugénnItiviFIrbs;tulakareyaFaGnþrCatisMrab;
cugbUBa’ (THE COMPLETE TRANSCRIPTS OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL FOR THE
FAR EAST) 31/ 111-17 ¬Ga RBItqad & eGs hSaGIud GIuDIeGs (R. Pritchard & S. Zaide eds., 1981). karrMelaPelIpøÚv

ePTminRtUv)aneKrayenAkñúgbBa¢Ifa Ca]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatienAkñúgFmμnuBaØTIRkugtUXüÚ(the Tokyo Charter) ehIyk¾min

)anbBa¢ak;c,as;enAkñúgsalRkmfakarrMelaPelIpøÚvePT RtUv)anecaTRbkan;faCa]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati k¾dUcCa ]Rkidækmμ
s®gÁamEdr b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday dIkaecaTRbkan;)anBiBN’nakarrMelaPelIpøÚvePTfaCa { GMeBIGmnusSFm’ } . sUmemIl 2
salRkmtulakarTIRkugtUXüÚelx 967 (2 TOKYO JUDGMENT 967) ¬)a:l ec>/ karExVgKMnitelIehtupldéTepSgeTot¦ ¬KaMRT
]bsm<½n§ éndIkaecaTRbkan; Edlrab;karrMelaPelIpøÚvePT eRkamCMBUksþIBI { karRbRBwtþGmnusSFm’ }¦.

121
rab;edayÉkraCüKWCa]Rkidækmμ RbqaMgnwgmnusSCati enAkñúglkçnþik³rbs;xøÜn tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatiTMenIb
)anrkeXIBaJfarUbPaBdéTeTot énGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT - )ankMNt;niymn½yedaytulakarRBhμTNÐGnþr-
CatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) faCa { GMeBImYyEdlmancritlkçN³pøÚvePT RtUv)anRbRBwtþeTAelIbuKÁl
eRkamkal³eTs³énkarbgçitbgçM }378 — GacsßitkñúgvisalPaBén { GMeBIGmnusSFm’déTeTot } .
]TahrN_ tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) )anrkeXIBaJfa GMeBIdUcCakarbgçMeGayedaH
sMelokbMBak;ecBaJ karbgçMeGayedIrtampøÚvsaFarN³edayragkayGaRkat379 nigkarrukeQIcUlkñúgRbdab;
ePTrbs;®sþI380 begáIt)anCa { GMeBIGmnusSFm’déTeTot } . tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁa
søavI(ICTY) )anesñIfa { GMeBIGmnusSFm’déTeTot } Gacrab;TaMgeBsüakmμedaybgçM EdlminmanenAkñúgGMeBI
Edl)anerobrab;enAkñúglkçnþik³rbs;xøÜn381 k¾dUcCa { viFankarmYycMnYn >>>>> EdlGackat;GenþvasiksIuvil
¬nisSithat;eFVIkar¦ pþac;ecBaJTaMgRsugBImCÄdæanxageRkA ¬BiPBelakxageRkA¦ ehIyCaBiess pþac;ecBaJBI
RkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK. . .” .382 enAeBlfμI²bMputenH tulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(SCSL)
)anecBaJdIkaecaTRbkan;CnCab;ecaTmYycMnYnGMBI { GaBah_BiBah_edaybgçitbgçM { eRkamCMBUkenH .383

378
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgGakaey:s‘U(Akayesu Trial Judgment) ¶688. sUmemIlr)aykarN_cugeRkayEdldak;
esñIedayGñkRsIehÁ ec ma:k; dUhÁl GñkraykarN_BiessTTYlbnÞúkkarrMelaPpøÚvePTCa lkçN³RbB½n§ TaskmμpøÚvePT nigkarGnuvtþn_
dUcTask enAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuF ( Ms. Gay J. McDougall, Special Rapporteur on Systematic Rape, Sexual Slavery
and Slavery-Like Practices During Armed Conflict) U.N. Comm’n on H.R., 50th Sess., Agenda Item 6, ¶ 41, U.N.
Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/13 (1998) ( sMercfa { GMeBIhwgSaelIpøÚvePT rab;TaMgkarrMelaPesBsnßv³ sßitenAkñúgkarhamXat;
TUeTAénGMeBIGmnusSFm’ } kñúgkarbegáIt]RkidækmμCaRbéRBNIRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati } ¬esckþIeyagRtUv)aneKrMlgecal }¦¦.
379
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgGakaey:s‘U(Akayesu Trial Judgment) ¶¶692-697.
380
RBHraCGaCJa nig eGlIhSW nIyIetCIka(Prosecutor v. Eliezer Niyitegeka)sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-14-TsalRkm nig
karsMerceTas ¶ 316 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI16 Ex]sPa qñaM2003¦.
381
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgKUeRbsÁIk(Kupreskic Trial Judgment) ¶ 566.
382
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍusIu(Celebici Trial Judgment) ¶ 521 (KaMRTesckþIpþl;mtieTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkug
hSWENvTIbYn maRta147¦. tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsyUehÁasøavI)ankMNt;fa { karRbRBwtþeXaeXA karRbRBwtþ
GmnusSFm’ ehIyCaeKalkarN_GMeBIGmnusSFm’ tRmUveGaypþl;PsþútagEdlmanFatupSMdUcKña }. salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNI
erOgkñÚey:T,ak;(Krnojelac Trial Judgment) ¶ 130.
383
sUmemIl RBHraCGaCJa nig GIusa hasan; essay m:UrIs kalUn & G½rhÁIsÞIn )av (Prosecutor v. Issa Hassan Sesay, Morris
Kallon & Augustine Gbao) sMNMuerOgelx SCSL-2004-15-PT-108 dIkaecaTRbkan;EkERbbEnßmTm¶n;eTas ¬tulakarBiess

122
 dUc)anBiPakSaenAkñúg supra Bak;B½n§nwg]Rkidækmμs®gÁam { GMeBIGmnusSFm’ } eTaHCaGMeBIhwgSaelI
pøÚvePTCak;lak;kþI RtUvcat;TukfamanPaBF¶n;F¶rRKb;RKan; EdlsßitenAkñúgCMBUkenH enAkñúgyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMu
CRmHvisamBaØedayEp¥keTAelIGgÁehtuenAkñúgkrNIerOgnImYy² .

K> GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT KWCaGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_

maRta4 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμr

RkhmhamR)am]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ Edl)ankMNt;niymn½ydUcxageRkamenH³
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ KWCaGMeBImYy kñúgcMeNamGMeBIdUcxageRkam ehIyEdl)anRbRBwtþ kñúg
eKalbMNgbMpøicbMpøaBaJTaMgRsug b¤mYyEpñkénRkumCati CatiBn§ BUCsasn_ b¤sasnaNa
mYy dUcCa ³ kareFVImnusSXateTAelIsmaCikénRkum kareFVIeGayrbYsya:gF¶n;F¶rdl;rUb
ragkay b¤ stibBaØasmaCikénRkum kareFVIedayectnaeGayRkumenHTTYlrgsßanPaBrs;
enAmYyEdl)anerobcMeT,IgsMrab;bMpøicbMpøBaJragkayTaMgRsug b¤mYyEpñk kardak;viFankar
nanaEdlmanbMNgraraMgmineGaymankarpþl;kMeNItTark karbBa¢ÚnkumaredaybgçMBIRkum
mYyeTARkummYyepSgeTot .384
eKaledAsMxan;énkarpþnÞaeTasGakaeys‘U(Akayesu) BIbTGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ enAcMeBaHmux
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) KWEp¥kelIGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT nigkarRbmafemIl
gayelIpøÚvePT EdleKdwgfaKat;)anRbRBwtþ bBa¢a nig CMruBaJeGayRbRBwtþenAkñúgGMT,úgeBlényuT§nakar
Rbl½yBUCsasn_kñúgtYnaTIrbs;xøÜnCaecAsgáat; .385 GgÁCMnMuCRmH)anrkeXIBaJfa GMeBIrMelaP nigGMeBIhigSa

sMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(Special Court for Sierra Leone),éf¶TI13 Ex]sPa qñaM2004¦ ¬rab;6-8¦ RBHraCGaCJa nigGalic
taMéb RBIma: RBIma: )ahSIú kama:ra: & san;TICI b½rb½r kanU(Prosecutor v. Alex Tambay Brima, Brima Bazzy Kamara &
Santigie Borbor Kanu) sMNMuerOgelx SCSL-2004-16-PT-070 dIkaecaTRbkan;EkERbbEnßmTm¶n;eTas¬tulakarBiesssMrab;

RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(Special Court for Sierra Leone) éf¶TI13 Ex]sPa qñaM2004¦ ¬rab;6-8¦.

384
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm (KRT Law) maRta4.
385
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgGakaey:s‘U(Akayesu Trial Judgment) ¶¶ 706-707.

123
elIpøÚvePT)anbegáIteGaymaneRKaHfñak;xagpøÚvkay nigpøÚvcitþya:gF¶n;F¶rRbqaMgnwg®sþICnCatiTUtsIu(Tutsi
women) ehIyvaKWCa { EpñkmYysMxan;bMputkñúgkic©dMeNIrkarénkarbMpøicbMpøaBaJ }. FatupSMénbTelμIskñúg
386

lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) GnuvtþtamkrNIerOgGakaeys‘U(Akayesu) kñúgkarKUsbBa¢ak;faGMeBITaMg

T,ayEdl { bNþaleGayeRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rxagpøÚvkay b¤xagpøÚvcitþ { EdlkñúgenaH Gacrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg
{ GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT b¤karRbRBwtþeXaeXA GmnusSFm’déTeTot } .387
cMENkÉtulakarBiess )anrkeXIBaJdUecñHfa GMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT nig GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT Gac
begáIt)anCaGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ enAeBlEdlGMeBIenaHRtUvEt)anRbRBwtþedayectna EdltRmUveGay
man388 ehIymnusSPaKeRcInyl;Rsbfa GMeBIenHRtUvedaHRsaytamry³c,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati389 va
minc,as;fa etIc,ab;)andak;bBaðaenHenAq¶ay kñúgyutþaFikarbeNþaHGasnñénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ b¤ya:gNa
enaHeT.

X> karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;fñak;elIcMeBaH]Rkidækmμ GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT

manPsþútagxøHbgðaBaJfa emdwknaMExμrRkhm)anRbkaseGayeRbIeKalneya)aymYy Edlham

Xat;GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT EdlenHKWCakarhamXat;TUeTAmYyelITMnak;TMngpøÚvePTénGaBah_BiBah_lYclak;
NamYy . karRbRBwtþelμIsnwgeKalneya)ayenH RtUv)aneKcat;TukCa { bTelμIssIlFm’: ¬xussIlFm’¦ }
ehIyRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasF¶n;F¶r .390 ebIsinCaeKalneya)ayenH bgðaBaJfaBitCamanR)akdEmnenaH shRBH
raCGaCJaénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØTMngCanwgRtUvRbQmmuxnwgkarCECkEvkEBaJkGMBIPsþútag kñúgkarecaT
Rbkan;bT]RkidæGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT cMeBaHehtuplxageRkamenH. TImYy yutþaFikarpÞal;xøÜnénGgÁCMnMu

386
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl ¶¶ 731-734.
387
sUmemIl FatupSMénbTelμIsrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC Elements of Crimes) maRta6 ¬x¦.
388
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgRKIsÁIc (Krstic Trial Judgment) ¶ 513 .
389
sUmemIl ]TahrN_ eKVnIEvt (QUÉNIVET) Rtg;cMNucTI161.
390
sUmemIl mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa(Documentation Center of Cambodia) krNIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT eRkamrbbkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyü ¬ExμrRkhm¦ 11 ¬eTog suPRkviC¢a bkERb Ex ]sPa qñaM1999¦.

124
CRmHvisamBaØRKb;dNþb;EteTAelI { emdwknaMCan;x<s; nigCnTaMgT,ayEdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMput } GgÁCMnMu
CRmHminTMngCaGacecaTRbkan;CnelμIsedaypÞal;cMeBaHGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePTenaH)aneT,Iy . TIBIr Rbsin
ebIemdwknaMmYycMnYnTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIhigSapøÚvePTEdlGñkdéTCaGñkRbRBwtþ emdwknaMTaMgenaHGacRtUv
)anpþnÞaeTas eRkamRTwsþIénkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;fñak;elI cMeBaHTegVIrbs;GñkenAeRkambgÁab;rbs;xøÜn Edl
karenHtRmUveGaymanPsþútagfaBYkeK)andwg b¤KYrEt)andwgGMBIGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT EdlGñkenAeRkam
bgÁab;rbs;xøÜn)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgGMT,úgeBlénkarRKb;RKgd¾manRbsiT§iPaB.391 dUecñH GtßiPaBéneKalneya-
)ayhamR)amGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePTGacmankarCECkEvkEBaJkKña BIeRBaHRbsinebIm®nþI¬kmμaPi)al¦ fñak;Tab
)andwgfaBYkeKnwgRtUvmaneTas cMeBaHkarRbRBwtþGMeBIhigSapøÚvePT BYkeKTMngCaGacRbRBwtþGMeBIenHeday
lak;)aMgmineGayfñak;elIrbs;xøÜndwgk¾fa)an .
b:uEnþsUm,IEtmaneKalneya)ayhamXat;GMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT )anbgðaBaJfamanBitEmnk¾edayk¾
buKÁlTaMgT,ayEdlTTYlxusRtUvedaypÞal;cMeBaHGMeBIhwgSaelIpøÚvePT RtUvEt)anpþnÞaeTasBIbT]Rkidækmμ
s®gÁam b¤]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatiEdr .392 tamBiteTA RbsinebIfñak;elIminGacbgðaBaJfa { )andwg
b¤KYrEt)andwg } faGñkenAeRkambgÁab;rbs;xøÜnRbRBwtþGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT eKGaceFVIkarecaTRbkan;fñak;elI
rUbenaH eRkamRTwsþIénkarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKñaRbRBwtþbTelμIs(JCE) RbsinebIeKGacbgðaBaJfa GMeBIhwgSaelIpøÚv
ePT KWCaplvi)akeTAéf¶xagmuxénEpnkar b¤eKalneya)ayFMCagenH.393 dUc)anBiPakSakñúgCMBUkTI8¬x¦
infra eRkam { CMBUk } TIbI énkarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKñaRbRBwtþbTelμIs kñúgTRmg; {TaMgRsug} CnelμIsmñak;kñúg

391
sUmemIl CMBUkTI8¬x¦ infra.
392
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgKUeRbsáIK( Kupreskic Trial Judgment) ¶ 555 eGn 816 ¬Rsg;sMdI 1 EGnés
DughÁin 203/206-07 (quoting 1 Entscheidungen 203, 206-07) (tulakarkMBUlGaT,Wm:g; enAkñúgtMbn;EdlGg;eKøskan;kab;
éf¶TI21 ExFñÚ qñaM1948¦ cMeBaHkaresñIfaGMeBImYymanlkçN³sm,tþiCaEpñkmYyénkarvayRbhar RbsinebIva { bMerIeGay>>>én>>>
eKaledA nigKMeragEpnkarRbRBwtþbTelμIs} rbs;GñkdwknaM sUm,IEtGMeBIenaHRtUv)aneFVIeT,Ig kñúgKMnitpþÜcepþImCaÉkCn ehIybnÞab;mk
RtUv)annayTahanCaGñkdwknaMsþIbenÞas¦ salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgKUNara:k;(Kunarac Trial Judgment) ¶ 419
¬{vaRKb;RKan; edIm,IbgðaBaJfaGMeBIenaH)anekItmaneT,Ig enAkñúgbribTénkarekIneT,IgénGMeBIhwgSa EdlGMeBInImYy²dac;edayET,k
BIKñamancritlkçN³ nigPaBF¶n;F¶rxusEbøkBIKñaya:gxøaMg }¦.
393
sUmemIl ]TahrN_ salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgRKIsÞIk(Krstic Trial Judgment) ¶¶ 617-18. sUmemIlpgEdr
karBiPakSaGMBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs; JCE kñúgCMBUkTI8 ¬x¦ infra.

125
cMeNamCnelμIsTaMgGs;RbRBwtþGMeBImYy EdlsßitenAeRkAKMeragEpnkarrYm k¾b:uEnþGMeBIenaHnaMeGaymanpl
vi)akFmμta nigGacmankarb:HBal;dl;eKalbMNgrYm.394 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karecaTRbkan;eRkam
RTwsþIénkarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKñaRbRBwtþbTelμIs(JCE) CaerOy²)anbgðaBaJBIPaBeCaKC½yenAkñúgsalakþIBiess
kñúgry³eBldb;qñaMknøgmkenH GgÁCMnMuCRmHéntulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTssuIr:alIGUn knøgmkminmanqnÞHeFVI
karpþnÞaeTas edayEp¥kelIeKalkarN_énkarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKñaRbRBwtþbTelμIseLIy.395 dUecñH karBwgEp¥k
elIRTwsþIénkarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKñaRbRBwtþbTelμIs(JCE) CameFüa)ayénkarcab;eGayTTYlxusRtUvEpñk
RBhμTNÐKWminGaceFVI)anedayKμan]bsKÁeLIy.

g> karkarBarCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmH

visamBaØ

viFansþIBInItiviFI nigPsþútagenAkñúgtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati (ICC) GacedIrtYnaTId¾sMxan;kñúgkarkar

BarCnrgeRKaH nigsakSIénGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT . c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúg
tulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) CaTUeTA)anesñIeGaykarBardl;CnrgeRKaH
nigsakSI b:uEnþc,ab;enHEcgEtBInitiviFImYyKt; edIm,IsMerceKaledAenH — KWkarerobcMdMeNIrkarCMnMuCRmHCa
sm¶at;sMrab;eGayecARkmBinitüPsþútagEdlresIb .396 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday c,ab;enHGnuBaØateGay
ecARkmemIlc,ab;GnþrCatinana rYmTaMgviFansþIBInItiviFI nigPsþútagrbs;tulakarBiess (the ad hoc

394
sUmemIl esckþIsMercrbs;sala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIc (Tadic Appeals Decision) ¶ 228.
395
sUmemIl]TahrN_ RBHraCGaCJa nigRBIma:/ kama:ra: nigkanU (Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara and Kanu) salRkm ¶¶ 77-
85 ¬EdlbdiesFminBicarNaelIJCE CameFüa)aymYyénkarTTYlxusRtUv eyaledaykarxkxanrbs;RBHraCGaCJakñúgkarRbkas
ya:gRtwmRtUv TTYlsÁal;CMBUkTImYy nigCMBUkTIbIénJCE ¦ RBHraCGaCJa nigmYnniBaJ hVÚhVaNa nigGalIyW kugDWva: (Prosecutor v
Moining Fofana and Allieu Kondewa) salRkm SCSL 04-14-T¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI02 ExsIha qñaM2007¦ ¶¶

732-744/ 771/ 804/ 815/ 851 ¬Edl)anrkeXIBaJfa RBHraCGaCJa)anxkxankñúgkarRbkasPsþútagRKb;RKan; edIm,IKaMRTkar

ecaTRbkan;BIkarTTYlxusRtUv eRkamCMBUkTaMgBIr KWCMBUkTImYy nigCMBUkTIbIénJCE ¦.
396
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) maRta33
kic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarshRbCaCati maRta23.

126
tribunals) nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) ebIsinCacaM)ac; edIm,IbMeBBaJPaBcenøaHRbehagrvagc,ab;
Catikm<úCa niglixitbTdæanKtiyutþiGnþrCatidéTeTot .397
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTs
rVa:n;da(ICTR) )ankarBarCnrgeRKaH nigsakSI edayeFVIkarbdiesFesckþItRmUveGayCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBI
rMelaPelIpøÚvePTbgðaBaJskçIkmμ398 bgðaBaJPsþútagGMBIskmμPaBrMelaPelIpøÚvePTknøgmkEdlminGacTTYl
yk)an399 nigkarraraMgkareRbIR)as;karyl;RBmfaCa karkarBarmYycMeBaHkarrMelaPelIpøÚvePT enAeBl
EdlsßankarN_bgçitbgçMekItman .400 müa:gviBaJeTot tulakarBiess (the ad hoc tribunals) )anRbQm
muxeTAnwgtYya:génCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT nigkarebotebonelIpøÚvePT . ]TahrN_ enAkñúg
krNIerOghVÚr:unhSIúca(Furundzija) GgÁCMnMuCRmHéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY)
)anTTYlykskçIkmμBICnrgeRKaHedayGMeBIrMelaPelIpøÚvePT eday)anRcanecalkarGHGagfa CnrgeRKaH
manPaBminRbRktI eRkayBImanCm¶Wfb;GarmμN_F¶n;F¶r minGacpþl;skçIkmμEdlGaceCOTukcitþ)an .401
viFanrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(the ICC Rules) EcgBIbTdæankarBarya:geRcInbMput cMeBaH
CnrgeRKaH nigsakSIénGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT . GgÁPaBCnrgeRKaH nigsakSI RtUv)anbegáIteT,Ig edIm,Ipþl;
kic©KaMBarBiesscMeBaHCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBIhigSaelIpvøÚ ePT rYmmanviFankarkarBarsnþisux nigrkSakar
sMgat;rbs;BYkeK k¾dUcCaviFankarEdlresIbxagey:nD½r edIm,IsMrYldl;karpþl;skçIkmμrbs;CnrgeRKaH .402
viFansþIBIPsþútagFanafa mintRmUveGaymankarpþl;PsþútagbEnßm edIm,IbBa¢ak;faBitCamanGMeBIhwgSaelIpøÚv
ePT 403 kardak;kMrittwgEtgeTAelIkal³eTs³ Edlfakaryl;RBmGacRtUv)aneKsnñidæan404 hamR)amkar
397
sUmemIl kic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarshRbCaCati maRta12.
398
sUmemIl viFanrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI Ga> 96 ¬1¦ (ICTY Rules, R. 96(i); )
399
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl viFan 96 ¬4¦ (Id. R. 96(iv))
400
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl viFan 96 ¬2¦
401
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚr:unhSIúca (Furundzija Trial Judgment) ¶ 109 .
402
sUmemIl viFansþIBInItiviFI nigPsþútagrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati viFan 16-17 (ICC Rules of Procedure and
Evidence, R. 16-17).
403
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl viFan 64 (Id. R. 64) .
404
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl viFan 70 ( Id, R. 70) .

127
bgðaBaJ PsþútagénskmμPaBrMelaPelIpøÚvePTknøgmkrbs;CnrgeRKaH405 nigkarEcgGMBInItiviFICMnMuCRmHCa
sm¶at; edIm,IBinitüPsþútaEdlresIb .406 minmanbBaØtþiNamYykñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law)raraMgkarGnum½tviFankarenH edIm,I
FanaeGaymankarkarBar nigEfrkSakMritx<s;bMputdl;CnrgeRKaHenaHeT .

VIII. karTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl
maRta29 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ kñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIem
dwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) EcgGMBIkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl cMeBaH { CnsgS½yNamYy
EdlmanEpnkarBaJúHHBaJg; bBa¢a RbRBwtþ b¤CYy nigCMruBaJkñúgkarerobcMEpnkar b¤karRbRBwtþ } ]RkidækmμNamYy
kñúgcMeNam]RkidækmμdéTeTot EdlRtUvpþnÞaeTasedayGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ maRtaRtaenHEcgfa fñak;elIGac
TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIEdl)anRbRBwtþedayGñkenAeRkambgÁab; enAkñúgkal³eTs³mYycMnYn . maRta4 Ecg
bEnßmkarTTYlxusRtUvelIGMeBIcMnYn3¬bI¦eTot EdlTak;TgcMeBaHEt]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_mYyb:ueNÑaH.
GMeBITaMgenaHrYmman ³ karb:unb:gRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ karsmKMnitRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ kar
cUlrYmRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ .
CMBUkbnÞab;BIenH nwgBiPakSaGMBIniymn½yénrUbPaBnImYy²énkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ dUc)an
kMNt;enAkñúgyutþisa®sþéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþr
CatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) nigenAkñúgkarerobcMkargar(the travaux préparatoires) énlkçnþik³
TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) .

405
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl viFan 71 ( Id, R. 71) .
406
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl viFan 72 (Id, R. 72).

128
 taMgBIdMbUgmk KWKμanGVIRtUvsgS½yeT yutþisa®sþéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI
(ICTY) bBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa GgÁCMnMuCRmHmYyGackMNt;kMriténkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐrbs;CnCab;

ecaT)an RbsinebIRBHraCGaCJamin)anbBa¢ak;c,as;las;eTenaH .407

k> meFüa)ayénkarTTYlxusRtUv EdlGnuvtþcMeBaH]RkidækmμTaMgGs; kñúgtulakar

ExμrRkhm(KRT)

manmeFüa)aycMnYn5 ¬R)aM¦ EdlGacGnuvtþCaTUeTA cMeBaHkarTTYlxusRtUvCabuKÁl kñúgc,ab;sþIBIkar

begáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) Edl
mancritlkçN³dUcKñaebHbiTeTAnwgmeFüa)ayTaMgT,ay EdlmanEcgenAkñúglkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐ
GnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY)408 dUcCa
karRbRBwtþ kareFVIEpnkar karBaJúHBaJg; karbBa¢a karCYy nigkarCMruBaJeGayRbRBwtþbTelμIs. karTTYlxusRtUv
rbs;fñak;elIk¾manlkçN³RsedogKñapgEdr enAeRkamlixitubkrN_TaMg3 ¬bI¦ enH .

407
sUmemIl RKIsÞik(Krstic) salRkmsaladMbUg ¶ 602 ¬bBa¢ak;fa { eyaledayGyükarmin)aneFVIkarecaTRbkan;emekøagNa
mYyeGayTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ eRkammaRta7 ¬1¦ énlkçnþik³enH dUecñHvaKWCaqnÞanusiT§irbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg
kñúgkarkat; eTasCnCab;ecaTenAeRkamemekøagsmRsb kñúgkMriténdIkaecaTRbkan; nigkarCUndMNwgRtwmRtUvGMBIbTecaTRbkan;
nigRtwmEtPsþútagEdlman }¦.
408
sUmemIllkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsyUehÁasøavI(ICTY Statute) maRta7 ¬1¦ nigmaRta6 ¬1¦.

129
 1-karRbRBwtþ kareFVIEpnkar karBaJúHBaJg; karbBa¢a
GgÁCMnMuCRmHéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anrkeXIBaJfa edIm,IeGay
GacTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarRbRBwtþ kareFVIEpnkar karbBa¢a b¤ karBaJúHBaJg;eGayRbRBwtþbTelμIs CnCab;ecaT
RtUvEt)aneKrkeXIBaJfa { manectnaRbRBwtþbTelμIsenaHedaypÞal; b¤edayminpÞal; } .409

k> karRbRBwtþbTelμIsTUeTA
{ karRbRBwtþbTelμIs } CaTUeTARtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCa karRbRBwtþbTelμIs tamviFImYyEdlbMeBBaJ
FatupSMEdl)antRmUvedayc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;
esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) . niymn½yénBakü { karRbRBwtþbTelμIs } RtUv)ankMNt;ya:gc,as;
enAkñúgyutþisa®sþGnþrCati faCa {karRbRBwtþbTelμIsedaypÞal;éd b¤bgáeGaymanBiruT§PaBedaysarkarxk
xanmin)anbMeBBaJkatBVkic©rMelaPeTAnwgc,ab;RBhμTNÐ }. 410 karRbRBwtþbTelμIsenH mintRmUveGayman {
karcUlrYmedaypÞal;; b¤CabuKÁl>>>> } eT .411 müa:gviBaJeTot eKmintRmUveGayTal;EtRtUv)anRbRBwtþpÞal;éd
enaHk¾eTEdr dUecñH karxkxanmin)anbMeBBaJkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜnk¾Gaccat;TukfaCa { karRbRBwtþbTelμIs }
)anEdr .412
409
sUmemIlGgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOg)øasÁIk(Blastic Trial Chamber) ¶ 278 .
410
sUmemIl hVÚhVaNa nig kugDWva: (Prosecutor v Fofana and Kondewa) SCSL 04-14-T salRkm ¶ 205 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmH
saladMbUg éf¶TI02 ExsIha qñaM2007¦ sUmemIlpgEdr salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgrbs;RKIsÞIc ¶ 601.
411
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgrbs;kDIk ¶ 376 ¬eyagkrNIRBHraCGaCJa nigdasáÚ taDIk eG/Gal/eG { Dul } (Prosecutor
v. Dusko Tadic a/k/a “Dule,”) sMNMuerOgelx IT-94-1-A salRkm ¶ 188 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éf¶TI15 Exkkáda

qñaM1999¦ Edl)ankMNt;fa karTTYlxusRtUvRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl { RKb;dNþb;elIkarRbRBwtþbTelμIsCak;EsþgelIkTImYy nigdMbUgbMput

edayCnelμIsxøÜnÉgpÞal; b¤karxkxanmin)anbMeBBaJkatBVkic©EdlmanBiruT§PaBénGMeBImYyEdlkMNt;dac;xacedayviFanénc,ab;
RBhμTNÐ }¦. sUmemIlpgEdr RBHraCGaCJa nig hðalic (Prosecutor v. Galic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-98-29 salRkm ¶ 168
¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éf¶TI5 ExFñÚ qñaM2003¦.
412
tamBiteTA CnCab;ecaTGacRbRBwtþbT]RkidæmYy tamry³karcUlrYmkñúgskmμPaBmYy { edaypÞal; b¤ edayRbeyal}. sUm
emIlpgEdr RBHraCGaCJa nig sþaKIc (Prosecutor v. Stakic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-97-24 salRkm/ ¶ 439 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala
dMbUg éf¶TI31 Exkkáda qñaM2003 ¦.

130
 müa:geTot { edIm,Icab;eGayCnNamñak;TTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ cMeBaHkarEdlCnenaHcUlrYmkñúg
karRbRBwtþbTelμIsNamYy eRkABItamry³karRbRBwtþedaypÞal; eKRtUvEtbgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJfa CnenaHman
bMNgcUlrYmRbRBwtþbTelμIs ehIyfaGMeBIectnarbs;CnenaH )anrYmviPaKTanedaypÞal; nigya:gFMeFBaJ
enAkñúgkarRbRBwtþbTelμIsenaH } .413 elIsBIenHeTAeTot { vaGacmanmnusSeRcInnak; rYmKñaRbRBwtþbTelμIs
EtmYy b:uEnþeTaHCadUecñaHk¾eday eGayEtCnelμIsmñak;² bMeBBaJFatupSMénbTelμIsEdl)ankMNt;enaHCakar
eRsc } .414
x> karRbRBwtþtamry³skmμPaB]RkidærYmKña 415
salakþIBiess nigtulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTssuIr:alIGUn TaMgBIrenH )anrkeXIBaJfa meFüa)ayén
karTTYlxusRtUvEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúglkçnþik³rbs;xøÜn Ecgya:gc,as;fa {karcUlrYmenAkñúgskmμPaB

413
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgkDIk(Kordic Trial Judgment) ¶ 385 . sUmemIlpgEdr RBHraCGaCJa nigdasáÚ taDIk
eG/Gal/eG { Dul } (Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic a/k/a “Dule,”) sMNMuerOgelx IT-94-1-T mtieyabl; nigsalRkm
¶ 692 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 2 éf¶TI7 Ex]sPa qñaM1997¦ ¬srubesckþImk CnCab;ecaTnwgRtUveKrkeXIBaJfamanBiruT§kñúg

bTRBhμTNÐ cMeBaHkarRbRBwtþNamYy RbsinebIkarRbRBwtþenH RtUv)aneKkMNt;fa CnenaH)ancUlrYmedaymanstikñúgkarRbRBwtþ

bTelμIsNamYy EdlrMelaPc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati ehIykarcUlrYmrbs;CnenaHman\T§iBledaypÞal; nigCadMukMPYneTAelIkar
RbRBwtþbTelμIsenaH tamry³karKaMRTskmμPaBRbRBwtþbTelμIsCak;EsþgenAmuneBl enAkñúgeBl b¤enAeRkayeBlRBwtþikarN_ekIt
eT,Ig. CnenaHnwgRtUvTTYlxusRtUvpgEdr cMeBaHlT§plTaMgGs; EdlekItmanCaFmμtaBIGMeBIEdlxøÜn)anRbRBwtþ }¦.
414
RBHraCGaCJa nig mø:adin NalITIlic eG/ex/eG { TUta } nig vinkU ma:TINUvic eG/ex/eG { esþla} (Prosecutor v. Mladen
Naletilic a/k/a “Tuta”& Vinko Martinovic, a/k/a “Stela, ” sMNMuerOgelx IT-98-34, salRkm ¶ 61 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala

dMbUg 1 éf¶TI31 ExmIna qñaM2003¦.

415
ecARkmsaha)adin(Judge Shahabadden) éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )ankt;sMKal;faBakü
{ skmμPaBrYm } { skmμPaBTaMgGs;Kña } { KMeragEpnkarrYm } nig { eKalbMNgrYm } kñúgcMeNamskmμPaBepSgeTot CaerOy²RtUv
)aneRbIR)as;edaymanlkçN³bTEbneRcIn. RBHraCGaCJa nigmIlUTINUvic eG Gal sMNMuerOgelx IT-99-37-AR72, esckþIsMerc
elIBaØtþiCMTas;GMBIyutþaFikarelIkrNIerOgRdaehÁalCub GUdanik(Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanic’s Motion Challenging
Jurisdiction) – skmμPaBrYm ¶ 4 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM2003¦ ¬mtieyabl;dac;edayET,kBIKñarbs;

ecARkmsaha)adin(separate opinion of J. Shahabuddeen) .

131
 RBhμTNÐrYmKña KWCarUbPaBmYyén{karRbRBwtþ>>>}416 ehIyfa { FatupSMrbs;vaKWEp¥kelIc,ab;TMenom
TMlab;GnþrCati }.417 ebItamGgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_kñúgkrNIerOgtaDic(Tadic) Bak;B½n§nwgkarTTYl
xusRtUvrYmKñakñúgbTRBhμTNÐ eKRtUvEtbgðaBaJBIFatupSMénbTelμIsCak;lak;cMnYn3 ¬bI¦ KW ³
1> mnusSeRcInnak; ³ vamincaM)ac;Tal;Etmanrcnasm<½n§eyaFa neya)ay b¤rdæ)alenaHeT .
2> GtßiPaBénEpnkar KMerag b¤eKalbMNgmYyrYmEdlnaMeTArk b¤Bak;B½n§dl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIs
dUcmanEcgenAkñúglkçnþik³enH . minmanlkçN³caM)ac;Tal;EtEpnkar KMerag b¤eKalbMNgenaH
RtUv)anerobcM b¤begáIteGaymaneT,IgenAeBlknøgmkenaHeT . Epnkar b¤eKalbMNgrYmenHGac
ekItmanedaymin)anKitTukCamun ehIyeKGacTaBaJykehtuplEdlmnusSeRcInnak;rYmKñaRbRBwtþ
CaÉkcänÞ edIm,IsMercskmμPaBelμIsRBhμTNÐrYmKñaenH .
3> karcUlrYmrbs;CnCab;ecaTenAkñúgKMeragrYm Bak;B½n§nwgkarRbRBwtþbTelμIsNamYyEdlmanEcg
enAkñúglkçnþik³. karcUlrYmenHmincaM)ac;Tal;EtRbRBwtþbTelμIs eRkambTbBaØtþiNamYyenaHeT
¬]TahrN_ kareFVImnusSXat karsMlab;rgÁal kareFVITaruNkmμ karrMelaPelIpøÚvePT .l.¦ b:uEnþ

416
sUmemIlRBHraCGaCJa nigeGlIhSaehVn GintaKIr:UTIma:Na & CWra:d GintaKIr:UTIma:Na (Prosecutor v. Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
& Gerard Ntakirutimana) sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-10-A & ICTR 96-17-A salRkm ¶ 462 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_
éf¶TI13 ExFñÚ qñaM2004¦ mIulUTInUvic eG Gal( Milutinović et al.) esckþIsMercrbs;sala]T§rN_elIBaØtþiCMTas;GMBIyutþaFikarelI
krNIerOgRdaehÁalCub GUdanic (Appeal Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanic’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction) – krNIerOg
Tak;TgskmμPaBrYmKñaelμIsc,ab;RBhμTNÐ ¶ 20; salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgRKIsÁIc(Krstic Trial Judgment) ¶ 480 .
sUmemIlsalRkmsaladMbUg ¶ 208 elIkrNIhVÚhVaNa ¬{ karRbRBwtþ } ¦ (Fofana Trial Judgment, ¶ 208 (“committing ” )
[dUcEdl)aneRbIkñúglkçnþik³] RKb;RKan;sMrab;karEkERbcritlkçN³énGMeBIelμIs edIm,IbBa©ÚlkarcUlrYmkñúgskmμPaBelμIsrYmKña edIm,I

RbRBwtþbT]Rkidæ } ¦.
417
mIulUTInUvic eG Gal ( Milutinović et al.) esckþIsMercrbs;sala]T§rN_elIBaØtþiCMTas;GMBIyutþaFikarelIkrNIerOgRdaehÁalCub
GUdanic(Appeal Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanic’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction) – krNIerOgTak;TgnwgskmμPaBrYm
KñaelμIsc,ab;RBhμTNÐ ¶ 21 .

132
 GacCarUbPaBénkarCYyeRCamERCg b¤karrYmCaviPaKTan karGnuvtþn_Epnkar b¤eKalbMNgrYmk¾swg
man .418
ectna]Rkidæ (Mens rea) Edl)antRmUvmanlkçN³xusEbøkKñaGaRs½yeTAelI CMBUkTaMgbIénkarRbRBwtþ
skmμPaB]RkidærYmKña EdlkMBugsßitkñúgkarBicarNa ³
CMBUkTImYy KWTRmg; { CamUldæan } mYyénkarRbRBwtþskmμPaB]RkidærYmKña. va)anEsþgeGayeXIBaJ
enAkñúgkrNIepSg²EdlshcarI RbRBwtþRsbtameKalbMNgrYmmYy Edl)anbgáeGaymanectna]RkidædUcKña
. ]TahrN_ EpnkarmYyEdl)anerobcMeLIgedayGñkcUlrYmkñúgkarRbRBwtþskmμPaB]RkidærYmKña edIm,I
sMlab;mnusS ebIeTaHCaGñkcUlrYmRbRBwtþmñak;²GacedIrtYnaTIepSgKñakþI BYkeKmñak;²KWmanbMNgsMlab;
mnusS.
CMBUkTIBIr KWTRmg; { CaRbB½n§ } énkarRbRBwtþskmμPaB]RkidærYmKña. vamanlkçN³xusKñaEbøkBITRmg;
CamUldæan Edl)anEsþgecBaJBIGtßiPaBénRbB½n§mYyEdl)anerobcM énkareFVITukçbukemñBaJ. ]TahrN_ KWCMrMu
RbmUlpþMú b¤CMrMuRbl½yBUCsasn_ EdlkñúgenaH GñkeTasRtUv)aneKsMlab; b¤eFVITukçeTas RsbtamkarRbRBwtþ
skmμPaB]RkidærYmKña.
CMBUkTIbI KWTRmg; { TaMgRsug } énkarRbRBwtþskmμPaB]RkidærYmKña. vaTak;TgnwgkrNITaMgLay
EdlBak;B½n§nwgeKalbMNgrYm kñúgkarRbRBwtþbT]RkidæmYy EdlCnelμIsmñak;kñúgcMeNamCnelμIsTaMgGs;
RbRBwtþGMeBImYy EdlsßitenAeRkAKMeragEpnkarrYm k¾b:uEnþGMeBIenaHnaMeGaymanplvi)akFmμta nigGacman
karb:HBal;dl;eKalbMNgrYm. ]TahrN_ KWeKalbMNg b¤KMeragEpnkarrYmrbs;mnusSmYyRkum edIm,I
beNþBaJedaybgçMedaycugkaMePøIg nUvsmaCikTaMgLayénCnCatiPaKticmYyecBaJBITIRkug PUmi b¤tMbn;rbs;xøÜn
¬kñúgRbtibtþikar { e)assMGacCnCatiPaKtic }¦ EdlCaykfaehtu enAkñúgRBwtþikarN_enaH manCnrgeRKaH
mñak; b¤eRcInnak;RtUveK)aBaJ;eGayrbYs b¤søab;. ebIeTaHCaXatkmμenH GaceKmindwgc,as;faCaEpñkmYyén

418
sUmemIlsaldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIk(Tadic Appeal Judgment) ¶227. sUmemIlpgEdr saldIkasaladMbUg
elIkrNIerOghVÚhVaNa ( Fofana Trial Judgment) ¶ 213-215¦.

133
eKalbMNgrYmkþI. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday krNIénkarbeNþBaJCnsIuvilecBaJedaybgçM edaycugkaMePøIgGac
bNþaleGayCnsIuvilmñak; b¤eRcInnak;TaMgenaHRtUv)at;bg;CIvit.419
cMeBaHCMBUkTImYy RbsinebIbTelμIsenaH KWCaGMeBImYyEdlmanectnasMercskmμPaB]RkidærYmKña
{karpþnÞaeTas RtUvEtKitfa CnCab;ecaT)ancUlrYmRbRBwtþbT]RkidæenHCamYycarIéddl; b¤emekøag tRmUv
eGaymansßanPaBxagstibBaØa ¬ectnaRbRBwtþbTelμIs¦ enAeBlenaH } .421 cMeBaHCMBUkTIBIr EdlBak;B½n§
nwgRbB½n§énkareFVITukçbukemñBaJ vaRtUvEt)anbgðaBaJfa CnCab;ecaT)andwgGMBIRbB½n§enH ehIyenAEtmanectna
bnþeFVIeGaysMercbMNg]Rkidæ énRbB½n§enH kardwgxøÜnenH GacbgðaBaJtamry³PsþútagpÞal; b¤tamry³kar
BicarNad¾smehtuplGMBItYnaTIsmtßkic©rbs;CnCab;ecaT.422 enAkñúgCMBUkTIbI RbsinebI]RkidækmμmYyekIt
eLIg EdlminEmCaEpñkmYyénKMeragEpnkarxagedIm karTTYlxusRtUvelIbTelIμsmYy b¤bTelμIseRcInEfm
eTotnwgenAEtGacman RbsinebI)anbMeBBaJFatupSMBIrxageRkamenH ³
¬1¦ eKGacdwgmun fa bTelμIsenHGacRtUv)anRbRBwtþedaysmaCikmñak; b¤smaCikdéTeToténRkum
ehIy
¬2¦ CnCab;ecaTmanecnaRbfuynwgeRKaHfñak; 423 >>>>>>>>
dUecñH GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY)424 )anrkeXIBaJ
fa enAkñúgkrNIeRkayenH CnCab;ecaT ³

419
sUmemIlsaldIkasaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚhVaNa ( Fofana Trial Judgment) ¶210 ¬edaybBa¢ak;fa RBHraCGaCJa nig
va:sIueyvic¦ sMNMuerOgelx IT-98-32-A, salRkm ¶¶97-99 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éf¶TI25 ExkmÖH qñaM2004¦.
sUmemIlpgEdr saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIk (Tadic Appeal Judgment) ¶¶ 196, 202, 204.
421
sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIk(Tadic Appeal Judgment) ¶196.
422
sUmemIlRBHraCGaCJa nig sþaXic (Prosecutor v. Stakic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-97-24-A, salRkm ¶ 65 ¬¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala
]T§rN_ éf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM2006¦.
423
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl ¬bBa¢ak;kñúgGtßbTedIm¦ saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIk (Tadic Appeal Judgment) ¶228.
424
sUmemIl RBHraCGaCJa nigra:dUsøav b‘ÍGaecdanIn(Prosecutor v. Radoslav Brjdanin) sMNMuerOgelx IT-99-36-A esckþIsMerc
elIdIkarebobénsala]T§rN_ ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éf¶TI19 ExmIna qñaM2004¦.

134
 mincaM)ac;RtUvbgðaBaJfa eKmanectnaRbRBwtþbTelμIs b¤sUm,IEtfaxøÜneK)andwgya:gc,as;fa
bTelμIsenaHRtUv)anRbRBwtþenaHeT . pÞúyeTAviBaJ vamanlkçN³RKb;RKan;bgðaBaJfa CnCab;
ecaT)ancUlrYmkñúgskmμPaBelμIsc,ab;RBhμTNÐrYmKña edIm,IRbRBwtþbTelμIsmYyepSgeTot
edayBYkeK)andwgfa karRbRBwtþbTelμIsEdlmankarRBmeRBogKñaenH )aneFVIeGayeKdwgCa
munedaysmehtuplfa bTelμIsEdlRtUv)anecaTRbkan; GacRtUv)anRbRBwtþedaysmaCik
déTeTotenAkñúgskmμPaBRBhμTNÐrYmKñaenH ehIybTelμIsenaHeTotesatk¾)anRbRBwtþrYc
ehIyEdr .425
sUm,IEtbuuKÁlmñak;k¾GacTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_)anEdreRkamRTwsþIenH RbsinebIkar
ecaTRbkan;enH Gac { kMNt;faCnCab;ecaT manehtuplGacdwgmunfa GMeBIenH [GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_]
GacRtUv)anRbRBwtþ ehIyfakarRbRBwtþenaHeFVIeT,IgedaymanectnaRbl½yBUCsasn_ } .426

K> kareFVIEpnkar
kareFVIEpnkar {sMedAdl; mnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; erobcMKMerag b¤Epnkar edIm,IRbRBwtþbTelμIsGVImYy
enAkñúgdMNak;kalBIr KWdMNaleRtomerobcM nigtMNak;kalGnuvtþ } .427 { kMriténkarerobcMkñúgkareFVIEpn
karRtUvEtmancritlkçN³CadMukMPYn dUcCakarerobcMbegáItEpnkarRbRBwtþbTelμIRBhμTNÐCak;Esþg b¤kar
Gnum½tyl;RBmelIKMeragEpnkarEdl)anesñIeT,IgedaybuKÁlmñak;epSgeTot }.428 GtßiPaBénKMeragEpnkar
mYyGacRtUv)ansMercyl;RBmtamry³PsþútagRbeyal } .429

425
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl ¶ 5 .
426
sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl ¶ 6 .
427
sUmemIlsaldIkasaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚhVaNa ( Fofana Trial Judgment) ¶221 ¬edaybBa¢ak;fa RBHraCGaCJa nig
lIma:C eGt Gal¦ sMNMuerOgelx IT-03-66, salRkm ¶ 513 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI30 Exvicäika qñaM2005¦¦.
428
GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIum:anhSa(Semanza Trial Chamber) ¶ 380 . sUmemIlpgEdr saldIkasala]T§rN_
elIkrNIerOgtaDIk(See also Tadic Appeal Judgment) ¶ 26.
429
GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOg)øasÁIk(Blaskic Trial Chamber) ¶ 279 .

135
 X> karBaJúHBaJg;
{karBaJúHBaJg; } mann½yfa CakarCRmulcitþ¬karBnüúHeGay¦ GñkNamñak;RbRBwtþbTelμIsGVImYy}.430
GMeBIBiruT§GacCaskmμPaB b¤karxkxanmin)anbMeBBaJkatBVkic© Edl)anbgðaBaJeGayeXIBaJBIkarcUlrYmCadM
kMPYnkñúgskmμPaBrbs;mnusSmñak;eTot EdlRbRBwtþbTelμIs.431 eTaHbICaeKRtUvEtbgðaBaJBITMnak;TMng
FmμtarvagkarBaJúHBaJg; nigkarRbRBwtþbTelμIspÞal;k¾eday ¬CaGaT× karrYmviPaKTanrbs;CnCab;ecaT Edl
skmμPaBenHman\T§iBleTAelIkarRbRBwtþbTelμIs ¦ eKmincaM)ac;bgðaBaJfa bTelμIsenHminGacRtUv)an
RbRBwtþeT,Iy RbsinCa KμankarcUlrYmBICnCab;ecaTeTenaH .433

g> karbBa¢a
{karbBa¢a } mann½yfa buKÁlmYyEdlmanGMNaceRbIR)as;tYnaTIrbs;xøÜn edIm,IENnaMCnNamñak;
eGayRbRBwtþbTelμIs}.434 yutþisa®sþTaMgBIr KWyutþisa®sþéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI
(ICTY) nigyutþisa®sþéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) yl;Rsbfa mincaM)ac;eGay

manTMnak;TMngtamRBwtþn½y rvagfñak;elI nigGñkenAeRkambgÁab;eT k¾b:uEnþ { CnCab;ecaT [RtUvEtman] GMNac

kñúgkarbBa¢a } .435 PsþútagénGtßiPaBénkarbBa¢a GacTaBaJyk)anBIPsþútagRbeyal .436
430
sUmemIlsaldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgkDIk(Kordic Appeal Judgment) ¶27. sUmemIlpgEdr saldIkasaladMbUg
elIkrNIerOghVÚhVaNa ( Fofana Trial Judgment) ¶ 223¦.
431
sUmemIl saldIkasaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚhVaNa ( Fofana Trial Judgment) ¶ 223¦ ¬edaybBa¢ak;kñúgsaldIkasala
]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgkDIk nig sWek (citing Kordic and Cerkez Appeal Judgment) ¶27.
433
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. sUmemIlpgEdr salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgkDIc (see also Kordic Trial Judgment) ¶
387 .
434
sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgkDIc(Kordic Appeals Judgment) ¶ 28.
435
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. sUmemIlpgEdr RBHraCGaCJa nigTIhUma )øasÁIk(Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskic) sMNMuerOgelx
IT-95-14, salRkm ¶ 281 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 1 éf¶TI2 ExmIna qñaM2000¦ ¬bBa¢ak;GHGagedayRBHraCGaCJa
nigCInb:UlGakaeys‘U (Trial Chamber I, March 2, 2000) (citing Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-
96-4 mtieyabl; nigsalRkm ¶ 483 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 1 éf¶TI2 ExkBaØa qñaM1998¦.
436
sUmemIlsalRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOglIm:ay (Limai Trail Judgment) ¶ 513.

136
 yutþisa®sþéntulakarBiess )ankMNt;fa bBa¢amincaM)ac;RtUvEteFVICalaylkçGkSr CarbkKMehIBaJ
b¤CakarbBa¢aedaypÞal;cMeBaHCnelμIsBitR)akdenaHeT,Iy.437 müa:gviBaJeTot tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
sMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anbBa¢ak;fa { bBa¢amincaM)ac;Tal;EteFVIeT,Ig kñúgrUbPaBBiessNamYyenaH
eT vaGacCakarbBa¢aEdlmancritlkçN³CacMhr b¤mincMhrk¾)an } .438

2> karCYyTMnukbMrugeGayRbRBwtþbTelμIs)ansMerc
{ karCYyTMnukbMrugeGayRbRBwtþbTelμIs)ansMerc } mann½yfa Cakarpþl;karCYy]btßmÖCak;Esþg
karCMruBaJelIkTwkcitþ b¤karCYyTMnukbMrugxagsμartI Edlman\T§iBlya:gFMeFBaJeTAelIkarRbRBwtþbTelμIs }.
439
kñúgkrNIerOgtaDIc(Tadic) GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ )anKUsbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;GMBIFatupSMsMxan;²én
bTelμIs karCYyTMnukbMrugeGayRbRBwtþbTelμIs k¾dUcCa PaBxusEbøkKñaénkMritkñúgkarTTYlxusRtUvenH Ca
mYynwg { kareFVItameKalbMNg b¤KMeragEpnkarrYm edIm,IRbRBwtþbTelμIsGVImYy } .
¬1¦ GñkCYyTMnukbMrugdl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIs Canic©kal KWCaGñksmKMnitkñúgGMeBIelμIsmYy
EdlGñkepSg emekøag¬Cnéddl;¦ CaGñkRbRBwtþ .
¬2¦ kñúgkrNIénkarCYyTMnukbMrugdl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIsenH eKmintRmUveGaybgðaBaJ
PsþútagGMBIGtßiPaBénKMeragEpnkarrYmEdl)anRBmeRBogKña edayminKitdl;buerGtßiPaBén
KMeragEpnkarenHLIy . mintRmUveGaymanKMeragEpnkar b¤karRBmeRBogNamYyenaHeT ³
tamBiteTA emekøag¬Cnéddl;¦ GacmindwgBIkarcUlrYmCaviPaKTanrbs;GñksmKMnitenAkñúg
karRbRBwtþbTelμIsenHk¾fa)an .

437
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ..
438
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgNalITIlic(Naletilic Trial Judgment) ¶ 61 .
439
sUmemIl saldIkasaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚhVaNa ( Fofana Trial Judgment) ¶ 228¦. sUmemIlpgEdr salRkmsala
dMbUgelIkrNIerOgRKIsÞIc(Krstic Trial Judgment) ¶ 601 .

137
 ¬3¦ GñkCYyTMnukbMrugdl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIsenH GacRbRBwtþGMeBIEdlmanTisedACaBiess
edIm,ICYyCMruBaJelIkTwkcitþ b¤pþl;karCYyKaMRTxagpøÚvcitþ dl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIsCak;lak;Na
mYy dUcCabT ¬kareFVImnusSXat karsmøab;;rgÁal rMelaPelIpøÚvePT kareFVITaruNkmμ kar
bMpøicbMpøaBaJya:géRBépSdl;RTBüsm,tþisIuvil .l.¦ ehIykarCYyKaMRTenH man\T§iBl
ya:gxøaMgeTAelIkarRbRBwtþbTelμIs . pÞúyeTAviBaJ RbsinebIkareFVIenaH RsbeTAtameKal
bMNg b¤KMeragEpnkarrYmenaH vamanlkçN³RKb;RKan;sMrab;GñkcUlrYmGnuvtþskmμPaBEdl
manTisedAQaneTAsMercKMeragEpnkar b¤eKalbMNgrYm .
¬4¦ kñúgkrNIénkarCYyTMnukbMrugdl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIs FatupSMxagstibBaØaEdl)an
tRmUvKW kardwgfaGMeBIrbs;GñkCYyTMnukbMrug KWCYyemekøag¬Cnéddl;¦ mñak; kñúgkarRbRBwtþ
bTelμIsCak;lak;NamYy . pÞúyeTAviBaJ kñúgkrNIénkarRbRBwtþbTelμIs RsbeTAtam
KMeragEpnkar b¤eKalbMNgrYm eKtRmUveGaymanFatupSMeRcInCagenH ¬ CaGaT×KW ectna
RbRBwtþbTelμIs b¤ectnaGnuvtþtamKMeragEpnkarrYménkarRbRBwtþbTelIμs bUknwgsnñic©½y
¬karyl;BIehtukarN_mun¦ faGMeBIelμIsTaMgenaH enAeRkAeKalbMNgrYménkarRbRBwtþbT
elμIs EdlvaTMngCanwgRtUv)anRbRBwtþ¦ dUc)anKUsbBa¢ak;xagelI .440
eRkABIFatupSMuTaMgenH karCYyTMnukbMrugdl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIs GaceFVIeT,Igtamry³karxkxanmin
)anbMeBBaJkatBVkic©GVImYy eRBaHfakarxkxanenaH man\T§iBlxøaMgeTAelIkarRbRBwtþbTelμIs ehIyRtUvKYbpSM
CamYybMNg]Rkidæ(Men rea)caM)ac;enaHpg.441
kñúgkrNIEdlFatupSMbMNg]Rkidæ(Men rea) RtUv)anbMeBBaJehIy GñkCYyTMnukbMrugdl;karRbRBwtþbT
elμIsRtUvdwgfa xøÜnkMBugCYyTMnukbMrugdl;GñkNamñak;eGayRbRBwtþbTelμIs.442 b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday
CnenaH { mincaM)ac;dwgGMBIbTelμIsCak;lak;Edl)anRbRBwtþenaHeT eGayEtCnenaH)andwgfa xøÜn)anRbRBwtþ
440
sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIk(Tadic Appeal Judgment) ¶229 .
441
sUmemIl RBHraCGaCJa nig)øasÁIc (Prosecutor v. Blaskic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-95-14 salRkm ¶ 47 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala
]T§rN_ (Appeals Chamber)éf¶TI29 Exkkáda qñaM2004¦ ¬esckþIbBa¢ak;xagkñúgRtUv)anrMlg¦.
442
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOg)øasÁIc (Blaskic Trial Judgment) ¶ 45.

138
bTelμIsmYykñúgcMeNambTelμIsmYycMnYneTot KWCakareRsc rab;TaMgbTelμIsmYyEdl)anRbRBwtþCak;Esþg
.443 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday GgÁCMnMuC®mHsala]T§rN_éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt yUehÁasøavI
(ICTY) )anrkeXIBaJfa { CnNaEdl)anCYyTMnukbMrugdl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIs EdlmanectnaCak;lak;Na

mYyGacRtUvTTYlxusRtUv RbsinebICnenaHCYydl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIs EdlxøÜndwgBIectnaenABIxageRkam

karRbRBwtþ bTelμIsenaH } .444 dUecñH ³
GñkCYyTMnukbMrugdl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIs kñúgeFVITukçbukemñBaJ >>>>>RtUvEtdwg minRtwmEtBI
GMeBIelμIs EdlxøÜnkMBugCYyTMnukbMrugdl;karRbRBwtþenaHeT b:uEnþk¾RtUvdwgGMBIectnaTuc©rit
(Criminal intent) rbs;GñkRbRBwtþbTelμIsenaHpgEdr . CnenaHmincaM)ac;mancMENk

enAkñúgectnaenaHeT b:uEnþeKRtUvEtdwgGMBIbribTTuc©rit EdlnaMeGaymankarRbRBwtþbT

elμIs ehIydwgfa karCYyKaMRT b¤karCYyCMruBaJelIkTwkcitþrbs;xøÜn man\T§iBlya:gxøaMg
eTAelIkarRbRBwtþbTelμIsenH .445
dUcKñaenHEdr GñkCYyTMnukbMrugdl;karRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ RtUvEtdwgGMBIectnaRbl½y
BUCsasn_rbs;CnelμIs .446
RbsinebIGñkCYyTMnukbMrugdl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIsKWCa m®nþIfñak;elI vtþmanrbs;CnenaHEtmYyKt; min
GacRKb;RKan;sMrab;eFVIkarsnñidæanfaCnenaH)anCYyTMnukbMrug)aneT b:uEnþvaGacCaRTniccg¥úlTiseGayRbRBwtþ
bTelμIsenH . dUctulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) )ansMercfa ³
karTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTN§Ca {GñkQremIlehIysMerc } mintRmUveGaymanvtþmanCak;
EsþgenAeBlkMBugRbRBwtþbTelμIsenaHeT b:uEnþya:gehacNas; k¾manvtþmanenAkEnøgNa
mYyEdlCitbMput Ek,rkEnøgekItehtuenaHEdr EdlBITIenaHeTA eKGacemIleXIBaJCnelμIs
443
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgNalITIlic (Naletilic Trial Judgment) ¶ 63.
444
sUmemIlsaldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgRKIsÁIk(Krstić Appeal Judgment) ¶ 140 .
445
sUmemIl RBHraCGaCJa nigRknUeyT,ak;(Prosecutor v. Krnojelac) sMNMuerOgelx IT-97-25 {hVÚka} salRkm ¶ 52
¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_ éf¶TI17 ExkBaØa qñaM2003¦.
446
sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgRKIsÁIk (Krstić Appeal Judgment) ¶ 140 .

139
 c,as;nwgEPñk Gaccat;TukfaCakaryl;RBmeGaymankarRbRBwtþbTelμIs . GMNacrbs;
buKÁlmñak; CaerOy²KWCasBaØamYyxøaMgbBa¢ak;fa emekøag¬Cnéddl;¦ GacemIleXIBaJvtþman
m®nþIfñak;elIrUbenaH faCaskmμPaBmYyénkarCMruBaJelIkTwkcitþ. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday kar
TTYlxusRtUv minGacekItmanedaysV½yRbvtþienaHeT ehIycriténvtþmanrbs;CnCab;ecaT
RtUvEt)aneFVIkarBicarNaeTAelIsvtaCatiénkal³eTs³Cak;Esþg .447
3> karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;fñak;elI

eKalkarN_sþIBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;fñak;elIRtUv)an { cgP¢ab;ya:grwgmaM } enAkñúgc,ab;TMenom

TMlab; nigGnusBaØaGnþrCati.448 c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,I
kat;sckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) EcgBRgwgkarGnuvtþn_eKalkarN_enH enAkñúgmaRta29 ³

karBitEdlfa [GMeBIelμIsNamYyEdlGacCMnMuCRmHedayGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ] RtUv)an

RbRBwtþedayGñkenAeRkambgÁab;enaH minGacCYyeGayfñak;elIrYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;
xøÜn)aneT RbsinebIfñak;elImankarbBa¢a nigmankarRKb;RKgd¾manRbsiT§PaB b¤manGMNac
nigmankarRtYtRtaelIGñkenAeRkambgÁab; ehIyfñak;elI)andwg nigmanehtuplRtUvdwgfaGñk
enAeRkambgÁab; RbRBwtþ b¤)anRbRBwtþnUvskmμPaBEbbenH ehIyxøÜnmin)ancat;viFankarcaM-
)ac; nigsmRsb edIm,ITb;sáat;GMeBIEbbenH b¤ edIm,IpþnÞaeTasCnelμIs.449

447
sUmemIl RBHraCGaCJa nigsIuma:nhSa(Prosecutor v. Semanza) sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-97-20 salRkm nigkarpþnÞaeTas ¶
386 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 3 éf¶TI15 Ex]sPa qñaM2003 ¦.
448
sUmemIl saldIkasaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚhVaNa ( Fofana Trial Judgment) ¶ 233. sUmemIlpgEdr saldIkasala
]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu(Fofana Trial Judgment, ¶ 233; Celibici Appeal Judgment ¶ 195) ¶ 195¦ .
449
sUmemIl c,ab;sþIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI]RkidækmμEdlRbRBwtþeT,IgenAkñúgry³
kalénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü(KRT Law) maRta29 .

140
 eKalbMNgenABIeRkaykarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;fñak;elIKW edIm,IFanakareKarBc,ab;. tamBiteTA
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )ankt;sMKal;GMBIrebobEdlTsSnTanBak;B½n§nwg
karTTYlxusRtUvelIkarbBa¢a RtUv)antak;EtgeLIg edIm,IFanakarGnuvtþn_RsbtamkarkarBar Edlmankñúg
bBaØtþic,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati ³
karFanakarBarenH tRmUveGay CMh‘andMbUg KWviFankarbgáarEdlembBa¢akarRKb;rUb man
tYnaTIRtUvcat; GaRs½yelIkarRtYtRtad¾manRbsiT§PaB EdlBYkeKmanelIGñkeRkambgÁab;
rbs;xøÜn eFVIdUecñH edIm,IFanakareKarBc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatikñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuF. em
bBa¢akarNamñak; EdlmankarRtYtRtad¾manRbsiT§PaBelIskmμPaBrbs;GñkenAeRkambgÁab;
rbs;xøÜn RtUvRbkan;x¢ab;nUvPar³kic© edIm,IFanafa GñkenAeRkambgÁab;TaMgenaHGnuvtþtambT
bBaØtþiEdlmanEcgkñúgc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati dUecñHehIyc,ab; nigTMenomTMlab;nanaBak;
B½n§nwgs®gÁamRtUvEt)aneKarBGnuvtþtam.450

maRta29 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI

emdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) TMngCaGnuvtþtamyutþisa®sþ éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt
yUehÁasøavI(ICTY) nigyutþisa®sþrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) EdlsMercfa
ebIsinCafñak;elI)an dwg b¤KYrEt)andwgBIGMeBIEdleKR)ab; ehIyxøÜnCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv mineFVIkarTb;sáat;
b¤pþnÞaeTasGñkRbRBwtþbTelμIsenaH. enHKWCakarxkxanmin)anbMeBBaJkatBVkic© b¤CaskmμPaBGviC¢man Edl
begáInkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;fñak;elIdl;kMritenH. dUecñH karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;fñak;elI minEmnCakarTTYlxus
RtUvdac;xatenaHeT b:uEnþvaCaRbePTénkarTTYlxusRtUvtamParkic©Edl)ancat;taMg .451 ebItamkarBnül;
rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØelIkrNIerOgkUNara:k; (Kordic) karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;fñak;elI ³
GacGFib,ayfaCakarTTYlxusRtUv { minpÞal; b¤Rbeyal } edaysarEtvaminmanEmkFag
ecBaJBIkarcUlrYm { edaypÞal; } BIfñak;elI kñúgkarRbRBwtþbTelμIs b:uEnþvaCakarxkxan
450
sUmemIl RBHraCGaCJa nighalILÚvic (Prosecutor v. Halilovic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-01-48 salRkm ¶ 39
¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI16 Exvicäika qñaM2005 ¦.
451
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgkDIk(Kordic Trial Judgment) ¶ 365 .

141
 min)anbMeBBaJkatBVkic© kñúgkarbgáar b¤karpþnÞaeTasbTelμIsenH CaGaT× karxkxanmin)an
cat;viFankarNamYy eTaHCaxøÜn)andwgehIyk¾eday . karTTYlxusRtUvenHekItmanEtenA
eBlEdlfñak;elIsßiteRkamkatBVkic©KtiyutþiEdlRtUveFVI .452
FatupSMénkarTTYlxusRtUvenH ekItecBaJBIc,ab;sþIBIsn§isBaØa nigc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati rYmman
viFIsarbEnßmTImYy elIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv EdlkMNt;Parkic©viC¢mansMrab;embBa¢akarTaMgGs; edIm,Ibgáar
nigpþnÞaeTaskarRbRBwtþrMelaPc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati .453 eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday { manEtviFankarEdl
GaceFVI)ansßitkñúgGMNacrbs;fñak;elItamkarcaM)ac;b:ueNÑaH }.454
GgÁCMnMuCRmHmUsIuc (Mucic) )anbegáItFatupSMcMnYnbI edIm,IkMNt;BIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;GñkbBa¢a ³
¬1¦ GtßiPaBénTMnak;TMngrvagfñak;elI nigGñkenAeRkambgÁab;
¬2¦ fñak;elI)andwg b¤manehtuplRtUvdwgfa GMeBIelμIsehobnwgekIteT,Ig b¤RtUv)anRbRBwtþ ehIy
¬3¦ fñak;elIxkxanmin)ancat;viFankarcaM)ac; nigsmehtupl edIm,IbgáarGMeBIelμIs b¤pþnÞaeTas
CnelμIsenaH.455
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anKUsbBa¢ak;BIsar³sMxan;énkarRtYtRtad¾
manRbsiT§PaB kñúgkarsMercGMBIGtßiPaBénTMnak;TMngrvagfñak;elInwgGñkenAeRkambgÁab; famanlkçN³RKb;
RKan; edIm,Icab;eGayfñak;elITTYlxusRtUv.456 esckþItRmUvenH RtUv)anEcgbEnßmenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIt

452
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id..
453
sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu(See Celibici Appeals Judgment ¶ 195) ¶ 195¦ .
454
salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgNalITIlic(Naletilic Trial Judgment) ¶ 77 .
455
RBHraCGaCJa nigmUsIuc(Prosecutor v. Mucic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-96-21 salRkm ¶ 346 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 2
éf¶TI16 Exvicäika qñaM1998¦. PasaenHRtUv)anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;edayesckþIsMercfμI²mYycMnYneTot rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala]T§rN_
k¾dUcCa tulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(the Special Court for Sierra Leone). sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNI
erOghVÚhVaNa ( Fofana Trial Judgment) ¶ 235 kMNt;sMKal; 311.
456
sUmemIlsaldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgkDIc(Kordic Appeals Judgment) ¶ 840. salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOg
lIm:ay (Limai Trail Judgment) ¶ 521. salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgNaEltTIlic (Naletilic Trial Judgment) ¶ 66.

142
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCaedIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law).457 karRtYtRtad¾man
RbsiT§PaBenH RtUv)aneKsMKal;eXIBaJmanenAkñúgsalakþIBiess nigtulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTssIura:lIGUn
EdleRbIR)as; { karsakl,gRtYtRtad¾manRbsiT§PaB } EdlenAeRkamkarsakl,genH { fñak;elIRtUvman
smtßPaBCak;Esþg kñúgkarbgáar b¤pþnÞaeTasskmμPaB]Rkidæ }.458
cMeBaHkrNIEdlfñak;elI {manehtuplRtUvdwg } yutþisa®sþéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtIt
yUehÁasøavI(ICTY) bBa¢ak;fa ³
eKRtUvEtbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa ¬1¦ fñak;elI)andwgR)akdfa GñkenAeRkambgÁab;rbs;xøÜn kMBug
RbRBwtþ b¤ehobnwgRbRBwtþbTelμIsNamYy EdlsßitkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;salakþI ehIyfa
¬2¦ fñak;elImanB½t’mankñúgéd Edlya:gehacNas;k¾GacR)ab;GñkenAeRkambgÁab;dMNwg
GMBIeRKaHfñak; edaysarkarRbRBwtþbTelμIsTaMgenH B½t’manenH GacCakarBBaJak;sμartIKat;
GMBIesckþIRtUvkaresIubGegátbEnßmeTot edIm,IkMNt;fa etIbTelμIsenaH)anRbRBwtþehIy
b¤ehobnwgRbRBwtþ edayGñkenAeRkambgÁab;rbs;xøÜn.460
müa:gviBaJeTot eTaHbICaRtUv)aneKsnμt;famankardwgBitR)akd karEdlfabuKÁlmñak;CaembBa¢akar
GacRtUv)aneRbI edIm,IbgðaBaJfa CnenaH)andwgGMBIskmμPaBrbs;GñkenAeRkambgÁab;rbs;xøÜn .461 edaysar
KμanPsþútagpÞal; kardwgR)akdGaceFVI)antamry³PsþútagRbeyal.462

457
sUmemIl c,ab;sþIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI]RkidækmμEdlRbRBwtþeT,IgenAkñúg
ry³kalénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü(KRT Law) maRta29 .
458
sUmemIl saldIkasaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚhVaNa ( Fofana Trial Judgment) ¶ 238¦ ¬edaybBa¢ak;kñúgsaldIkasala
]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu (citing Celebici Appeals Judgment) ¶256.
460
sUmemIl RBHraCGaCJa nighalILÚvic (Prosecutor v. Halilovic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-01-48 salRkm ¶ 65
¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI16 Exvicäika qñaM2005 ¦.
461
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgNalITIlic(Naletilic Trial Judgment) ¶ 71 .
462
sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚhVaNa ( Fofana Trial Judgment) ¶ 243 ¬esckþIbBa¢ak;RtUv)anrMlg¦.

143
 cMeBaHviFankarcaM)ac; nigsmehtuplnana tulakarBiess )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa bTdæanenH Bak;B½n§nwg
kMriténkarRtYtRtad¾manRbsiT§PaBrbs;fñak;elI.463 dUecñH fñak;elIRtUvTTYlxusRtUv RbsinebIxøÜnmin)ancat;
viFankarTaMgLay EdlsßitkñúgrgVg;smtßkic©Cak;Esþgrbs;xøÜn. { sMNYrsYrfa etIfñak;elImansmtßkic©PaB
tampøÚvc,ab;BitR)akd b¤ya:gNaenaH edIm,IeFVIkargarenaH KWminBak;B½n§eT RbsinebImankarbBa¢ak;c,as;fa
fñak;elIrUbenaH mansmtßkic©BitR)akd edIm,IeFVIkic©karenaH }.464
manclnamYyenAkñúgyutþisa®sþrbs;tulakarBiess RbqaMgnwgkarkat;eTasRsbKña TaMgBIrKWkar
TTYlxusRtUvCabuKÁl nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;fñak;elI Tak;TgkrNIerOgEtmYy edayEp¥kelIGgÁehtudEdl.
CakarCMnYsviBaJ tulakar)ankMNt;fa TaMgenHKWCameFüa)ayepSgeTot énkarTTYlxusRtUv ehIyfaCnCab;
ecaTKYrEtRtUv)anpþnÞaeTas cMeBaHEtmeFüayNamYyEdlsmRsbbMput edIm,IbBa¢ak;BIBiruT§PaBrbs;eK .465
x> meFüa)ayénkarTTYlxusRtUv EdlGnuvtþcMeBaHEtbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_

1> karcUlrYmkñúgRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_

karcUlrYmRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRKb;meFüa)ayénkarTTYlxusRtUvdUc)an
BiPakSaxagelI ³ karRbRBwtþ kareFVIKMeragEpnkar karbBa¢a b¤karBaJúHBaJg;eGayRbRBwtþbTelμIsmYy b¤eRcIn
Edl)anerobrab; begáIt)anCa]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_edaymanectna Edl)antRmUv .466 karcUlrYmenH
463
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¶ 246.
464
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¬edaybBa¢ak;kñúgsalRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOgsIulIb‘ÍsIu (citing Celebici Trial Judgment) ¶
395 ¦.
465
sUmemIl ]TahrN_ saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgkDik sWek (Kordic Cerkez Appeal Judgment), ¶¶ 34-35
saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOg)øasÁIs(Blaskic Appeal Judgment) ¶¶ 91-92 . sUmemIlpgEdr CUEvnNl kaeylIeylI
nigRBHraCGaCJa (Juvenal Kajelijeli v. Prosecutor) sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-98-44A-A salRkm ¶ 81. ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala
]T§rN_ cuHéf¶TI23 Ex]sPa qñaM2005¦. sUmemIl salRkmsaladMbUgelIkrNIerOghVÚhVaNa ( Fofana Trial Judgment) ¶
251 .
466
sUmemIl karBiPakSa supra § IV.D, E GMBIbTelμIsRbl½yBUCsasn_Edl)anerobrab; nigkartRmUveGaymanectnarbs;va
Cak;lak;.

144
k¾)anbBa©ÚlkarCYyTMnukbMrugeGayRbRBwtþbTelμIsRbl½yBUCsasn_ . dUc)anBiPakSakñúg supra enAkñúgyutþi
sa®sþéntulakarBiess)ankMNt;fa karCYyTMnukbMrugRtUvEtdwg b:uEnþmincaM)ac;mancMENkenAkñúgectna
Rbl½yBUCsasn_rbs;CnelμIsenaHeT,Iy .467

2> karsmKMnitRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_

karsmKMnitRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ RtUv)ankMNt;faCa { karRBmeRBogmYyeFVIeT,Igrvag

mnusSBIrnak; b¤eRcInnak; edIm,IRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ }468 edaymanectnaRbRBwtþbT]Rkidæ
Rbl½yBUCsasn_ .469 karsmKMnitRtUvmaneTas ebIeTaHCaGMeBIenaHminEmnCaGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_k¾
eday.470
3> karb:unb:gRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_

yutþisa®sþBak;B½n§nwgbBaðaenH kRmmanNas; .

4> minmankarBaJúHBaJg;eGayRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_
eTaHbICakarBaJúHBaJg;eGayRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ KWCameFüa)ayénkarTTYlxusRtUvenA
kñúgGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv nigenAkñúglkçnþik³éntulakarBiessk¾eday k¾vamin)anbBa©ÚlkñúgmaRta4 énc,ab;
sþIBIkarbegáIteGayGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law)
Edr .
467
saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgRKIsÞIk(Krstić Appeal Judgment) ¶ 140 ..
468
RBHraCGaCJa nigGal;®hVwt mUsIuma: (Prosecutor v. Alfred Musema) sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-13-A salRkm nigkarpþnÞa
eTas ¶ 939 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 1/ cuHéf¶TI27 Exmkra qñaM2000¦.
469
RBHraCGaCJa nigeGlIhSW nIyIetehÁka(Prosecutor v. Eliezer Niyitegeka) sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-14-T salRkm
nigkarpþnÞaeTas ¶ 423 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg 1 cuHéf¶TI16 Ex]sPa qñaM2003¦.
470
sUmemIlÉksardEdl Id..

145
 5> minmankarsmKMnitkñúgkarRbRBwtþbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμr
Rkhm(KRT Law) min)anEcgBImeFüa)ayénkarTTYlxusRtUvBIbTsmKMnit kñúgkarRbRBwtþbT]Rkidæ
Rbl½yBUCsasn_eT. b:uEnþeTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday KYrkt;sMKal;fa tulakarBiess)anrkeXIBaJfa karCYy
TMnukbMrugkñúgkarRbRBwtþbTelμIs EdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúg
tulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) KWCarUbPaBmYyénkarsmKMnit .471 enAkñúg
obiter dictum tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anesñIfa RbsinebIkarRbRBwtþenaH

KWCakarsmKMnitkñúgbT]Rkidæ Rbl½yBUCsasn_EdlhamXat;karRbRBwtþFMeFgelIsBIkarCYyTMnukbMrugkñúg
karRbRBwtþbTelμIs vaGacCakarcaM)ac;RtUvbgðaBaJfa GñksmKMnit)anRbRBwtþedaymanectnaRbl½yBUC
sasn_ .472

IX. eKalkarN_nItüanukUlPaB

k> KμanbTelμIs ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg

eKalkarN_KμanbTelμIs ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg(nullum crimen sine lege [no crime without law])
)anbegáIteT,IgsMrab;CaviFanmYy hamXat;karGnuvtþn_Rbtiskmμénc,ab;RBhμTNÐ. vaRtUv)aneKcat;cUlkñúg
cMeNameKalkarN_EdlehAfa { eKalkarN_nItüanukUlPaB }473 ehIyeKGacrkeXIBaJeKalkarN_enHenA

471
sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgRKIsÞIk( Krstic Appeal Judgment) ¶¶ 138-39 saldIkasala]T§rN_elI
krNIerOgeGntaKIr:U TIm:aNa (Ntakirutimana Appeal Judgment) ¶ 371 .
472
sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgRKIsÞIk( Krstic Appeal Judgment), ¶ 142 ..
473
eGm eQorIhV )asIuGUnI (M. Cherif Bassiouni), RbPB nigxøwmsarénc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati ³ Rkbx½NÐRTwsþI kñúg 1 c,ab;RBhμ
TNÐGnþrCati Rtg;maRta33 eGm eQorIhV )asIuGUnI kare)aHBum<pSayelIkTI2 qñaM1999 (M. Cherif Bassiouni 2d.ed., 1999).

146
kñúglixitubkrN_GnþrCatiepSg²rYmmansn§isBaØasiT§imnusSGnþrCati nigsn§isBaØac,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati.474
eKalkarN_enHRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;
esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) tamry³Éksareyag . maRta33 énc,ab;enH Ecgfa ³
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØrbs;saladMbUgRtUvRbRBwtþeTAeGay)anRtwmRtUv nigqab;rh½seTAtam
nItiviFICaFrman RsbtambTdæanGnþrCati dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta14 nigmaRta15 énktika
sBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay qñaM1966 [ICCPR].
maRta15 énktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay (ICCPR) mYyEpñk Ecgfa ³
1> KμanCnNamñak; RtUvCab;BiruT§BIbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ cMeBaHGMeBI b¤karxkxanNamYyEdlmin)ancat;
CabTelμIsRBhμTNÐ Rsbtamc,ab;Cati b¤c,ab;GnþrCati kñúgxN³eBlRbRBwtþenaHeLIy . dUcKñaenH
minRtUvdak;eTas[F¶n;CageTas EdlGnuvtþkñúgxN³eBlRbRBwtþbTelμIseLIy. RbsinebIeRkayBI
karRbRBwtþbTelIμsehIy c,ab;)anbBaØtiþ[mankardak;eTasRsalCagmun CnelμIsRtUvTTYlGtß
RbeyaCn_BIkardak;eTasRsalCagenH.
2> KμanbBaØtþiNamYykñúgmaRtaenH RbqaMgnwgkarCMnuMCRmHkþI b¤karpþnÞaeTasdl;CnNamñak; cMeBaH
GMeBI b¤karxkxanNamYy EdlCnenaH)anRbRBwtþkñúgxN³eBlEdlGMeBI b¤karxkxanenaHCabT
elμIsRBhμTNÐ RsbtameKalkarN_TUeTAénc,ab; EdlTTYlsÁal;edayshKmn_énRbCaCati .
dUecñH edIm,IpþnÞaeTasedayGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ GMeBImYyRtUvEtCaGMeBI]Rkidæ eRkamc,ab;Cati Edl
kMBugGnuvtþkñúgRbeTskm<úCa b¤eRkamc,ab;GnþrCati enAeBlEdlbTelμIsRtUUv)anRbRBwtþ . yutþisa®sþén
tulakarRBhμTNÐBiesssMrab;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) nigtulakarRBhμTNÐ
GnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) k¾dUcCayutþisa®sþéntulakarsiT§imnusSGWr:ubpgEdr )anbBa¢ak;fa GMeBI

474
sUmemIl ]TahrN_ maRta11¬2¦ énesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS(UDHR) maRta15 ¬1¦ énktikasBaØaGnþrCati
sþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay(ICCPR) maRta7 ¬1¦ énGnusBaØaGWr:ubsþIBIsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan (ECHRFF),
maRta9 énGnusBaØasiT§imnusSrbs;shrdæGaemrik(ACHR) maRta7 ¬2¦ énFmμnuBaØGRhViksþIBIsiT§imnusS nigsiT§iRbCaCn
(ACHRPR) maRta67 énGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTIbYn nigmaRta13 énesckþIRBagRkmsþIBI]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgsnþiPaB nigsnþisux

rbs;mnusSCati énKN³kmμkarc,ab;GnþrCati.

147
mYyEdlRKan;Et)anhamXat;edayc,ab;GnþrCatienaH vaminRKb;RKan;eT .475 c,ab;GnþrCatiRtUvEt)anTTYl
sÁal;fa GMeBImYyEdl)antRmUveGayTTYlxusRtUvenAkñúgry³kalcab;BIqñaM1975 dl; qñaM1979 . cMeBaH
ehtuplenH GMeBIEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;CayUrNas;mkehIy RtUv)aneKcab;eGayTTYlxusRtUvxag
RBhμTNÐGnþrCati eRkamc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati dUcCac,ab;TaMgT,ayEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúgFmμnuBaØén
tulakareyaFaGnþrCati GacbMeBBaJ)annUveKalkarN_KμanbTelμIs ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg(nullum Crimen) .
müa:gviBaJeTot GMeBIEdl)anTTYlsÁal;faCabT]Rkidæ manEtenAkñúglkçnþik³EdlfμIbMputéntulakarRBhμTNÐ
GnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) nigtulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) EdlGac b¤minGacCabT]RkidæenAkñúgry³kalEdlkMBugGnuvtþcMeBaHGgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØ ³

edaydkRsg;BIsalRkmrbs;tulakareyaFaenATIRkugnUraMub‘Åk(IMT Judgment) sala]T§rN_én

tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )ankt;sMKal;fa karEsVgrkkarTTYlxusRtUvEpñk
RBhμTNÐCabuKÁl minRtUv)anraraMgedaysarEtkarKμanbTbBaØtþisn§isBaØasþIBIkarpþnÞaeTascMeBaH karrMelaP
bMBan.476 karTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl k¾GacpSaP¢ab;eTAnwgkarrMelaPelIc,ab;TMenomTMlab;pg
Edr. tamBiteTA tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) )anBinitüemIlktþamYycMnYndUc
xageRkamenH edIm,IkMNt;fa etI\riyabTenaH naMeGaymankarTTYlxusRtÚvEpñkRBhμTNÐ eRkamc,ab;TMenom
TMlab;enAeBlenaHEdr b¤eT ³
karTTYlsÁal;c,as;las; KμankarmnÞilsgS½ynUv [viFanmYy] kñúgc,ab;GnþrCati nigkar
Gnuvtþn_rbs;rdæ EdlbgðaBaJBIectna kñúgdak;karhamXat;enaHCabTRBhμTNÐ edayrYmTaMg

475
sUmemIlkrNIerOgERsþlElts_/ ekesøI nig ERknts_ CamYyRbeTsGaT,Wm:g; (Streletz, Kessler and Krentz v. Germany)
salRkm cuHéf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM2001 ¬lixitGnuvtþn_eTaselx 34044/96/ 35532/97 nig44801/98¦ esckþIsMercrbs;
sala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIc (Tadic Appeal Decision) RBHraCGaCJa nigCcGanDWsan; GinDWr:UbUmvI rU:tahÁanda (Prosecutor v.
Georges Anderson Nderubumwe Rutaganda) sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-3 salRkm nigkarpþnÞaeTas ¶ 86 ¬éf¶TI6 ExFñÚ

qñaM1999¦.
476
sUmemIl saldIkasala]T§rN_elIkrNIerOgtaDIc (Tadic Appeals Judgment) ¶ 128.

148
 esckþIEføgkarN_rbs;m®nþIrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkarGnþrCati k¾dUcCa karpþnÞaeTascMeBaHkar
rMelaP edaytulakarCati nigtulakareyaFa.477

RbsinebIlkçxNÐTaMgenH RtUv)anbMeBBaJ skmμPaBEdl)anhamXat;enaH naMeGaymankarTTYlxusRtUv

EpñkRBhμTNÐCabuKÁlenAkMritGnþrCati.

karGnuvtþn_eKalkarN_KμanbTelμIs ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg¬nullum crimen¦ ecaTeT,IgCasMNYrfa etI

karRbRBwtþenHRtUvEt)anhamXat; edaysarEtvaCaGMeBIelμIsmYykñúgBaküeBcn_Cak;lak; ehIyEdlGMeBIenH
RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasenaHEdr b¤eT . eTaHbICaGtßbTc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúg
tulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) b¤ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nig
siT§ineya)ay(ICCPR) EcgedaypÞal;cMeBaHbBaðaenHk¾eday k¾yutþisa®sþéntulakarsiT§imnusSGWr:ub
nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) esñIfa karRbRBwtþenHGacRtUv)anpþnÞaeTas)an
RbsinebIvaxusKñaBIlkçN³EdlkarRbRBwtþenHRtUv)anhamXat; darabNa 1¦ critsMxan;² énRbRBwtþRtUv
)anpþnÞaeTasdUcKñaeTAnwgGVIEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúgeBlRbRBwtþbTelμIs ehIy 2¦ buKÁlTaMgenaHGac)andwg
smehtuplCamun tamry³c,ab;CaFrmanfa GMeBI b¤karxkxanmin)anbMeBBaJkatBVkic©GVIxøH EdlGacnaM;
eGaymankarTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐ .482

477
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id. ¬EdlKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIkarkat;esckþI]RkidæCns®gÁamsMxan;². kic©dMeNIrkarkat;esckþIrbs;tulakar
eyaFaGnþrCati EdlmanTItaMgenATIRkugnUraMub‘Åk RbeTsGaLWm:g; PaK 22 Rtg;cMNuc 445-447/ 467.
482
sUmemIlkrNIrbs; ERsþlElts_/ ekesøI nig ERknts_ (Streletz, Kessler and Krentz) ¶ 105 RBHraCGaCJa nighadesha
sanUvic(Prosecutor v. Hadzehasanovic) sMNMuerOgelx IT-01-47-PT esckþIsMercsþIBIkarCMTas;rYmcMeBaHyutþaFikar ¶ 165
¬cuHéf¶TI12 Exvicäikar qñaM2002¦ ¬{ eKalkarN_KμanbTelμIs ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg(the principle of nullum crimen sine lege) Gac
eRbIR)as;)an RbsinebIkarRbRBwtþbTelμIsRBhμTNÐdUcenH RtUvmaneTas edayminKitBIbTecaTRbkan;Cak;Esþg EdlmanEcgenAkñúg
c,ab;NamYyeT,Iy }¦.

149
 x> karkMNt;kareRbIR)as;PaBRsedogKña
bBaðamYyEdlTak;TgenaH KWfaetIGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanvisalPaBRtwmNa kñúgkareRbIPaB
RsedogKñaenH kñúgkarkMNt;rUbPaBénbTelμIsTaMgT,ay Edl)anerobrab;enAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGay
manGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) edaymincaM)ac;
CMBak;CMBinCamYyeKalkarN_KμanbTelμIs ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg(nullum crimen principle) . c,ab;sþIBIkar
begáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm(KRT Law) min
)anbBa¢ak;eGayc,as;GMBIbBaðaenHeT .
bTelμIsmYyminGacRtUv)anBRgIkvisalPaB edaykarbegáItbTelμIsfμIenaHeT,Iy b:uEnþeKGnuBaØat
eGayeFVIkarbkRsayc,ab;kñúgkMritCak;lak;NamYy CaBiess enAkñúgkic©dMeNIrkarbBa¢ak;BIrUbPaBénbT-
elμIsepSg² Edl)anhamXat;rYcehIy . BitNas; kareRbIR)as;PaBRsedogKñamankMrit RtUv)an GnuBaØat
drabNakarbkRsay b¤karbMPøWelIbBaðaenaHmanlkçN³RsbKñanwgsμartIénbTelμIs ehIybuKÁlTaMgenaH
Gac)andwgsmehtuplCamunfa GMeBI b¤karxkxanmin)anbMeBBaJkatBVkic©GVIxøH Edlc,ab;GactRmUveGay
TTYlxusRtUvEpñkRBhμTNÐ .483 KYrkt;sMKal;fa eTaHbICamankarhamXat;Cak;Esþg enAkñúglkçnþik³TIRkug
r:Um(Rome Statute) cMeBaHkarBRgIkniymn½yénbTelμIs edayPaBRsedogKña RbvtþiénkarRBaglkçnþik³enH
bBa¢ak;fa eKGaceRbIc,ab;TMenomTMlab;GnþrCati eFVICaRbPBmYyénRbPBc,ab;déTeTot kñúgkarbkRsayrUb
PaBénbTelμIs enAkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC) . eKKYrEtmanlT§PaBdUcKñaenHEdr
cMeBaHtulakarExμrRkhm(KRT) .

483
sUmemIl eGsdab;bilüÚ nigcRkPBGg;eKøs(S.W. v. the United Kingdom) ¬BaküsMuelx 20166/92¦ nigsIuGa
nigcRkPBGg;eKøs(C.R. v. the United Kingdom) salRkm ¬BaküsMuelx 20190/92¦ cuHéf¶TI22 Exvicäika qñaM1995 (Series
335-x nig335-K TMB½r41-42 ¶ 34-36 nigTMB½r68 nigTMB½r69 ¶ 32-34 EterogxøÜn¦ GacrkeXIBaJenAkñúgvib say
available at http://echr.coe.int ¬eTaHCabBaØtþic,ab;mYyRtUv)aneKRBagya:gc,as;las; enARbB½n§c,ab;Nak¾eday rab;TaMg

c,ab;RBhμTNÐpg k¾eKminGaceCosputBIkarbkRsayc,ab;enaH)aneT,Iy>>>> maRta7 énGnusBaØaenH minGacGanfaCakardak;eGay

enAeRkAc,ab; nUvkarbBa¢ak;CalMdab;énviFansþIBIkarTTYlxusRtUvRBhμTNÐ tamry³karbkRsayc,ab;BIkrNImYyeTAkrNImYy eday
tRmUvfakarvitþn_Cayfaehtu RsbnwgsμartIénbTelμIs ehIymanehtuGacdwgCamun }.

150
 K> KμaneTas ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg

TidæaPaBmYyEdlTak;TgnwgeKalkarN_nItüanukUlPaB GMBIfaetIeKRtUvEtEcgBIeTasbBaØtþiEdr b¤ eT
EdleKdwgfaCaeKalkarN_KμaneTas ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg(nulla poena sine lege) eKalkarN_enHRtUv)aneK
bBa©ÚleTAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμrRkhm
(KRT Law) tamry³kareyagmaRta33 eTAnwgktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay

(ICCPR) . ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay(ICCPR) maRta15 Ecgfa { minRtUvdak;

eTaseGayF¶n;CageTasEdlGnuvtþkñúgxN³eBlRbRBwtþbTelμIseLIy . RbsinebIeRkayBIkarRbRBwtþbT
elIμs ehIyc,ab;)anbBaØtiþeGaymankardak;eTasRsalCagmun CnelμIsRtUvTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BIkardak;
eTasRsalCagenH } .
CaTUeTA tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati)anBwgEp¥kelIbTdæanc,ab;Cati kñúgkarkMNt;eTasbBaØtþiCa
Frman.484 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday GgÁCMnMuCRmHenHTMngCaminGacGnuvtþeTasbBaØtþiénRbeTskm<úCa kñúg
ry³kalcab;BIqñaM1975 dl; qñaM1979 )aneT,Iy . enAkñúgkrNIerOgsIulIub‘ÍsIu(Celebici) éntulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) ]TahrN_ GgÁCMnMuCRmH)ansMercfa tulakarRBhμTNÐ
GnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) GacGnuvtþeTaselIsBI20 qñaM)an eTaHbICatamkarCak;EsþgenaH
RkmRBhμTNÐ SFYR )ankMNt;eTasdak;Bn§naKarCarUbPaBmYyénkarpþnÞaeTasry³eBl15 qñaM. KYr

484
sUmemIl lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY Statute) maRta24 ¬Ecgfa { kñúgkarkMNt;ry³
eBldak;Bn§naKar GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg RtUvBinitüeTAelIkarGnuvtþn_TUeTA Bak;B½n§nwgkarpþnÞaeTasdak;Bn§naKarenAkñúgtulakarén
GtItyUehÁasøavI }¦ lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da (ICTR Statute) maRta23 ¬Ecgfa { kñúgkarkMNt;ry³
eBldak;Bn§naKar GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg RtUvBinitüeTAelIkarGnuvtþn_TUeTA Bak;B½n§nwgkarpþnÞaeTasdak;Bn§naKarenAkñúgtulakarén
rVa:n;da }¦ lkçnþik³tulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTsesra:eT,GUn(SCSL Statute) maRta19 ¬Ecgfa { kñúgkarkMNt;ry³ eBldak;Bn§na
Kar GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg RtUvBinitüeTAelIkarGnuvtþn_ Bak;B½n§nwgkarpþnÞaeTasdak;Bn§naKarenAkñúgtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;
RbeTsrVa:n;da (ICTR) nigtulakarCatiénRbeTsesra:eT,GUn } ¦. mindUctulakarTaMgenHeT lkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
(ICC) manEcgEteKalkarN_TUeTAsþIBIKaμneTas ebIKμanc,ab;Ecg(nulla poena sine lege) Edlvamincg¥úleGaytulakarRBhμTNÐ

GnþrCati(ICC) BicarNaelIlixitbTdæanKtiyutþiCatisMrab;CakarENnaMeT,Iy. sUmemIl lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) maRta

23 ¬ Ecgfa { CnEdlRtUvtulakarsMerceGaymanBiruT§PaB GacRtUvdak;TNÐkmμ Rsbtamc,ab;lkçnþik³enHEtb:ueNÑaH}.

151
kt;sMKal;fa { minmanmUldæanxagyutþaFikar b¤mUldæanKtiyutþiNamYysMrab;eFVICasMGagfatulakarGnþr
CatiRtUv)ancgP¢ab;edayesckþIsMercrbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) }eLIy .
485

müa:gviBaJeTot vaTMngCamanPaBbt;EbnkñúgkareRbIR)as;PaBRsedogKña enAkñúgbribTénkarGnuvtþn_

eTasBaØtþieRcInCagkareGayniymn½yénbTelμIs. dUecñH Gñkpþl;mtid¾man\T§iBlmñak;)ankt;sMKal;fa {
bTdæanGb,brmaénnItüanukUlPaB >>>>GnuBaØateGayGnuvtþeTasbBaØtþiedayPaBRsedogKñaénbTelμIsnig
eTasbBaØtþienAkñúgc,ab;RBhμTNÐCati nanaénrdædak;eTasEdlmanyutþaFikarsmRsb }.486

X. eKalkarN_sþIBIkarCMnMuCRmHerOgkþImYyEtmYyelIk(Non Bis In Idem)

c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIteGaymanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMExμr
Rkhm(KRT Law) min)anbBa¢ak;c,as;GMBIeKalkarN_sþIBIkarCMnMuCRmHerOgkþImYyEtmYyelIk(non bis in
idem) enaHeT b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday eK)anEcgeyageKalkarN_enH tamry³esckþItRmUvénmaRta

33 fa GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ{RtUvGnuvtþyutþaFikarrbs;xøÜn RsbtambTdæanGnþrCatisþIBIyutþiFm’ smFm’ nig

kic©dMeNIrRtwmRtUvtamc,ab; }dUcmanEcgkñúgktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay(ICCPR).
maRta14 ¬7¦ Ecgfa { KμanCnNamñak; RtUvykmkecaTRbkan; b¤ykmkpþnÞaeTassarCafμIeLIy cMeBaHbT
elμIsEdl)anpþnÞaeTasCasßaBr Rsbtamc,ab; nignitivíFIRBhμTNÐrbs;rdænImYy² rYcehIy } .

485
sUmemIl sIulIb‘ÍsMIu(Celebici) salRkmsaladMbUg ¶¶ 1209-12. tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da (ICTR)
)ansMercRsedoKñaenHfa kareyagénlkçnþik³rbs;xøÜndl;karGnuvtþeTasenARbeTsrVa:n;da minEmnCakarcaM)ac;xanmin)anenaHeT
b:uEnþvaRKan;EtmanbMNgpþl;karENnaMdl;tulakarenHEt b:ueNÑaH. sUmemIl RBHraCGaCJa nigkaMdan;da(Rrosecutor v. Kamdanda)
sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-97-23-S salRkm nigkarpþnÞa eTas ¶ 23 ¬GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg éf¶TI4 ExkBaØa qñaM1998¦.
486
Gwm esorIhV )asIuGUnI (M. CHERIF BASSIOUNI) ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati kñúgc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati 144 ¬e)aHBum<
pSayelIkTI2 qñaM1999¦.

152
 k> bTdæanGnþrCatiRKb;RKgelIkarpþnÞaeTasenAkñúgrdæBIr b¤rdæeRcIn

karBinitüeT,IgviBaJelIbTbBaØtþiéneKalkarN_sþIBIkarCMnMuCRmHerOgkþImYyEtmYyelIk(non bis in
idem) enAkñúglixitubkrN_GnþrCati rYmman ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay(ICCPR)

KaMRTdl;karesñIfa eKalkarN_sþIBIkarCMnMuCRmHerOgkþImYyEtmYyelIk(the ne bis in idem) GnuvtþCasMxan;

cMeBaHkarpþnÞaeTasEdl)aneFVIeT,IgenAkñúgrdæEtmYy ehIybuKÁlEdl)anpþnÞaeTasenAkñúgrdæmYyehIyGac
RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasenAkñúgrdæmYyeTot sßiteRkamkal³eTs³mYycMnYnmankMrit. bu:EnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾edayk¾
mansn§isBaØabtüab½nCaeRcInmankareRbobeFobKñarvagCatimYy nigCatimYyeTotcMeBaHbTbBaØtþiTaMgenH .
sn§isBaØabtüab½neTVrPaKI CaerOy²EtgEtmanbTbBaØtþienH.487 eRkABIenH mansn§isBaØa BhuPaKIBak;B½n§nwg
bBaðanItiviFI]RkidækmμqøgEdn rYmmanviFansþIBIkarCMnMuCRmHerOgkþImYyEtmYyelIk(non bis in idem rule) .
niyayedaysegçbmk sn§isBaØaTaMgenH bBa¢ak;fabuKÁlmñak;EdlRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasrYcehIy GacRtUv
)anpþnÞaeTasenAkñúgrdæmYyepSgeTot)an RbsinebI ¬1¦ karpþnÞaeTaselIkTIBIr minBak;B½n§nwgkarRbRBwtþ
b¤bTelμIsdEdl Edl)anecaTRbkan;enAkñúgkarCMnMuCRmHkþIelIkTImYyeTenaH . ¬2¦ enAeBlCMnMuCRmHelIk
TImYy tulakarminTan;ecBaJsalRkmsßaBrenAeT,Iy ¬3¦ eK)anrkeXIBaJGgÁehtufμI b¤rbkKMehIBaJfμI Edlmin
manenAkñúgeBlCMnMuCRmHelIkTImYy b¤ ¬4¦ karpþnÞaeTaselIkTImYy mankarxusPøat;¬karxVHcenøaH¦ Epñk
sMxan;CamUldæan . müa:gviBaJeTot karCMnMuCRmHelIkTIBIr GacmanlkçN³smRsbCaBiess RtUveFVIenAkñúg
RbeTsEdlekItmanbTelμIs .

x> viFIsa®sþéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC)
viFIsa®sþéneKalkarN_sþIBIkarCMnMuCRmHerOgkþImYyEtmYyelIk(non bis in idem) manenAkñúg
lkçnþik³nImYy²rbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþr CatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
sMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) KaMRTesckþIsMGagRsedogKñaenH EdlehAfa buKÁlEdl)anCMnMuCRmHenAkñúg
yutþaFikarCatisßiteRkamkal³eTs³Cak;lak;mYycMnYnmankMrit k¾GacCMnMuCRmHenAcMeBaHmuxtulakarBiess
487
sUmemIl Gay>eG>esorW(I.A. SHEARER) kareFVIbtüab½nkñúgc,ab;GnþrCati 13 ¬1971¦.

153
)anEdr. b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday tulakarBiess CMTas;cMeBaHkarEdlvamanlkçN³mYyelIk { idem }
Edltamry³enH karCMnMuCRmHelIkTIBIrRtUv)anhamXat;CaTUeTA . maRta10 ¬2¦ énlkçnþik³tulakar
RBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) mYy Epñk)anEcgfa ³
1> KμanCnNamñak;RtUv)anCMnMuCRmH enAcMeBaHmuxtulakarCati cMeBaHGMeBIEdlbegáIt)anCa
karrMelaPF¶n;F¶relIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati eRkamlkçnþik³enH EdlkñúgkrNIenH eKRtUUv)an
CMnMuCMRmHrYcehIy edaytulakarGnþrCati .
2> CnNamñak;EdlRtUv)anCMnMuCRmHrYcehIy edaytulakarCatimYy cMeBaHGMeBIEdlbegáIt
)anCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶relIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati GacenAeBleRkaymkeTot RtUv)anCMnMu
CRmHedaytulakarGnþrCati)an RbsinebI ³
¬k¦ GMeBIEdlCnenaH)anRbRBwtþ ehIyRtUv)anCMnMuCRmHmancritlkçN³CabTelμIs
Fmμta b¤
¬x¦ kic©dMeNIrkarkat;esckþIrbs;tulakarCatimanPaBlMeGog b¤minÉkraCü RtUv
)aneKerobcMKMeragEpnkar edIm,IeFVICaExlkarBar b¤biT)aMgCnCab;ecaTmineGay
TTYlxusRtUvCaGnþrCati b¤krNIerOgenH minRtUv)aneFVIkarecaTRbkan;ya:gRbug
Rby½tñ .
bTbBaØtþiEdlesÞIrEtdUcKñaebHbiT manenAkñgú maRta9 ¬1¦ nig ¬2¦ énlkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐ
GnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) .488
esckþIsMercmYycMnYnrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmH éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR))an
eFVIkarbkRsayya:gc,as;nUvRbeyaKenH { GMeBIEdlbegáIt)anCakarrMelaPF¶n;F¶relIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati
}kñúgmaRta9 ¬2¦ énlkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR)eGayRKb;dNþb;elIbT

488
karxusEbøkKñaEtmYyKt; enAkñúgGtßbTénlkçnþik³tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da (ICTR) KWkarbEnßmBakü {
sMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da } bnÞab;BI { tulakarkarGnþrCati } kñúgkfax½NÐTI1 nigkfax½NÐTI2.

154
ecaTRbkan;TaMgGs;EdlBak;B½n§karrMelaPF¶n;F¶relIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati EdlTak;nwgGMeBIdUcKña .489
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday RbsinebItulakarCatimYy )anpþnÞaeTascugecaTNamñak; eRkambTecaTRbkan;Edl
esμInwg {bTelμIsFmμta } tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) nigtulakarRBhμTNÐ
GnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) nigminRtUv)aneKraraMgmineGaypþnÞaeTascugecaTdEdl cMeBaHGMeBIEt
mYyenaHeT,Ig .490 KYrkt;sMKal;pgEdrfa bTbBaØtþisþIBIkarCMnMuCRmHerOgkþImYyEtmYyelIk(non bis in
idem) énlkçnþik³TaMgBIr ENnaMtulakarBak;B½n§eGay { BinitüBicarNaeTAelIvisalPaB kñúgkarGnuvtþeTas

bBaØtþiNamYy edaytulakarCatielICnelμIsdEdlcMeBaHGMeBIEtmYy Edl)anpþnÞaeTasrYcehIyenaH } .491

maRta20 ¬3¦ énlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) Ecgfa ³
¬3¦ KμanCnNamñak; EdlRtUv)anCMnMuCRmHedaytulakarmYyepSgeTotcMeBaHkarRbRBwtþ
Edl)anBN’napgEdr eRkam [bTbBaØtþiénlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) EdlkMNt;GMBI
]RkidækmμEdlGaceFVIkarecaTRbkan;enAcMeBaHmuxtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati¬ICC¦] RtUvCMnMu
CRmHedaytulakarTak;TgeTAelIkarRbRBwtþdUcKñaEtmYy elIkElgEtdMeNIrTaMgT,ayenA
kñúgtulakarmYyepSgeTotenaH ³
¬k¦ RtUv)aneFVIeT,IgsMrab;eKalbMNglak;)aMgCnEdlBak;B½n§ BIkarTTYlxusRtUv
xagRBhμTNÐ sMrab;bTelμIsEdlzitenAkñúgyutþaFikaréntulakarenH b¤
¬x¦ ebIminGBa©wgeT RtUv)aneFVIeT,IgedayKμanÉkraCü b¤ edayKμanPaB\tlMeGog
489
sUmemIl kñúgbBaðarbs;Gal;RhVwt mUsIuma: (Alfred Musema) sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-5-D esckþIsMercrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmH
saladMbUgsþIBIkardak;Bakürbs;RBHraCGaCJaesñIsMuCapøÚvkarsMrab;karBüÜreTas ¶12 (cuHéf¶TI12 ExmIna qñaM1996) . sUmemIlpg
Edr kñúgbBaða Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines SARL sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-6-D esckþIsMercrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmH
saladMbUgsþIBIkardak;Bakürbs;RBHraCGaCJaesñIsMuCapøÚvkarsMrab;karBüÜreTas ¶11 (cuHéf¶TI13 ExmIna qñaM1996)nigkñúgbBaða
Théoneste Bagosora, sMNMuerOgelx ICTR-96-7-D esckþIsMercrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgsþIBIkardak;Bakürbs;RBHraCGaCJa

esñIsMuCapøÚvkarsMrab;karBüÜreTas ¶ (cuHéf¶TI17 ExmIna qñaM1996) .

490
sUmemIllkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI (ICTY) maRta 10 ¬2¦ ¬k¦ dUc)anKUsbBa¢ak;xagelI nig
lkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da (ICTR) maRta 9 ¬2¦ ¬k¦ .
491
lkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItyUehÁasøavI (ICTY) maRta 10 ¬3¦ lkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
sMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) maRta 9 ¬3¦ .

155
 RsbtambTdæanéndMeNIrkarRtwmRtUvtamc,ab; EdlTTYlsÁal;edayc,ab;GnþrCati
ehIyRtUv)aneFVIeT,IgtamrebobmYyEdl kñúgkal³eTs³nana minRsbtamectna
naMxøÜnCnEdlBak;B½n§enaHmkrkyutþiFm’ .
maRta 20 ¬3¦ )aneRbIBakü {bTelμIs} b¤ {bT]Rkidæ } CMnYseGay {karRbRBwtþ } vaGacman
lT§PaBeRcInkñúgkarbkRsaylkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) EdlTukeGaytulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
(ICC) CMnMuCRmHCnNamñak; EdlCab;ecaTBIbTelμIsdUcCa bT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ EdlRtUv)anpþnÞaeTas

rYcehIycMeBaHkarRbRBwtþdUcKña EdlRtUv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTeFVImnusSXat . CalaylkçGkSr RbeyaKBit

R)akdénmaRta 20 ¬3¦ énlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) hak;RcanecalkarCMnMuCRmHelIkTI2 cMeBaH
karRbRBwtþdUcKña .492 esckþIsnñidæanenH RtUv)anBRgwg edayehtufa vapÞúyKñanwgbTbBaØtþisþIBIkarCMnMuCRmH
erOgkþImYyEtmYyelIk(non bis in idem) enAkñúglkçnþik³éntulakarBiess¬ad hoc tribunals¦ lkçnþik³TI
Rkugr:Um(Rome Statute) min)anEcgBIGBaØRtkmμ cMeBaHviFansþIBIkarCMnMuCRmHerOgkþImYyEtmYyelIk (non bis
in idem) rbs;vaenaHeT enAeBlEdlkarRbRBwtþenaHmancritlkçN³Ca { bTelμIsFmμta } EdlmanEcgenA

kñúgnItiviFICatiknøgmk .

X. karcUlrYmrbs;CnrgeRKaHenAkñúgkic©dMeNIrkarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa
GnuelamtambTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) CnrgeRKaHeday
]RkidækmμTaMgLay EdlsßitkñúgEdlsmtßkic©rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHenH GaccUlrYmkñúgkic©dMeNIrkaredaHRsay
erOgkþIrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) tamry³kardak;BakübNþwgeTAshRBHraCGaCJa
b¤ tamry³kardak;BaküsMucUlrYmCaPaKIedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI enAkñúgkarecaTRbkan;krNImYy.493 { Cnrg
492
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday ebItamGñkniBn§mñak; RbeyaK { Tak;TgnwgkarRbRBwtþdUcKña } RtUv)anbEnßmeTAelImaRta20 ¬3¦
{ edIm,IbBa¢ak;fa tulakarGacCMnMuRmHCnNamñak; sUm,IEtCnenaHRtUv)antulakarCatiCMnMuCRmHrYcehIyk¾eday bBa¢ak;fakarRbRBwtþ
epSgKña KWCakmμvtßúénkarecaTRbkan; } John T. Holmes,{ eKalkarN_énkarbEnßm } enAkñúgtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati ³ kareFVI
lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um(Rome Statute) bBaða karcrca lT§pl 59 (Roy S. Lee, ed., 1999). b:uEnþKYreGayesaksþay GñkniBn§min
)aneFVIkarbriyaybEnßmeToteT.
493
bTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) viFanelx 23¬1¦ cuHéf¶TI12 Exmifuna qñaM2007
http://www.unakrt-online.org/Docs/Court%20Documents/2007-06-18%20IRs%20English.pdf. c,ab;sþIBItulakarExμrRkhm(KRT Law) eFVIkar

156
eRKaH }RtUveKcat;TukfaCarUbvnþbuKÁl b¤nItibuKÁl Edl)anTTYlrgkarQWcab; edaysarkarRbRBwtþbT]Rkidæ
NamYy EdlsßitkñúgEdnsmtßkic©rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC).494 bTbBa¢¢aépÞkñúgk¾
GnuBaØateGayÉktþbuKÁlcUlrYmkñúgkic©dMeNIrkaredaHRsayerOgkþI rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakar
km<úCa(ECCC) enHEdr tamry³smaCikPaBkñúgsmaKm { CnrgeRKaH } mYyEdlCa { smaKmbegáIteLIg
kñúgeKaledAEtmYyKt; sMrab;CnrgeRKaHeday]RkidækmμTaMgLay EdlsßitkñúgEdnsmtßkic©rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) Edl)ancuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkarkñúgRbeTs EdlGgÁCMnMuCRmHenHkMBugeFVIskmμ-
PaBkargarenAeBlEdlxøÜnkMBugeFVIGnþraKmn_ enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC)
ehIyRtUv)anGnuBaØat CapøÚvkareGaycat;viFankarnana kñúgnamsmaCikrbs;xøÜn.495 eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday
smaKmCnrgeRKaHxøÜnÉgpÞal; { minEmnCaPaKIedImbNþwgrdæb,evNIenAkñúgkic©dMeNIrkaredaHRsayerOgkþI
eLIy } BYkeK { RKan;EteFVICatMNageGaysmaCikrbs;xøÜn EdlCaPaKIedImbNþwgrdæb,evNIEtb:ueNÑaH } .496

k> kardak;BakübNþwg
viFanelx49 énbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgGnuBaØateGaysmaKm { CnrgeRKaH nigCnrgeRKaH } dak; { Bakü
bNþwg b¤B½t’man EdlGHGagfamankarRbRBwtþbT]Rkidæ EdlsßitkñúgEdnsmtßkic©rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
kñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) } eTAkariyal½yshRBHraCGaCJa.497 TnÞwmnwgenHshRBHraCGaCJa RtUv {TTYl
briyayGMBIkarcUlrYmrbs;CnrgeRKaH enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) Edl)anbBa¢ak;fa { GgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØéntulakarkMBUl RtUvsMercbNþwg]T§rN_énCnrgeRKaHRbqaMgnwgesckþIsMercrbs;saladMbUgénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ } c,ab;
sþIBItulakarExμrRkhm(KRT Law) maRta36¬fμI¦. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday c,ab;sþIBItulakarExμrRkhm(KRT Law) min)anEcglMGit
GMBIkMriténkarcUlrYmrbs;CnrgeRKaH enAkñúgbribTénGgÁCMnMuCRmH visamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) eLIy eRkAEtBIkartRmUveGay
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØGnuvtþRsbtamnItiviFIRBhμTNÐ EdlsßitenACaFrmanrbs;km<úCa. c,ab;sþIBItulakarExμrRkhm(KRT Law) maRta
33¬fμI¦manEcgkñúgEpñkmYyfa karCMnuMCRmH { RtUveFVIeLIgRsbtamnItiviFIEdlmanRsab;CaFrman}¦ kic©RBmeRBogRkbx½NÐGgÁkar
shRbCaCati min)anEcgGMBIbBaðaénkarcUlrYmrbs;CnrgeRKaHeLIy.
494
bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg snÞanuRkm TMB½r 71.
495
sUmemIlGtßbTdEdl Id..
496
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sUmemIl GtßbTdEdl Id. viFan 23¬11¦. maRta 39 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa (ECCC
Law) Ecgfa { eRkABIeTasdak;Bn§naKar GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØénsaladMbUg GacseRmcrwbGUsRTBüsm,tþiCaclnvtßú nigGclnvtßú
nigluykak;EdlTTYl)anedayxusc,ab; b¤k¾)anedaykarRbRBwtþGMeBI]Rkidækmμ. RTBüsm,tþiEdlrwbGUs)anenHRtUvRbKl;CUnrdæ }.
c,ab;tulakarExμrRkhm(KRT Law) maRta39 mCÄmNÐlGnþrCatisMrab;yutþiFm’Gnþrkal (The International Centre for Transitional
Justice) KWCaGgÁkarminykR)ak;kMérmYy Edl)ansresrya:geRcInGMBIbBaðaTaMgLay Tak;Tgnigkarpþl;sMNg Edl)aneFVIeLIgbnÞab;

BIkaresegátelIvisalPaBénqnÞanusiT§irbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ kñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) sßitenAeRkamesckþIRBagviFanépÞkñúgEdl

)anGnuBaØateGayGgÁCMnMuCRmHenH pþl;sMNg {CasmUhPaB b¤Canimti þrUb } tamkaresñIsMueGayeTA { smUhPaB nignItibuKÁl { >>>>>
karpþl;sMNgrYmmandUcxageRkamenH ³
k- karGnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgénCMerIsenH KWCakarsMxan;Nas; edaysarfa manCnrgeRKaHeday]RkidækmμExμrRkhm EdlminEmnCa
{ PaKIedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI } BIeRBaH ¬1¦ CnEdleFVIeGayBYkeKrgeRKaH)ansøab; b¤min)aneFVIkarecaTRbkan; ¬2¦ BYkeKminGac
cUlrYmkñúgTidæPaBrdæb,evNI ]TahrN_ BIeRBaHBYkeKmin)anTTYlB½t’manGMBIkarCYsCulsMNg b¤minGaccUleTAdl;GgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) edaypÞal; - minmanviTüúsþab; minmanmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún minecHGkSr. karCYsCulsMNg
CanimitþrUb Gacrab;bBa©ÚlGñkTaMgenH CaBiess GñkEdlCa { smUhPaB } kñúgn½yfa CaCnrgeRKaHedayCnelIμsEtmYy b¤ Ca

164
karpþl;sMNgenH { RtUveFVIeLIgRbqaMgeTAnwgTNÐit nigCabnÞúkrbs;TNiÐt }.535
GnuelamtamviFan 23 ¬12¦ GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) Gacpþl;sMNg;
tamrUbPaBdUcxageRkam ³
k- karbgÁab;eGaye)aHBum<pSaysalRkm b¤saldIka enAkñúgsarB½t’manNamYy b¤RbB½n§pSBV
pSayB½t’mansmRsbdéTeTot EdlkarcMNayCabnÞúkrbs;TNÐit.
x- karbgÁab;eGaypþl;mUlniFidl;skmμPaB b¤ esvakmμminrkR)ak;cMeNBaJNamYy
EdlmaneKalbMNgpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;CnrgeRKaH b¤
K- TRmg;déTeToténsMNg EdlmanlkçN³smrmü nigRbhak;RbEhl.

rgeRKaHedayGMeBIrMelaPEdlmanRbePTdUcKña ¬eTaHbICaGMeBIrMelaPenaH RtUv)anRbRBwtþedayCnelμIsepSgKñakþI¦ b¤Ca { smUhPaB

} EdlkñúgenaH CnrgeRKaHmanGtþsBaØaNmYyepSgKña b¤karrMelaPxagedImrYmKñaCaRbPBd¾sMxan; EdlnaMeGayBYkeKkøayCaCnrg
eRKaH ]TahrN_ Gñkkan;RBHBuT§sasna b¤Gñkkan;sasnamu:søImcamCaedIm.
x- müa:gviBaJeTot { karCYsCulsMNgCasmUhPaB } EdlGacpþl;eGayPaKIedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI minKYrRcanecalCamunnUvkarCYs
CulsMNgsMrab;CnrgeRKaHEdlminGaccUlrYmCa { PaKIedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI } eLIy. müa:gviBaJeTot vaGacCakarsMxan;cMeBaHkar
rkSasiT§irbs;CnrgeRKaH kñúgkarCYsCulsMNg edaysarfa { PaKIedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI } karedaHRsayCYsCulsMNg edayEp¥k
elIsmaKmCnrgeRKaH enAkñúgesckþIRBagviFanépÞkñúg EdleKGaceXIBaJfamanlkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwgynþkar { beBa©ós } Edl
ynþkarenH CaerOy²RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;kñúgbNþwgtamfñak;(class-action suits)kñúgyutþaFikarmYycMnYn.
535
sUmemIl viFanépÞkñúg viFan 23¬11¦.

165
 c> ]bsKÁEdlbgáeLIgedayCnrgeRKaHsMxan;²mYycMnYn EdlEsVgrkkarcUlrYm
nig karCYsCulsMNgkarxUcxatenAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakar
km<úCa(ECCC)
]bsKÁFM²mYy EdlKMeragkarcUlrYmrbs;CnrgeRKaHTaMgLaykMBugCYbRbTH enAkñúgGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
kñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) KWlT§PaBrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmH kñúgkarRKb;RKgelIkarcUlrYmenH nigkarpþl;sMNg
dl;mnusSCaeRcInelIslub Edl)anrgeRKaHedaysarrbbExμrRkhm. CaBiess manEtsßab½nRBhμTNÐ
GnþrCatimYyKt; EdlenAeBlenH GnuBaØatþeGayCnrgeRKaHcUlrYmkñúgkMritmYyénkic©dMeNIrkaredaHRsay
erOgkþI - tulakar]RkidækmμGnþrCati (ICC) )annigkMBugBüayamcat;karBaküsMucUlrYmeGaymanRbsiT§PaB
nigedIm,IkMNt;faetICnrgeRKaHRtUveFVIya:gdUcemþc edIm,IeFVIGnþraKmn_RbkbedayGtßn½y kñúgkic©Rbtibtþi
karN_rbs;tulakarenH edayminKMramKMEhgdl;siT§iCnCab;ecaT kñúgkarTTYl)ankarCMnMuCRmHRbkbeday
yutþiFm’ nigkic©dMeNIrkaredaHRsayerOgkþI)anqab;rh½s. TnÞwmnwgenH viFanépÞkñúgénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
kñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) TMngCayl;fa karcUlrYmedayCnrgeRKaH Cab;Tak;TgdUcKñanwgkarcUlrYmrbs;Cn
rgeRKaH enAkñúgkic©dMeNIrkarerOgkþIRBhμTNÐkñúgRsuk EdlGgÁCMnMuCRmHenH TMngCanwgCYbRbTHkarlM)ak
RsedogKña nwgbTBiesaFn_TaMgLay Edltulakar]RkidækmμGnþrCati (ICC) CYbRbTH kñúgkarTTYlBaküsMu
cUlrYm EdlmancMnYneRcInelIslubenH ehIyenATIbMput KWkarsMercykcMnYnGñkdak;BaküsMucUlrYmkñugkic©
dMeNIredaHRsayerOgkþI. dUecñH GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa(ECCC) GacrkeKalkarN_ ENnaM
d¾manRbeyaCn_ enAkñúgviFankarnana Edl)anGnum½teday tulakar]RkidækmμGnþrCati (ICC) edIm,IeFVIeGay
karcUlrYmrbs;CnrgeRKaH ritEtmanGtßn½yRbesIreLIgEfm enAkñúgkic©dMeNIrkaredaHRsayerOgkþI.

166
 ]bsm<½n§ k
APPENDIX “A”

xøwmsarBak;B½n§dkRsg;ecjBI ³
c,ab;lkçnþik³éntulakareyaFaGnþrCati(IMT)
r)aykarN_rbs;elakGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBI
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI(ICTY) nig
c,ab;lkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsyUehÁasøavI
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da(ICTR) nig
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati(ICC)

167
 1> c,ab;lkçnþik³éntulakarswkGnþrCati
CHARTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL

II> yuutþaFikar nigeKalkarN_TUeTA

JURISDICTION AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES

maRta 6 ³
tulakarEdl)anbegáIteLIgedaykic©RBmeRBogdUcmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta1 énc,ab;lk<nþik³enHsMrab;
pþnÞaeTas]RkidæCnsRgÁamsMxan;²énbNþaRbeTsbkSsm<n§½eyaFaenAGWr:ub manGMNaceFIVkarCMnuMCRmHkIþnig
pþnÞaeTasCnTaMgLayNaEdl)aneFIVskmμPaBedIm,bMerIIplRbeyaCn_[bNþaRbeTsénbkSsm<n½yaFaenA
GWr:ub(European Axis Countries) eTaHkñúglkçN³CabuKÁl b¤CasmaCikrbs;GgÁkarnanakþIEdl)anRbRBwtþ
bT]RkidæNamYykñúgcMeNambT]RkidædUcxageRkam .
GMeBITaMgLaydUcxageRkam b¤GMeBINamYykñúgcMeNamenH KWCabTelμIs]RkidæEdlsßitenAkñúgyutþa
Fikarrbs;tulakar bTelμIsTaMgenHRtUvTTYlxusRtUvCalkçN³buKÁl³
¬k¦> ]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgPaBsuxsanþ ³
eBalKWkareFVIEpnkar kareRtomerobcM karpþÜcepþImKMnit b¤ karcab;epIþmeFIVsRgÁamQøanBan b¤sRgÁam
NamYyedayrMelaPbMBanelIsni§sBaØaGnþrCati kic©RBmeRBog b¤karFanaGHGag b¤karcUlrYmenAkñúgEpnkar
rYm b¤karrYmKMnitKñaedIm,IeFIVeGay)ansMercnUvGMeBINamYydUc)anerobrab;xagelI .
¬x¦> ]RkidækmμsRgÁam ³
eBalKWkarrMelaPbMBanc,ab; b¤TMenomTMlab;énsRgÁam . karrMelaPbMBandUcenHRtUvrab;bBa©Úleday
minkMritkMNt;RtwmEtGMeBIXatkmμ kareFVI)ab b¤karnireTsRbCaBlrdæsuIvilénTwkdIkan;kab; b¤kñúgTwkdIEdl
xøÜnkan;kab;edIm,IeGayecjeTAeFVITaskrBlkmμ b¤edIm,IeKalbMNgNamYyepSgeTot GMeBIXatkmμ b¤kar
eFVI)abGñkeTaseQøIysRgÁam b¤mnusSkMBugsßitenAtamsmuRT GMeBIsMlab;cMNab;xμaMg GMeBIbøn;RTBüsm,tiþrdæ
b¤RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³ GMeBIbMpøicbMpøajTIRkug TIRbCMuCn b¤PUminanaedayKaμnRtaRbNI b¤bMpaøjexÞcxÞIr
edayminRtwmRtUvtamPaBcaM)ac;xageyaFa .

168
 ¬K¦> ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati ³
eBalKWGMeBIXatkmμ kareFVI[sabsUnü karykeTAeFVICaTaskr karbeNþjecj¬nireTs¦ nigGMeBI
GmnusSFm’d¾éTeTot EdlRbRBwtþeFVIRbqaMgnigRbCaBlrdæsIuvilNamYyenAeBlmun b¤kñúgGMLúgeBlsRgÁam
b¤kareFVITukçbukemñjedaysarmUlehtuxagneya)ay BUCsasn_ b¤sasnaedaykarRbRBwtþnUvbTelμIsNa
mYy b¤Cab;Tak;TgnwgbTelμIsNamYyEdlsßitenAkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakar eTaHbICabMBan b¤minbMBan
eTAelIc,ab;kñúgRsukénRbeTsEdlbTelμIsRtUv)anRbRBwtþkþI .
emdwknaM GñkerobcM GñkepþImKMnit nigGñksmKMnitTaMgLayEdlcUlrYmenAkñúgkarbegáIt b¤kar
Gnuvtn_þnUvKMeragEpnkarrYm b¤rYmKMnitKñaedIm,IRbRBwtþnUvbTelμIsNamYydUc)anerobrab;xagelI RtUvTTYlxus
RtUvcMeBaHral;GMeBIEdl)anRbRBwtþedayCnTaMgLayEdlGnuvtþKMeragEpnkarenaH .

maRta 7 ³
tMENgCapøÚvkarrbs;cugecaTeTaHbIGñkenaHCaRbmuxrdæ Cam®nþITTYlxusRtUvkñúgmuxRksYgepSg²rbs;
rdæaPi)alk¾eday k¾minGacCYyCnenaHeGayrYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUv b¤bn§ÚrbnßyeTaseGay)aneT .

maRta 8 ³
RbkarEdleqøIyfaGMeBIEdlcugecaT)anRbRBwtþ KWedaysarEteKeFVItambBa¢arbs;rdæaPi)al b¤rbs;
fñak;elINamñak;rbs;xøÜnenaHminGacCYyeGayCnenaHrYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvenaH)aneT b:uEnþGacRtUvyk
eTABicarNaedIm,Ibn§ÚrbnßyeTas)an ebIsinCatulakarkMNt;RtUveGayeFVIdUecñHedIm,IeGaymanPaByutiþ
Fm’ .

169
 2> r)aykarN_rbs;elakGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati
GnuelamtamkfaxNÐTI2 énesckþIsMerccitþrbs;RkúmRbwkSasnþisux
elx808 ¬1993¦ Edl)andak;CUnkalBIéf¶TI03 Ex]sPa qñaM1993
¬elx S/25704¦

II > smtßkic©rbs;tulakarGnþrCati
COMPETENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL

31> smtßkic©rbs;tulakarGnþrCatiekItecjmkBIGaNtiþkci ©dUcmanEcgenAkñúgkfaxNÐTI1 énesckIþsMerc

citþelx808¬qñaM1993¦. enAkñúgEpñkenHénr)aykarN_nwgBinitüemIlehIyeFVICasMeNIsIþGMBIFatupSM
CamUldæanénsmtßkic©rbs;tulakarenH KWelIcMNucsþIBI³ yutþaFikarelIRbePTénbTelIμs (Subject-
Matter Jurisdiction: Ratione Materiae), yutaþFikarelIRbePTbuKÁlRbRBWtþbTelIμs (Personal

Jurisdiction: Rationae Personae), yutþaFikarelIEdndIkMNt;énbTelμIs (Territorial Jurisdiction:

Rationae Loc’i), nigyutþaFikarelIeBlevlakMNt;énbTelIμs (Temporal Jurisdiction: Rationae

Temporis) k¾dUcCabBðaasþIBIyutþaFikarRsbKñarvag tulakarGnþrCati nigtulakarCati .

32> c,ab;lkçnþik³enHKYr)ancab;epþImedaymaRtaTUeTAmYYysþIBIsmtßkic©rbs;tulakarGnþrCati Edlmanxøwm

sardUcxageRkamenH³
maRta 1
smtßkic©rbs;tulakarGnþrCati
Competence of the International Tribunal

tularkarGnþrCatimanGMNackat;eTasCnTaMgLay EdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶r
elIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati Edl)anRbRBwtþenAelITwkdIénGtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI cab;taMgBIqñaM1991 mk
GnuelamtambBaØtþiénc,ab;lkçnþik³enH .

170
 k> smtßkic©elIRbePTénbTelIμs (Rationae Materiae: Subject-Matter Jurisdiction)
33> Ep¥ktamkfaxNÐTI1énesckþIsMerccitþelx808 ¬qñaM1993¦ tulakarGnþrCatiRtUveFVIkarkat;eTasCn
TaMgLayEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati Edl)anRbRBwtþ
enAelITwkdIénGtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI cab;taMgBIqañ M1991mk . GgÁénc,ab;enHmanGtißPaBkñúgTRmg;
Cac,ab;EdlekIteLIgedaykic©RBmeRBogpg nigCac,ab;TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIpg. edaysarEtman
c,ab;TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIGnþrCatixøHmin)anEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØananaenaH c,ab;mnusSFm’sMxan;²Edl
ekIteLIgedaykic©RBmeRBogmYycMnYnk¾)ankøayeTACaEpñkénc,ab;TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIGnþrCati .
34> tamkaryl;eXIjrbs;elakGKÁelxaFikarG>s>b karGnuvtþn_eKalkarN_minmanbTelIμsRBhμTNÐ
eTebIKaμnc,ab;NaEcg (nullum crimen sine lege)enaH KWtMrUveGaytulakarGnþrCatiRtUvEtykmk
eRbIR)as;edaymin)ac;sgS½ynUvviFanénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati Edl)ankøayeTACaEpñkmYyénc,ab;
TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIGnþrCatieTAehIy edIm,IkMueGayrdæxøH¬minTaMgGs;eT¦ EdlmanbBaðaCab;Tak;Tg
CamYynwgsn§isBaØaCak;lak;nanaminelIkeLIgBIbBaðaenH. bBaðaenHhak;dUcCasMxan;CaBiessenAkñúg
bribTsþIBItulakarGnþrCatieFVIkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPbMBan
F¶n;F¶relIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati .
35> Epñkénc,ab;mnusSF’GnþrCatiEdlekIteLIgedaykic©RBmeRBog Edl)ankøayedaymin)ac;sgS½yeTA
CaEpñkénc,ab;TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIGnþrCatieTAehIyenaH KWCac,ab;EdlGaceGayykmkGnuvtþ)an
enAkñúgkrNIénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF dUcEdlmanenAkñgú sn§isBaØaTIRkughSWENvcuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM
1949 sMrab;karBarcMeBaHCnrgeRKaHedaysars®gÁam3 sn§isBaØaTIRkugLaeG(Hague)cMNuc(IV) sIþ
BIkareKarBtamc,ab;nigTMenomTMlab;RbéBNIénsRgÁamGMBITwkdIRBmTaMgbTbBa¢ananaEdlCa]bsm<½n§
P¢ab;CamYynwgc,ab;TaMgenHcuHéf¶TI18 Extula qñaM19074 GnusBaØasþIBIkarTb;sáat; nigpþnÞaeTas
cMeBaH]RkidækmμRbl½BUCsasn_cuHéf¶TI09 ExFñÚ qñaM19485 nigc,ab;lkçniþk³éntulakarswkGnþrCati
cuHéf¶TI08 sIha qñaM19456 .
36> esckþIesñIeyabl;epSg²RtUv)anelIkeLIg esIñeGaytulakarGnþrCatiKYrEteRbIR)as;c,ab;kñúgRsukpg
edayykRtwmGIVEdlRtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTACaEpñkenAkñúgc,ab;mnusSFm’TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIGnþrCati. rIÉ

171
 c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatidUcbBa¢ak;xagelIenH manEcgya:gRKb;RKan;edIm,Ipþl;CamUldæansMrab;yutþa
FikarelIRbePTénbTelIμs (Subject-matter jurisdiction) kñúgenaHmanbBaðaBak;Bn½§mYyEdltMrUv
eGayeyagtamTMlab;Gnuvtþn_kñúgRsuk eBalKWGMBIeTasbBaØtiþ ¬sUmGan kfaxNÐTI 111¦ .
karrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM1949
Grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions

37> GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvbegáItCaviFanénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati nigpþl;nUvsñÚlsMxan;²dl;c,ab;TMenom

TMlab;RbéBNIedIm,I[GacykeTAGnuvtþ)anenAkñúgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatinana. GnusBaØaTaMg
enHEcgbBaØtiGMBIRkmsIlFm’éns®gÁamedayEp¥ktamTsSn³vis½yxagmnusSFm’ edaykarkarBar
cMeBaHbuKÁlmYycMnYneBalKW smaCikénkgkMlaMgRbdab;GavuFEdlRtUvrgrbYs nigmanCMgWenAkñúgsmr
PUmismaCikénkgkMlaMgRbdab;GavuFEdlRtUvrgrbYsnigmanCMgW niglick)a:l;kMBugsißtenAtamsmuRT
GñkeTaseQøIysRgÁamehIynigCnsuIvilenAkñúgeBlsRgÁam .
38> enAkñúgGnusBaØanimYy²manEcgkñúgbBaØtþimYy nUvbBa¢IEdlerobrab;GMBIGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶repSg²
EdlmanlkçN³sm,tþi;Gaccat;TukfaCa :GMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶r b¤Ca]RkidækmμsRgÁam : .
CnTaMgLayNaEdlRbRBwtþ b¤bBa¢aeGayRbRBwtþnUvGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶rTMagenHRtUvEtykeTA
CMnuMrHnigpþnÞaeTas. bBa¢IénGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶rEdlmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaTIRkughWSENvRtUv
)anykmksresreLIgvijenAkñúgmaRtabnþbnÞab;xageRkamenH .
39> RkumRbwkSasnþisux)anbBa¢ak;GHGagCafIμeLIgvijeRcInelIkeRcInsarfa³ CnTaMgLayNaEdlRbRBwtþ b¤
bBa¢aeGayRbRBwtþGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM1949 enAkñúgTwkdIénGtItRb
eTsyUehÁasøavI RtUvTTYlxusRtUvCabuKÁlcMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPbMBanTaMgenHedaycat;TukCabTelμIsF¶n;
F¶relIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati .
40> maRtaEdlTak;TgenAkñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³enHmanxøwmsardUcxageRkam³
maRta 2
karrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM 1949
Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949

172
 tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatimanGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayNaEdlRbRBwtþ b¤bBa¢aeGayRb
RBwtþGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relIsn§isBaØaTIRkughSWENv cuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 eBalKWGMeBITaMgLay
dUcxageRkamenH RbqaMgnwgbuKÁlb¤RTBüsm,tiþEdlkarBaredaybTbBaØtinanaénGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv
EdlBak;Bn§½³
(k)>karsMlab;edayectna .

(x)>kareFVITaruNkmμ b¤RbRBwtþkmμGmnusSFm’rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarsakBiesaFn_EpñkCIvsaRsþþpg .

(K)>karbgáeGaymankarrgTukçevTnay:agFMeFg b¤rbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;rUbragkay nigsuxPaBedayectna.

(X)>karbMpøicbMpøajy:agFMeFg nigdkhUtykRTBüsm,tþiEdlminRtwmRtUvtamkarcaM)ac;xageyaFa

ehIyEdleFVIeT,Igedayxusc,ab; nigedayKμanRtaRbNI .
(g)>karbgçitbgçMeGayGñkeTaseQøIys®gÁam b¤RbCaBlrdæNamñak;eTAbMerIenAkñúgCYrkgT½BénkMlaMg

xagbca©miRt .
(c)>kardkhUtedayectnaBIGñkeTaseQIøys®gÁam b¤BIRbCaBlrdæNamñak;nUvsiTi§RtUvTTYlkarCMnMu
CRmHkIþedayRbRktI nigRbkbedayyutþiFm’; .
(q)>karnireTsnigkarepÞrbBa¢ÞÚnedayxusc,ab; b¤dak;bgMçagRbCaBlrdæedayxusc,ab; .

(C)>karcab;RbCaBlrdæykeFVICacMNab;xμaMg .

karrMelaPc,ab; b¤TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIénsRgáam
Violations of the laws or customs of war

41> GnusBaØaTIRkugLaeGqñaM1907 cMNuc(IV) sþIBI;c,ab;TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIénsRgáamGMBITwkdII nigbT

bBa¢ananaEdlCa]bsm<n§½P¢ab;CamYyenaH rYmmanvis½ysMxan;TIBIrénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatiEdlekIt
eLIgedaykic©RBmeRBogEdl)ankøayeTACaEpñkénGgÁc,ab;TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIGnþrCati .
42> tulakarTIRkugnUraMub‘Åk(The Nurmberg Tribunal) )anTTYlsÁal;fa bBaØtiþCaeRcInEdlmanenAkñúgbT
bBa¢aénTIRkugLaeG fIVt,itEtkarbBa©ÚlnUvKMnitfIμenAeBlGnum½tbBaØtþiTaMgenaHkIþ k¾RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;
kñúgqñaM1939 edayRbCaCatiEdlmanGarüFm’TaMgGs; nigRtUv)ancat;TukfakarkMBugeFVIkarRbkas
GMBIc,ab;nigTMnomTMlab;RbéBNIéns®gÁam. tulakarTIRkugnUraMub‘Åkk¾)anTTYlsÁal;pgEdrfa ]Rkidæ
kmμs®gÁamEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta6¬x¦énc,ab;lkçnþik³TIRkúgnUraMub‘ÅkRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;rYcehIyfa Ca

173
 ]Rkidækmμs®gÁamEdlsißtenAeRkamc,ab;GnþrCatiehIyEdlbTbBa¢aTIRkugLaeGk¾)anEcgRKbdNþb;GM
BI]RkidækmμenHrYcehIy EdlsMrab;pþnÞaeTascMeBaHCnNaEdlmaneTasBIkarRbRBwtþbTelμIsenH .
43> bTbBa¢aTIRkugLaeG)anEcgRKbdNþb;elITidæPaBCaeRcInénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati EdlenAkñúgGnu
sBaØaTIRkughSWENvk¾manEcgGMBITidæPaBTaMgenHEdr. b:uEnþbTbBa¢aTIRkugLaeGk¾)anTTYlsÁal;pg
EdrfasiT§iénGñkbgáerOgedIm,IbegáIts®gÁamminEmnKaμnkarkMritRBMEdnenaHeT ehIyfameFüa)ayedaH
Tal;tamviFIbgásRgÁammYycMnYnRtUv)anhamXat;eRkamviFanénsRgÁamGMBITwkdI .
44> viFanTaMgLayénc,ab;TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIy_ dUcEdl)anbkRsaynig)anGnuvtþedaytulakarTIRkug
nUraMub‘Åk)anpþl;CamUldæansMrab;maRtaEdlBak;B½n§enAkñugc,ab;lkçniþk³enH EdlmanxøwmsardUcxag
eRkam³
maRta 3
GMeBIrMelaPc,ab; nigTMenomTMlab;RbéBNIénsRgÁam
Violations of the laws or customs of war

tulaGnþrCatimanGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayNaEdlrMelaPelIc,ab; b¤TMenomTMlab;RbéB
NIy_énsRgÁam. GMeBIrMelaPdUcenHRtUv)anrab;bBa©Úl¬bu:EnþminkMritRtwmEtb:ueNÑaHeT¦ nUv ³
¬k¦>kareRbIR)as;GavuFmanCatiBul b¤GavuFd¾éTeTotsMedAbgáeGaymankargTukçevTna edaymin
mankarcaM)ac; .
¬x¦>karbMpøicbMpøajTIRkug TIRbCuMCn b¤PUmidæannana edayminmanRtaRbNI b¤karbMpøajexÞcxÞIr
edayminmanmUlehtuRtwmRtUvtamPaBcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa .
¬K¦>karvayRbhar nigTMlak;RKab;EbktammeFüa)ayGVIk¾edayeTAelITIRbCuMCn PUmi lMenAdæan b¤
GaKarnana .
¬X¦>karrwbGUs bMpøicbMpøaj b¤eFVIeGayxUcxatedayectnacMeBaHsßab½nnanaEdl]TÞiscMeBaH
sasna sb,úrsFm’nigkarGb;rM sil,³nigviTüasaRsþ vimanRbvtþisaRsþ nigsñaédnanaxag
sil,³ nigviTüasaRsþ .
¬g¦>karbøn;RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³ nigÉkCn .

174
 GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
Genocide

45> GnusBaØaqñaM1948 sþIBIkarTb;sáat; nigpþnÞaeTascMeBaH]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ bBa¢ak;faGMeBIRbl½y

BUCsasn_eTaHbICa)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgeBlEdlmansnþiPaB b¤sRgÁamkþIKWCabT]RkidæEdlsßitenAeRkam
c,ab;GnþrCatiEdlRtUvEtykbuKÁleTAeFIVkarCMnuMCRmH nigpþnÞaeTas. kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñGnusBaØaenHRtUv
)ancat;TukCaEpñkmYyénc,ab;TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIGnþrCati dUc)anbBa¢ak;CaskçIPaBedaytulakar
yutþiFm’GnþrCatienAkñúgeBleFVIkarRbwkSaeyabl;sþIBIkarrkSaTuknUvGnusBaØasþIBIkarTb;sáat; nigpþnÞa
eTascMeBaH]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_qñaM1951 .
46> bBaØtiþTaMgLayBak;Bn§½ énGnuBaØasþIBIkarRbl½yBUCsasn_RtUv)anykmkdak;bBa©ÚlCafIμenAkñúgmaRta
EdlTak;TgKñaenAkñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³enH EdlmanxøwmsardUcteTAenH³
maRta 4
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
1-tulaGnþrCatimanGMNaceFVIkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayNaEdl)anRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ dUc
EcgenAkñúgkfaxNÐTI2énmaRtaenH b¤GMeBINamYYyepSgeTotEdl)anerobrab;tamlMdab;lMeday
enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI3 énmaRtaenH .
2-GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ KWmann½yfa GMeBINamYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIdUcxageRkam Edl)anRbRBwtþkñúgect
nabMpøajmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsugnUvCati CatiBnæú BUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnaNamYydUcCa³
¬k¦>karsMlab;smaCikénRkummYy .
¬x¦>karbgáeGaymankarxUcxat F¶n;F¶rxagpøÚkay nigbBaØasμartIdl;smaCikénRkummYy .
¬K¦>kareFVIeGaymankarQWcab;edaymankarKitTukCamun dl;sßanPaBrs;enAénRkumNamYysMedA
bMpøajRkumenaHmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsug .
¬X¦>kardak;bgçMnUvviFankarN_ kMhitedIm,ITb;sáat;kuMeGaymankUnenAkñúgRkum .
¬g¦>karsmKMnitenAkñúgkarRbl½yBUCsasn_ .
3-GMeBITaMgLaydUcxageRkamRtUvpþnÞaeTas³

175
 k >GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ .
( )

(x)>karrYmKMnitKñakñúgGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ .

(K)>karjúHjg;edaypÞal; b¤ CasaFarN³ eGayRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ .

(X)>karb:unb:gRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ .

(g)>karXubXwtkñúgkarRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ .

]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati
Crime against humanity

47> ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;CaelIkdMbUgbg¥s; enAkñúgc,ab;;lkçnþik³nigkñúgsalRkmén

tulakarTIRkugnUraMub‘Åk k¾dUcCaenAkñúgc,ab;elx10 sþIBIRkumRbwkSasMrab;RtYtBinitüRbeTsGaløWm:g;8 .
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati KWsMedAeFVIeTAelIRbCaBlrdæsuIvilehIyEdlRtUv)anhamXat;eTaHbICaGM
eBIenH)anRbRBwwtþenAkñúgeBlCMelaHRbdab;GavuFCalkçN³GnþrCati b¤épÞkñúgk¾eday9 .
48> ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati KÅsMedAcMeBaHGMeBIGmnusSFm’TaMgLayEdlmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶rxaMøgdUcCa³
karsMLab;;edayectna/ kareFIVTaruNkm/μ b¤karcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³ Edl)anRbRBwtþkñúglkçN³Ca
EpñkmYyénkarvayRbhary:agTUlMTUlay nigCaRbBn§½RbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuviledaysarmUlehtu
xagneya)ay/ Catisasn/_ CatiBn§uú b¤sasna. enAkñúgCemøaHkñúgTwkdIénGtItRbeTsyUehaÁsøavI
GMeBIGmnusSFmTaMgLaydUcenH)anelcCarUbragkñúgTRmg;EdleKehAfa³{kare)asMGatTaMgRsugxag
CatiB½n§(ethnic cleansing)} nigkñúgTRmg;CaGMeBIcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³ nigGMeBIebotebonekrþ_xaμs;tam
RTg;RTayepSg²eTotkñuúgkçN³TUlMTUlay nigCaRbB½n§rYmTaMgkar[eFVIeBsüacaredaybgMçpg .
49> maRtaEdlTak;TgKñaénc,ab;lkçnþik³manxwømsardUcteTA³

maRta 5
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati
Crime against humanity

176
 tulakarGnþrCatimanGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH]RkidækmμepSg²
dUcxageRkamenHEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgeBlCemøaHRbdab;GavuF eTaHCakñúglkçN³épÞkñúg²Rsuk b¤ GnþrCati
k¾eday ehIyEdlsMedARbqaMgnwgCnsIuvil ³
¬k¦>GMeBIXatkmμ .
¬x¦>kareFIV[sabsUnü .
¬K¦>karcab;ykeTAeFVICaTaskr .
¬X¦>karnireTs .
¬g¦>karcab;dak;Bn§naKar .
¬c¦>kareFVITaruNkmμ .
¬q¦>karcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³.
¬C¦>kareFVITukçbukemñjepSg² edaysarmUlehtuxagneya)ay/ Catisasn_ nig sasna .
¬Q¦>GMeBIGmnusSFm’d¾éTeTot .
x-yutþaFikarelIRbePTbuKÁlRbRBWtþbTelμIs nigkarTTYlxusRtUvCalkçN³buKÁlcMeBaH
bTelμIsRBhμTNÐ Personal Jurisdiction (Rationae Personae) and individual
criminal responsibility

53> FatupSMsMxan²;Tak;TgGMBIsmtßkic©CMnMuCRmH nigpþnÞaeTaselIRbePTbuKálRbRBWtþbTelIμs(Personal

Jurisdiction)éntulakarGnþrCatienaHKW eKalkarN_sIþBIkarTTYlxusRtUvCalkçN³buKÁlcMeBaH
bTelμIsRBhμTNÐ.dUc)ankt;sMKal;xagelI RkumRbwkSasnþisux)aneFVIkarbBa¢ak;eLIgvijCafμIenAkñúg
esckþIsMerccitþmYycMnYnfa³ CnTaMgLayNaEdl)anRbRBwtþGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relIc,ab;mnusS
Fm’GnþrCatienAkñúgGtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI RtUvEtTTYlxusRtUvCalkçN³buKÁlcMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPbMBan
TaMgenaH .
54> elakGKÁelxaFikarG>s>b>eCOfa CnTaMgGs;EdlcUlrYmenAkñúgkareFVIEpnkar/ kareRtomerobcM
b¤karGnuvtn_þnUvGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatienAkñúgGtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI KWCa
GñkEdl)ancUlrYmcMENkenAkñúgkarRbRBwtþ GaRs½yehtuenHRtUvEtTTYlxusRtUvCabuKÁl .

177
55> Cak;EsþgenAkñúgral;karpþl;mtiCalayl½kçN_GkSredayelakGKÁelxaFikarG>s>b> elak)anesIñCa
eyabl;fa enAkñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³éntulakarGnþrCatiKYrmanbBaØtimYy EdlEcgGMBIkarRtUvTTYlxusRtUv
CabuKÁlcMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐrbs;Rbmuxrdæ m®nþIrdæaPi)al nigCnTaMgLayEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúg
eBlkMBugkan;muxtMENgCapøÚvkar. esckþIesñIeyabl;enH KWyktamGIVEdlmanBImun²mkbnÞab;BI
s®gÁamelakelIkTI2. GaRs½yehtuenHenAkñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³enHKYrmanbBaØtimYyEdlEcgfa cMelIy
edaHsarNamYyrbs;RbmuxrdæEdlmanGP½yÉksiT§i b¤faGMeBIEdl)anRbRBwtþeFVIenAkñúgGmøúgeBlkMBug
kan;muxtMENgCapøÚvkarrbs;CnCabecaTminGacykCaelsedIm,IkarBarxøÜn b¤mYyedIm,I[eKbn§Úr
bnßyeTas)aneT .
56>GaRs½yehtuenHbuKÁlsißtenAkñúgmuxtMENgCan;x<s; RtUvEtcab;eGayTTYlxusRtUvCalkçN³buKÁlcMeBaH
kareGaybBa¢axusc,ab;kñúgkarRbRBwtþbT]RkidæepSg²EdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³enH. k¾b:uEnþ
buKÁlenHk¾RtUvEtcab;eGayTTYlxusRtUvpgEdrcMeBaHkarxkxankñúgkarTb;sáat;bTelIμs b¤min)an
eFVIeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;rbs;xøÜnxaøcjejItQb;Elgh‘aneRbIGakb,kiriyaRbRBwtþxusc,ab;. karTTYl
xusRtUv b¤kareFVsRbEhskñúgkarTb;sáat;bTelIμsRBhμTNÐEdlRtUvmaneTasenH nigRtUvTTYlrgkar
pþnaÞeTas ebIsinCabuKÁlmanGñkmanGMNacfñak;elIenaH)andwg b¤manmUlehtuEdlKYrEtdwgfaGñkenA
eRkambgÁab;rbs;xøÜnbMrugnwgRbRBwtþ b¤)anRbRBwtþbTelIμsRBhμTNÐ ehIyxøÜnxkxanmin)ancat;viFan
karN_caM)ac;nigsmRsbedIm,ITb;sáat; b¤b®gáabkarRbRBwtþbTelIμsRBhμTNÐTaMgenaH b¤edIm,IpþnÞa
eTascMeBaHCnEdl)anRbRBwtþ bTelIμsRBhμTNÐTaMgenaH .
57> karGnuvtþn_tambBa¢arbs;rdæaPi)al b¤m®nþIfñak;elINamYy minGacCYysMraldl;Cnéddl;EdlRbRBwtþ
bTelIμs[rYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ nigminGacykmkeFIVCasMGagedIm,IkarBarxøÜn)an
eT. k¾b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvijkarmineKarBtambBa¢arbs;fñak;elI Gacnwgcat;TukCaktþasMrab;ykeTABicarNa
edIm,Ibn§ÚrbnßyeTas)an RbsinebItulakarGnþrCatikMNt;faRtUveFVIdUecñHedIm,IeGaymanPaByutþiFm’.
]TahrN_dUcCatulakarGnþrCatiGacBicarNaGMBIktþaénbBa¢arbs;fñak;elI P¢ab;KñaeTAnwgsMGagsMrab;
karBarxøÜnd¾éTeTotdUcCa karbgçitbgçM b¤karminmanCMerIsxagsIlFm’ .
58> tulakarGnþrCatixøÜnÉgniwgRtUvEtsMercelIsMGagepSg²sMrab;karBarxøÜnrbs;buKÁl EdlGacCYysMral
dl;mnusSenaHkñúgkarTTYlRtUvCabuKÁlcMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐdUcCa³ GayuGb,brma b¤GsmtßPaB

178
 xagbBaØasμartICaedImenHCakardkRsg;ecjmkBIeKalkarN_TUeTAénc,ab; EdlRbCaCatiTaMgGs;suTÐ
Et)anTTYlsÁal;.
59> maRtaBak;B½n§énc,ab;lkçnþik³enHmanxøwmsardUcteTA³
maRta 7
karTTYlxusRtUvCabuKÁlcMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ
Individual Criminal responsibility

1-CnNaEdl)aneFVIEpnkar epþImKMnit bBa¢a[RbRBwtþ b¤mü:ageTot)anCYynigCMrujelIkTWkcwtþ

eGayeFVIEpnkar/eRtomerobcM b¤GnuvtþkñúgkarRbRBwtþbTelIμsNamYydUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúg
maRta2 nigmaRta5 énc,ab;lnþik³enH RtUvTTYlxusRtUvCalkçN³buKÁlcMeBaHbTelIμsenaH .
2-muxtMENgpøÚvkarrbs;CnCab;ecaTNamñak; eTaHbICaRbmuxrdæ RbmuxrdæaPi)al b¤Cam®nþITTYlxusRtUv
Namñak;énrdæaPi)alk¾edayk¾minGacCYysMraldl;mnusSenaH[rYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμ
TNÐ b¤minGacbn§Úrbnßy[eTas)aneT .
3-RbkarEdlGMeBINamYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIdUc)anerobrab;enAkñúgmaRta2 nigmaRta5énc,ab;lkçnþik³enH
EdlRtUv)anRbRBwtþedayGñkeRkambgÁab;Namñak;enaH minGacCYysMraldl;fñak;elIrbs;eKeGayrYc
putBIkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ)aneT ebIsinCafñak;elIenaH)andwg b¤manmUlehtuKYrEtdwgfaGñk
eRkambgÁab;bMrugnwgRbRBwtþ b¤)anRbRBwtþGMeBITaMgenaHrYcehIy ehIyfñak;elIenaHxkxanmin)ancat;
viFankarN_epSg² EdlcaM)ac;nigsmRsbedIm,ITb;sáat;kMueGaymankarRbRBwtþGMeBITaMgenaH b¤edIm,I
dak;TNÐkmμcMeBaHCnéddl;TaMgenaH .
4-RbkarEdlCnCab;ecaTNamñak;)anRbRBwtþ KWedayeFVItambBa¢aNamYyrbs;rdæaPi)al b¤rbs;fñak;elI
Namñak; minGacCYysMraleGaymnusSenaHrYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ)aneT k¾b:uEnþGac
RtUvykeTABinitüBicarNaedIm,Ibn§ÚrbnßyeTas)an ebIsinCatulakarGnþCatisMercfaRtUveFIVdUecñH
edIm,I[manPaByutþiFm’ .

179
 3> lkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL
FOR THE FORMER YOUGOSLAVIA (ICTY)

maRta1
smtßkic©éntulakarGnþrCati
tulakarGnþrCati manGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPbMBan
y:agF¶n;F¶relIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatiEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgTwkdIGtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavIcab;taMgBI qñaM1991
mk GnuelamtambTbBaØtþiénc,ab;lkçnþik³enH .
maRta2
karrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM 1949
Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949

tulakarGnþrCatimanGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayNaEdlRbRBwtþ b¤eGaybBa¢aedIm,IRbRBwtþ
GMeBIrMelaPbMBany:agF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvcuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 eBalKWGMeBITaMgLay
dUcxageRkamenHRbqaMgnwgbuKÁl b¤RTBüsm,tþiEdlRtUv)ankarBaredaybTbBaØtiþénGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv
EdlBan;B½n§³
¬k¦>karsMlab;edayectna .
¬x¦>kareFVITaruNkmμ b¤RbRBwtþkmμGnusSFm’ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarsakBiesaFn_xagCIvsaRsþpg .
¬K¦>karbgáeGaymaTukçevTnay:agFMeFg b¤ rbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;rUbragkay nigsuxPaBedayectna .
¬X¦>karbMpøicbMpøajy:agFMeFgnigdkhUtykRTBüsm,tþi; edayminmanlkçN³RtwmRtUvtamkarcaM
)ac;xageyaFa nigedayKμanRtaRbNI .
¬g¦>karbgçitbgçMeGayGñkeTaseQIøys®gÁam b¤RbCaBlrdæNamñak;eTAbMerIenAkñúgkgkMlaMgrbs;
xagsRtUv .
¬c¦>kardkhUtedayectnaBIGñkeTaseQøIys®gÁam b¤BIRbCaBlrdæNamñak;nUvsiT§ikñúgkarTTYl)an
karCMnMuCRmHkIþedayRbRktI nigedayyutþiFm’ .
180
 ¬q¦>karnireTs nigepÞrbBa¢Únedayxusc,ab; b¤kardak;bgMçagRbCaBlrdæedayxusc,ab; .
¬C¦>karcab;RbCaBlrdæykeFVICacMNab;xμaMg .
maRta 3
GMeBIrMelaPbMBanc,ab; nigTMenomlab;RbéBNIéns®gÁam
Violations of laws and customs of war

tulakarGnþrCatimanGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayNaEdlrMelaPelIc,ab;b¤TMenomTMlab;
RbéBNITaMgLayéns®gÁam . GMeBIrMelaPbMBandUcenHRtUv)anrab;bBa©Úl ¬b:uEnþminkMritEtb:ueNÑHeT¦nUv³
¬k¦>kareRbIR)as;GavuFmanCatiBul b¤GavuFd¾éTeTotsMedAbgáeGaymankarrgTukçevTnaedaymin
mankarcaM)ac; .
¬x¦>karbMpøajTIRkug TIRbCMuCn b¤PUmidæannanaedayKaμnRtaRbNI b¤karbMpøajexÞcxIÞredayminman
mUlehtuRtwmRtUvtamkarcaM)ac;EpñkeyaFa .
¬K¦>karvayRbhar b¤TMlak;RKab;EbktammeFüa)ayGVIk¾edayeTAelITIRbCMuCn PUmi lMenAdæan b¤
GaKarnana .
¬X¦>karrwbGUs karbMpøicbMpøaj b¤eFVIeGayxUcxatedayectnacMeBaHsßab½nnanaEdl]TÞiscMeBaH
sasna sb,úrsFm’ sil,³ nigviTüasaRsþ vimanRbvtþisaRsþ nigsñaédnanaxagsil,³ nig
viTüasaRsþ .
¬g¦>karbøn;RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³ b¤ ÉkCn .
maRta 4
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
Genocide

1-tulaGnþrCatiRtUvmanGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayNa Edl)anRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
dUcmanEcgenAkñúgmaRtaenH b¤)anRbRBwtþGMeBINamYYyepSgeTotEdlmanerobrab;tamlMdab;lMeday
enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI3 énmaRtaenH .

181
 2-GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_mann½yfa GMeBINamYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIxageRkamEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgectna
bMpøicbMpøajmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsugnUvCati CatiBnæú BUCsasn_ b¤Rkumsasna mYydUcCa³
¬k¦>karsMlab;smaCikénRkumNamYy .
¬x¦>karbgáeGaymankarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rxagragkay nigbBaØasμartIdl;smaCikénRkummYy .
¬K¦>kareFVIeGaymankarQWcab;edaymankarKitTukCamundl;sßanPaBrs;enAénRkumNamYy sMedA
bMpøajRkumenaHmYyEpñk b¤ TaMgRsug .
¬X¦>kardak;bgçMnUvviFankarN_kMhitkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,ITb;sáat;kuMeGaymankUnenAkñúgRkum .
¬g¦>karsmKMnitenAkñúgkarRbl½yBUCsasn_ .
maRta 5
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati
Crime against humanity

tulakarGnþrCatimanGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLay EdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHbTelIμsRBhTNÐ
dUcxageRkamenH Edl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgeBlCemøaHRbdab;GavuFeTaHCakñúglkçN³épÞkñúgRsuk b¤GnþrCatik¾
eday ehIyEdlsMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil³
¬k¦> GMeBIXatkmμ .
¬x¦> kareFIV[sabsUnü .
¬K¦> karykeTAeFVICaTaskr .
¬X¦> karnireTs.
¬g¦> karcab;dak;Bn§naKar .
¬c¦> kareFVITaruNkmμ .
¬q¦> karcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³.
¬C¦> kareFVITukçbukemñjepSg² edaymUlehtuxagneya)ay BUCsasn_ nigsasna .
¬Q¦> GMeBIGmnusSFm’d¾éTeTot .
maRta 7

182
 karTTYlxusRtUvCabuKÁlcMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ
Individual Criminal responsibility
1-CnNadl)aneFVIEpnkar epþImKMnit bBa¢aeGayRbRBwtþ b¤mü:ageTot)anCYynigCMrujelIkTwkcitþ
eGayeFVIEpnkar eRtomerobcM b¤Gnuvtþn_kñúgkarRbRBwtþbTelIμsNamYydUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúg
maRta2 nigmaRta5 énlkçnþik³enHRtUvTTYlxusRtUvCalkçN³buKÁlcMeBaHbTelIμsenaH .
2-muxtMENgpøÚvkarrbs;CnCab;ecaTNamñak;eTaHbICaRbmuxrdæ RbmuxrdæaPi)al b¤Cam®nþITTYlxusRtUv
Namñak;énrdæaPi)alminGacCYydl;mnusSenaH[rYcputBITTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ b¤minGacbn§Úr
bnßyeTas[)aneT .
3-RbkarEdlGMeBINamYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIdUc)anerobrab;enAkñúgmaRta2nigmaRta5 énc,ab;lkçnþik³enH
RtUv)anRbRBwtþedayGñkeRkambgÁab;Namñak;enaH minGacCYydl;fñak;elIrbs;eKeGayrYcputBIkar
TTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ ebIsinCafñak;elIenaH)andwg b¤manmUlehtuKYrEtdwgfaGñkeRkambgÁab;
bMrugnwgRbRBwtþ b¤)anRbRBwtþGMeBITaMgenaHrYcehIy²fñakelIenaHxkxanmin)ancat;viFankarepSg²caM
)ac;nigsmRsbedIm,ITb;sáat;kMueGaymankarRbRBwtþGMeBITaMgenaH b¤edIm,Idak;TNÐkmμcMeBaHCnéddl;
TaMgenHeT .
4-RbkarEdlCnCab;ecaTNamñak;)anRbRBwtþedayeFVItambBa¢aNamYyrbs;rdæaPi)al b¤rbs;fñak;elINa
mñak;minGacCYyeGaymnusSenaHrYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ)aneT k¾b:uEnþGacnwgRtUvyk
eTABinitüBicarNaedIm,Ibn§ÚrbnßyeTas)anebIsinCatulakarGnþCatisMercfaRtUvEteFIVdUecñHedIm,I[
manPaByutþiFm’ .
maRta 24
eTasbBaØtþi
Penalties

1-eTasbBaØtþiEdlkMNt;edayGgÁCMnMuCRmH RtUvkMritRtwmkardak;Bn§naKar)anehIy . kñúgkarkMNt;GMBI

ry³eBldak;Bn§naKar GgÁCMnMuCRmHRtUvBinitüyktamTMlab;GnuvtþTUeTAsþIBIkarkMNt;eTasCab;Bn§
naKarenAkñúgtulakarnanaénGtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI .

183
 2-kñúgkarkMNt;eTas GgÁCMnuMCRmHRtUvykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHktþaepSg²dUcCasßanTMgn;eTasnigkal³
eTs³rbs;buKÁlCaTNÐit .
3-CabEnßmeTAelIeTasdak;Bn§naKar GgÁCMnMuCRmHGacbBa¢a edayrYmTaMgkareRbIR)as;meFüa)aybgçit
bgçMpg eGayeFVIkarRbKl;mkeGaym©as;kmμsiTi§Rsbc,ab;vijnUvRTBüsm,tþinigR)ak;kasEdl)an
mkedaysarkarRbRBwtþbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenaH .

4-c,ab;lkçnþik³éntulakarRBhμT½NÐGnþrCati sMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL
FOR RWANDA ( ICTR )

maRta 1
smtßkic©éntulakarGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da
Competence of the International Tribunal for Rwanda

tulakarGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;damanGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayNa EdlTTYlxusRtUv
cMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatiEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgTwkdIénRbeTsrVa:n;da ehIy
nwgRbCaBlrdærVa:n;daTaMgLayEdlRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPbMBanxagelIenH Edl)anRbRBwtþenA
kñúgTwkdIénrdæTaMgLayCitxag kñúgcenøaHeBlcab;taMgBI éf¶TI01 Exmkra qñaM1994 dl;éf¶TI31 ExFñÚ
qñaM1994 RsbtambBaØtþiénc,ab;lkçnþik³enH .
maRta 2
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
Genocide

1-tulaGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;damanGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayNa Edl)anRbRBwtþGMeBI
Rbl½yBUCsasn_dUcmanEcgenAkñúgmaRtaenH b¤)anRbRBwtþGMeBINamYYyepSgeTotEdlmanerobrab;
tamlMdab;lMedayenAkñúgkfaxNÐTI2énmaRtaenH b¤RbRBwtþGMeBIepSgeTotdUcmanerobrab;enAkñúg
kfaxNÐTI3 énmaRtaenH .

184
 2-GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_KWmann½yfa GMeBINamYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIxageRkamEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgectna
bMpøajmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsugnUvCatisasn_ CatiBnúæ BUCsasn_ b¤ RkumsasnamYydUcCa³
¬k¦>karsMlab;smaCikénRkummYy .
¬x¦>karbgáeGaymankarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rEpñkragkay nigbBaØsμartIdl;smaCikénRkummYy .
¬K¦>kareFVIeGaymankarrgTukçevTnaedaymankarKitTukCamun dl;sßanPaBrs;enAénRkumNamYy
sMedAbMpøajRkumenaHmYyEpñk b¤ TaMgRsug .
¬X¦>kardak;bgMçnUvviFankarN_ kMhitTb;sáat;kuMeGaymankUnenAkñúgRkum .
¬g¦>karsmKMnitenAkñúgkarRbl½yBUCsasn_ .
maRta 3
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati
Crime against humanity

tulakarGnþrCatiRtUvmansiT§iGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLay EdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHbTelμIs
RBhμTNÐdUcxageRkamenH Edl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgeBlmanCemøaHRbdab;GavuFeTaHCakñúglkçN³épÞkñúg²Rsuk
b¤ GnþrCatik¾eday ehIyEdlsMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil³
¬k¦> GMeBIXatkmμ .
¬x¦> kareFIV[sabsUnü .
¬K¦> karykeTAeFVICaTaskr .
¬X¦> karnireTs .
¬g¦> karcab;dak;Bn§naKar .
¬c¦> kareFVITaruNkmμ .
¬q¦> karcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³ .
¬C¦> kareFVITukçbukemñjepSg² edaysarmUlehtuxagneya)ay Catisasn_ nigsasna .
¬Q¦> GMeBIGmnusSFm’d¾éTeTot .

185
 maRta 4
GMeBIrMelaPbMBanmaRta3 rYménGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv nigBiFIsarbEnßmTI2
Violations of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and
of Additional Protocol II

tulakarGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;damanGMNaceFIVkarkat;eTasCnTaMgLayNaEdl)anRbRBwtþ b¤
bBa¢aeGayRbRBwtþGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relImaRta3rYm énGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv cuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM
1949 EdlsMrab;karBardl;CnrgeRKaHedays®gÁam nigBiFIsarbEnßmTI2 cuHéf¶TI08 Exmifuna qñaM 1997 .
GMeBIrMelaPbMBanTaMgenHRtUvrab;bBa©Úl ¬EtminkMritRtwmEt b:ueNÑaHeT¦ nUv³
¬k¦>kareRbIGMeBIhigSacMeBaHCIvit suxPaB nigsuxumalPaBxagragkay b¤bBaØasμartIénbuKÁlCa
BiessGMeBIXatkmμk¾dUcCaRbRBwtþkmμsahavéRBépSdUcCakareFVITaruNkmμ kayviklkmμ b¤
kareFVITNÐkmμelIrUbragkaytamTMrg;NamYy .
¬x¦>kareFVITNÐkmμCasmUhPaB .
¬K¦>karcab;ykeTAeFVICacMNab;xμaMg .
¬X¦>GMeBIePrvkmμ .
¬g¦>kareRbIGMeBIsahavyg;XñgcMeBaHesckþIéføfñÚrbs;buKÁlCaBiesskareFIVeGayGama:s;mux nig
RbRBwtþkmμEdlbnaÞbbenaßk karcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³ karbgMç[eFIVeBsüacar nigkarebot
ebonekrþ_xμastamTRmg;NamYy .
¬c¦> karlYcbøn; .
¬C¦>karsMerckMNt;eTas nigkarcab;GnuvtþeTasedayminmankarRbkassalRkmCamun eday
tulakarEdlbegIáteLIgedayRbRktI EdlCaGñkRtUvFanaGVI²RKb;ya:gtamlkçN³KtiyutiþEdl
RbCaCnmanGarüFm’)anTTYlsÁal;faCaRbkard¾sMxan;caM)ac;xanmin)an .
¬Q¦>KMramfanwgRbRBwtþGMeBINamYydUc)anEcgxagelI .
maRta 6
karTTYlxusRtUvCabuKÁlcMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ
Individual criminal responsibility

186
1-CnNaEdl)aneFVIEpnkar epþImKMnit bBa¢a[RbRBwtþ b¤mü:ageTot)anCYynigCMrujelIkTwkcitþeGay
eFIVEpnkar kareRtomerobcM b¤Gnuvtþn_kñúgkarRbRBwtþbTelIμsNamYydUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúg
maRta2 nigmaRta4 énc,ab;lkçnþik³enHRtUvTTYlxusRtUvCalkçN³buKÁlcMeBaHbTelIμsenaH .
2-muxtMENgpøÚvkarrbs;CnCab;ecaTNamñak;eTaHbICaRbmuxrdæ RbmuxrdæaPi)al b¤Cam®nþITTYlxusRtUv
Namñak;énrdæaPi)alk¾eday k¾minGacCYymnusSenaHrYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ b¤min
Gacbn§ÚrbnßyeTas[)aneLIy .
3-RbkarEdlGMeBINamYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIdUc)anerobrab;enAkñúgmaRta2 nigmaRta4 énc,ab;lkçnþik³
enHRtUv)anRbRBwtþedayGñkeRkambgÁab;Namñak;enaH minGacCYydl;fñak;elIrbs;eKeGayrYcputBIkar
TTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ ebIsinCafñak;elIenaH)andwg b¤manmUlehtuKYrEtdwgfaGñkeRkambgÁab;
bMrugnwgRbRBwtþ b¤)anRbRBwtþGMeBITaMgenaHrYcehIy ehIyfñak;elIenaHxkxanmin)ancat;viFankarepSg²
caM)ac;nigsmRsbedIm,ITb;sáat;kMueGaymankarRbRBwtþGMeBITaMgenaH b¤edIm,Idak;TNÐkmμcMeBaHCnéd
dl;TaMgenHeT .
4-RbkarEdlCnCab;ecaTNamñak;)anRbRBwtþedayeFVItambBa¢aNamYyrbs;rdæaPi)al b¤rbs;fñak;elINa
mñak;minGacCYyeGaymusSenaHrYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ)aneT k¾b:uEnþGacnWgRtUvyk
eTABinitüBicarNaedIm,Ibn§ÚrbnßyeTas)an ebIsinCatulakarGnþCatIsMercfaRtUveFVIdUecñHedIm,I[man
PaByutþiFm’ .
maRta 23
eTasbBaØti
Penalties

1-eTasbBaØtþiEdlkMNt;edayGgÁCMnMuCRmH RtUvkMritRtwmkadak;Bn§naKar)anehIy . kñúgkarkMNt;GMBI

ry³eBldak;Bn§naKar GgÁCMnMuCRmHRtUvBinitüyktamTMlab;Gnuvtþn_TUeTA sþIBIkarkMNt;eTasCab;Bn§
naKarenAkñúgtulakarnanaénRbeTsra:Vn;da .
2-kñúgkarkMNt;eTasGgÁCMnuMCRmHRtUvykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHktþaepSg²dUcCasßanTMgn;eTas nigkal³
eTs³rbs;buKÁlCaTNÐit .

187
 3-bEnßmBIelIeTasdak;Bn§naKarGgÁCMnMuCRmHGacbBa¢a edayrYmTMagkareRbIR)as;meFüa)aybgçitbgMçpg
eGayeFVIkarRbKl;mkeGaym©as;kmμsiT§Rsbc,ab;vijnUvRTBüsm,tþi nigR)ak;kasEdl)anmkeday
karRbRBwtþbTelμIsenaH .

188
 5> c,ab;lkçnþik³TIRkúgr:UmsIþBItulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC)

PaKTI 2³ yutaþFikar PaBGacTTYlyk)an nigc,ab;EdlGacykmkGnuvtþ)an

PART 2. JURISDICTION,ADMISSIBILITY AND APPLICABLE LAW

maRta 5
GMBIbTelμiIsRBhμTNÐsißtenAkñúgyutaþFikartulakar
Crimes within jurisdiction of the Court

1-yutaþFikarrbs;tulakarRtUv)ankMritkMNtRBEdncMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐF¶n;F¶rbMput EdlshKmn_
GnþrCatiTaMgmUlRBYy)armÖ . tulakarmanyutaþFikarGnuelamtamc,ab;lkçnþik³enH cMeBaHbTeliIμs
RBhμTNÐdUcteTAenH³
¬k¦>]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_
¬x¦>]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati
¬K¦>]RkidækmμsRgÁam
¬X¦>]RkidækmμénkarQaønBan .
2-tulakarRtUvGnuvtþyutaþFikarcMeBaHbT]RkidækmμénkarQaønBan bnaÞb;BIbTbBaØtiþmYyRtÚv)anGnum½t
GnuelamtammaRta121 nig123 énc,ab;enH EdlkMNt;niymn½yénbTelIμsRBhμTNÐenaH nig
)andak;ecjnUvlkçx½NÐEdltulakarRtUvEtGnuvtþyutþaFikarcMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenH . bTbBaØtiþ
enHRtUv[RsbKñaCamYynwgbTbBaØtþiBak;B½n§d¾éTeToténFmμnuBaØrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati .
maRta 6
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasan_
Genocide

189
 sMrab;eKalbMNgénc,ab;lkçnþik³enH Bakü }Rbl½yBUCsasn_ (Genocide)} mann½yfaGMeBINamYy
dUcxageRkamenHEdl)anRbRBwtþieLIgedaymanectnabMpøicbMpøaj eTaHCaTaMgmUlb¤EpñkxøHénRkumCatisasn_
RkumCatiBn§ RkumBUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnaCaGaT׳
¬k¦>karsMlab;smaCikTaMgLayénRkumenH.
¬x¦>karbgáeGaymankarrgeRKaHfñak;dl;rUbkay b¤dl;bBaØasμartIya:gF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHsmaCikénRkum
enaH .
¬K¦>kareFIV[QWcab;dl;saßnPaBrs;enAénRkumenaH EdlRbugnwgnaMdl;karbMpøicbMpøajCak;Esþgdl;
RkumenaH eTaHbITaMgmUl b¤EpñkxøHkþI .
¬X¦>kardak;bgMçnUvviFankarN_edaymanectna Tb;sáat;kMu[mankUnenAkñúgRkumenaH .
¬g¦>karepÞrbBa¢ÚnkumarBIRkummYyeTARkummYyeTotedaykarbgçitbgçM .
maRta 7
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati
Crime against humanity

1-sMrab;eKalbMNgénc,ab;lkçnþik³enHBakü}]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati } mann½yfaGMeBINamYydUct
eTAenH Edl)anRbRBwtþeLIgCaEpñkmYyénkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbBn½§mYyeday
pÞal;RbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvilNamYy eday)andwgGMBIkarvayRbharenaH³
¬k¦>GMeBIXatkmμ .
¬x¦>kareFVIeGaysabsUnü .
¬K¦>kardak;mnusSeGayeFVICaTaskr .
¬X¦>karnireTs b¤karepÞrbBa¢ÚnRbCaBlrdæedaybgMç .
¬g¦>kardak;Bn§naKar b¤kardkhUtesrIPaBxagrUbkay EdlCakarbMBanelIviFanCamYldæanénc,ab;
GnþrCati .
¬c¦>kareFVITaruNkmμ .

190
 ¬q¦>karcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³ TaskmμelIpøÚvePT eBsüakmμedaybgçM kareFIV[manKP’edaybgçM
kareFIV[ElgmankUnedaybgçM b¤kareRbIGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePTkñúgRTg;RTayepSgeTot Edlman
PaBF¶n;F¶rRbEhlKñaenH .
¬C¦>eFVITukçbukemñjelIRkum b¤elIsmUhPaBCak;lak;NamYy edaysarmUlehtuxagneya)ayBUC
sasn_ Catisasn_ CatiBn§ vb,Fm’ sasna EynD½r(gender) dUc)ankMNt;niymkñúgkfaxNÐ TI3
b¤edaysarmUlehtuepSgeTot EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;Casklfac,ab;GnþrCatiminGnuBaØatþ
eGayeFIVeLIyTak;TgeTAnwgGMeBINamYyEdl)anEcgkñúgkfaxNÐenH b¤bTelμIsRBhμTNÐNa
mYyEdlsßitkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakar .
¬Q¦>kar)at;xøÜnmnusSedaybgçM .
¬j¦>]RkidækmμGa):aeft .
¬d¦>GMeBIGmnusSFm’d¾éTeTotEdlmanlkçN³RsedogKañ edaymanectnabgá[mankarrgTukçevT
nad¾FMeFg b¤manrbYsFn;¶F¶rdl;rUbkay b¤dl;suxPaBxag bBaØasaμrtI b¤suxPaBxagrUbkay .
2-sMrab;eKalbMNgénkfaxNÐTI1³
¬k¦> :karvayRbharsMedARbqaMgniwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvilNamYy :mann½yfadMeNIrkarénkarRbRBwtþmYy
Bak;B½n§nwgkarRbRBwtþCaeRcIn dUcmanEcgenAkñúgkfaxNÐTI1 RbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvilNamYy
Rsbtam b¤sißtkñúgkareFVI[eCOnelOneTAmuxéneKalneya)ayrbs;rdæ b¤GgÁkaredIm,I[RbRBWtþ
nUvkarvayRbharEbbenH.
¬x¦> :kareFIV;[sabsUnü :rYmbBa¢ÚlnUvkareFIV[QWcab;edayectnadl;saßnPaBrs;enAEdlkñúgcMeNam
enaHmankardkhUtsiTi§TTYl)anmðÚbGahar nigfñaMeBTüEdlRbugnwgnaMdl;karbMpøajEpñkxøHén
RbCaBlrdæNamYy .
¬K¦> :kardak;mnusS[eFVICaTaskr : mann½yfakareRbIGMNacNamYy b¤TaMgGs;EdlmanCab;CamYy
nwgsiT§ikmμsiT§ieTAelICnNamñak; nigrYmTaMgkareRbIsiTi§enHkñúgdMeNIrkarCYjdUrmnusS CaBiess
®sþI nigkumar .

191
 ¬X¦>:karnireTs b¤karepÞrbBa¢ÚnRbCaBlrdææedaybgçM :mann½yfakarpøas;bþÜrTIkEnøgrbs;CnEdlBak;
B½n§edaybgçM edaykarbeNþjecj b¤edayGMeBIbgçitbgçMepSgeTot[ecjBItMbn;EdlBYkeKman
vtþmanedayRsbc,ab; edayKμanmUlehtuEdlc,ab;GnþrCati)anGnuBaØat .
¬g¦> :TaruNkmμ :mann½yfakareFVIedayectna[mankarQWcab; b¤karrgTukçevTnaCaTMgn; eTaHCadl;
rUbkay b¤bBaØasμartIcMeBaHCnEdlCab;enAkñúgTIXuMXaMg b¤eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;CnCab;ecaT
elIkElgEtcMeBaHkrNIkareFIVTaruNkmμEdleFVI[mankarQWcab; b¤karrgTukçeTnaenaH ekItecj
BIkardak;TNÐkmμRsbc,ab;EdlmanCab;CamYynigGMeBIenaH b¤CayfaehtuenaHminRtUvrab;bBa©Úl
eT.
¬c¦> :kareFIV[manKP’edaybgçM :mann½yfakarbgçaMgedayxusc,ab;nUv®sIþNamñak; EdlRtUveFIV[man
KP’edaybgMçedaymanectnacg;[mankarb:HBal;dl;smasPaBCatiBn§ énRbCaBlrdæNamYy
b¤edaykarGnuvtþn_karbMBand¾F¶n;F¶rdéTeTotelIc,ab;GnþrCati . kñúgkrNINak¾edaymin®tUv
ykniymn½yenHeTAbkRsayfaCakarb:HBal;dl;c,ab;Cati Bak;B½n§nwgkarmanKP’eLIy .
¬q¦> :kareFVITukçbukemñj : mann½yfakardkhUtnUvsiTi§CamUldæanedayectna nigya:gF¶n;F¶rEdlpÞúy
nwgc,ab;GnþrCatiedaysarEtmUlehtuGMBIGtþsBaØaNrbs;Rkum b¤smUhPaBenaH .
¬C¦> :bTelμIsRBhμTNÐGa):aeft :mann½yfaGMeBIGmnusSFm’EdlmancritlkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwg
GMeBITaMgLayEdleBalenAkñúgkfaxNнTI1 Edl)anRbRBwtþkñúgbribTénrbbeFIV[eTACasaßb½n
nUvkarekóbsgát; nigRtÜtRtaCalkçN³RbB½n§dayRkumCatisan_mYyeTAelIRkumCatisan_mYy
eTotehIy EdlkarRbRBwtþenHmaneectnacg;rkSaTuknUvrbbenaH .
¬Q¦> :kar)at;xøÜnmnusSedaybgçM :mann½yfakarcab;xøÜn karXMuxøYn b¤karcab;BRgt;mnusSedayman
karGnuBaØat karKaMRT b¤karyl;RBmrbs;rdæ b¤GgÁkarneya)ay bnÞab;BIenaHbdiesFminRBm
TTYldwgB¤BIkardkhUtesrIPaBenaHb¤minpþl;Bt’manGMBIeCaKvasnab¤TIsMcténCnTaMgenaHeday
manectnacg;dkBYkeKecjBIkarkarBaredayc,ab;enAkñúgry³eBlGUsbnøayd¾yUrGEgVgmYy .
3-sMrab;eKalbMNgénc,ab;lkçniþk³enH Bakü :EynD½r(gender) : ®tUv)anyl;fasMedAeTAelIePTTaMgBIr
KWePTRbus nigePT®sI enAkñúgbribTénsgÁm . Bakü :EynD½r :minbgðajGtßn½yNamYyepSgBI
xagelIenHeT .

192
 maRta 8
]Rkidækmμs®gÁam
War crime

1-tulakar®tUvmanyutþaFikarelI]Rkidækmμs®gÁam CaBiessenAeBlEdlGMeBIenaH)anRbRBwtþeLIgCaEpñk
mYyénEpnkar b¤eKalneya)ay b¤CaEpñkmYyénkarRbRBwtþkñúgTMhMd¾FMeFgénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐTaMg
enH .
2-sMrab;eKalbMNgénc,ab;lkçnþik³enH :]Rkidækmμs®gÁam : mann½yfa³
¬k¦>karbMBanya:gF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 KWfaGMeBINamYykñúg
cMeNamGMeBIxageRkamenHRbqaMgnwgmnusS b¤RTBüsm,tþiEdl®tUv)ankarBaredaybTbBaØtþiTaMg
LayénGnuBaØaTIRkughSWENvEdlBak;B½n§³
(i)-karsMlab;edayectna .

(ii)-kareFIVTaruNkmμb¤RbRBwtþkmμGmnusSFm’ rYmTaMgkareFIVkarsakBiesaFn_xagCIvsa®sþ.

(iii)-karbgá[mankarrgTukçvTnaFMeFg b¤eRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rdl;rUbkayb¤suxPaBedayectna.

(iv)-karbMpøicbMpøajya:gFMeFg nigkardkhUtykRTBüsm,tþiEdlminEmnCakareFVIeLIgeday

RtwmRtUvedaymanmUlehtucaM)ac;xageyaFa nigeFIVeLIgedayxusc,ab; nigedayKμanRta

RbNI .
(v)-karbgçMGñkeTaseQøIys®gÁam b¤CnEdlRtUvkarBard_éTeToteGayeTAbMerIenAkñúgkgkMlaMg

rbs;sRtUv .
(vi)-kardkhUtedayectnaBIGñkeTaseQøIys®gÁm nigCnEdlRtUvkarBard¾éTeTotnUvsiT§ikñuúg

TTYlkarCMnuMCRmHkIþedayyutþiFm’ nigedayRbRktI .
(vii)-karnireTs b¤karepÞrbBa¢Únedayxusc,ab; b¤karbgçaMgmnusSedayxusc,ab; .

(viii)-karcab;mnusSykeFVICacMNab;xμaMg .

¬x¦>karrMelaPbMBand¾F¶n;F¶repSg²eTotelIc,ab; nigTMenomTMlab;RbéBNIy_EdlkMBugGnuvtþenAkñúg
CemøaHRbdab;GavuFCalkçN³GnþrCati kñúgRkbx½NÐEdl)anbegáIteLIgedayc,ab;GnþrCatinUv
GMeBINamYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIdUceTAenH³

193
 (i)-kardwknaMedayectnanUvkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil b¤RbqaMgnwgCnsuIvilCa
buKÁlEdlmincUlrYmedaypÞal;enAkñ¶úgGMeBIGriPaBTaMgenaH .
(ii)-kardwknaMedayectnanUvkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgvtßúsIuvil EdlvtßúTaMgenaHminEmnCa
cMNuceKaledAeyaFaeT .
(iii)-kardwknaMedayectnanUvkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgbuKÁlik kEnøgtMagtemøIgeRKOgbrikçar
smÖar³ GgÁPaB b¤yanCMniHEdlcUlrYmenAkñúgkarpþl;CMnYymnusSFm’ b¤kñúgebskkmμrkSa
snþiPaBGnuelamtamFmμnuBaØrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati edayBYkeKmansiTi§RtUvTTYlkar
karBardUcEdlRtUvpþl;[CnsIuvil b¤dl;vtßúsIuviltamc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICMelaHRbdab;
GavuF.
(iv)-karebIkkarvayRbharedayectna edaydwgfakarvayRbharenHnwgbgáeGaymankar
)at;bg;GayuCIvit b¤rgrbYsdl;CnsuIvil b¤[mankarxUcxatdl;vtßúsuIvilCayfaehtu b¤[
mankarxUcxatya:gFMeFgkñúgry³eBlyUrGEgVg nigd¾F¶n;F¶rcMeBaHbrisßanFmμCatiEdlBit
CamanlkçN³hYsehtu Tak;TgeTAnwgGtßRbeyaCn_xageyaFaTaMgmUledaypÞal; nig
edayCak;EsþgEdl)anrMBwgTuk .
(v)-karvayRbhar b¤karTMlak;RKab;EbktammeFüa)ayNak¾eday eTAelITIRkug PUmi lMenAdæan

b¤GaKarEdlminmankarkarBar nigEdlminEmnCacMNuceKaledAeyaFa .
(vi)-kasMlab; b¤eFVI[rbYsdl;yuT§CnNamñak;Edl)anTMlak;GavuFrbs;xøÜn b¤EdlKμanmeFüa

)aykarBarxøÜnteTAeTot ehIy)ancuHcaj;edayqnÞanusiT§rbs;xøÜn .
(vii)-eFVIkareRbIR)as;edayminRtwmRtUvnUvTg;p¥aks®gÁam Tg;Cati pøaksBaØa eyaFa nigÉk

sNæanrbs;sRtUv b¤ÉksNæanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati k¾dUcCanimitþsBaØaedayELk²

énGnusBaØaTIRkúúghSWENv EdlbNþal[mankarsøab; b¤rgrbYsya:gF¶n;F¶rdl;mnusS .
(viii)-karepÞrbBa¢ÚnedaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyaledaykgkMlaMgEdlkMBugkan;kab;nUvEpñkxøHén

RbCaBlrdæsuIvilrbs;xøÜn [cUleTAkñúgTwkdIEdlxøÜnkan;kab; b¤karnireTs b¤karepÞrbBa¢Ún

RbCaBlrdæénTwkdIEdlxøÜncUlkan;kab;cMnYnmYyEpñk b¤TaMgGs;;enAkñúgTwkdI b¤[ecjeRkA
TwkdIenH .

194
(ix)-kardwknaMedayectnanUvkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgGaKarnana Edl]TÞiscMeBaHxagsasna
karGb;rM sil,³ viTüasa®sþ b¤ eKalbMNgxagsb,úrsFm’ vimanRbvtiþsa®sþ mnÞIreBTü
nigTIkEnøgEdlRbmUlpþMúGñkCMgW nigGñkrgrbYs EdlkEnøgTaMgenHminEmnCacMNuceKaledA
eyaFaeT.
(x)-kardak;CnTaMgLayEdlzitkñúgGMNacrbs;PaKIxagsRtUv [rgnUvkareFVIkayviklkmμ b¤

karsakBiesaFn_xagevC¢sa®sþb¤viTüasa®sþEbbNamYy edayminmankarbBaa¢k;RtwmRtUvBI
EpñkevC¢saRsþ TnþsaRsþ b¤mnIÞreBTüBüa)alénCnCasamIuxøÜnenaHeT b¤k¾min)aneFIVIeLIg
edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_rbs;mnusSenaHEdr ehIyEdlbNþal[søab; b¤rgeRKaHfñak;ya:gF¶n;F¶r
dl;suxPaBrbs;mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH.
(xi)-karsMlab; b¤kareFVI[rbYsedayKMnitk,t;dl;CnTaMgLay EdlCarbs;RbeTs b¤rbs;

eyaFaxagPaKIsRtUv.
(xii)-karRbkasfanwgminpþl;TIsñak;GaRs½y.

(xiii)-karbMpøaj b¤karrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþirbs;sRtUv elIkElgEtkarbMpøajenaH b¤karrwb

GUsykenaHtRmUv[eFIVCadac;xatedaysarPaBcaM)ac;éns®gÁam .
(xiv)-karRbkaslubecal p¥ak b¤minRBmTTYl[cUlenAkñúgtulakarénc,ab; ¬court of law¦

nUvsiTi§ nigskmμPaBTaMgLayrbs;Catisasn_ énPaKIxagsRtUv .

(xv)-karbgçM[RbCaBlrdæénPaKIxagsRtUvcUlrYmkñúgkareFIVRbtibtþikarswk EdlsMedAeFVIeLIg

RbqaMgnwgRbeTsrbs;BYkeK eTaHbICaBYkeKFøab;)anbMerIkñúgGMeBIGriPaBtaMgBImuns®gÁam
cab;epþImk¾eday .
(xvi)-karcUllYcbøn;TIRkug b¤TIkEnøgNamYyeTaHbICaenAeBlcUlkan;kab;)anedaykarvayRb

hark¾eday .
(xvii)-kareRbIR)as;CatiBul b¤ GavuFmanCatiBul .

(xviii)-kareRbIR)as;]sμ½nEdleFIV[fb;degðIm ]sμ½nBul b¤]sμ½nd¾éTeTot nigral;vtúßFaturav

smÖar³ b¤eRKOg]bkrN_RsedogKñaenH .

195
 (xix)-kareRbIR)as;RKab;kaMePøIgEdlGacrIk b¤sMEb:t)anedaygayenAkñúgxøÜnmnusS dUcCaRKab;
kaMePøIgEdlmanRsTab;eRsabBIeRkAya:grwg EtminmaneRsabRtg;bNþÚlrbs;vaTaMgmUl
eT b¤RKab;EdlecaHTmøúHcUledaymansñamvHdac;sac; .
(xx)-kareRbIR)as;GavuF RKab;kaMePøIgepøag RBmTaMg]bkrN_ nigviFIsa®sþeFIVs®gÁamRbePTEdl

bNþal[mankarrgrbYs b¤rgTukçevTnad¾elIslb;EdlCakarmincaM)ac; b¤EdlCab;mkCa

mYyedayKμanerIsmux edayrMelaPbMBanelIc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICemøaHRbdab;GavuF[EtGavuF
RKab;kaMePøIgepøag sMPar³ nigviFIsa®sþeFVIs®gÁamenaHCakmμvtßúénkarhamXat;d¾TUlMTUlay
mYyehIyEdldak;bBa©ÚlCa;]bsm<½nenAkñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³enH edaykareFVIviesaFnkmμRsb
tambBaØtiþBak;Bn½§dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta121 nig123 .
(xxi)-karRbRBwtþGMeBIyg;XñgcMBaHesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;buKÁl CaBiesskareFVI[Gama:s;mux nig

RbRBwtþkmμEdlbnÞabbenßak .
(xxii)-karRbRBwtþGMeBIcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³ TaskmμelIpøÚvePT eBsüakmμedaybgçM kareFIV[

manK’PedaybgçM dUcmanEcgenAkñúgkfax½NÐTI2¬c¦ énmaRta7 kareFIV:[ElgmankUn

edaybgçM b¤kareRbIGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT kñúgRTgRTayepSg²eTot k¾begIát)anCaGMeBI
rMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvEdr .
(xxiii)-kareRbIR)as;vtþmanénCnsIuvil b¤CnEdlRtUvkarBard¾éTeTot edIm,eFIV[cMNuc tMbn; b¤

kgkMlaMgeyaFaNamYycMnYn mansiTi§RtUv)anrYcputBIkareFIVRbtibtiþkarswk .
(xxiv)-kardwknaMeFIVkarvayRbharedayectnaRbqaMgnwgGaKar smÖar³ GgÁPaBsuxaPi)al
meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún nigbuKÁlik edaykareRbIR)as;nimμitþsBaØaedayELk² énGnusBaØa
TIRkughSWENvRsbtamc,ab;GnþrCati .
(xxv)-kareRbIR)as;edayectna nUvkarbg¥t;GaharcMeBaHCnsuIvileFIVICaviFIsaRsþsRgÁam eday

kardkhUtBIBYkeK nUvvtßúsMxan;caM)ac;xanmin)ansMrab;CIvitrs;enArbs;BYkeK edayrab;

bBa©ÚlTaMgkarraraMgedayectnamin[eFIVkarpþl;pÁt;pÁg;CMnYyse®gÁaH dUcmanEdlEcgenA
kñúgGunsBaØaTIRkughSWENv .

196
 (xxvi) -karekNÐ b¤cuHeQμaHkumareRkamGayudb;R)aMqñaM [cUlbMerIkgT½BCati b¤eRbIR)as;BYkeK[
cUlrYmya:gskmμkñúgGMeBIGriPaB .
K> kñúgkrNImanCemøaHRbdab;GavuFminmanlkçN³CaGnþrCati karrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶relImaRta3rYm
énGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTaMgbYncuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 KWrYmmanGMeBINamYydUcxag
eRkamenH Edl)anRbRBwtþeLIgRbqaMgnwgCnTaMgLayEdlmin)ancUlrYmedayskmμkñúgGMeBI
GriPaB rYmTaMgsmaCikénkgkmøagRbdab;GavuFEdl)anTMlak;GavuFrbs;xøÜncuH nigGñkEdl
RbyuT§ElgekItteTAeTot(Those placed hors de combat) edaysarmanCMgW RtUvrbYs Cab;XuM
XaMg b¤edaymUlehtuNamYyepSgTot³
(i)-kareRbIGMeBIhigSadl;CIvit b¤dl;mnusS CaBiessGMeBIXatkmμRKb;RbePTTaMgGs; kar

eFVIkayviklkmμ RbRBwtþkmμsahaveXareXA nigGMeBITaruNkmμ .

(ii)-karRbRBwtþGMeBIeXareXAcMeBaHesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;buKÁl CaBiesskareFIV[Gama:smux nig

RbRBwtþkmμbnaÞbbenßak .
(iii)-karcab;ykeFVICacMNab;xμaMg .

(iv)-karsMerckMNt;eTas nigkarGnuvtþn_eTasedayKμankarRbkassalRkmCamun eday

tulakarEdl)anbegIáteLIgtamRbRktI EdlRtUvpþl;nUvkarFanar:ab;rgxagKtiyutiþsBV
Ebby:ag EdlmankarTTYlsÁal;CaTUeTAfa manPaBsMxan;caM)ac;xanmin)an .
¬X¦>kfax½NÐTI2¬K¦ GnuvtþcMeBaHCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminmanlkçN³CaGnþrCati ehtudUcenH
minGnuvtþcMeBaHsPaBkarN_rMeCIbrMCYl nigtantwgépÞkñúg dUcCaGMeBIkub,kmμ GMeBIhwgSamþgmaál
nigzitenAdac;BIeK b¤GMeBId¾éTeTotEdlmanlkçN³RsedogKñaenHeT .
¬g¦>GMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶rd¾éTeTotelIc,ab;nigTMenomTMlab;EdlGacykmkGnuvtþcMeBaHCMelaH
Rbdab;GavuFminmanlkçN³CaGnþrCati EdlsßitkñúgRkbx½NÐénc,ab;GnþrCati KWGMeBINa
mYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIdUcxageRkamenH³
(i)-kardwknaMedayectnanUvkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil b¤RbqaMgnwgbuKÁl

sIuvilEdlmincUlrYmedaypÞal;kñúgGMeBIGriPaB .
(ii)-kardwknaMedayectna nUvkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgGaKarnana smÖar³ GgÁPaBsuxa

197
 Pi)al nigmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún buKÁlik edayeRbIR)as;nimμitsBaØaedayELkepSg²én
GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv tamc,ab;GnþrCati .
(iii)-kardwknaMedayectnanUvkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgbuKÁlik kEnøgtMagemIøgeRKOg]bkrN_

GgÁPaB b¤yanCMniHEdlcUlrYmkñúgkarpþl;CMnYymnusSFm’ b¤ebskkmμrkSasnþiPaBRsb

tamFmμnuBØarbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati edayBYkeKmansiT§ikñúgkarTTYlkarkarBardl;
RbCaBlrdæsuIvil b¤vtßúsuIviltamc,ab;GnþrCati sþIBICemøaHRbdab;GavuF .
(iv)-kardwknaMedayectnanUvkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgGaKarnanaEdl]TÞiscMeBaH sasna

karGb;rM sil,³ viTüasa®sþ b¤eKalbMNgsb,úrsFm’ vimanRbvtþisa®sþþ mnÞIreBTü nig

TIkEnøgEdlmanGñkCMgW nigGñkrbYsRbmUlpþúM edayTIkEnøgTMagenHminEmnCacMNuc
eKaledAeyaFaeT .
(v)-karcUlbøn;TIRkug b¤kEnøgNamYy eTaHbICaeFVIeLIgenAeBlvaycUlkan;kab;k¾eday .

(vi)-karRbRBwtþGMeBIcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³ TaskmμelIpøÚvePT eBsüakmμedaybgçM kareFIV[

manKP’edaybgçM nigdUcmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta7 kfaxNÐTI2¬c¦ kareFIV[ElgmankUn

edaybgçM nigGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePTkñúgRTg;RTayNamYyepSgeTot k¾begáIt)anCakar
rMelaPbMBand¾F¶n;F¶relImaRta3 rYménGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTaMgbYnEdr .
(vii)-karekNÐ nigcuHeQμaHkumarGayueRkamdb;R)aMqñaM [cUlbMerIkñúgkMlaMgRbdab;GavuF b¤

RkumRbdab;GavuF b¤kareRbIR)as;BYkeK[cUlrYmya:gskmμkñúgGMeBIGriPaB .
(viii)-karbBa¢a[pøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgrbs;RbCaBlrdæsuIviledaysarmUlehtuTak;TgnwgCMelaH

enaH luHRtaEtmanmUlehtuBak;B½n§nwgsnþisuxrbs;BlrdæsuIvilBak;B½n§ b¤mUl ehtu

mkBIPaBcaM)ac;xanmin)anxageyaFaEdltMrUvdac;xatRtUveFIVdUecñH .
(ix)-karsMlab; b¤eFVI[rgrbYsedayKMnitk,t;dl;yuT§Cnrbs;xagsRtÚv .

(x)-karRbkasfa nwgminpþl;karsñak;GaRs½y .

(xi)-kardak;CnEdlsßitenAeRkamGMNacénPaKImçageToténCMelaH [rgnUvkareFVIkay
viklkmμ b¤kareFIVkarsakBiesaFn_xagevC¢sa®sþ b¤xagviTüasa®sþRbePTNamYy
edayminmankarbB¢aak;RtwmRtUvBIEpñkevC¢saRsþ TnþsaRsþ b¤mnÞIreBTüEdlBüa)al[

198
 samIuCnenaH b¤min)aneFVIedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_rbs;mnusSenaH ehIyEdlbNþal[søab;
b¤rgeRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rdl;suxPaBrbs;mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH .
(xii)-karbMpøaj b¤karrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþirbs;sRtUv elIkElgEtkarbMpøaj b¤karrwb

GUsenaHtRmÚv[eFIVCadac;xatedaysarPaBcaM)ac;xanmin)anénCMelaHenaH .
¬c¦>kfaxNнTI2¬g¦GnuvtþcMeBaHCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminmanlkçN³CaGnþrCati ehtudUcenHmin
GnuvtþcMeBaHsPaBkarN_énkarrMeCIbrMCYl nigmanPaBtantwgépÞkñúg dUcCaGMeBIkub,kmμGMeBIhwgSa
mþgmáalnigzitenAdac;BIeK b¤GMeBId¾éTeTotEdlmanlkçN³RsedogKñaenHeT . kfaxNÐenH
GnuvtþcMeBaHCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgTwkdIénrdæNamYyEdlmanCMelaHRbdab;
GavuFEdl)anGUsbnøay rvagGaCaJFrrdæaPi)alnigRkumRbdab;GavuFEdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIg b¤
rvagRkumRbdab;GavuF nigRkumRbdab;GavuFTaMgenaH .
3-kñúgkfax½NÐTI2¬K¦ nig¬g¦KμanGIVEdleFIV[b:HBal;dl;karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgkarrkSa
karBar b¤erobcMeLIgvijedaykareRbIRKb;meFüa)ayRsbc,ab; nUvc,ab;Tmøab;nigsNþab;Fñab;enAkñúg
rdæenaH b¤ kñúgkarkarBarÉkPaBCati nig bUrNPaBEdndIénrdæenaH .

maRta 9
FatupSMénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ
Elements of Crimes

1-FatupSMnanaénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐnwgCYydl;tulakarkñúgkarbkRsay nigkñúgkarGnuvtþn_maRta6/ 7
nigmRta 8 . FatupSMTaMgenHRtUvGnum½tedaysMeLgPaKeRcInBIrPaKbII (2/3) énsmaCiksniñ)at
énrdænanaCaPaKI .
2-kareFIVviesaFnkmμcMeBaHFatupSMepSg²énbTelμIsRBhμTNÐGacnwgesñIeLIgeday³
¬k¦>rdæNamYyCaPaKI.
¬x¦>ecARkmTaMgLayeFIVskmμPaBedaysMeLgPaKeRcIndac;xat .
¬K¦>RBHraCGaCaJ .

199
 kareFVIviesaFnkmμTaMgenHRtUvGnum½tedaysMeLgPaKeRcInBIrPaKbI(2/3) énsmaCiksnñi)at énrdæ
nanaCaPaKI .
3-FatupSMénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ nigkareFVIviesaFnkmμcMeBaHFatupSMTaMgenH RtUvEt[Rsbtamc,ab;
lkçnþik³enH .
maRta20
GMBIkarCMnMuCRmHEtmYyelIk
Ne bis in idem

1-elIkElgEtkrNImanEcgkñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³enH KμanCnNamñak;RtUvykeTA[tulakarCMnMuCRmHTak;Tg
nwgkarRbRBwtþEdlbegáItCamUldæanénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ EdlbTelμIsenaHRtUv)antulakarsMerc
eGayCnenaHmaneTas b¤[eGayrYcxøÜnmþgrYcehIyenaHeT .
2-KμanCnNamñak;RtUvykeTAeGaytulakarepSgmYyeTotCMnMuCRmH cMeBaHbTelIμsRBhμTNÐEdlman
EcgkñúgmaRta5 EdlbTelμIsenaHRtUv)antulakarsMerceGaymnusSenaHmaneTas b¤[rYcxøÜnmþgrYc
ehIyenaHeT .
3-KμanCnNamñak;EdlRtUv)anCMnMuCRmHrYcehIyedaytulakarmYyepSgeTot cMeBaHkarRbRBwtþEdl)an
EcghamXat;pgEdrenAkñúgmaRta6 7 b¤8 RtUvykeTA[tulakarCMnMuCRmHcMeBaHkarRbRBwtþdUcKña
dEdl elIkElgEtdMeNIkarerOgkIþenaHeFIVenAkñúgtulakarmYyepSgeTotenaH³
¬k¦>KWedIm,I;eKalbMNgeFIVCaExllak;bM;)aMgCnEdlBak;B½n§ [rYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ
cMeBaHbTelμIsEdlzitenAkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakarenaH . b¤
¬x¦>mü¶:ageTotminRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayÉkraCü b¤KμanlMeGogRsbtambTdæanénnItiviFIRtwmRtUvtam
c,ab;Edl)anTTYlsÁal;edayc,ab;GnþrCati ehIyEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAkñúgkal³eTs³eTA
tamrebobmYyEdlminRsbKñaCamYynigectnaEdlcg;naMxøÜnCnEdlBak;;B½n§enaH edIm,IEsVgrk
yutþiFm’eT .
maRta 21
GMBIc,ab;EdlRtUvykmkGnuvtþ
Applicable Law

200
1-tulakarRtUvykmkGnuvtþ nUv³
¬k¦>dMbUgeKbg¥s; KWc,ab;lkçnþik³enH FatupSMénbTelIμsRBhμTNÐ nigviFanénnitiviFI nigPsþútag .
¬x¦>TIBIr ebIsincaM)ac; siT§isBaØa nigeKalkarN_ nigviFannanaénc,ab;GnþrCatiEdlkMBugGnuvtþ
rYmTaMgeKalkarN_Edl)anbegáIteLIgénc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICemøaHRbdab;GavuF .
¬K¦>ebIxagelIenHeRbIkarmin)aneKalkarN_TUeTAénc,ab;Edltulakar)andkRsg;ykmkBIc,ab;
CatinUvRbB½n§c,ab;nanarbs;BiPBelakEdl¬RbsinCacaM)ac;¦rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgc,ab;nanaCatirbs;
rdæEdleKEtgEtykmkeRbIR)as;CaFmμtasMrab;GnuvtþyutþaFikarcMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ
epSg²pg [EteKalkarN_TaMg enaHminpÞúynwgc,ab;lkçnþik³enH nigminpÞúynigc,abGnþr
Cati/ bTdæan nigniyamnanaEdl RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCati .
2-tulakarGacGnuvtþeKalkarN_nigviFanepSg²énc,ab; dUcEdl)anbkRsayenAkñúgesckþIsMercBI
mun²rbs;xøÜn .
3-karGnuvtþn_ nigkarbkRsayc,ab;GnuelamtammaRtaenH RtUvEt[RsbCamYynwgsiT§imnusSEdl
RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCati ehIyminRtUv[mankarxuspÞúyBIKñaedayEp¥kelImUlehtuepSg²dUcCa³
GMBIEynD½r(gender)dUcmanEcgenAkñúgkzax½NÐTI3énmaRta7/ Gayu BUCsasn_ BN’sm,úr Pasa
sasna b¤CMenO TsSn³neya)ay b¤TsSn³epSgeTot edImkMeNIténCatisasn_ CatiBn§
b¤edImkMeNItsgÁm RTBüsm,tþi zan³kMeNIt b¤zan³epSgeTot .
PaKTI 3³ eKalkarN_TUeTAénc,ab;RBhμTNÐ
PART 3: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LAW

maRta 22
eKalkarN_minmanbTelμIsRBhμTNÐeT ebIsinCaKμanc,ab;NaEcg
Nullum crimen sine lege
1-tamc,ab;lkçnþik³enH KμanCnNamñak;RtUvdak;[TTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐeT elIkElgEt\riyabT
énkarRbRBwtþenaH(conduct)enAeBlekIteLIgbegIát)anCabTelμIsRBhμTNÐmÜyEdlzitenAkñúgyutþa
Fikarrbs; tulakar .

201
 2-niymn½yénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐRtUvEtbkRsayeGay)anm:t;ct; ehIyminRtUvBRgIkvisalPaBeday
kareRbobRbdUc(anlogy)eLIy . enAkñúgkrNImanPaBminc,as;las;¬RsBicRsBil¦ niymn½yenaH
RtUv)anykmkbkRsayedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;CnEdlkMBugRtUvesIubGegát ecaTRbkan; b¤RtUv)an
sMerceGaymaneTas .
3-maRtaenHminRtUv[b:HBal;dl;karkMNt;GMBIcritklkçN³én\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþNamYy faCabT
elμIsRBhμTNÐeRkamc,ab;GnþrCati edaydac;ecjeRkABIc,ab;lkçnþik³enHeLIy .
maRta 23
eKalkarN_minmaneTasRBhμTNÐeTebIKμanc,ab;NakMNt;
Nulla poena sine lege

CnEdlRtUvtulakarsMerceGaymaneTasnwgGacRtUvdak;[TTYlrgnUvTNÐkmμ)an luHRtaEtGnu
elamtamc,ab;lkçnþik³enHEtb:ueNÑaH .
maRta25
eKalkarN_TTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐCalkçN³buKÁl
Individual criminal resposibility

1-tulakarRtUvmanyutþaFikarelIrUbvnþbuKÁl Gnuelamtamc,ab;lkçnþik³enH .
2-CnNaEdlRbRBwtþbTelμIsRBhμTN§NamYyEdlzitenAkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakar RtUvEtTTYlxus
RtUv nigRtUvEtTTYlrgnUvTNÐkmμCalkçN³buKÁl edayGnuelamtamc,ab;lkçnþik³enH .
3-Gnuelamtamc,ab;lkçnþik³enH CnNamñak;nwgRtUvdak;[TTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐnig[TTYlrgnUv
TNÐkmμCalkçN³buKÁl cMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐNamYyEdlsßitenAkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakar
RbsinebImnusSenaH³
¬k¦>RbRBwtþbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenaH eTaHbICalkçN³buKÁl edayrYmKñaCamYyCnNamñak;Tot b¤tam
ry³Cnmñak;eTot edayminKitfaCnmñak;eTotenaHTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ b¤k¾Gt;enaHeT .
¬x¦>bBa¢a ehArk b¤CMrujeGayRbRBwtþbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenaH EdltamBit ekItmaneLIg b¤Cakar
bu:nb:gRbRBwtþ .

202
 ¬K¦>CYyTMnukbMrug CMrujelIkTwkcitþ b¤k¾CYykñúgkarRbRBwtþ b¤b:unb:gRbRBwtþ rYmTaMgkarpþl;Ca
meFüa)ayedIm,IRbRBWtþpg edIm,IeKalbMNgCYysMrYldl;karRbRBwtþbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenaH .
¬X¦>cUlrYmcMENktammeFüa)ayNamYyepSgeTot enAkñúgkarRbRBwtþb¤bu:nb:gRbRBwtþnUvbT
elμIsRBhTNÐenaHedayRkummnusSmYyRkumEdlRbRBwtþGMeBIenaHkñúgeKalbMNgrYmEtmYy .
karrYmcMENkenHRtUvEt[manectnaenAkñúgenaHpg ehIyRtUv³
(i)- )aneFVIeLIgsMedAbnþskmμPaBRBhμTNÐ b¤eKalbMNgRBhμTNÐrbs;RkumenaHteTA

eTotEdlskmμPaBb¤eKalbMNgTaMgenaHKWCakarcUlrYmkñuúgkarRbRBwtþbTelμIsRBhμ
TNÐEdlzitenAkñgú yutþaFikarrbs;tulakar . b¤
(ii)- )aneFVIeLIgeday)andwgGMBIectnarbs;RkúmEdlmanbMNgRbRBwtþnUvbTelμIsRBhμ

TNÐ .
¬g¦>cMeBaH]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_vij KWjúHjg;Gñkd¾éT edaypÞal;nigCasaFarN³[RbRBwtþ
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_.
¬c¦>b:unb:gRbRBwtþbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenaH edaykarcat;viFankarN_Edlcab;epþImedaykarGnuvtþn_
edaymeFüa)ayCMh‘anCasarv½nþk¾b:uEnþbTelμIsRBhμTNÐmin)anekItmaneLIgeT edaysarEt
kal³eTs³sßitenAdac;edayELkBIectnarbs;mnusSenaH. k¾b:uEnþCnNaEdle)aHbg;ecalnUv
karxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IRbRBwtþbTelμIsenaH b¤Tb;sáat;min[karRbRBwtþbTelμIsenaHeFIVeTA)an
sMerc nwgminRtUv[TTYlTNÐkmμBIbTbu:nb:gRbRBwtþbTelμIsRBhμTNÐμtamc,ab;lkçnþik³enHeT
ebIsinCnenaH)ane)aHbg;ecalnUveKalbMNgRBhμTNÐenaHTMagRsug nigedaysμ½RKcitþ.
4-enAkñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³enH KμanbBaØtþiNamYyTak;TgnwgkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐCalkçN³buKÁl
eFIV[b:HBal;dl;karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæeRkamc,ab;GnþrCatieLIy .
maRta 27
GMBIPaBminTak;TgKñaCamYynigmuxtMENgCapøÚvkar
Irrelevance of official capacity

1-c,ab;lkçnþik³enH RtUvGnuvtþedayesμIPaBKñacMeBaHmnusSRKb;rUbTaMgGs;edayKμankarEbgEckxusKña
Ep¥ktammuxdMENgCapøÚvkareLIy . CaBiesstamc,ab;lkçnþik³ muxdMENgpøÚvkarCaRbmuxrdæ b¤Rbmux

203
 rdæaPi)al CasmaCikrdæaPi)alb¤smaCikrdæsPa b¤CaGñktMNagEdlRtÚv)anCab;eqñat b¤Cam®nIþ
rdæaPi)al KWKμankrNINaRtUvelIkElg[CnNamñak;rYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ)aneT
b¤k¾KaμnmuxtMENgpøÚvkarNaGacbegáIteTACamUlehtusMrab;[eFIVkarbn§ÚrbnßyeTas)aneLIy .
2-GP½yÉksiTi§ b¤viFanénnIviFIBiessEdlGacmanCab;CamYynwgmuxtMENgpøÚvkarrbs;CnNamñak; eTaH
CasißtenAeRkamc,ab;Catib¤c,ab;GnþrCatikIþminGaceFIVCa]bsKÁraraMgmin[tulakareRbIR)as;yutþaFikar
rbs;xøÜneTAelIMmnusSenaH)aneLIy .
maRta 28
GMBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;embBa¢akar nigfñak;elIepSg²eTot
Responsibility of commnaders and other superiors

CabEnßmBIelIImUlehtuepSg²eToténkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐeRkamc,ab;lkçnþik³enH cMeBaH
bTelμIsRBhμTNÐEdlsßitkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakar³
¬k¦>embBa¢akarkgT½B b¤CnNamñak;EdledIrtYCaembBa¢akarénkgT½Bd¾manRbsiT§iPaB RtUvTTYl
xusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐcMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐEdlsßitkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakar Edl)anRb
RBwtþedaykgkMlaMgEdlsßitenAeRkambBa¢anigkarRtYtBinitüd¾manRbsiT§iPaBb¤eRkamsmtßkic©
nigkarRtYtBinitüd¾manRbsiT§iPaBrbs;xøÜnedayEp¥kelIkrNIerOgCak;EsþgedaysarEtlT§pl
EdlxøÜnxkxanmin)anGnuvtþkarRtYtBinitü[)anRtwmRtUvBIelIkgkMlaMgTaMgenaH enAkñúgkrNI³
(i)-embBa¢akarkgT½BenaH b¤CnenaHeTaHCa)andwg b¤GaRs½yelIkal³eTs³enAeBlenaH

KYrEt)andwgfakgkMlaMgkMBugEtRbRBwtþ b¤RbugnwgRbRBwtþbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenaH . ehIy

(ii)-embBa¢akarkgT½B b¤CnenaHxkxanmin)ancat;viFankarcaM)ac;nigsmRsbkñúgRkb
xNÐénGMNacrbs;xøÜnedIm,ITb;sáat; b¤bRgáabkarRbRBwtþrbs;kgkMlaMgTaMgenaH b¤edIm,I
bBa¢ÚnbBaðaenaHeTA[GaCJaFrmansmtßkic©edIm,IeFVIkaresIubGegát nigkat;eTaseT .
¬x¦-cMeBaHTMnak;TMngrvagfñak;elInigGñkeRkambgÁab;Edlmin)anEcgenAkñúgkzax½NЬk¦ KWfñak;elI
RtUvEtTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐcMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐEdlsßitkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakar
EdlGñkeRkambgÁab;sßiteRkamsmtßkic©nigkarRtYtBinitüd¾manRbsiT§iPaBrbs;xøÜn)anRbRBwtþ

204
 enHKWeRBaHEtlT§plmkBIxøÜnxkxanmin)anGnuvtþkarRtYtBinitü[)anRtwmRtUvcMeBaHkg
kMlaMgTaMgenaH enAkñúgkrNIEdl³
(i)-fñak;elI)andwg b¤eFIVCaminykcitþTukdak;edayectna cMeBaHBt’manEdlbgðajya:g

c,as;las;fafñak;eRkamkMBugEtRbRBwtþ b¤RbugnwgRbRBwtþbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenaH .
(ii)-bTelμIsRBhμTNÐTaMgenaHTak;TgeTAnwgskmμPaB EdlsßitenAkñúgkarTTYlxusRtUv
nigkarRtYtBinitüd¾manRbsiT§iPaBrbs;fñak;elIenaH . ehIy
(iii)-fñak;elIxkxanmin)ancat;viFankarcaM)ac;nigsmRsbkñúgRkbx½NÐénGMNacrbs;xøÜn

edIm,ITb;sáat;b¤bRgáabkarRbRBwtþrbs;GñkeRkambgÁab; b¤edIm,IbBa¢ÚnbBaðaenHeTA[
GaCJaFrmansmtßkic©edIm,IeFVIkaresIubGegát nigkat;eTaseT .
maRta 30
GMBIFatupSMxagbBaØasμartI
Mental element

1-elIkElgEtmanEcgpÞúyBIenH CnNamñak;nwgRtUvdak;[TTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐ nigTTYlrgnUvTNÐ

kmμ cMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐNamYyEdlsßitenAkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakar EtenAkñúgkrNIFatupSM
xagsMPar³(material element)RtUv)anRbRBwtþeLIgedaymanectna nigeday)andwg (Knowledge)
Etb:ueNÑaH .
2-sMrab;eKalbMNgénmaRtaenH CnNamñak;nwgRtUvcat;Tukfamanectna ebIsinCa³
¬k¦-Tak;TgGMBI\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ (conduct) KWCnenaHmanbMNgcg;cUlrYm(Engage)enA
kñúg\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaH .
¬x¦-Tak;TgGMBIplvi)ak KWCnenaHmanbMNgcg;bgáeGaymanplvi)akenaH b¤CnenaH)andwgfa
plvi)aknwgekItmaneLIgenAkñúgdMeNIrRbRBwtþeTACaFmμtaénRBwtþkarN_ .
3-sMrab;eKalbMNgénmaRtaenH Baküfa }kardwg (knowledge)} mann½yfakar)andwgkñugGarmμN_
(awareness)fa kal³eTs³mYykMBugmanvtþman b¤plvi)akmYyRbugnwgekItmaneLIgenAkñúgdMeNIr

RbRBwtþeTAFmμtaénRBwtþikarN_ . Bakü }dwg (know)} nig } eday)andwg¬b¤edayectna¦

(knowingly)} RtUveFIVkarbkRsayeTAtamenaH .

205
 ]bsm<½n§ x
APPENDIX “B”

FatupSMénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ éntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
ICC ELEMENTS OF CRIMES

206
 ICC/ASP/1/3
FatupSMénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ *
matikaerOg TMB½r
esckþIepþImTUeTA>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>45
maRta6 ³ GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
esckþIepþIm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>47
6¬k¦ GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_edaykarsMlab;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>48
6¬x¦ GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_edaykarbgákarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rxagragkay
nigbBaØasμartI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>48
6¬K¦ GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_edaykareFIV[QWcab;dl;sßanPaBrs;enAedayectnasMedAnaMmk
nUvkarbMpøajxagragkay>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>48
6¬X¦ GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_edaykardak;bgMçnUvviFankarsMedATb;sáat;kuM[mankUn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>49
6¬g¦ GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_edaykarepÞrbBa¢ÚnkumaredaybgMç>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>49
maRta 7³ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati
esckIþepIþm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>51
7¬1¦¬k¦ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedayGMeBIXatkmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>52
7¬1¦¬x¦ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareFIV[sabsUnü>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>52
7¬1¦¬K¦ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareFIVTaskmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>53
7¬1¦¬X¦]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykarnireTs b¤epÞrbBa¢ÚnRbCaBlrdæedaybgMç>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>54
7¬1¦¬g¦ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykardak;Bn§naKar b¤ kardkhUtesrIPaBxag
ragkayd¾éTeToty:agF¶n;F¶r>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>54
7¬1¦¬c¦ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareFIVTaruNkmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>55
7¬1¦¬q¦-1 ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykarrMelaPesBsnßv³>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>56
7¬1¦¬q¦-2 ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareFIVTaskmμelIpøÚvePT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>56
7¬1¦¬q¦-3 ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykarbgçM[eFIVeBsüakmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>57

207
* esckþIkMNt;Bnül;³ rcnasm<½n§énFatupSMén]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_/ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati nig]Rkidækmμs®gÁamtBI
eRkayrcnasm½<n§énbBaØtþiEdlBak;B½n§kñúgmaRta 6/ 7 nigmaRta8 énc,ab;lkçnþik³TIRkugrU:m. kzax½NÐxøHénmaRtaTaMgenaHén
lkçnþik³TIRkugrU:mmancuHCabBaI¢nUvbTelIμsRBhμTNÐCaeRcIn. enAkñúgxN³enaHFatupSMénbTelIμsRBhμTNÐTMagLaymanbgðajeGay
eXIjenAkñúgkzax½NÐdac;edayELk²BIKñaEdlRsbKñaeTAnigbTelIμsnimYy²énbTelIμsTaMgenaH edIm,ICYysMrYlkñúgkarrkeGayqab;
eXIjnUvFatupSMEdlBak;B½n§. elxTMB½rTMagenHKWeyagtamelxTMB½rénsnwøkEdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgmKÁúeTsk_enH.

208
7¬1¦¬q¦-4 ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykarFIV[manKP’edaybgMç>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>58
7¬1¦¬q¦-5 ]RkidæRbqaMgmnusSCatiedayeFIV[ElgmankUnedaybgçM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>59
7¬1¦¬q¦-6 ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareRbIGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>59
7¬1¦¬C¦ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareFIVTukçbukemñj>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>60
7¬1¦¬Q¦ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykar)at;xøÜnmnusSedaybgMç >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>60
7¬1¦¬j¦ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareFIVGa):aeft>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>62
7¬1¦¬d¦ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareRbIGMeBIGmnusSFm’d¾éTeTot>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>63
maRta 8 ³ ]Rkidækmμs®gÁam
esckIþepþIm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>64
8¬2¦¬k¦(I) ]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarsmøab;edayectna>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>64
8¬2¦¬k¦(II)-1 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIVTaruNkmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>65
8¬2¦¬k¦(II)-2 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedayRbRBwtþkmμGmnusSFm’>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>66
8¬2¦¬k¦(II)-3 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIVkarsakBiesaFn_xagCIvsa®sþ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>66
8¬2¦¬k¦(III) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIV[rgTukçevTnaFMeFgedayectna>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>67
8¬2¦¬k¦(IV) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarbMpøaj nigdkhUtykRTBüsm,tþi>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>67
8¬2¦¬k¦(V) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarbgMç[eTAbMerIenAkñúgkgkmøaMgrbs;sRtÚv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>68
8¬2¦¬k¦(VI) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarbdiesFmin[eFIVkarCMnuMCRmHkIþedayyutþiFm’>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>68
8¬2¦¬k¦(VII)-1 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarnireTs b¤ epÞrbB¢Úanedayxusc,ab;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>69
8¬2¦¬k¦(VII)-2 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykardak;bgçaMgedayxusc,ab;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>69
8¬2¦¬k¦(VIII) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarcab;ykeFIVCacMNab;xμMag>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>70
maRta 8¬2¦¬x¦
8¬2¦¬x¦(I) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelICnsIuvil>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>70
8¬2¦¬x¦(II) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIvtßúsIuvil>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>71
8¬2¦¬x¦(III) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelI buKÁlik vtßúEdlcUlrYm
kñúgkarpþl;CMnYymnusSFm’ b¤ kñúgebskkmμrkSasniþPaB>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>71

209
8¬2¦¬x¦(IV) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarsaøb; rbYs b¤xUcxatd¾eRcInelIslb;edayécdnü>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>72
8¬2¦¬x¦(V) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelITIkEnøgEdlminmankarkarBar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>73
8¬2¦¬x¦(VI) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIyuT§CnEdlRbyuT§ElgekItteTot>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>74
8¬2¦¬x¦(VII)-1 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvnUvTg;p¥aks®gÁam>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>74
8¬2¦¬x¦(VII)-2 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;edayminRtwmRtUvnUvTg;rUbsBaØa b¤ÉksNæan
rbs;PaKIxagsRtUv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>75
8¬2¦¬x¦(VII)-3 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;edayminRtwmRtUvnUvTg; rUbsBaØa
b¤ÉksNæanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>75
8¬2¦¬x¦(VII)-4 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;edayminRtwmRtUvnUvnimiμtþsBaØaeday
ELkrbs;GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>76
8¬2¦¬x¦(VIII ) ]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarepÞrbB¢ÚanedaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyaledaykmøaMg
kan;kab;nUvEpñkénRbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜneTAkñúgTwkdIEdlxøÜnkan;kab; b¤karnireTs
b¤epÞrbBa¢ÚnRbCaBlrdæmYyEpñk b¤TaMgGs;énTwkdIkan;kab;enAxagkúñg b¤ecBaJeTA
eRkATwkdIenaH>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>77
8¬2¦¬x¦(IX) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIvtßúEdlRtUv)ankarBar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>78
8¬2¦¬x¦(X)-1 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIVkayviklkmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>78
8¬2¦¬x¦(X)-2 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarsakBiesaFn_xagevC¢saRs b¤vTi üasaRsþ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>79
8¬2¦¬x¦(XI) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarsmøab; b¤eFIV[rgrbYsedayKMnitk,t;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>80
8¬2¦¬x¦(XII) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarbdiesFminRBm[sñak;GaRs½y>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>80
8¬2¦¬x¦(XIII) ]RkidæsRgÁamedaykarbMpøajb¤rwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþirbs;sRtÚv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>81
8¬2¦¬x¦(XIV) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykardkhUtBIRbCaBlrdæénkmøaMgxagsRtUvnUvsiT§i
b¤skmμPaBepSg²>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>81
8¬2¦¬x¦(XV) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarbgçM[cUlrYmenAkúñgRbtibtþikareyaFanana>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>82
8¬2¦¬x¦(XVI) ]RkidæsRgÁamedaykarlYcbøn;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>82
8¬2¦¬x¦(XVII) ]RkidæsRgÁamedaykareRbIR)as;CatiBul b¤GavuFEdlmanCatiBul>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>83

210
8¬2¦¬x¦(XIII) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as; ]sμ½n vtßúrav smÖar³ b¤eRKOgRbdab;Edl
mankarhamXat;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>83
8¬2¦¬x¦(XIX) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;RKab;kaMePIøgEdlmankarhamXat;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>84
8¬2¦¬x¦(XX) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;GavuF RKab;kMaePøIgepøag b¤sPM ar³b¤
viFIsa®sþs®gÁamEdlcuHkñúgbBI¢aCa]bsm½<n§P¢ab;CamYyc,ab;lkçnþik³>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>84
8¬2¦¬x¦(XXI) ]RkidæsRgÁamedaykarRbRBwtþGMeBIsahavyg;XñgcMeBaHesckIþéføfñÚr
rbs;mnusS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>85
8¬2¦¬x¦(XXII)-1 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>86
8¬2¦¬x¦(XXII)-2 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIVTaskmμelIpøÚvePT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>86
8¬2¦¬x¦(XXII)-3 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykar[eFIVeBsüakmμedaybgMç>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>86
8¬2¦¬x¦(XXII)-4 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIV[manKP’edaybgçM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>87
8¬2¦¬x¦(XXII)-5 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIV[ElgmankUnedaybgçM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>88
8¬2¦¬x¦(XXII)-6 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>88
8¬2¦¬x¦(XXIII) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;mnusSEdlRtv)ankarBar
eFIVCaExl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>89
8¬2¦¬x¦(XXIV) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIvtßú b¤mnusSedayeRbI
nimμitþsBaØaedayELkrbs;GnusBØaaTIRkughSWENv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>89
8¬2¦¬x¦(XXV) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedayykkarbg¥t;GahareFIVCaviFIsaRsþsRgÁam>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>90
8¬2¦¬x¦(XXVI) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as; karekNÐ b¤ cuHeQaμHkumar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>90
maRta8¬2¦¬K¦
8¬2¦¬K¦(I)-1 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedayGMeBIXatkmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>91
8¬2¦¬K¦(I)-2 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIVkayviklkmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>91
8¬2¦¬K¦(I)-3 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedayRbRBwtþkmμsahavéRBépS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>92
8¬2¦¬K¦(I)-4 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIVTaruNkmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>92
8¬2¦¬K¦(II) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIGMeBIsahavyg;XñgcMeBaHesckIþéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>93

211
8¬2¦¬K¦(III) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarcab;ykeFIVCacMNab;xMμag>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>94
8¬2¦¬K¦(IV) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarkat;eTas b¤RbharCIvitedaymineFIVtamnItiviFIRtwmRtÚv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>94
maRta 8¬2¦¬g ¦
8¬2¦¬g¦(I) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelICnsIuvil>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>95
8¬2¦¬g¦(II) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIvtßú b¤mnusSedayeRbInimμitþsBaØa
edayELkrbs;GnusBØaaTIRkughSWENv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>96
8¬2¦¬g¦(III) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarvayRbhar elIbuKÁlik b¤sMPar³EdlcUlrYm
enAkñúgkarpþl;CMnYymnusSFm’ b¤kñúgebskkmμrkSasnþiPaB>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>96
8¬2¦¬g¦(IV) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIvtßúEdlRtÚv)ankarBar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>97
8¬2¦¬g¦(V) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarlYcbøn;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>97
8¬2¦¬g¦ (VI)-1 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>98
8¬2¦¬g¦(VI)-2 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIVTaskmμelIpøÚvePT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>99
8¬2¦¬g¦(VI)-3 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarbgMç[eFIVeBsüakmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>99
8¬2¦¬g¦(VI)-4 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIV[manKP’edaybgMç>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>100
8¬2¦¬g¦(VI)-5 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIV[ElgmankUnedaybgMç>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>100
8¬2¦¬g¦(VI)-6 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareRbIGMeBIhigSaxagpøÚvePT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>101
8¬2¦¬g¦(VII) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedayykkareRbIR)as; karekNÐ nigcuHeQμaHkumar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>101
8¬2¦¬g¦(VIII) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarpøas;TIkEnøgCnsIuvil>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>102
8¬2¦¬g¦(IX) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarsmøab; b¤eFIV[rbYsedayKMnitk,t;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>102
8¬2¦¬g¦(X) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarbdiesFmin[sñak;GaRs½y>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>103
8¬2¦¬g¦(XI)-1 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykareFIVkayviklkmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>103
8¬2¦¬g¦(XI)-2 ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarsakBiesaFn_xagevC¢saRsþ b¤ viTüasaRsþ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>103
8¬2¦¬g¦(XII) ]Rkidæs®gÁamedaykarbMpøaj b¤ribGYsRTBüsm,tþirbs;sRtúÚv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>104

***********

212
FatupSMénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ
(Elements of crimes)

esckþIepþImTUeTA
1-GnuelamtammaRta9 FatupSMénbTelμIsTaMgLaydUcteTAenHnwgCYydl;tulakarkñúgkarbkRsay
nigGnuvtþnénmaRta6/ 7 nigmaRta8 Gnuelamtamc,ab;lkçnþik³enH. bBaØtþiTaMgLayénc,ab;
lkçnþik³rYmTaMgmaRta1 nigeKalkarN_TUeTAdUcmanEcgenAkñúgEpñkTI3GacykmkGnuvtþ)ancMeBaH
FatupSM énbTelμIsRBhμTNÐnana .
2-dUcmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta30elIkElgEtmanEcgepSgBIenH CnNamñak;nwgRtUvdak;[TTYlxusRtUv
nig[TTYlrgkarpþnÞaeTascMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐNamYYysißtenAkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakarenaHluH
RtaEtkrNIEdlFatupSMxagsmÖar³(Material Elements))anRbRBwtþeFIVedaymanectna nigeday
)andwgehIyEtb:ueNÑaH. ebIsinCamin)aneyageTAelIFatupSMxagbBaØasμartI (Mental Elements)
enAkñúgFatupSMnanaénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ GMBI\riyabTénkarRbRBWtþ(Conduct) plvi)ak
(Consequence) b¤kal³eTs³(Circumstance)edayELkNamYydUcmanEcgenAkñúgbBa¢IeTenaH
nwgRtUv)anyl;fa FatupSMxagbBaØasμartIEdlBak;B½n§KW)ann½yfa ectna kardwg b¤TaMgBIrenHdUcEcg
enAkñúgmaRta30 nwgRtUv)anykmkGnuvtþn_. krNIelIkElgepSg²cMeBaHmaRta30EdlCabTdæan
KWRtUv)anEp¥ktam c,ab;lkçnþik³enHrYmTaMgc,ab;EdlkMBugGnuvtþEdlzitenAeRkambBaØtiþénc,ab;
lkçnþik³enH RtUv)ancgäúlbgðajdUcxageRkamenH .
3-GtßiPaBénectna nigkardwgGacRtUv)ansnidæanEp¥ktamGgÁehtunigkal³eTs³EdlBak;B½n§ .
4-cMENkÉFatupSMxagbBaØasμartIrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigFatupSMepSg²eTotTak;Tgnwgkarvinicä½yGMBItMél
dUcCakñúgenaHmankareRbIBakü }GnumnusSFm’ } b¤ }F¶n;F¶r } KWmincaM)ac;caM[ Cnéddl;xøÜnÉg
bMeBj)anrYcral;nUvkarvinicä½yGMBItMéledayELkNamYynaHeT luHRtaEtmankarEcgbBa¢ak;epSg
BIenH .

213
 5-mUlehtuepSg²edIm,IeFVIeGayrYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvelIbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ b¤minmankarénkar
TTYlxusRtUvenH CaTUeTAKWminmanEcgkMNt;enAkñúgFatupSMénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenAkñúgbBaI¢xageRkam
bTelμIsnImYy² enaHeT .536
6-esckþItMrUvGMBI }mineBjlkçN³c,ab; } (Unlawfully) EdleXIjmanenAkñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³enH b¤enA
kñúgEpñkepSg²eToténc,ab;GnþrCatiCaBiessenAkñúgc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatiCaTUeTA KWminmanEcgenA
kñúgFatupSMénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐeT .
7-FatupSMénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐCaTUeTAKW RtUv)anerobcMCarcnasm<½n§tameKalkarN_dUcxageRkamenH ³
- edayFatupSMénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐepþateTAelI\riiyabTénkarRbRBwtþ plvi)ak nigkal³eTs³
EdlrYmbBa©ÚlenAkñúgbTelμIsRBhμTNÐnimYy²enaH CaTUeTAKWFatupSMTMagenaHmancuHenAkñúgbBaI¢
tamlMdab;elxerogdUcenHrYcehIy .
- enAeBlmankarcaM)ac; FatupSMxagbBaØasμartIedayELkNamYy RtUv)ancuHkñúgbBa¢IenAlMdab;bnÞab;
BI\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ plvi)ak nigkal³eTs³Edlmankarb:HBal;enaH.
- kal³eTs³xagbribT ¬Contextualcircumstances) RtUv)ancuHkñúgbBaI¢enAcugeRkayeKbg¥s ;.
8-dUcFøab;)aneRbIrYcmkehIyenAkñúgFatupSMnanaénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐBaküfa {Cnéddl;¬Perpetrator¦}
KWCaBaküGBüaRkwt ¬Neutral¦ dUcCaBaküBiruT§PaB¬Guilt¦ b¤KaμnkMhus¬Innocence¦Edr . Fatu
pSMnanarYmTaMgFatupSMxagbBaØasμartIEdlsmRsbpg RtUv)anGnuvtþedaypøas;bþÚrtamkarcaM)ac;
536
kfaxNÐenH minmankarb:HBal;dl;katBVkic©rbs;RBHraCGaCJa dUcenAkñúgmaRta54 kzax½NÐTI1 énc,ab;lkçniþk³enHeT.

214
 (apply cMeBaHral;CnTaMgLayEdlTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐrbs;;mnusSenaH
mutatis mutandis)

GaccUleTAkñúgmaRta25 nigmaRta26 énc,ab;lkçnþik³ .

9- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþedayELkNamYyGacbegáIteTACabTelμIsRBhμTNÐmYy b¤eRcIn)an .
10-kareRbIcMNgeCIgxøI²énbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenaHKWminmanRbsiTi§PaBxagpøÚvc,ab;eT .

maRta 6
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
(Genocide)

esckþIepþIm
cMeBaHFatupSMcugeRkayeKbg¥s;EdlcuHenAkñúgbBa¢IenAsMrab;bTelμIsRBhμTNÐnimYy² ³
- Baküfa {enAkñúgbribTsþIBI (in the context of) : RtUvrYmbBa©ÚlnUvGMeBIBIdMbUg²enAkñúgKMrUEdl
elceLIgmYy (acts in an emerging pattern) .
- Baküfa : Cak;Esþg (manifest) :KWCalkçN³sm,tþiCaeKaledA (Objective qualification).
- fVIebImanesckþItMrUvFmμtaEdlRtUveGaymanFatupSMxagbBaØasμartI dUcmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta30
ehIy EdlTTYlsÁal;fa kardwgGMBIkal³eTs³EtgEtRtUv)anykeTACaeFIVCaPsþútagedIm,Ibgðaj
BIectnakñúgkarRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_k¾edayk¾esckþItMrUvEdlsmRsbenaH¬RbsinCaman¦
KW RtUveGaymanFatupSMxagbBaØasμartImYysIþBIkal³eTs³enHpg EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IeGaytulakar
eFVIkarsMerc edayEp¥kelImUldæan ykkrNIerOgmYymþg²mkBinitü .

maRta 6 ¬k ¦
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_edaykarsMlab;
(Genocide by Killing)
FatupSM ³

215
 1-Cnéddl;)ansMlab; mnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak; .537
2-mnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;enaHsßitenAkñúgCatisasn_ CatiBn§ BUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnaedayELkNa
mYy .
3-CnEddl;manectnacg;bMpøajmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsug nUvCatisasn_ CatiBn§ BUCsasn_ b¤Rkumsasna
tamEbbenH .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgkñúgbribTénKMrUCak;EsþgmYyén\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþEdl
RsedogKñaenHsMedARbqaMgnwgRkumenaH b¤\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHpaÞl;EtmþgEdlGaceFIVeGaykar
bMpøajenaHekIteLIg .

maRta 6 ¬x ¦
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_edaybgákarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rxagrUbragkay nigbBaØasμartI
(Genocide by causing serious bodily harm)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anbgáeGaymankarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rxagrUbragkay nigbBaØasμartIrbs;mnusSmñak; b¤eRcIn
nak; .538
537
Baküfa :)ansmøab; : KWGaceRbIpøas;bþÚrKña)anCamYyBakü { )anbNþaleGaysøab; } .
538
\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHGacrYmbBa©Úl EtmincaM)ac;kMritkMNt;RtwmEt GMeBITaruNkmμ GMeBIcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³ GMeBIhwgSa
xagpøÚvePT b¤RbRBwtþkmμGmnusSFm’ b¤bnÞabbenßak bu:eNÑaHeT.

216
 2-mnusSmñak;b¤eRcInnak;enaH sßitenAkñúgCatisasn_ CatiBn§ BUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnaedayELkmYy .
3-Cnéddl;)anmanectnacg;bMpøajCatisasn_+ CatiBn§ BUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnaenaHmYyEpñk b¤TaMg
RsugtamEbbenH .
4-\riyaénkarbTRbRBwtþekItmaneLIgkñúgbribTénKMrUCak;EsþgmYyén\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþEdlRs
edogKñaenHsMedARbqaMgnwgRkumenaH b¤\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHpaÞl;Etmþg EdlGaceFIV[karbMpøaj
enaHekIteLIg .

maRta 6 ¬K¦
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_edayeFIVeGaymankarQWcab;dl;saßnPaBrs;enAedayKitTukCamun
sMedAbMpøajxagrUbragkay (Genocide by deliberately by inflicting conditions
of life calculated to bring about physical destruction)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;eFIVeGaymankarQWcab;dl;sßanPaBrs;enAmYycMnYnrbs;mnusSmñak; b¤mnusSeRcInnak; .
2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHsßitenAkñúgCatisasn_ CatiBn§ BUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnamYy .
3-Cnéddl;manectnacg;bMpøajCatisasn_ CatiBn§ BUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnaenaHmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsug
tamEbbenH .
4-sßanPaBrs;enAenaHKwsMedAnaMmknUvkarbMpøajxagrUbragkayrbs;RkumenaHmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsug.539
539
Bakü {saßnPaBrs;enA (Condition of life) : KWGacrYmbBa©Úl EtmincaM)ac;kMritkMNt;RtwmEt kardkhUtnUvRbPBFnFan EdlcaM
)ac;xanmin)ansMrab;CIvitrs;enAdUcCamðÚbGahar b¤esvaEpñkeBTü b¤karbeNþjecjBIpÞHCalkçN³RbB½n§enaHeT .

217
 5-\riyabTRbRBwtþ)anekItmankñúgbribTénKMrUCak;EsþgmYy én\riyabTRbRBwtþRsedogKñaenHsMedARb
qaMgnwgRkumenaH b¤\riyabTRbRBwtþxøÜnÉgEtmþgEdlGaceFIVeGayekItmannUvkarbMpøajenaH .

maRta 6 ¬X ¦
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_edaykardak;bgçMnUvviFankarepSg²sMedATb;sáat;kMueGaymankUn
(Genocide by imposing measures intended to prevent births)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andak;bgçMnUvviFankarN_mYycMnYncMeBaHmnusSmñak; b¤mnusSeRcInnak; .
2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHsßitenAkñúgCatisasn_ CatiBn§ BUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnaedayELkmYy .
3-Cnéddl;manectnacg;bMpaøjCatisasn_ CatiBn§ BUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnaenaHmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsug
EbbdUcenH .
4-viFankarN_dak;bgçMTaMgenaHKWmanectnaTb;sáat;kuMeGaymankUnenAkñúgRkumenaH .
5-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaH)anekItmaneLIgkñúgbribTénKMrUCak;EsþgmYy én\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ
RsedogKñaenHsMedARbqaMgnwgRkumenaH b¤\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþxøÜnÉgpÞal;EtmþgEdlGaceFIVkar
bMpøajenaHekIteLIg.

maRta 6 ¬g¦
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_edaykarepÞrbBa¢ÚnkumaredaybgMç
(Genocide by forcibly transferring children)
FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anepÞrbBa¢ÚnedaybgçM (forcible transfer) nUvmnusSmñak; b¤mnusS¤eRcInnak;.540 mnusSenaH
b¤TaMgenaHsßitenAkñúgCatisasn_ CatiBn§ BUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnaedayELkmYy .
540
Bakü {edaybgçM (forcibly) : KWminkMritRtWmEtkmøaMgkayenaHeT EtGacrYmTaMgkarKMramkMEhgedaykmøaMg b¤karbgçitbgçM
(coercion) dUcCakarbgçitbgçMEdlbNþalmkBIkarP½yxøacmankareRbIGMeBIhwgSa karbgçitbgçM(duress) kareKobsgát;pøÚvcitþ b¤kar

218
 3-Cnéddl;manectnacg;bMpøajCatisasn_ CatiBn§ BUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnaenaHmYyEpñk b¤TMag
RsugtamEbbenH.
4-karepÞrbBa¢ÚnenaHKW BIRkumenaH[eTAenARkummYyeTot .
5-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHsßitenAeRkamGayu18 qñaM .
6-Cnéddl;enaH)andwg b¤KYrEt)andwgfamnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHmanGayueRkam 18 qñaM .
7-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénKMrUCak;Esþg én\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ
RsedogKñaenHEdleFIVeLIgsMedARbqaMgnwgRkumenaH b¤eday\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþxøÜnÉgpaÞl;Etmþg
EdlGaceFIV[karbMpøajenaHekIteLIg .

maRta 7
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati
(Crime against humanity)

esckþIepþIm³
1-edaymaRta7 Cab;;Tak;TgCamYynwgc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati bBaØtirbs;maRtaenHEdlRsbKñaCamYy
maRta22 RtUvEt)anbkRsayeGay)anhμt;ct; edayykcitþTukdak;cMeBaH]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusS
CatidUcEcgenAkñúgmaRta7 EdlCabTelμIsF¶n;F¶rCageKbMputkñúgcMeNambTelμIsRBhμTNÐF¶n;F¶rTaMg
LayEdlshKmn_GnþrCatiTaMgmUlmankarRBYy)armÖ RtUvEtFana nigtRmUveGayTTYlxusRtUvCa
lkçN³buKÁlcMeBaHbTelμIs ehIynigtRmUveGay\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHRtUvEtCa\riyabTénkar
RbRBwtþEdlc,ab;GnþrCatikMBugGnuvtþCaTUeTA EdlTTYlsÁal;edayRbB½n§c,ab;sMxan;²rbs;BiPBelak
minGnuBaØat[RbRBwtþ .

219
 2-FatupSMBIrcugeRkaybgäs;sMrab;]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatinimYy² erobrab;GMBIbribTEdlkñúgenaH
\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþRtUvEtekItmaneLIg. FatupSMTaMgenHbBa¢ak;[eXIjc,as;GMBIkartRmUv[man
karcUlrYm (participation in) nigtRmÚv[mankardwgGMBI (knowledge of) karvayRbharCalkçN³
TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§RbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvilenAkñúgenaHpg. k¾b:uEnþFatupSMcugeRkayenHminRtUv
bkRsayfaCakartRmUveGaymanPsþútagfa Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIRKb;crwtlkçN³TaMgGs;énkarvay
Rbhar b¤GMBIxøwmsarlMGitc,as;las;énEpnkar b¤eKalneya)ayrbs;rdæ b¤GgÁkarenaHeT. kñúgkrNI
mankarelceLIgnUvkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§RbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvilvakü
x½NÐsþIBIectnaénFatpSMcugeRkayeKbgäs;bgðaj[eXIjfa FatupSMxagbBaØasμartInwgmanlkçN³
RKb;RKan ;ebIsinCaCnéddl;enAEtmanectnacg;bnþkarvayRbharEbbenHteTAeTot.
3-Bakü :karvayRbharsMedARbqaMgnwgCnsIuvil (Attack directed against a civilian population) :enAkñúg
bribTGMBIFatupSMTMagenHRtUv)anyl;fa KWmann½yfaCadMeNIrkarén\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ (Course of
Conduct) EdlkñúgenaHrYmmankarRbRBwtþnUvGMeBICaeRcInRbqaMgCnsIuvilNamYy dUc)anEcgenAkñúg

maRta7 kfax½NÐTI1 énc,ab;lkçnþik³ edayRsbtam b¤kñúgdMeNIrénkarbnþQaneTAmuxéneKalneya

)ayrbs;rdæ b¤GgÁkarEdl[RbRBwtþnUvkarvayRbharenH. FatupSMTaMgenHmincaM)ac;EtekIteLIg
edaysarkarvayRbhartampøÚveyaFaenaHeT. RtUvEtyl;fa :eKalneya)ayEdleGayRbRBwtþkar
vayRbharEbbenH : KWtRmUvRtUvEtrdæ b¤GgÁkarCaGñkCMruj b¤elIkTwkcitþy:agskmμdl;karvayRbhar
RbqaMgnwgCnsIuvIlenHpg.541

maRta 7 ¬1¦¬k¦
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedayGMeBIXatkmμ
( Crime against humanity of murder)

541
eKalneya)ayNamYyEdlykRbCaBlrdæsIuvileFVICaeKaledAénkarvayRbhar RtUvEtCaeKalneya)ayEdlGnuvtþeday
skmμPaBrbs;rdæ b¤GgÁkar . kñúgkrNIBiess eKalneya)ayenaH GacRtUv)anGnuvtþedaykarxkxanmin)ancat;viFankarN_eday
ectnaEdlmanmnsikarcg;elIkTwkcitþdl;karvayRbharenaH . GtßiPaBéneKalneya)aymYyEbbenH minGacsnñidæanfa eFVIeday
ÉkÉgedayminmanvtþmanénskmμPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al b¤GgÁkareLIy .

220
FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)ansMlab;mnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; .542
2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþRtUv)anRbRBwtþeLIgCaEpñkénkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§
mYyEdlsMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgfa\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHKWCaEpñkénkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRb
B½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil b¤manectnacg;[\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHeTACaEpñkénkar
vayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil .

maRta 7 ¬1¦¬x¦
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareFVIeGaysabsUnü
(Crime against against humanity of extermination)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)ansMlab;543 mnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;rYmTaMgkareFVIeGayQWcab;dl;sßanPaBrs;enAsMedA
naMmknUvkarbMpøajEpñkxøHénRbCaBlrdæpg .544
2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþEdl)anbegáIteLIgb¤ekItmaneLIgKWCaEpñkén545 karsMlab;smaCikénRbCa
BlrdæsIuvilkñúgRTg;RTayFM ¬sMlab;TaMghVÚg¦ .
542
Bakü :sMlab; : GaceRbIpøas;bþÚrKñaCamYynwgBakü :eFVIeGaysøab; : )an . eCIgTMB½renHeRbIsMrab;FatupSMTaMgGs;EdleRbITsSnTan
NamYykñúgcMeNamTsSnTanTaMgenH .
543
\riyabTRbRBwtþGacRtUv)anRbRBwtþedayviFIsa®sþénkarsMlab;xus²Kña eTaHCaedaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyalkþI .
544
kareFVIeGayQWcab;énsßanPaBdUcenaH Gacrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkardkhUtsiT§ikñúgkarTTYlmðÚbGahar nigfñaMeBTüpgEdr .
545
Baküfa :CaEpñkén : RtUvrab;bBa©ÚlnUv\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþBIdMbUg²kñúgkarsMlab;CaRTg;RTayFM .

221
 3-\riyabénkarRbRBwtþenHRtUv)anRbRBwtþeLIgCaEpñkenAkñúgkarsMlab;EdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤Ca
RbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvilmYy .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgfa\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH KWCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharEdlsMedARbqaMgnwgRbCa
BlrdæsIuvilCalkçN³TUlMTUlayb¤CaRbB½n§ b¤manectnacg;eGay\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHeTACa
EpñkénkarvayRbhar EdlsMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil¤CalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§ .

maRta 7 ¬1¦¬K¦
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareFVICaTaskmμ
(Crime against humanity of enslavement)

FatupSM³
1-Cnéddl;)aneRbIR)as;nUvGMNacmYycMnYn b¤TaMgGs;EdlCab;CamYysiT§ikmμsiT§ielImnusSmñak; b¤eRcIn
nak;dUcCamansiTi§edaysarkarTij lk; x©I b¤edaHdUrmnusSenaHb¤TMagenaH b¤edaydak;tMrUveGayeFIV
kardkhUtsiT§iesrIPaB546 RsedogKñaBImnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaH .
2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHRtUv)anRbRBwtþCaEpñkenAkñúgkarsMlab;CalkçN³TUlMTUlayb¤CaRbB½n§Edl
sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgfa\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHKWCaEpñknkarvayRbhar EdlsMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBl
rdæsIuvilCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§ b¤manectnacg;eGay\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHeTACaEpñk
énkarvayRbharsMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvilCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§enH .
546
RtÚv)anyl;fa kardkhUtesrIPaBdUcenH GacenAkñúgkrNIxøHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkartMrUveGayeFVIBlkmμedaybgçM b¤mü:ageTotkar
bBa©úHzan³mnusSeGayeTACazan³´kBa¢HdUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØabMeBjbEnßmsþIBIkarlubbM)at;TasPaBkarCYjdUrTaskr nig
sßab½n nigTMlab;GnuvtþEdlRsedognwgTasPaB GnusBaØaqñaM1956. k¾RtÚv)anyl;Edrfa\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþdUcBN’na enAkñúg
FatupSMrYmmankarCYjdUrmnusSpgEdr CaBiess®sIþ nig kumar .

222
maRta 7 ¬1¦¬X¦
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati edaykarnireTs b¤karepÞrbBa¢ÚnRbCaBlrdæedaybgçM
(Crime against humanity of deportation or forcible transfer)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)annireTs547 b¤ epÞrbBa¢Ún548 edaybgMçedayminmanmUlehtudUcEdlc,ab;GnþrCati)an
GnuBaØatnUvmnusSmñak;b¤eRcInnak;eTAkan;rdæ b¤TItaMgmYyepSgeTotedaykarbeNþjecj b¤edayGMeBI
bgçitbgçMepSg²eTot .
2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH)anmanvtþmanedayRsbc,ab;enATIkEnøgEdlxøÜneKRtUv)annireTs b¤epÞrbBa¢Ún
ecjenaH .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu Edl)anbegáItPaBRsbc,ab;énvtþmanenaH .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHRtUv)anRbRBwtþeLIgCaEpñkenAkñúgkarsMlab;CalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤Ca
RbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgfa\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ KWCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharEdlsMedARbqaMgnwgRbCa
BlrdæsuIvilCalkçN³TUlMTUlayb¤CaRbB½n§ b¤manbMNgcg;[\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHeTACaEpñk
enAkñúgkarvayRbharEdlsMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvilCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§enaH .

547
Baküfa :edaybgçM(forcibly) :KWminkMritRtwmEtkareRbIkMlaMgkayEtb:ueNÑaHeT EtGacrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkarKMram nigeRbIkMlaMg b¤karbgçitbgçM
pg dUcCakarbgçMEdlbNþalmkBIkarP½yxøacmankareRbIGMeBIhigSa karbgçitbgçM karXuMxøÜn kareKobsgát;pøÚvcitþ b¤kareRbIGMNac eday
rMelaPRbqaMgnwgmnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH b¤CnNamYYepSgeTot edayeqøót»kasenAeBlbriyakasCuMvij mankarbgçitbgçM .
548
Baküfa : RtUv)annireTs b¤epÞrbBa¢ÚnedaybgçM (Deported or forcibly transferred) : GaceRbIpøas;bþÚrKña)anCamYyBakü : pøas;
bþÚrkEnøgedaybgçM(Forcibly displaced).

223
maRta 7 ¬1¦¬g¦
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykardak;Bn§naKar b¤dkhUtesrIPaBxagragkay y:agF¶n;F¶rd¾éT
eTot
(Crime against humanity of imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andak;Bn§naKarmnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; b¤ müa:geTotdkhUtesrIPaBd¾éTeTotxagragkay
BImnusSenaH b¤TMagenaH .
2-PaBF¶n;F¶rén\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH KWedaymkBIkarrMelaPbMBanelIviFanCamUldæanénc,ab;Gnþr
Cati.
3-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtufa)anbegáItPaBF¶n;F¶rdl;\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaH .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anRbRBwtþeLIgCaEpñkenAkñúku arvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay nigCaRbB½n§
sMedARbqaMg nigRbCaBlrdæsuIvil .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgfa \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHKWCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay
b¤CaRbB½n§RbqaMgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil b¤manbMNgcg;eGay\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHeTACaépñkénkar
vayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§RbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil .

maRta 7 ¬1¦¬c¦
RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareFVITaruNkmμ549
(Crime against humanity of torture)
FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneFVIeGayQWcab;F¶n;F¶rxagpøÚvkay nigbBaØasμartI b¤eGayrgTukçevTnadl;mnusSmñak; b¤
eRcInnak; .
549
RtUv)anyl;famincaM)ac;eGaymaneKalbMNgCak;lak;NamYysMrab;bgðajCaPsþútagcMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenHeT .

224
 2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHRtUv)andak;kñúgTIkEnøgXMuXaMg b¤eRkamkarRtYtBinitürbs;Cnéddl; .
3-karQWcab; b¤rgTukçevTnaenHminEmnekIteLIgmkEtBIkardak;TNÐkmμtamc,ab; ehIyk¾minEmnCakar
dak;TNÐkmμtamc,ab;EdlCab;mkCamYy b¤CayfaehtuenaHeT .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþRtUv)anRbRBwtþeLIgCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay nigCa
RbB½n§RbqaMgnwg RbCaBlrdæsuIvil .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgfa\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH KWCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤
CaRbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil b¤manectnacg;eGay\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþeTACaEpñkén
karvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvilenaH .

maRta 7 ¬1¦¬q¦-1
]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati edaykarrMelaPesBsnßv³
(Crime against humanity of rape)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anQøanBan550 elIrUbragkayénmnusSmñak;eday\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ EdlCalT§plKW
mankars‘kbBa©Úlk¾b:uEnþEtbnþiceTeTAkñúgEpñkNamYyénrUbragkayrbs;CnrgeRKaH b¤rbs;Cnéddl;
nUvsrIragÁxagpøÚvePT b¤eTAkñúgvc©mKÁ¬rn§KUf¦ b¤rn§GgÁCatiénCnrgeRKaHedayvtßúGVImYy b¤edayEpñk
d¾éTNamYYyénragkay .
2-karQøanBanRtUv)anRbRBwtþedaykareRbIkMlaMg b¤karKMramkMEhgfanigeRbIkMlaMg b¤karbgçitbgçMdUc
CaGMeBIEdlbNþalmkBIkarP½yxøacmankareRbIGMeBIhigSa karbgçitbgçM karXMuxøÜn karKabsgát;Epñk
citþsaRsþ b¤karrMelaPedayGMNacRbqaMgnwgmnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaH b¤mnusSd¾éTeTot b¤edaykar
eqøót»kasTajykRbeyaCn_enAeBlEdlbriyakasCMuvijmankarbgçitbgçM b¤karQøanBanRtUv)an
550
TsSn³TanénBakü {QøanBan}(Invasion) KWmanbMNgcg;eGaymanlkçN³TUlMTUlaybnþic edIm,IeGayePTmanlkçN³GBüa -
Rkwtü (gender neutral).

225
 RbRBwtþRbqaMgnwgmnusSEdlGsmtßPaBEdlminGacpþl;karyl;RBmedayBitR)akd)an (Genuine
consent) .
551

3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHRtUv)anRbRBwtþCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay nigCa
RbB½n§RbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgfa \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþKWCaEpñkenAkñúgvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlaynwgCaRbB½n§
RbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil b¤mannectnacg;eGay\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHeTACaEpñkmYyénkar
vayRbharCa lkçN³TUlMTUlay nigCaRbB½n§RbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsIuvilenaH .

maRta 7-¬1¦¬q¦-2
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati edaykareFIVTaskmμelIpøÚvePT552
(Crime against humanity of sexual slavery)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneRbIR)as;GMNacmYyEpñk b¤TaMgGs;EdlCab;CamYynwgsiTi§kmμsiT§elImnusSmñak; b¤eRcIn
nak;;dUcCamansiTi§edaysarkarTij lk; x©I edaHdUrmnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH b¤edaykardak;bgçMeday
kardkhUtesrIPaBRsedogKñaenHBIBYkeK.553
551
RtÚv)anyl;fa Cnmñak;GacCaCnEdlGsmtßPaBminGacpþl;karyl;RBmedayBitR)akd)an RbsinCamnusSenaHmankar
b:HBal;edayFmμCatiedaykarCMruj b¤GsmtßPaBTak;TgnwgGayu (Age-related incapacity) . eCIgTMB½renH RtUv)anykeTAeRbIR)as;
pgEdrcMeBaHFatupSMEdlTak;TgenAkñúgTMB½r 7-¬1¦¬q¦-3/ 5/ nig 6.
552
edaysarlkçN³sμúKsμajénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenH RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;fakarRbRBwtþbTelμIsGacnwgBak;B½n§ nigCnéddl;Na
mñak; CaEpñkéneKalbMNgrYménbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ .
553
RtUv)anyl;fa kardkhUtesrIPaB(deprivation of liberty) dUcenaHenAkñúgkal³eTs³xøH rYmmankartMrUveGayeFVIBlkmμeday
bgçM b¤müa:geTotbnÞabzan³rbs;mnusSenaHeGayeFVI´kBa¢H dUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgnusBaØabMeBjbEnßm sþIBIkarlb; bM)at;nUvTas
PaB karCYjdUrTaskr nigsßab½nepSg² b¤TMlab;Gnuvtþn_RsedognigTaskmμqaMñ1956. RtUv)anyl;pgEdrfa \riyabTénkar
RbRBwtþEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúgFatupSMrYmmankarCYjdUrmnusSCaBiess®sþI nigkumar .

226
 2-Cnéddl;)aneFVIeGaymnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;Cab;édCamYyGMMeBImYy b¤eRcInEdlmanlkçN³CaGMeBI
elIpøÚvePT ¬acts of sexual nature¦ .
3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHRtUv)anRbRBwtþeLIgCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤Ca
RbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgfa \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHKWCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤
CaRbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvilb¤manectnacg;eGayeTACaEpñkénkarvayRbharCalkçN³
TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil.

maRta 7-¬1¦¬q¦-3
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati edaykarbgçMeGayeFVIeBsüakmμ
(Crime against humanityofenforced prostitution)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneFVIeGaymnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;Cab;édenAkñúgGMeBIImYy b¤eRcInelIpøÚvePTedaykMlaMg b¤
edaykarKMramfanwgeRbIIkMlaMg b¤karbgçitbgçM dUcCaGMeBIbNþalmkBIkarP½yxøacmankareRbIGMeBI
higSa karbgçitbgçM karXuMxøÜn karKabsgát;Epñkcitþsa®sþb¤karrMelaPedayGMNacRbqaMgnwgmnusS
enaHb¤TaMgenaH b¤mnusSepSgeTot b¤edayeqøöót»kasTajykRbeyaCn_enAeBlbriyakasCMuvij
mankarbgçitbgçM b¤edayGsmtßPaBminGacpþl;karyl;RBmedayBitR)akd)anrbs;mnusSenaH b¤
TaMgenaH .
2- Cnéddl; b¤CnNamñak;eTotEdlTTYl)an b¤rMBwgfanig)anTTYlnUvR)ak;kas b¤GtßRbeyaCn_epSg²
eTotCafñÚrnigGMeBI b¤Cab;Tak;TgeTAnigGMeBIEdlmanlkçN³pøÚvePTTaMgenaH .
3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtenHRtUv)anRbRBwtþCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³lMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§
sMedARbqaMg nigRbCaBlrdæsuIvil .

227
 4-Cnéddl;)andwgfa\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH KWCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³lMTUlay b¤Ca
RbB½n§ sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil b¤manectnacg;eGayeTACaEpñkénkarvayRbharCalkçN³
TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§ sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvilenaH .

maRta 7-¬1¦¬q¦-4
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati edaykareFIV[manKP’edaybgçM
(Crime against humanity of forced pregnancy)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andak;bgçaMgRsþImañk; b¤eRcInnak;edayeFVIeGaymanépÞeBaHedaybgçMkñúgectnacg;eGay
mankarb:HBal;dl;smasPaBrbs;RkuménRbCaBlrdæNamYy b¤edayGnuvtþGMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶r
d¾éTeTotelIc,ab;GnþrCati .
2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþKWCaEpñkénkarvayRbharCalkçN³lMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCa
BlrdæsuIvil.
3-Cnéddl;)andwgfa\riyabTénkarRbRBwtenHKWCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³lMTUlay b¤Ca
RbB½n§sMedARbqaMgniwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil b¤manectnacg;[eTACaEpñkénkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlM
TUlay b¤CaRbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvilenaH.

maRta 7-¬1¦¬q¦-5
]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykareFIV[ElgmankUnedaybgMç
(War Crime of enforced sterilization)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andkhUtBImnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;nUvsmtßPaBxagCIvsaRsþsMrab;plitkUn .554

554
kardkhUtminmanectnarYmbBa©ÚlnUvviFankarRtYtBinitükarbegátI kUnEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBCaGcié®nþy_ enAkñúgkarGnuvtþenaHeT.

228
 2-\riyabTénkarRbRBWtþenH KWeFIVedayminmankarbB¢aak;RtwmRtUvBIEpñkevC¢saRsþ b¤mnIÞreBTüBüa)al
rbs;mnusSCasamIuxøÜnenaH b¤TaMgenaH b¤k¾min)anGnuvtþedaymankaryl;RBmBitR)akdBIBYkeK
eT.555
3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH RtÚv)anRbRBwtþCaEpñkkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³lMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§
sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgfa \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþKWCaEpñkénkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§
sMedARbqaMg nwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvilenaH.

maRta7 ¬1¦ ¬q¦-6

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbIGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT
(War crime of sexual violence)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anRbRBwtþGMeBIxagpøÚvePTRbqaMgnwgmnusSmñak;b¤eRcInnak; b¤eFVIeGaymnusSenaH b¤TaMg
enaHCab;éd;enAkñúgGMeBIxagpøÚvePTedaybgçM b¤edaykarKMramfanwgeRbIkMlaMg b¤karbgçitbgçMdUcCaGMeBI
EdlbNþaleGaymankarP½yxøacmankareRbIGMeBIhgi Sa karbgiçtbgçM karXuMxøÜn karKabsgát;Epñk
citþsa®sþ b¤karrMelaPedayGMNacRbqaMgnwgmnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaHb¤mnusSd¾éTeTot b¤edayeqøót
»kasTajykRbeyaCn_BIbriyakasCuMvijEdlmankarbgçitbgçM b¤BIPaBGsmtßPaBrbs;mnusSenaH
b¤TaMgenaHkñúgkarpþl;karyl;RBmEdlBitR)akd .
2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH manPaBF¶n;F¶reRbob)aneTAnwgbTelμIsd¾éT²eTotenAkñúgmaRta7 kfa
xNÐTI1¬q¦ énc,ab;lkçnþik³enH .
555
RtUv)anyl;fa:karRBmeRBogedayBitR)akd minrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkarRBmeRBogEdl)anmkedaykare)akR)as;enaHeT.

229
 3-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIPaBF¶n;F¶rén\riyabTRbRBwtþEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaH)anekItmaneLIgCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³lMTUlay b¤Ca
RbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvilenaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgfa \riyabTénkarRbRBwtenHKWCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³lMTUlay b¤
CaRbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil nigmanectnacg;[eTACaEpñkénkarvayRbharCalkçN³
TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§ sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvilEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

maRta 7 ¬1¦ ¬C¦

]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCatiedaykareFVITukçbukemñj
(Crime against humanity of persecution)

FatupSM ³

1-Cnéddl;)andkhUtya:gF¶n;F¶rnUvsiTi§CamUldæanBImnusSmñak;b¤eRcInnak; EdlpÞúynwgc,ab;
GnþrCati.556
2-Cnéddl;)antMrg;eKaledAcMeBaHmnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaH edaysarmUlehtumkBIGtþsBaØaNrbs;Rkum
b¤smUhPaB b¤RkumeKaledA b¤smUhPaBeKaledAenaH.
3-kartMrg;eKaledAenaHRtUv)anEp¥kelImUldæanxagneya)ay BUCsasn_ Catisasn_ CatiBn§ vb,Fm’
sasna ePT dUcmanEcgenakñúgmaRta7 kzax½NÐTI3 énc,ab;lkçnþik³enH b¤elImUlehtuepSg²
eTot EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;Casklfac,ab;GnþrCatiminGnuBaØat[eFIVeT .

556
esckþItMrUvenHmineFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;kzax½NÐTI6 énesckþIepþImTUeTAsþIBIFatupSMénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐeT .

230
 4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþRtUv)anRbRBwtþedayP¢ab;KñaeTAnwgGMeBINamYYy EdlmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta7
kfaxNÐTI1 énc,ab;lkçnþik³enH b¤eTAnigbTelμIsRBhμTNÐNamYyEdlsßitenAkñúgsmtßkic©rbs;
tulakar .557
5-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþRtUv)anRbRBwtþCaEpñkenAkñgú karvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§sM
edARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil .
6-Cnéddl;)andwgfa \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHKWCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay
b¤CaRbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvil b¤manectnacg;eGayeTACaEpñkénkarvayRbharCa
lkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤ CaRbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdæsuIvilenaH .

maRta 7-¬1¦¬Q¦
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatiedaykar)at;xøÜnmnusS edaybgçM558 559
(Crime against humanity of enforced disappearances)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)an³
¬k¦-cab;xøÜn XMuxøÜn560 561 b¤cab;BRgt; mnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak; . b¤
¬x¦-bdiesFminRBmTTYlsÁal;karcab;xøÜn karXuMxøÜn b¤cab;BRgt; b¤minRBmpþl;Bt’mansIþBIeCaK
vasna b¤ TIkEnøgkMBugsßitenArbs;mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHeT .
557
RtUv)anyl;fa minmanFatupSMxagbBaØasμartINacaM)ac;sMrab;FatupSMenHCagFatupSMCab;mkCamYycMNucTI6 enaHeT .
558
edaysarlkçN³sμúksμajénbTelIμsRBhμTNÐenaHRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;fa karRbRBwtþbTelμIsTMagenaHCaFmμtaEtgEtmankarcUl
rYmedayCnéddl;cMnYnelIsBImñak; EdlCaEpñkéneKalbMNgrYménbTelIμsRBhμTNÐ.
559
bTelμIsRBhμTNÐenHEdlFøak;eTAkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;tulakar EtenAkñúgkrNIebIsinCakarvayRbharEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúgFatu
pSM 7 nig 8 ekItmaneLIg eRkayeBlcUlCaFrmanénc,ab;lkçniþk³enaHEtbu:eNÑaH.
560
Bakü { XMuxøÜn (detained) } RtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚlnUvCnéddl;NamYyEdl)anrkSaTukmnÞIrXMuXaMgEdlmanRsab;.
561
RtUv)anyl;faenAkñúgkal³eTs³Cak;lak;xøH karcab;xøÜn b¤XMuxøÜnGacCakarRsbc,ab;.

231
 2- ¬k¦-karcab;xøÜn XMuxøÜn b¤cab;BRgt;RtUv)anGm b¤bnþtamBIeRkay edaykarbdiesFminTTYlsÁal;
kardkhUtnUvesrIPaB b¤minRBmpþl;Bt’manGMBIeCaKvasna b¤BITIkEnøgkMBugsñak;enArbs;
mnusSenaH b¤ TMagenaH.
¬x¦-karbdiesF dUcenaHRtUv)annaMmux b¤ GmedaykardkhUtesrIPaB .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgfa ³562
¬k¦-karcab;xøÜn XMuxøÜn b¤cab;BRgt;dUcenaH KYrEtbnþtamBIeRkayeTAtamdMeNIrRbRBwtþeTACa
FmμtaénRBwtiþkarN_ edaykarRbEkkminRBmTTYlsÁal;cMeBaHkardkhUtesrIPaBenaH b¤min
RBmpþl;Bt’mansþIBIeCaKvasna b¤kEnøgkMBugsßitenArbs;mnusSTaMgenaH.563
¬x¦-karbdiesFenaHRtUv)annaMmux b¤GmedaykardkhUtesrIPaBenaH.
4-karcab;xøÜn XMuxøÜn b¤cab;BRgt;enaHRtUv)anGnuvtþeday b¤tamkarGnuBaØat karKaMRT b¤karyl;RBm
BIrdæ b¤BIsßabn½neya)ayNamYy .
5-karbdiesFminTTYlsÁal;kardkhUtesrIPaBenaH b¤karminRBmpþl;B’tmanGMBIeCaKvasna b¤kEnøg
kMBugsßitenArbs;mnusSTaMgenaH RtUv)anGnuvtþtam b¤edaybBa¢a b¤karKaMRTrbs;rdæ b¤sßab½nneya
)ay.
6-Cnéddl;manectncg;dkykmnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH[ecjeRkABIkarkaBaredayc,ab;sMrab;ry³
eBld¾yUrGEgVgteTAeTot.
7-\riyabTRbRBwtþRtUv)anRbRBwtþCaEpñkénkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbBn½æsMedARbqaMg
nigRbCaBlrdæsIuvil.
8-Cnéddl;)andwgfa\riyabTRbRBwtþenaHKWCaEpñkénkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbB½n§
sMedARbqaMgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil b¤manectnacg;eGay\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHeTACaEpñkenAkñúgvay
RbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤ CaRbBn½æsMedARbqaMgRbCaBlrdæsIuvilenaH.

562
FatupSMenHRtUv)andak;bBa©Úl BIeRBaHlkçN³sμúKsμajénbTelμIsenH. kardak;bBa©ÚlenHmin)aneFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;esckIþ
epþImTUeTAénFatupSMénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐeLIy.
563
RtUv)anyl;fa kñúgkrNICnéddl;Namñak;rkSaTukTIXMuXaMgEdlmanRsab;NamYyenaH FatupSMenHnwgmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;ebIsin
CaCnéddl;)andwgfakarbdiesFdUcenH)anekItmanrYceTAehIy.

232
maRta 7¬1¦¬j¦
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatiedaykareFVIGa)a:eft
( Crime against humanity of partheid)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anRbRBwtþnUvGMeBIGmnusSFm’cMeBaHmnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;.
2-GMeBIenHCaGMeBIEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúgmaRta7 kfaxN½ÐTI1 énc,ab;lkçniþk³ b¤CaGMeBImYyEdlman
critlkçN³RsedogKañnigGMeBINamYyénGMeBITaMgenaH .564
3-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuEdl)anbegáItcritlkçN³énGMeBIenaH.
4-\riyaénkarRbRBwtþRtUv)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgbribTénrbbmYy EdleFIVeGayman[karKabsgát; nigRtYt
RtaCalkçN³RbB½n§edayRkumCatisasn_mYy eTAelIRkúmCatisasn_epSgmYy b¤eRcInTotCalkçN³
sßab½n.
5-Cnéddl;manectnarkSaTuknUvrbbEbbenHeday\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaH.
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaH RtUv)anRbRBwtþCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤Ca
RbB½næsMedARbqaMgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil.
7-Cnéddl;)andwgfa \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHKWCaEpñkenAkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤Ca
RbB½n§sMedARbqaMgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil b¤manectnacg;[\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHeTACaEpñkkarvay
RbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤ CaRbB½n§sMedARbqaMgRbCaBlrdæsIuvil.

564
Cakaryl;faBakü {critlkçN³ (character)} KWsMedAeyageTAelIRbePT (nature) nigTMgn; (gravity)énGMeBI .

233
maRta 7-¬1¦¬d¦
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatiGMeBImnusSFm’d¾éTeTot
(Crime againsthumanity of other inhumane acts)
FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)anbgáeGaymankarrgTukçevTna b¤ rgrbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;rUbkay b¤ dl;suxPaBxagragkay
b¤bBaØasμartI edaykareRbImeFüa)ayénGMeBImnusSFm’NamYy.
2-GMeBIdUcenHKWCaGMeBIEdlmancritlkçN³RsedogKñanwgGMeBINamYyepSgeTot Edlmanerobrab;enA
kñúgmaRta7 kfaxN½ÐTI1 énc,ab;lkçniþk³enH .565
3- Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³GgÁehtu EdlbegáItnUvcritlkçN³énGMeBIenH.
4- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHRtUv)anRbRBwtþCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤Ca
RbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnigRbCaBlrdæsIuvil.
5- Cnéddl;)andwgfa \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHKWCaEpñkenAkñúgkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay
b¤CalkçN³RbB½n§sMedARbqaMgnigRbCaBlrdæsIuvil b¤manectnacg;[\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaH
eTACaEpñkénkarvayRbharCalkçN³TUlMTUlay b¤CaRbBn½æsMedARbqaMgnigRbBlrdæsIuvilenaH.

maRta 8
]Rkidækmμs®gÁam
(War crimes)

esckþIepþIm ³
FatupSMTaMgLaysMrab;bTelμIs]Rkidækmμs®gÁamenAkñúgmaRta8 kzax½NÐTI2¬K¦ nig ¬g¦RtUvkMrit
kMNt;tamtamxøwmsarEdl)anEcgenAkñúgénmaRta8 kzax½NÐTI2 ¬X¦ nig ¬c¦ EdlminEmnCaFatupSMén
bTelIμsRBhμTNÐeT .
565
Cakaryl;faBakü {critlkçN³ (character)} KWsMedAeyageTAelIRbePT (nature) nigTMgn; (gravity)énGMeBI .

234
 FatupSMTaMgLaysMrab;]Rkidækmμs®gÁamenAkñúgmaRta8 kzax½NÐTI2 énc,ab;lkçnþik³enHRtUv)anbk
RsayenAkñúgrgVg;Rkbx½NÐEdl)anbegáIteLIgedayc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICMelaHedayRbdab;GavuF tamkarcaM
)ac;RtUvrYmbBa©ÚlpgEdrnUvc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlGacykeTAGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHkrNI
CMelaHRbdab;GavuFenAtamsmuRT .
rIÉFatupSMBIrcugeRkaybg¥s; EdlmancuHenAkñúgbBa¢IsMrab;bTelμIsRBhμTNÐnImYy²enaHKW ³
• minmanesckþItMrUv[Cnéddl;RtUveFIVIkarvaytMélmYytamc,ab;enaHeT dUcCaGMBIGtißPaBénCMelaH

Rbdab;GavuF b¤GMBIcritlkçN³rbs;vafaetICalkçN³GnþrCati b¤minEmnGnþrCati .

• enAkñúgbribTenaH minmanesckþItMrUv[Cnéddl;RtÚvdwgGMBIGgÁehtuepSg²Edl)anbegáItnUvcrit

lkçN³énCMelaHCalkçN³GnþrCati b¤minEmnGnþrCatienaHeT .
• manesckþItMrUvEtmYybu:ueNaÑHKWRtUv[dwgEtGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuepSg² Edl)anbegáItnUv
GtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF Edlbgáb;n½yenAkñúgRbeyaK :)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTén
>>> nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynig>>>> : .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦¬I¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarsMlab;edayectna
(War Crime of wilful killing)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;sMlab;mnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; .566

2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHRtUv)ankarBaredayGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM1949 mYy b¤eRcIn .

3-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³EdlRtUvkarkarBarEdl)anbegáIt

566
Bakü :)ansMlab; : GaceRbIpøas;bþúÚrKña)anCamYynwgBakü :bNþaleGaysøab; :. eCIgTMB½renHGnuvtþcMeBaHRKb;FatupSMTaMgGs;
EdleRbITsSnTanNamYykñúgcMeNamTsSnTanTaMgenH .

235
 eLIgenaH.567 568
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .569
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBICMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegIáteLIgenaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦¬II¦-1
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareFIVTaruNkmμ
(War crime of torture)

FatupSM ³570
1-Cnéddl;bgáeGaymankarQWcab;y:agF¶n;F¶rdl;rUbragkay nigbBaØasμartI b¤eFIVeGayrgTukçevTna
dl;mnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;.

567
FatupSMxagbBaØasμartIenHTTYlsÁal;GMBIkarmanGanuPaBcMeBaHKñaeTAvijeTAmk rvagmaRta30 nig32 . eCIgTMB½renHk¾Gnuvtþ
pgEdrcMeBaHFatupSMEdlTak;TgKñaenAkñúgbTelμIsRBhμTNÐnImYy²kñúgmaRta8¬2¦¬k¦nigcMeBaHFatupSMenAkñúgbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ
epSg²eTotenAkñúgmaRta8¬2¦ sþIBIkardwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuEdl)anbegáItnUvzan³rbs;mnusS b¤RTBüsm,tþiEdlRtUv)an
karBaedayc,ab;GnþrCati sþIBICMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFEdlBak;B½n§.
568
cMeBaHsBa¢atiRtUv)anyl;fa Cnéddl;RtUvkardwgEtGMBIfaetICnrgeRKaHsßitenAkñúgPaKIxagsRtUvNamYyénCMelaHEtb:ueNÑaH .
eCIgTMB½renH GnuvtþpgEdrcMeBaHFatupSMEdlTak;TgKñaenAkñúgbTelμIsRBhμTNÐnImYy²enAkñúgmaRta8¬2¦¬k¦ .
569
Baküfa { CMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCati } rYmbBa©ÚlnUvkardak;T½BeGaykan;kab;;(military occupation). eCIgTMBr½enHGnuvtþpg
EdrcMeBaHFatupSMEdlTak;TgKñaenAkñúgbTelμIsRBhμTNÐnImYy²enAkñúgmaRta8 ¬2¦¬k¦.
570
edayELkFatupSMTI3tMrUv[CnrgeRKaHTaMgGs;RtUvEtCa{mnusSEdlRtUvkarBar}edayGnusBaØaRkughSWENvqñaM1949 NamYy
b¤eRcIn FatupSMTaMgenHminrab;bBa©ÚlnUvesckþItMrUveGaymankardak;kñúgmnÞIrXMuXaMgb¤karRtYtRtaEdl)aneXIjkñúgFatupSMén
maRta7¬1¦¬g¦enaHeT.

236
 2-Cnéddl;bgáeGaymankarQWcab; b¤rgTukçevTnaedIm,IeKalbMNgepSg²dUcCa³ -dIm,I[)anTTYlnUv
Bt’man b¤nUvcMelIysarPaB nUvkardak;TNÐkmμ karsMLútbMP½y b¤bgçitbgçM b¤edaymUlehtuNa
mYyEp¥kelImUldæankarRbkan;erIseGIgtamEbbNamYy.
3-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHRtUv)ankarBaredayGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM1949 mYy b¤eRcIn .
4- Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³RtUv)anTTYlkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.
5-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
6-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦ ¬II)-2

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedayRbRBwtþkmμmnusSFm’ ’
(War crime of inhumane treatment)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;bgáeGaymankarQWcab;y:agF¶n;F¶rdl;rUbragkay nig bBaØasμartI b¤ eFIVeGayrgTukçevTna
dl;mnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;.
2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHRtUv)ankarBaredayGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM1949 mYy b¤eRcIn .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénzan³EdlRtUvTTYlkarkarBarEdl
)anbegáIteLIgenaH.
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCemaøHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.

237
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦¬II¦-3
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedayeFVIkarsakBiesaFn¾EpñkCIvsa®sþ
(War crime of biological experiments)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anykmnusSmñak;b¤ eRcInnak;edIm,IeFVIkarsakBiesaFn¾EpñkCIvsa®sþedayELkNamYy.
2-karsakBiesaFn¾enHeFVIeGaymaneRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rcMeBaHsuxPaBxagragkay b¤bBaØasμartI b¤bUrN
PaBénmnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH.
3-ectnaénkarsakBiesaFn¾enHKWminEmnCaviFIBüa)aleraKeT ehIyk¾min)aneFIVeGayRtwmRtUvtam
mUlehtuxagevC¢saRsþ b¤ k¾eFIVeLIgminEmnedIm,IplRbeyaCn¾rbs;;mnusSenaHb¤ TaMgenaHEdr.
4-mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaHRtUv)ankarBaredayGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM1949 mYyb¤eRcIn .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuu GMBIzan³EdlRtUv)anTTYlkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgkñgú bribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)anrYm
bBa©ÚlCamYy nigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
7-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGMBIGtßPi aBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF Edl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦¬III¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarbgár[mankarrgTukçevTnad¾FMeFgedayectna
(War crime of wilfully causing great suffering)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anbgáeGaymankarQWcab;FMeFgxagragkay nigbBaØasμartI b¤karrgTukçevTna b¤rbYs
F¶n;F¶rdl;ragkay b¤suxPaBrbs;mnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;.
2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHRtUv)ankarBar edayGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM 1949 mYy b¤eRcIn .
238
 3-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³RtUvTTYlkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³éngGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlRtUv)anbegáIt
eLIgenaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦(IV)
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarbMpøaj nig kardkhUtykRTBüsm,tiþ (War crime of destruction and
appropriation of property)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneFIVkarbMpøaj nigdkhUtykRTBüsm,tþimYycMnYn.
2-karbMpøaj b¤ dkhUtykenaHeFIVeLIgedayminRtwmRtUvtamkarcaM)ac;xageyaFaeT .
3-karbMpøaj b¤ dkhUtenaHmanlkçN³FMeFg nigGnuvtþedayKμankarRtaRbNI .
4-RTBüsm,tþienaHRtUv)ankarBaredayGnusBaØaRkugTIhSWENvqñaM1949 mYy b¤ eRcIn .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³EdlRtUvTTYlkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
7-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBiIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlRtUv)anbegIáteLIg
enaH.

maRta ¬2¦¬k¦¬V¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarbgçitbgçMeGayeTAbMerIenAkñúgkgkMlaMgxagsRtUv
(War crime of compelling service in hostile forces)

239
FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anbgiçtbgçMmnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;edayGMeBI b¤karKMramkMEhgeGayeTAcUlrYmkñúgkic©
RbtibtþikareyaFananaRbqaMgnigRbeTsrbs;mnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaH b¤mYy[cUleTAbMerIenAkñúgkgT½B
énkMlaMgxagsRtUv .
2-mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaHRtUv)ankarBaredayGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqña M1949 mYy b¤ eRcIn .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³EdlRtUv)anTTYlkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦¬VI¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarbdiesFmineFIVkarkarCMunMuCRmHkþIedayyutþiFm’
(War crime of denying a fair trial)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andkhUtnUvsiTækñúgkarTTYlkarCMnMuCRmHkIþRbkbedayyutþiFm’nigRbRktI edaybdiesFnUv
karFanara:b;rgxagpøÚvc,ab;dUcmanEcgCaBiessenAkñúgGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM 1949 .
2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHRtUv)ankarBaredayGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM 1949 mYyb¤eRcIn .
3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGMBIzan³RtUv)anTTYlkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

240
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦¬VII¦-1
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarnireTs nigepÞrbBa¢Únedayxusc,ab;
(War crime of unlawful deportation and transfer)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)annireTs nigepÞrbBa¢ÚnmnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;eTAkan;rdæ b¤eTAkan;TItaMgNamYYyepSg
eTot .
2- mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaHRtUv)ankaBaredayGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqña M1949 mYy b¤ eRcIn .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³RtUvTTYlkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimUYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlRtUv)anekIteLIg
enaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦¬VII¦-2
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykardak;bgçaMgedayxusc,ab;
(War crime of unlawful Confinement)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)andak;bgçaMg b¤ bnþdak;bgçaMgmnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;enAkñúgTItaMgNamYy .
2- mnusSenaH b¤ CnTaMgenaHRtUv)ankarkaBaredayGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqñaM1949 mYy b¤ eRcIn .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³RtUvTTYlkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.

241
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦¬VIII¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarcab;ykeFVICacMNab;xμaMg
(War crime of taking hostages)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anrwbGUs XuMxøÜn b¤ müa:geTotcab;eTAeFVICacMNab;xμaMgnUvmnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; .
2-Cnéddl;)anKMramfanwgsMlab; eFIV[rbYs b¤ bnþXuMxøÜnmnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaH .
3-Cnéddl;manectnacg;bgçitbgçM[rdæ b¤ GgÁkarGnþrCati b¤ rUbvnþbuKÁl b¤ nItibuKÁl b¤ RkummnusSNa
mYy[eFVIskmμPaBb¤ [Qb;ElgeFVIskmμPaB edIm,IeFVICalkçx½NÐc,as;las; b¤Calkçx½NÐbgáb;n½y
sMrab;eFIVCafñÚrnigsuvtßiPaB b¤ karedaHElgmnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaH .
4-mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaHRtUv)ankarBaredayGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvqña M1949 mYy b¤eRcIn .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³RtUv)anTTYlkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
7-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬I¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIRbCaBlrdæsuIvil
(War crime of attacking civilians)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andwknaMkarvayRbharenaH .

242
 2-kmμvtßúénkarvayRbhar KWCaRbCaBlrdæNamYydUcenaH b¤ CaCnsuIvilCabuKÁlTaMgLayEdlmin)an
cUlrYmedaypÞal;CaEpñkenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaB .
3-Cnéddl;manectnacg;ykRbCaBlrdæenaH b¤CnsuIvilCabuKÁlEdlmin)ancUlrYmedaypÞal;Ca
EpñkenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaBTMagenaHedIm,IeFVICakmμvtßúénkarvayRbhar .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYm
bBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBGI tßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegIáteLIg
enaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬II¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIvtßúsuIvil
(War crime of attacking civilian objects)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andwknaMkarvayRbhar.
2-kmμvtßúénkarvayRbhar KWvtßúsIuvilnana EdlCavtßúEdlminEmnCaeKaledAeyaFaeT.
3-Cnéddl;)anmanectnacg;ykvtßúsIuvildUcenH eFIVCakmμvtßuénkarvayRbhar .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH.
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgnaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬III¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIbuKÁlik b¤sMParHvtßúEdlcUlrYmkñúgkarpþl;CMnYyxagmnusS
Fm’ b¤ebskkmμrkSasnþiPaB
(War crime of attacking personnel or objects involved in a humanitarian assistance or
peace keeping mission)

243
FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andwknaMkarvayRbhar.
2-kmμvtßúénkarvayRbharKW {buKÁlik kEnøgtaMgtemIøgRKOg]bkrN_ sMPar³ GgÁPaB b¤yanynþ
EdlcUlrYmkñúgkarpþl;CMnYymnusSFm’ b¤kñúgebskkmμrkSasnþiPaBRsbtamFmμnuBaØrbs;GgÁkarsh
RbCaCati .
3-Cnéddl;manectnacg;ykbuKÁlik kEnøgtaMgtemøIgeRKOg]bkrN_ sMPar³ GgÁPaB b¤yanynþ
EdlcUlrYmkñúgenaH edIm,IeFVICakmμvtßúénkarvayRbhar .
4-buKÁlik kEnøgtaMgtemøIgeRKOg]bkrN_ sMPar³ GgÁPaB b¤yanynþTaMgenaH mansiTi§edIm,Ipþl;kar
karBardl;CnsIuvil b¤smÖar³vtßúsuIvilnana Gnuelamtamc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³xagGgÁehtu énkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH.
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬IV¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedayeFIV[man]b,tþiehtusøab; rbYs b¤ xUcxateRcInelIslb;
(War crime of excessive incidental death, injury,or damages)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andwknaMkarvayRbhar .
2-karvayRbharenaH KWCakarvayRbharEdlmuxCabNþal[man]b,tþiehtusøab; rbYsdl;CnsIuvil
b¤xUcxatdl;smÖar³vtßúsIuvil b¤manlkçN³TUlMTUlaykñúgy³eBlyUrGEgVg nigxUcxatF¶nF¶rdl;
brisßanFmμCati ehIyEdlkarsøab; rbYs b¤xUcxatenaHGacnwgQandl;kMritmYyEdleRcInhYs

244
 RbmaNy:agc,as;RkELt Tak;TgeTAnwgGtßRbeyaCn¾Cak;EsþgnigedaypÞal;CarYmrbs;xageyaFa
Edl)anrMBwgTuk .571
3-Cnéddl;)andwgfakarvayRbharenaHmuxCanwgeFIV[man]b,tþiehtuénkarsøab; b¤rgrbYsdl;Cn
sIuvil b¤xUcxatdl;smÖar³ vtßúsIuvil b¤manlkçN³TUlMTUlaykñúgry³eBlyUrGEgVg nigxUcxatF¶n;
F¶rdl;brisßan ehIyEdlkarsøab; rbYs b¤xUcxatenaHGacnwgQandl;kMritmYyd¾eRcInhYsRbmaN
ya:gc,as;;RkELtTak;TgeTAnwgGtßRbeyaCn_Cak;Esþg nigedaypÞal;CarYmrbs;xageyaFaEdl)an
rMBwgTuk .572
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþienH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCati nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.

571
RbeyaK { GtßRbeyaCn_Cak;Esþg nigedaypÞalCarYmrbs;xageyaFa } sMedAcMeBaHGtßRbeyaCn_xageyaFaEdlGac)a:n;sμan
TukCamunedayCnéddl;enAkñúgeBlevlaNamYyEdlBak;B½n§. GtßRbeyaCn_enHGacminTak;Tg b¤Tak;TgGMBIeBlevla b¤PUmisaRsþ
CamYykmμvtßúénkarvayRbhareT. RbkarEdlTTYlyl;RBmfabTelμIsRBhμTNÐenaHGacnwgeFIV[man]b,tiþehtuénkarrgrbYs nig
xUcxatRsbKñaenaH minGacCYyEktRmÚvtamviFINamYycMeBaHkarrMelaPbMBanelIc,ab;EdlkMBugEtGnuvtþ sIþBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF[
eTACaRsbc,ab;)aneT. c,ab;min)anelIk eLIgGMBIkarEktRmÚv[s®gÁameTACaRsbc,ab; b¤min)anEcgGMBIviFanepSg²Tak;Tg nig
c,ab;s®gÁam(jus ad bellum) enaHEdr . enHCakar rMelceGayXIjGMBIsmamaRténesckþItRmUvEdlmanCab;mkCamYy enAkñúgkar
kMNt;GMBIkitüanukUlPaBénskmμPaBeyaFaNamYyEdleFIVeLIgkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF .
572
pÞúyeTAnigviFanTUeTAdUcEcgkñúgkfaxN½ÐTI4énesckþIepþImTUeTA FatupSMGMBIkardwgtMrUveGayCnéddl;eFVIkarvinicä½ytMéldUcerob
rab;enAkñúgenaH . karsniñdæanvaytMélGMBIkarvinicä½ytMél KWRtÚvEpäkelImUldæanBt’manEdltRmUv[mansMrab;Cnéddl;enAkñúgeBl
enaH .

245
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬V¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedayvayRbharTIkEnøgTaMgLayEdlminmankarkaBar573
(War crime of attacking undefended places)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneFIVkarvayRbharelITIRkug PUmi lMenAdæan b¤ GaKarmYy b¤ eRcIn.
2-TIRkug PUmi lMenAdæan b¤GaKarTaMgenaHRtUv)anebIkeGaycUlkan;kab;edayRsYledayKμankarTb;Tl;
eT.
3-TIRkug PUmi lMenAdæan b¤ GaKarTaMgenaH min)anbegáIt[eTACaeKaledAeyaFa.
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþi)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬VI¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarsMlab; b¤ eFIVeGayrbYsdl;yuT§CnEdlRbyuTæElgekItteTAeTot
(War crime of killing or wounding a person hors de combat)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)ansMlab; b¤ eFIVeGayrbYsdl;mnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;.
2-mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaHCamnusSEdlRbyuTæElgekItteTAeTot .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³xagGgÁehtuénzan³¬RbyuTæElgekIt¦ Edl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekIteLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)anrYm
bBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
573
vtþmanenAnigkEnøgénmnusSEdlRtÚvTTYlkarkarBarCaBiesseRkamGnusBaØaTIRkúgehSENvqañM1949 b¤énkgkmaMøgnKr)al
EdlRtUv)annrkSaTukKWedIm,IeKalbMNgEtmYyKt; KWrkSakarBarc,ab;nigsNþab;Fñab; dUcenHminRtuUv[TItMagenHkøayedayÉkÉgeTA
CaeKaledAeyaFaenaHeT.

246
 5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬VII¦-1
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbITg;p¥aks®gÁamedayminRtwmRtUv
(War crime of improper use of a flag of truce)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneRbITg;p¥aks®gÁam .
2-Cnéddl;)an[eRbIR)as;Tg;enH edIm,IeFVIhak;dUcCamanectnacg;eGaymankarcrcar b:uEnþtamBit
xagCnéddl;minmanectnacg;eFIVkarcrcarenaHeT .
3-Cnéddl;)andwg b¤ manmUlehtuKYrEtdwgGMBkI arhamXat; mineGayeRbIR)as;EbbdUcenHeT .574
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHCalT§pl KWbNþaleGaymankarsøab; b¤ rbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;mnusS .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgfa \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHGacnwghuclT§pleGaymankarsøab; b¤rbYsF¶n;F¶r
dl;mnusSEdr .
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nig)anrYm
bBa¢ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
7-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

574
FatupSMxagbBaØasμartI)anTTYlsÁal;GMBIkarmanGanuPaBelIKñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagmaRta30 nig maRta32 . Bakü { RbePT
EdlRtUv)anhamXat; (Prohibited nature)KWCakarbBa¢ak;R)ab;BIPaBminRsbc,ab;.

247
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬VII¦-2
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbITg; pøaksBaØasMKal; b¤ÉksNæanrbs;PaKIxagsRtUvedayminRtwmRtUv
(War crime of improper use of a flag, insignia or uniform ot the hostile party)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneRbITg; pøaksBaØasMKal; b¤ ÉksNæanrbs;PaKIxagsRtUv .
2-Cnéddl;)aneGayeRbIR)as;EbbduUenH tamrebobmYyEdlc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF)an
hamXat;enAkñúgeBlCab;édRbyuT§Kañ .
3-Cnéddl;)andwg b¤KYrEtdwgGMBIRbePTénkareRbIR)as; EdlRtUv)anhamXat;enH .575
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHCalT§plKWbNþaleGaymankarsøab; b¤ rbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;mnusS .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgfa \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHGacnwghuclT§pledaymankarsøab; b¤rbYsF¶n;F¶r
dl;mnusS .
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñuúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa¢ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH.
7-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬VII¦-3
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;Tg; pøaksBaØasMKal; b¤ÉksNæanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati
edayminRtwmRtUv (War crime of improper use of a flag, insignia, or uniform of the United
Nations)

575
FatupSMxagbBaØasμartI)anTTYlsÁal;GMBIkarmanGanuPaBelIKñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagmaRta30 nig maRta32 . Bakü { RbePT
EdlRtUv)anhamXat; (Prohibited nature)KWCakarbBa¢ak;R)ab;BIPaBminRsbc,ab;.

248
FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneRbIR)as;Tg; pøaksBaØasMKal; b¤ ÉksNæanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati.
2-Cnéddl;;)an[eRbIR)as;EbbenHeTAtamebobmYy Edlc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF)an
hamXat;.
3- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIRbePTénkareRbIR)as;EdlRtUv)anhamXat;enH .576
4- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHCalTæplKW)anbNþaleGaymankarsøab; b¤ rbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;mnusS.
5- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBI\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH EdlGacnighuclTæpleGaymankarsøab; b¤rbYs
F¶n;F¶rdl;mnusS.
6- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigrYm
bBa¢ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH.
7- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;edayGavuFenaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬VII¦-4
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvnUvnimμitþsBaØaedayELkrbs;GnusBØaaTIRkughSWENv
(War crime of improper use of the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneRbIR)as;nYvnimμitsBaØaedayELkrbs;GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv.
2-Cnéddl;)an[eRbIR)as;EbbenHedIm,IeKalbMNgRbyuT§577 tamEbbmYyEdlc,ab;GnþrCatisIþBI
CemøaHRbdab;GavuF)anhamXat;.
576
FatupSMxagbBaØasμartIenH)anTTYlsÁal;GMBIkarmanGanuPaBelIKñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagmaRta 30 nig maRta32 . Bakü {KYrEt
)andwg(should have known) : EdltRmUvenAkñúgbTelμIsd¾éTeTotenaH EdlsMrab;CakareFIVetsþsakl,gemIl EdleXIjmanenAkñúg
maRta8¬2¦¬x¦(VII)minGacGnuvtþenATIenH)aneT eRBaHedaysarEtRbePTrbs;karhamXat;Bak;B½n§EdlmanPaBGacERbRbÚl)an
nig PaBenAnwgrbs;va .
577
Bakü : sMrab;eKalbMNgRbyuT§ : (combatant purposes) enAkñúgkal³eTs³TMagenH mann½yfa eKalbMNgepSg²Tak;TgeTAnig
GMeBIGriPaB ehIyminrab;bB©ÚalnUvskmμPaBxageBTü xagsasna b¤skmμPaB RsedogKñaenaHeT.

249
 3-Cnéddl;)andwgb¤KYrEt)andwgGMBIRbePTénkareRbIR)as;EdlRtUv)anhamXat;enH .578
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHCalTæplKW )anbNþaleGaymankarsøab; b¤ rbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;mnusS.
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBI\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHEdlGacnighuclTæpleGaymankarsøab; b¤rbYsF¶n;
F¶rdl;mnusS.
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigrYmbBa¢Úl
CamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH.
7-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFenH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬VIII¦
karepÞrbBa¢ÚnedaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyal edayGMNacEdlmkkan;kab;nUvEpñkénRbCaBlrdærbs;
xøÜn[cUlmkkñúgTwkdIEdlxøÜnkan;kab; b¤karnireTs b¤epÞrbBa¢ÚnRbCaBlrdæmYyEpñk b¤TaMgGs;én
TwkdIEdlxøÜnkan;kab;enAxagkñúg b¤[ecjeTAeRkATwkdIenH
(The tranfer, directly or indirectly, by the Occupying Power of parts of its own civilian
population into the territory it occupies, or the deportation, transfer of all or parts of the
population of the occupied territory within or outside this territory)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)an ³
¬k¦-epÞrbBa¢Ún579 edaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyalnUvEpñkénRbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜn[cUleTAkñúgTwkdIEdl
xøÜnkan;kab; . b¤
¬x¦-nireTs b¤epÞrbBa¢ÚnRbCaBlrdæénTwkdIEdlxøÜnkan;kab;mYyEpñk b¤TaMgGs;enAkñúgrgVg;TwkdI
b¤[ecjeTAeRkATwkdIenaH.

578
FatupSM xagbBØaasμartIenH )anTTYlsaál;karmanGanuPaBelIKñaeTAvijeTAmk rvagmaRta 30 nig maRta 32 .
Baküfa : RbePTEdlRtUv)anhamXat; : KWCakarbB¢aak;R)ab;BIPaBxusc,ab; .
579
BaküepÞrbBa¢Ún ¬Transfer¦caM)ac;RtUveFVIkarbkRsayRsbtambBaØtþiEdlBak;B½n§énc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati .

250
 2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬IX¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIvtßúEdlRtUv)ankarBar580
(War crime of attacking protected objects)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andwknaMkarvayRbhar .
2-kmμvtßúénkarvayRbharKW GaKarmYyb¤eRcInEdl]TæiscMeBaHsasna karGb;rM sil,³ viTüasaRsþ
b¤edIm,IeKalbMNgxagsb,úrsFm’ vimanRbvtþisaRsþ mnÞIreBTü kEnøgnanaEdlmanGñkCMgW b¤Gñkrg
rbYsRtÚv)anykmkRbmUlpþúM EdlminEmnCaeKaledAeyaFaenaHeT .
3-Cnéddl;)anmanectnacg;ykGKarmYYyb¤eRcInEdl]TÞiscMeBaHsasna karGb;rM sil,³ viTüasaRsþ
b¤edIm,IeKalbMNgxagsb,úrsFm’ vimanRbvtþisaRsþ mnÞIreBTü kEnøgnanaEdlGñkCMgW b¤GñkrgrbYs
)anRbmUlpMþúEdlminEmnCaeKaledAeyaFa edIm,IykeFVICakmμvtßúénkarvayRbhareT.
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribT énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

580
vtþmanenAkñúgTItaMgénmnusSEdlRtUv)anTTYlkarkarBarCaBiesseRkamGnusBaØaRkugehSENvqñaM1949 b¤ vtþmanénkMlaMg
nKr)alEdlrkSaTukKWedIm,I;eKalbMNgEtmYyKt; KWrkSakarBarc,ab;nigsNþab;Fñab ;minRtUvbeNaþy[TItaMgenaHkaøy edayxøÜn
ÉgeTACaeKaledAeyaFaenaHeT .

251
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬X¦-1
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareFVIkayviklkmμ
(War crime of mutilation)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)antMrUveGayykmnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;eTAeFVIkayviklkmμ CaBiessedaykareFVIeGayxUc
RTg;RTayrbs;mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHCaGcié®nþy_ b¤edayeFVIeGayBikarCaGcié®nþy_b¤edaykaryk
srIragÁNamYyecj b¤dak;bEnßmnUvsrIragÁNamYy .
2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anbgáeGaymankarsøab; b¤eRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rdl;suxPaBxagragkay nig
bBaØasμartIénmnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH .
3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHminmankarbBa¢ak;RtwmRtUvBIEpñkevC¢sa®sþ TnþeBTü b¤ mnÞIreBTüBüa)al
rbs;mnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaHEdlCasamuIxøÜneT ehIyk¾min)anGnuvtþedIm,ICaplRbeyaCn_rbs;mnusS
enaH b¤TaMgenaHEdr .581
4-mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaHsßitenAeRkamGMNacénPaKIxagsRtUvNamYy .
5-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribT énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
6-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlbegáIteLIgenaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬X¦-2
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarsakBiesaFn_xagevC¢sa®sþ b¤ viTüasa®sþ
(War crime of medical or scientific experiments)

581
karyl;RBm minGacykCasMGagedIm,IkarBarxøÜn)aneTcMeBaHbTelIμsenH. bTelIμsenHhamXat;cMeBaHnItiviFIxagevC¢saRsþ
NamYyEdlmin)anbB¢aak;BIsaßnPaBsuxPaBrbs;CnCasamuI ehIyEdlminRsbtambTdæanevC¢saRsþ EdlmankarTTYlyl;RBm
CaTUeTA. karhamXat;enHKYrEt)anykmkGnuvtþenAkñúgkal³eTs³dUcKñanigcMeBaHCatisasn_ rbs;PaKIEdldwknaMGnuvtþnitiviFIehIy
EdleKmineFIVkardkhUtesrIPaB eTaHCatamviFINak¾eday. eCIgTMB½renHk¾GnuvtþpgEdrcMeBaHFatupSMdUcKñasMrab;maRta8¬2¦¬x¦
¬X¦-2.

252
FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)antMrUveGayykmnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;eTAeFVIkarsakBiesaFn_xagevC¢sa®sþ b¤ viTüa
sa®sþ .
2-karsakBiesaFn_enaH)anbNþaleGaymankarsøab; b¤ eRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rdl;suxPaBxagragkay
nigbBaØasμartI b¤ bUrNPaBrbs;mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaH .
3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHmin)anbBa¢ak;eGay)anRtwmRtUvBIEpñkevC¢sa®sþ Tnþsa®sþ b¤BImnÞIreBTü
EdlBüa)almnusSCasamuIxøÜnenaHb¤TaMgenaHeT b¤k¾min)anGnuvtþn_edIm,ICaplRbeyaCn_rbs;mnusS
enaH b¤TaMgnaHEdr .
4-mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaHsßitenAeRkamGMNacrbs;PaKIxagsRtUvNamYy .
5-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCati nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlKñaCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
6-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬XI¦
]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykarsMlab; b¤ eFVIeGayrbYsedayKMnitk,t;
(War crime of treacherously killing or wounding)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)anGeBa¢IjmnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;eGaymksMEdgesckIþTukcitþ b¤ CMenOfaBYk
eKRtUvEtmansiT§i)anTTYlkarkarBar. b¤k¾RtUvbgçMeGay[mksMEdgkaryl;RBmTTYlkarkarBar
edayviFanénc,ab;GnþrCatiEdlkMBugGnuvtþkñúgeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF .
2- Cnéddl;)anmanectnak,t;cMeBaHesckþITukcitþ b¤ CMenOenaH .
3- Cnéddl;)ansMlab; b¤ eFVIeGayrbYsdl;mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaH .

253
 4- Cnéddl;)an[eRbIR)as;esckþITukcitþ b¤ CMenOenaH edayeFIVkarsMlab; b¤eFVIeGayrbYsdl;mnusS
enaH b¤ TaMgenaH .
5- mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaHsßitenAxagPaKIsRtUvNamYy .
6- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCati nig)anrYm
bBa©ÚlKñaCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
7- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XII¦

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarbdiesFn_mineGaysñak;enA
(War crime of denying quarter)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)anRbkas b¤ bBa¢afa minmanGñkenArs;eT .
2- karRbkas b¤ bBa¢aenaHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IKMramxagsRtUvNamYy b¤edIm,IbegáItGriPaB edayEp¥k
elImUldæanfa KμanGñkenArs;eT .
3- Cnéddl;enaH)ansßitenAkñúgmuxdMENgmYyEdlGaceGaybBa¢a b¤ RtUtBinitü)any:agmanRbsiT§i
PaBeTAelIkgkMlaMgeRkambgÁab;EdlxøÜn)andwknaMkarRbkas b¤ bBa¢aenaH .
4- \riyaénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©Úl
CamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBiIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

254
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XIII¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarbMpøaj b¤ rwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþirbs;sRtUv
(Warcrime of destroying or seizing the enemy property)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)anbMpøaj b¤rwbGUsRTBüsm,tþimYycMnYn .
2- RTBüsm,tþienaHCakmμsiTi§rbs;PaKICaKUrsRtUv .
3- RTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHRtUv)ankarBaredayc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF mineGayeFIVkarbMpøaj
b¤rwbGUsykEbbenaHeT .
4- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu Edl)anbegáItGMBIzan³EdlRtUvTTYlkarBarénRTBü
sm,tiþTaMgenaH .
5- karbMpøaj b¤rwbGUsenaHminmanlkçN³RtwmRtUvtamkarcaM)ac;xageyaFaeT .
6- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
7- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFEdl)anegáIteLIg
enaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦¬XIV¦

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykardkhUtsiT§i b¤skmμPaBepSg²BICatisasn_énPaKIxagsRtUv
(War crime of depriving the nationals of the hostile power of rights or actions)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)an[eFVIkarlubecal p¥ak b¤bBaÄb;nUvsiT§i kñúgkarGnuBaaØtyl;RBm[cUleTArktulakar
xagc,ab; (court of law) b¤skmμPaBxøH².
2- karlubecal karp¥ak b¤bBaÄb;enaH KWeFVIsMedAelICatisasn_rbs;PaKIxagsRtUv .

255
 3- Cnéddl;)anmanectnacg;[eFVIkarlubecal karp¥ak b¤bBaÄb;enaH edaysMedAeTAelICatisasn_
rbs;PaKIxagsRtUv .
4- \riyaénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)anrYm
bBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5- Cnéddl;)andwgGMMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBiIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ ¬XV¦

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarbgçMeGaycUlrYmenAkñúgRbtibtþikareyaFanana
(War crime of compelling participation in military operations)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)anbgiçtbgçMmnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;edayGMeBI b¤karKMramkMEhg eGaycUlrYmenAkñúgkic©
RbtibtþikareyaFanana edayRbqaMgnwgRbeTs b¤kgkMlaMgrbs;eK b¤BYkeK .
2- mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH KWCaCatisasn_rbs;PaKIxagsRtUv .
3- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
4- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XVI¦

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarlYcbøn;; ;
(War crime of pillaging)
FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)andkykhUtnUvRTBüsm,tþimYycMnYn .

256
 2- Cnéddl;)anmanectnacg;dkhUtRTBüsm,tþiBIm©as;kmμsiT§i ehIycg;dkhUtykRTBüsm,tþienH
eTAeRbIR)as;CaÉkCn b¤pÞal;xøÜn .582
3- kardkhUtenHeFVIeLIgedayKμankaryl;RBmBIm©as;kmμsiT§ieT .
4- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XVII¦

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbICatiBul b¤GavuFmanCatiBul
(War crime of employing poison or poisoned weapons)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)aneRbIR)as;nUvsarFatu b¤GavuFNamYyEdlmanbeBa©jsarFatuGIVmYyeTot edaysarEt
lT§plénkareRbIsarFatu b¤GavuFenaH .
2- sarFatuenaHKWCasarFatuEdlbNþaleGaymankarsøab; b¤xUcxatF¶n;F¶rdl;suxPaBenAkñúgeBl
dMeNIrkarRbRBWtþeTACaFmμtaénRBwtþikarN_ edaysarEtkarecjCatiBulrbs;sarFatuenaH .
3- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)anrYm
bBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
4- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

582
dUc)ancg¥úlR)ab;edaykareRbIBakü {eRbIR)as;CaÉkCn b¤CabuKÁlpÞal;xøÜn (Private or personal use) kardkhUtyk EdleFVI
RtwmRtUvEp¥ktammUlehtucaM)ac;xageyaFaenaH minGacbegáIteTACabTelIμslYcbøn;)aneT.

257
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦¬XVIII¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;]s½μn vtßúFaturav smÖar³ b¤ eRKÓg]bkrN_ Edlmankar
hamXat;
(War crime of employing prohibited gases, liquids, materials or devices)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneRbIR)as;]sμ½n b¤sarFatud¾éTRsedogKañ b¤eRKÓg]bkrN_GIVmYy .
2- ]sμ½n b¤sarFatu b¤eRKÓg]bkrN_enaHKWCasarFatuEdlbgár[søab; b¤xUcxatF¶n;F¶r dl;suxPaB
enAkñuúgeBldMeNIrkarFmμtaénRBwtþkarN_ edaysarEtkarbeBa©jnYvCatiEdleFIV[fb;degIðm b¤ CatiBul
rbs;va .583
2- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtenHþ)aneFIVeLIgenAkñúgbribTénCemøaHRbdab;GnþrCatimYy nigRtÚv)anrYm
bB©ÚalCamYynigCemøaHRbdab;GnþrCatienaH.
3- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁeht GMMBIGtßiPaBénCemøaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XIX¦

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;RKab;kaMePIøgEdlmankarhamXat;
(War crime of employing prohibited bullets)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneRbIR)as;nUvRKab;kaMePIøgmYycMnYn .
2-RKab;kMaePIøgTaMgenaH KWCaRKab;EdlebIeRbIva nWgeTACakarrMelaPelIc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICemøaHRbdab;
GavuF edaysarEtRKab;enaHvaGacrIkFM b¤sMEb:t)anedaygayenAkñúgxøÜnmnusS .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgfa RbePTrbs;RKab;TaMgenHKWCaRKab;EdleRbIeTARbsiT§iPaBrbs;vanigeFVIeGaykan;
583
enAkñúgFatupSMenHKμanGIVRtUvykeTAbkRsayfa CakarkMrwtRBMEdn b¤ eFVi[xUcEbbNamYydl;viFanc,ab;GnþrCatiEdlmanRsab;
b¤EdlkMBugGPivD,n_enaHeT cMeBaHkarGPIvD,n_ karplit karrkSaTuk nigeRbIR)as;nUvGavuFKImI.

258
 EteFIV[rgTukçevTna b¤ rbUsF¶n;F¶reday\tRbeyaCn_ .
4- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)anrYm
bBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XX)

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbIGavuF RKab;kaMePøIgepøag b¤ sMPar³ b¤ viFIsa®sþéns®gÁam
dUcmancuHkñúgbBa¢IenAkñúg]bsm<½n§énc,ab;lkçnþik³enH
(War crime of employing weapons, projectiles, or masterials or method of warfare listed in
the Annex to the Statute)

FatupSM ³
¬FatupSMTaMgenH nwgRtUvRBageLIgbnÞab;BIGavuF RKab;kaMePøIgepøag b¤sMPar³ b¤viFIsaRsþénsRgÁamRtUv
)andak;bBa©ÚlCa]bsm<½n§énc,ab;lkçnþik³enH .

maRta8¬2¦¬x¦¬XXI¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarRbRBwtþGMeBIeXareXAcMeBaHesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS
(War crime of outrages upon personal dignity)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)aneFIVeGayGama:s;mux bnÞabbenßak b¤müa:geTotbMBanelIesckþIéføfñÚr rbs;nusSmñak; b¤
eRcInnak; .584
584
cMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenH Baküfa {mnusS ¬Person)} Gacrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgmnusSsøab;pg. RtUv)anyl;fa CnrgeRKaHmincaM
)acRtUvdwgedayxøÜnÉgpÞal;GMBIGtßiPaBénkareFIVeGayGam:as;mux b¤bnÞabbenßak b¤karrMelaPbMBand¾éTeTotenaHeT . FatupSMenH
ykcitþTukdak;GMBITidæPaBBak;B½n§eTAnwgsavtaxagvb,Fm’rbs;CnrgeRKaH .

259
 2- PaBF¶n;F¶r énGMeBIeFVIeGayGam:as; karbnÞabbenßak b¤karrMelaPbMBanepSgeTot )anQandl;kMrit
mYyEdlRtUv)aneKTTUlsÁal;CaTUeTAfa KWCaGMeBIeXareXAmYycMeBaHesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS .
3- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtÚv
)anrYmbB©ÚalCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
4- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ ¬XXII¦-1

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³
(War crime of rape)

FatupSM ³
1- )anQøanBan585 (Invaded) elIrUbragkayénmnusSNamñak; eday\riyabTénkar RbRBwtþmYyEdl
CalT§plKW mankars‘kbBa©Úl¬b:uEnþEtbnþiceT¦eTAkñúgEpñkNamYyénragkayrbs;CnrgeRKaH b¤
rbs;Cnéddl;nUvsrIragÁNamYysMrab;pøÚvePT b¤eTAkñúgvc©mKÁ b¤rn§ePTrbs;CnrgeRKaH edayvtßúGVIM
mYy b¤edayEpñkNamYyepSgeToténragkay .
2- karQøanBanenaH)anRbRBwtþeFVIedaykMlaMg b¤edaykarKMramfanwgeRbIkMlaMg b¤edaykarbgçitbgMçM
dUcCa GMeBIEdleFVIeGaymankarP½yxøacmankareRbIGMeBIhwgSa karbgçitbgçM karXMuxøÜn karKabsgát;
EpñkcitþsaRsþ b¤karrMelaPedayGMNacRbqaMgnwgmnusSenaH b¤mnusSepSgeTot b¤ edaykareqøot
»kasTajykRbeyaCn_BIbriyakasCuMvijEdlmankarbgçitbgçM b¤edayRbRBwtþGMeBIQøanBanenaH
cMeBaHmnusSEdlGsmtßPaBminGacpþl;karyl;RBmEdlBitR)akd)an .586
585
TsSnTanénBakü {QøanBan (Invasion)}manbMNgcg;eGayTUlMTUlaybnþic edIm,IeGayePTenACaGBüaRkwtü(gender-neutral).
586
RtUv)anyl;fa mnusSNamñak;GacGsmtßPaBkñúgkarpþl;karyl;RBmedayBitR)akd ebImnusSenaHRtUvTTYlrgkarb:HBal;
edayFmμCati edaykarCMruj b¤edaysmtßPaBTak;TgnwgGayu . eCIgTMB½renHGnuvtþpgEdrcMeBaHFatupSMEdlBak;B½n§EdlEcgenA
kñúgmaRta 8¬2¦¬x¦¬XXII¦- 3/ 5 nig 6 .

260
 3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH )anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
4- Cnéddl;)andwg GMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XXII¦-2

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareFVITaskmμelIpøÚvePT587
(War crime of sexual slavery)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)aneRbIGMNacmYyEpñk b¤TaMgGs;EdlCab;CamYynigkmμsiTi§elImnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;
dUcCa mansiT§edaysarkarTij lk; x©I b¤ edaHdUrKña nUvmnusSenaH b¤edaykardak;bgçMcMeBaHBYk
eKedaykardkhUtesrIPaBRsedogKñaenH .588
2- Cnéddl;)aneFVIeGaymnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHcUleTACab;édenAkñúgGMeBINamYyb¤eRcIn EdlCaRbePT
énGMeBIxagpøÚvePT .
3- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribT énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCati nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
587
edaysarRbePTénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenHmanlkçN³sμúRKsμaj RtUv)anyl;fa karRbRBwtþbTelμIsenH GacnwgmankarcUlrYm
edayCnéddl;elIsBImñak; dUcCaEpñkenAkñúgeKalbMNgrYménbTelμIsRBhμTNÐEdr .
588
RtUv)anyl;fa kardkhUtesrIPaBdUcenHenAkñúgkal³eTs³xøHGacrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkartRmUveGayeFIVBlkmμedaybgMçpg b¤müa:g
eTot [bBa©úHmnusSenaHeGayeTACazan³´kBa¢HeK¬Servile status¦ dUcmanEcgenAkñúgniymn½ykñúgGnusBaØabEnßm sþIBIkarlb;bM)at;
ecalnUvTasPaB karCYjdUrTaskr nig nUvsßab½nnigTmøab;GnuvtþRbhak;RbEhlnwgTasPaBqñaM1956. RtUv)anyl;pgEdrfa \riya
bTénkarRbRBwtþ¬conduct¦dUc)anerobrab;enAkñúgFatupSMenH rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarCYjdUrmnusSpg CaBiess®sþI nigkumar.

261
 4- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XXII¦-3

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareFIVeBsüakmμedaybgçMM
(War crime of enforced prostitution)

FatupSM
1-Cnéddl;)aneFVIeGaymnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;Cab;éd;enAkñúgGMeBImYy b¤ eRcInEdlCaRbePTGMeBI
xagpøÚvePTedaybgçM b¤edayKMramkMEhgfanigeRbIkMlaMgb¤karbgçitbgçM dUcCaGMeBIEdlbNþal
eGayP½yxøacmankareRbIGMeBIhigSa karbgçitbgçM karXMuxøÜn karKabsgát;xagcitþsaRsþ b¤kar
rMelaPedayGMNacRbqaMgnigmnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH b¤ mnusSepSgeTot b¤ edayeqøót»kas
TajykGtßRbeyaCn_enAeBlbriyakasCMuvijmankarbgçitbgçM b¤edaysarPaBGsmtßPaBrbs;
mnusSenaH EdlminGacpþl;karyl;RBmEdlBitR)akd)an.
2- Cnéddl; b¤ CnepSgeTotEdl)anTTYl b¤ rMBwgfanig)anTTYlnUvR)ak;kas b¤ GtßRbeyaCn_epSg
eTotCafñÚrnigGMeBICaRbePTxagpøÚvePT b¤ Tak;TgCamYynigGMeBIImanlkçN³xagpøÚvePT (acts of
sexual nature) .

3- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH )anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv

)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH.
4- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH.

262
maRta 8 ¬2¦ ¬x¦ ¬XXII¦-4
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareFIVeGaymanKP’edaybgçM
(War crime of forced pregnancy)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andak;bgçMagRsþImñak; b¤ eRcInnak;edIm,IeFIV[manépÞeBaHedaybgçM edaymanectnaeFIVeGay
b:HBal;dl;smasPaBrbs;CatiBn§énRbCaBlrdæNamYy b¤)anGnuvtþedayrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶repSg
eTotelIc,ab;GnþrCati .
2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XXII¦-5

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareFVIeGayElgmankUnedaybgçM
(War Crime of enforced sterilization)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)aneFVIkardkhUtnUvsmtßPaBxagCIvsaRsþsMrab;eFVIeGayman)an589 BImnusSmñak;b¤eRcIn
nak;.
2- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHminmankarbBa¢ak;RtwmRtUvBIEpñkevC¢saRsþb¤BImnÞIreBTüEdlBüa)almnusS
enaHb¤TaMgenaHCasamuIxøÜnenaHeT ehIyk¾min)anGnuvtþedaymankaryl;RBmBitR)akdBIBYkeKEdr .
590

589
kardkhUtenHminmanectnarab;bB©ÚalnUvviFankarN_ sMrab;RtÜtBinitükarekItkUnEdlmanRbsiT§PaBminGcié®nþy_kñúgkarGnuvtþn_
enaHeT.
590
RtUv)anyl;fa :karyl;RBmBitR)akd (genuine consent) } minrab;bB©ÚalTaMgkaryl;RBmEdl)anmkedaykare)akR)as;enaH
eT.

263
 3- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
4- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaB énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XXII¦-6

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbIGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT
(War crime of sexual violence)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)anRbRBwtþGMeBImanlkçN³xagpøÚvePT RbqaMgnwgmnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; b¤eFVIeGaymnusSenaH
b¤TaMgenaHCab;éd enAkñúgGMeBIEdlmanlkçN³xagpøÚvePTedaybgçM b¤edaykarKMramfanwgeRbIkMlaMg b¤
karbgçitbgçM dUcCaGMeBIEdlbNþaleGaymankarP½yxøac mankareRbIGMeBIhigSa karbgçitbgçM karXuMxøÜn
karKabsgát;Epñkcitþsa®sþ b¤karrMelaPeday GMNacRbqaMgnwgmnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaH b¤mnusSd¾éTeTot
b¤edayeqøót»kasTajykRbeyaCn_BIbriyakasCuMvji EdlmankarbgçitbgçM b¤BIPaBGsmtßPaBrbs;
mnusSenaH b¤TMagenaHEdlminGacpþl;karyl;RBmBitR)akd)an .
2- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaHmanPaBF¶n;F¶rRbEhlKñanwgkarbMBanF¶n;F¶relIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv .
3- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIPaBF¶n;F¶rén\riyabTEnkarRbRBwtþEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .
4- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribT énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .
5- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

264
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XXIII¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as;mnusSEdlRtUv)ankarBareFVICaExl
(War crime of using protected persons as shields)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)anerIbþÚrkEnøg b¤mü:ageToteqøót»kasTajykplRbeyaCn_BITIkEnøgrbs;mnusSmñak;
b¤eRcInnak;EdlRtUv)ankarBaredayc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICMelaHedayRbdab;GavuF .
2- Cnéddl;manectnacg;eFVIExlbiT)aMgeKaledAeyaFaNamYyBIkarvayRbhar b¤eFVIExledIm,IKaMRT
b¤raraMgkic©RbtibtþikareyaFa .
3- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYyCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
4- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIt
eLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XXIV¦

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIvtßú b¤mnusSedayeRbInimμitþsBØaaedayELkrbs;GnusBaØa
TIRkughSWENv
(War Crime of attacking objects or persons using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva
Conventions)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)anvayRbhareTAelImnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; elIGKar GgÁPaBeBTü b¤meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún
b¤vtßúd¾éTeTot edaykareRbIR)as;edayRsbc,ab;nUvnimμitsBaØamYyedayELk b¤ eRbIviFIsMKal;Gtþ
sBaØaNepSg² Edlbgðajfa®tUv)ankarBaredayGnusBaØaTI®kughSWENv.
2- Cnéddl;)anmanectnacMeBaHmnusS GKar GgÁPaB meFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnTaMgenaH b¤vtßúd¾éTeTot
dUcenHk¾eRbIR)as;GtþsBaØaNEbbenHedIm,IeFIVCakmμvtßúénkarvayRbhar.

265
 3- \riyaénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
4- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ (XXV)

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarbg¥t;GaharedIm,IeFVICaviFIsaRsþéns®gÁam
(War Crime of starvation as a method of warfare)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)andkhUtBICnsIuvilnUvvtßúepSg² EdlsMxan;caM)ac;xanmin)ansMrab;Civitrs;enArbs;BYk
eK.
2- Cnéddl;)anmanectnacg;ykkareFIVeGayCnsIuvildac;eBaH eFVICaviFIsaRsþéns®gÁam.
3- \riyaénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv)an
rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
4- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIt
eLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬x¦ ¬XXVI¦

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as; karekNÐ nigcuHeQμaHkumar
(War crime of using, consripting or enlisting children)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)anekNÐb¤cuHeQμaHmnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; eGaycUleTAbMerIkñúgkgkMlaMgRbdab;GavuFCati
b¤eRbIR)as;mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH eGaycUlrYmy:agskmμenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaB .

266
 2- mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHmanGayueRkam 15qñaM .
3- Cnéddl;)andwg b¤KYrEt)andwgfa mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHmanGayueRkam 15qñaM .
4- \riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatimYy nigRtUv
)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCatienaH .
5- Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .
maRta 8 ¬2¦ ¬K¦
maRta 8 ¬2¦ ¬K¦ ¬I¦-1
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedayGMeBIXatkmμ
(War crime of murder)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)ansmøab;mnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;.
2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHCayuT§CnRbyuT§ElgekItteTAeTot b¤CaCnsIuvil buKÁlikeBTü b¤buKÁlik
sasna591 EdlmincUlrYmskmμenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaB .
3-Cnédl;)andwg b¤KYrEt)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³Edl)anbegIáteLIgenaH.
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribT énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBiItßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

591
Bakü : buKÁlikxagsasna(religious personnel) : KIWrab;bB©ÚalTMagbuKÁlikeyaFaTMagLay EdlminEmnGaCIB minEmnCa
yuT§CnEdlbMeBjmuxgarNamYyRsedogKñaenH.

267
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬K¦¬I¦-2
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareFVIkayviklkmμ
(War crime of mutilation)
FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andak;tMrUveGayykmnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;eTAeFVIkayviklkmμ CaBiessedaykareFIV[
xUcRTg;RTayrbs;mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHCaGcié®nþy_ b¤eFVIeGayBikarCaGcié®nþy_ b¤edayyk
srIragÁNamYyecj b¤dak;bEnßmsrIragÁ .
2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH KWCayuT§CnEdlRbyuT§ElgekItteTAeTot b¤k¾CaCnsIuvil buKÁlikeBTü
b¤buKÁliksasnaEdlmincUlrYmskmμenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaB .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³Edl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribT énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCatinigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBGI tßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬K¦¬I¦-3
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedayRbRBwtþkmμsahavyg;Xñg
(War Crime of cruel treatment)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneFVIeGayykQWcab;F¶n;F¶rxagragkay b¤bBaØasμatI b¤eFIV[rgTukçdl;evTnadl;mnusS
mñak; b¤eRcInnak; .
2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH KWCayuT§CnEdlRbyuT§ElgekItteTAeTot (hors de combat) b¤CaCnsIuvil
buKÁlikeBTü b¤buKÁliksasnaEdlmincUlrYmskmμenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaB .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³¬RtUvkarBar¦Edl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

268
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribT énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBGI tßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

269
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬K¦¬I¦-4
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareFIVTaruNkmμ
(War crime of torture)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;bgáeGaymankarQWcab;y:agF¶n;F¶rdl;rUbragkay b¤bBaØasμartI b¤eFIVeGayrgTukçevTnadl;
mnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; .
2-Cnéddl;bgáeGaymankarQWcab; b¤rgTukçevTnaenaHedIm,IeKalbMNgdUcCa³ edIm,I[)anTTYlnUv
Bt’man b¤cemøIysarPaB kardak;TNÐkmμ karsMLútbMP½y b¤bgçitbgMç b¤edaymUlehtuNamYy
Ep¥kelImUldæankarRbkan;erIseGIgEbbNamYy .
3-mnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaH KWCayuT§CnEdlRbyuT§ElgekItteTAeTot b¤k¾CaCnsIuvil buKÁlikeBTü
b¤buKÁliksasna EdlmincUlrYmskmμenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaB .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGMBIzan³ ¬EdlRtUvTTYlkarkaBar¦ Edl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.
5-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
6-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBGI tßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

270
maRta8¬2¦¬K¦¬II¦
]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykarRbRBwtþGMeBIeXareXAcMeBaHesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS
(War crime of outrages upon personal dignity)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnédl;)aneFIVeGayGama:s;mux bnÞabbenßak b¤müa:geTot)anrMelaPbMBanelIesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS
mñak; b¤ eRcInnak; .592
2-PaBF¶n;F¶r énkareFVIeGayGam:as;mux karbnÞabbenßak b¤karrMelaPbMBanepSgeTotenaH )anQandl;
kMritmYyEdlRtUv)anTTUlsÁal;CaTUeTAfa CaGMeBIeXareXAmYycMeBaHesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS .
3-mnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaH KWCayuT§CnEdlRbyuT§ElgekItteTAeTot (hors de combat) b¤k¾CaCnsIuvil
buKÁlikeBTü b¤buKÁliksasnaEdlmincUlrYmskmμenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaB .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIzan³¬EdlRtUvkarBar¦ Edl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .
5-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigEdlRtUv)anrYmbB©ÚalCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
6-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

592
cMeBaHbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenHBakü : mnusS (persons) : KIWrab;bB©ÚalTMagmnusSEdlsøab;pg . RtUv)anyl;faCnrgeRKaHmincaM
)ac;dwgedayxøÜnÉgpÞal;GMBIGtißPaBénkareFVIeGayGam:as;mux karbnÞabbenßak b¤karrMelaPbMBanepSgeTotenaHeT . FatupSMenH)an
ykcitþTukdak;GMBITidæPaBBak;B½n§énsavtaxagvb,Fm’rbs;CnrgeRKaH .

271
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬K¦¬III¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarcab;eFVICacMNab;xμaMg
(War crime of taking hostages)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anrwbGUs XuMxøÜn b¤ müa:geTotcab;eFVICacMNab;xμaMgnUvmnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak; .
2-Cnéddl;)anKMramfa nwgsMlab; eFIV[rbYs b¤ bnþXuMxøÜnmnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaH .
3-Cnéddl;manectnabgçitbgMçdl;[rdæ b¤GgÁkarGnþrCati b¤rUbvnþ b¤nitibuKÁl b¤RkumnusSNamYy[eFVI
skmμPaB b¤[Qb;ElgeFVIskmμPaBGIVmYy eFVICalkçx½NÐmYyy:agc,as;b¤bgáb;n½yedIm,ICafñÚrnig
suvtßiPaB b¤ karedaHElgmnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGMBIzan³¬RtUvkarkaBar¦ Edl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYyCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
7-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬K¦¬IV¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarkat;eTas b¤RbharCIvitedayKμannitiviFIRtwmRtUvtamc,ab;
(War crime of sentencing or execution without due process)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)ansMerceTas b¤RbharCIvitmnusSmñak; b¤ eRcInnak; .593

593
FatupSMEdlmanEcgenAkñúgÉksarTMagenH \t)anelIkeLIgBITRmg;xus²KñaénkarTTYlxusRtUvxagRBhμTNÐCabuKÁl dUc)an
erobrab;enAkñúgmaRta25 nig28 énc,ab;lkçnþik³enHeT .

272
 2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHCayuT§CnEdlRbyuT§ElgekItteTAeTot (hors de combat) b¤CaCnsIuvil
buKÁlikeBTü b¤buKÁliksasna EdlmincUlrYmskmμenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaB .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGMBIzan³ ¬RtUvkarkaBar¦ Edl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .
4-minmansalRkmEdlRbkasCamunedaytulakarNamYy b¤tulakarEdlecjsalRkmenaHminEmn
CatulakarEdl :begIáteLIgtamRbRktI : KWedaysarEttulakarenaH min)anpþl;nUvkarFanaGMBI
PaBÉkraCünigPaBminlMeGogEdlsMxan;caM)ac;CaTIbMput b¤tulakarEdlecjsalRkmenaHmin)an
pþl;nUvral;karFanaepSg²eTotxagpøÚvc,ab;EdlTTYlsÁal;CaTUeTAfa cMa)ac;xanmin)aneRkamc,ab;
GnþrCati .594
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkarminmansalRkmCamun b¤GMBIkarbdiesFminpþl;nUvkarFanaEdlBak;B½n§ nig
GMBIRbkarEdlsMxan;caM)ac;xanmin)an b¤CaGayuCIvitsMrab;karCMnuCRmHRbkbedayyutþiFm’ .
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYyCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
7-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬I¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelICnsuIvil
(War crime of attacking civilians)

594
cMeBaHFatupSMTI4 nig TI5 tulakarKYrBicarNafa tamyl;eXIjGMBIral;kal³eTs³TaMgGs;EdlBak;B½n§ etiIGanuPaBRtYtKañénktþa
epSg²GMBIkarFanar:ab;rgenaHmaneGaydkhUtsiT§iBI;mnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaH kñúgkarTTYlkarCMnMuCRmHkIþRbkbedayyutþiFm’Edr b¤eT? .

273
FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andwknaMkarvayRbharenaH .
2-kmμvtßúénkarvayRbhar KWCaRbCaBlrdæsIuvilNamYy b¤CaCnsuIvilTaMgLayCabuKÁlEdlmin)ancUl
rYmedaypÞal; CaEpñkenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaB EdlminEmnCakmμvtßúsMrab;karvayRbharenaHeT .
3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtenHþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYyCMelaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦¬II¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykavayRbharelIvtßú b¤mnusSedayeRbIR)as;nimμitsBaØaedayELk én
GnusBaØaTIRkúghWSENv
(War crime of attacking objects or persons using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva
Conventions)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anvayRbharmnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; GaKar GgÁPaBsuxaPi)al meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún
b¤vtßúd¾éTeTotRsbtamc,ab;GnþrCatiedayeRbInimiμtþsBaØa b¤viFIsaRsþsMrab;sMKal;GtþsBaØaNd¾éT
eTotEdlbBa¢ak;R)ab;GMBIRtUv)anTTYlkarkarBareRkamGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv .
2-Cnéddl;)anmanectnacMeBaHmnusS GaKar GgÁPaB b¤meFüa)aydwkCB¢Úan b¤vtßúdéTeTot ehtuenH
k¾eRbIkarsMKal;dUcenHedIm,eFIVICakmμvtßúénkarvayRbharenaH .
3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHmanekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

274
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦¬III¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIbuKÁlik b¤vtßúEdlcUlrYmkñúgkarpþl;CMnYyxagmnusSFm’
b¤μÖkñúgebskkmμrkSasniþPaB
(War crime of attacking personnel or objects involved in a humanitarian assistance of
peace keeping mission)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andwknaMkarvayRbhar .
2-kmμvtßúénkarvayRbharKW buKÁlik kEnøgtaMgtemIgø eRKOg]bkrN_ sMPar³ GgÁPaB b¤yanynþEdl
)ancUlrYmkñúgkarpþl;CMnYymnusSFm’ b¤kñúgebskkmμrkSasnþiPaBRsbtamFmμnuBØarbs;GgÁkarsh
RbCaCati .
3-Cnéddl;manectnacg;ykbuKÁlik kEnøgtaMgemøIgeRKOg]bkrN_ sMPar³ GgÁPaB b¤yanynþEdl
cUlrYmkñúgenaH eFVICakmμvtßúénkarvayRbhar .
4-buKÁlik kEnøgtaMgtemIøgeRKIg]bkrN_ sMPar³ GgÁPaB b¤yanynþTaMgenaHGacmansiTi§RtUvTTYl
karBardUcCnsIuvil b¤vtßúsuIvilnana edayc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmCalkçN³CaGnþrCatienaH .
7-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.

275
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬IV¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarvayRbharelIvtßúEdlRtUv)ankarBar595
(War crime of attacking protected object)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andwknaMkarvayRbhar .
2-kmμvtßúénkarvayRbharKW GaKarmYy b¤eRcInEdl]TæiscMeBaHsasna karGb;rM sil,³ viTüasaRsþ b¤
edIm,IeKalbMNgxagsb,úrsFm’ vimanRbvtþisaRsþ mnÞIreBTü kEnøgnana EdlGñkCMgW b¤GñkrgrbYs
RtUv)anRbmUlpMþúEdlminEmnCaeKaledAeyaFaenaHeT .
3-Cnéddl;)anmanectnacg;ykGKarmYYy b¤eRcInEdl]TÞiscMeBaHsasna karGb;rM sil,³ viTüasaRsþ
b¤edIm,IeKalbMNgxagsb,úrsFm’ vimanRbvtþisaRsþ mnÞIreBTü kEnøgEdl manGñkCMgW b¤Gñkrg
rbYsRtUv)anRbmUlpMþú EdlminEmnCaeKaledAeyaFaTMagenaHedIm,IeFIVCakmμvtßúénkarvayRbhar .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtenHþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³
CaGnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCalkçN³GnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIt
eLIgenaH .

595
vtþmanrbs;mnusSenAkñúgTItaMgEdlRtUv)ankarBarCaBiessedayGnusBØaaTIRkughSWENvqñMa1949 b¤vtþmanrbs;kgkmaMøgnKr-
)alenaHKWRtUv)anrkSaTuk edIm,IeKalbMNgEtmYyKt;bu:eNÑaH KWsMrab;rkSakarBarc,ab; nigsNþab;Fñab;minRtUvbeNþayeGayTItaMg
enHeTACaeKaledAeyaFaeT,Iy .

276
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬V¦
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarlYcbøn;
(War crime of pillaging)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andkhUtyknUvRTBüsm,tþimYycMnYn .
2-Cnéddl;)anmanectnacg;dkhUtRTBüsm,tþiBIm©as;kmμsiT§i ehIycg;dkhUtykRTBüsm,tiþenHyk
eTAeRbIR)as;CaÉkCn b¤pÞal;xøÜn .596
3-kardkhUtykenHeFVIeLIgedayKμankaryl;RBmBIm©as;kmμsiT§ieT .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCatii nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬VI¦-1

]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykarcab;rMelaPesBsnßv³
(War crime of rape)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anQøanBan597 elIrUbragkayénmnusSNamñak; eday\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþmYy EdlCa
lT§plKW mankars‘kbBa©Úl¬b:uEnþEtbnþiceT¦nUvEpñkNamYyénragkayrbs;CnrgeRKaH b¤rbs;Cn

596
duUc)anBa¢ak;edaykareRbIBakü : eRbIR)as;CaÉkCn b¤CabuKÁlpÞal;xøÜn (private or personal use) : kardkhUtykEdleFIVRtwm
RtUvtamesckþIRtUvkarcaM)ac;xageyaFa minGacbegIátCabTelμIslYcbøn;)aneT .
597
TsSnTanénBakü :QøanBan (invasion) } KWcg;eRbIeGay)anTUlMTUlaybniþc edIm,IeGayePTmanlkçN³GBüaRkitü .

277
 éddl;eTAkñúgsrIragÁsMrab;pøÚvePT b¤eTAkñúgvc©mKÁ b¤rn§ePTrbs;CnrgeRKaHedayvtßúGIVmYy b¤eday
EpñkNamYyepSgeToténragkay .
2-karQøanBanenaH)anRbRBwtþeFVIedaykMlaMg b¤edaykarKMramfa nwgeRbIkMlaMg b¤edaykarbgçitbgçM
dUcCaGMeBIEdleFVIeGaymankarP½yxøacmankareRbIGMeBIhwgSa karbgçitbgçM karXMuxøÜn karKabsgát;
EpñkcitþsaRsþ b¤karrMelaPedayGMNacRbqaMgnwgmnusSenaH b¤mnusSepSgeTot b¤edaykareqøot
»kasTajykRbeyaCn_BIbriyakasCuMvijEdlmankarbgçitbgçM b¤karQøanBanenaHRtUv)anRbRBwtþ
eFVIRbqaMgnwgmnusSGsmtßPaBEdlminGacpþl;karyl;RBmBitR)akd)an .598
3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCatii nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF Edl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬VI¦-2

]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykareFVITaskmμelIpøÚvePT 599
(War crime of sexual slavery)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneRbIGMNacmYyEpñk b¤TaMgGs;EdlCab;CamYykmμsiT§eTAelImnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;dUc
CamansiT§iedaykarTij lk; x©I b¤edaHdUrKñanUvmnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaH edaydak;bgMçcMeBaHBYkeKnUvkar
dkhUtesrIPaBRsedogKñaenH .600
598
RtUv)anyl;fa :Cnmμñak;GacCaCnGsmtßPaB :kñúgkarpþl;karyl;RBmEdlBitR)akd ebIsinCamnusSenaHRtUvrgkarb:HBal;eday
FmμCatiedaykarCMruj b¤edayGsmtßPaBTak;TgnigGayu . eCIgTMB½renHGnuvtþpgEdr cMeBaHFatupSMTaMgLayEdlTak;TgenAkñúg
maRta8¬2¦¬g¦¬VI)-3/ 5 nig6 .
599
edaysarRbePTénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐenHmanlkçN³sμúRKsμaj RtUv)anyl;fakarRbRBwtþbTelμIsenHGacmankarcUlrYmeday
Cnéddl;elIsBImñak; dUcCaEpñkmYyéneKalbMNgénbTelμIsRBhμTNÐrYmEdr .
600
RtUv)anyl;fakardkhUtesrIPaBdUcenHenAkñúgkal³eTs³xøHGacrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkartRmUveGayeFIVBlkmμedaybgMç b¤müa:geTot
eGaybBa©úHzan³mnusSenaHeGayeTACazan³´kBa¢HeK(Servile status) dUcmanEcgenAkñúgniymn½ykñúgGnusBaØabEnßm sþIBIkarlb;

278
 2-Cnéddl;)aneFVIeGaymnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHCab;édenAkñúgGMeBINamYy b¤eRcIn EdlCaRbePTénGMeBI
xagpøÚvePT .
3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCalkçN³
CaGnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCati enaH .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuGMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF Edl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬VI¦-3

]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykareFIVeBsüakmμedaybgçM
(War crime of enforced prostitution)

FatupSM ³
1- Cnéddl;)aneFVIeGaymnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;Cab;édenAkñúgGMeBImYyb¤eRcIn EdlCaGMeBImanlkçN³
xagpøÚvePTedaybgçM b¤edayKMramKMEhgnwgeRbIkMlaMg b¤karbgçitbgçM dUcCaGMeBIEdlbNþaleGay
mankarP½yxøacERkgmankareRbIGMeBIhigSa karbgçitbgçM karXMuxøÜn karKabsgát;xagcitþsaRsþ
b¤karrMelaPedayGMNac RbqaMgnwgmnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaH b¤mnusSepSgeTot b¤edayeqøót»kasTaj
ykGtßRbeyaCn_enAeBlbriyakasCMuvijEdlmankarbgçitbgçM b¤BIPaBGsmtßPaBrbs;mnusSenaH
EdlminGacpþl;karyl;RBmEdlBitR)akd)an .
2-Cnéddl; b¤CnNamañk;epSgeTotEdl)anTTYl b¤rMBwgfanwg)anTTYlnUvR)ak;kas b¤GtßRbeyaCn_
epSgeTotCafñÚrnwgGMeBIEdlmanlkçN³xagpøÚvePTb¤Tak;TgeTAnwgGMeBIEdlmanlkçN³xagpøÚvePT
(acts of sexual nature) .

bM)at;ecalnUvTasPaB karCYjdUrTaskr nignUvsßab½nnigTmøab;GnuvtþRbhak;RbEhlnwgTasPaB qñaM1956. RtUv)anyl;pgEdrfa

\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ (conduct) dUc)anerobrab;enAkñúgFatupSMenH rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarCYjdUrmnusSpg CaBiess ®sþI nig kumar .

279
 3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHGavuF EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

280
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬VI¦-4
]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykareFIVeGaymanKP’edaybgçM
(War crime of forced pregnancy)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andak;bgçMagRsþINamñak; b¤eRcInnak;edIm,IeFIV[manépÞeBaHedaybgçM edaymanectnacg;eFVI
[b:HBal;dl;smasPaBCatiBn§énRbCaBlrdæNamYy b¤edaykarGnuvtþn_GMeBIrMelaPbMBanF¶n;F¶r
epSgeTotelIc,ab;GnþrCati .
2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬VI¦-5

]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykareFVIeGayElgmankUnedaybgçM
(War Crime of enforced sterilization)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)aneFVIkardkhUtnUvsmtßPaBxagCIvsaRsþsMrab;eFVIeGaymankUn601 BImnusSmñak; b¤eRcIn
nak;.
2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHminmankarbBa¢ak;RtwmRtUvBIEpñkevC¢saRsþ b¤BImnÞIreBTüEdlBüa)alrbs;
mnusSenaHb¤mnusSTaMgenaHEdlCasamuIxøÜneTehIyk¾min)anGnuvtþedaymankaryl;RBmBitR)akd602
BIBYkeKEdr .
601
kardkhUtenH minmanectnarab;bB©ÚalnUvviFankarN_sMrab;RtYtBinitükarekItkUnEdlmanRbsiT§PaBminGcié®nþy_kñúgkarGnuvtþn_
enaHeT .
602
RtUv)anyl;fa : karyl;RBmBitR)akd (genuine consent) : minrab;bB©ÚalTaMgkaryl;RBm Edl)anmkedaykare)akR)as;
enaHeT.

281
 3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCatinigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlKñaCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬VI¦-6

]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykareRbIGMeBIhigSaelIpøÚvePT
(War crime of sexual violence)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anRbRBwtþGMeBIEdlmanlkçN³xagpøÚvePTRbqaMgnwgmnusSmñak;b¤eRcInnak; b¤eFVIeGay
mnusSenaH b¤¤TaMgenaHCab;édenAkñúgGMeBIEdlmanlkçN³xagpøÚvePTedaybgMçb¤edaykarKMramfanwg
eRbIkMlaMg b¤karbgçitbgçM dUcCaGMeBIEdlbNþaleGaymankarP½yxøacmankareRbIGMeBIhwgSa kar
bgçitbgçM karXuMxøÜn karKabsgát;Epñkcitþsa®sþ b¤karrMelaPedayGMNacRbqaMgnwgmnusSenaHb¤TaMg
enaH b¤mnusSd¾éTeTot b¤edayeqøót»kasTajykRbeyaCn_enAeBlbriyakasCuMvijmankarbgçit
bgçM b¤BIPaBGsmtßPaBrbs;mnusSenaHb¤TaMenaH EdlminGacpþl;karyl;EdlRBmBitR)akd)an .
2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH manPaBF¶n;F¶rRbEhlKñanwgkarbMBanF¶n;F¶relImaRta3rYménGnusBaØaTI
RkughSWENvEdr .
3-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIPaBF¶n;F¶rén\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH .

282
 4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribT énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCa
lkçN³GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³xagGgÁehtu énGtßiPaBénCMelaHedayRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIt
eLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬VII¦

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareRbIR)as; ekNÐ nigcuHeQμaHkumar
(War crime of using, consripting or enlisting children)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anekNÐ b¤cuHeQμaHmnusSmñak;b¤eRcInnak;eGaycUleTAbMerIkñúgkgkMlaMgRbdab;GavuFCati
b¤eRbIR)as;mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHeGaycUlrYmy:agskmμenAkñúgGMeBIGriPaB .
2-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHmanGayueRkam 15qñaM .
3-Cnéddl;)andwg b¤KYrEt)andwgfa mnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaHmanGayueRkam 15qñaM .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribT énCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬VIII¦

]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykarpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgrbs;CnsIuvil
(War crime of displacing civilians)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anbBa¢a[pøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgrbs;mnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; .

283
 2-bBa¢aenaHmin)anbBa¢ak;[)anRtwmRtUvBImUlehtuxagsniþsuxénCnsIuvilBak;B½n§ b¤BIkarcaM)ac;xag
eyaFaeT .
3-Cnéddl;manCMhrcg;eFVI[karpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgenaHmanRbsiT§PaB edaykar[bBa¢aEbbenaH .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßiPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬IX¦

]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykarsMlab; b¤ eFVIeGayrbYsedaymanKMnitk,t;
(War crime of treacherously killing or wounding)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anGeBa¢IjyuT§CnxagsRtÚvmñak; b¤eRcInnak;eGaymksMEdg[eCOTukcitþ b¤manCMenOfa
BYkeKRtUvmansiT§ikñúgkarTTYlkarkarBar b¤bgçMeGayBYkeKyl;RBmTTYlkarkarBaredayviFanén
c,ab:GnþrCatiEdlkMBugGnuvtþenAkñúgeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF .
2-Cnéddl;)anmanectnak,t;cMeBaHesckþITukcitþ b¤CMenOenaH .
3-Cnéddl;)ansMlab; b¤ eFVIeGayrbYsdl;CnenaH b¤TaMgenaH .
4-Cnéddl;)an[eRbIR)as;esckþITukcitþb¤CMenOenaH edIm,IeFVIkarsMlab; b¤eFVIeGayrbYsdl;CnenaH
b¤TaMgenaH .
5-mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaHmkBIPaKIxagsRtUv .
6-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nig)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
7-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enaH.

284
maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬X¦
]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykarbdiesFn_mineGaysñak;GaRs½y
(War crime of denying quarter)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anRbkas b¤[bBa¢afaminmanGñkenArs;eT .
2-karRbkas b¤bBa¢aenaHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IKMramxagKUsRtUv b¤edIm,IbegáItGMeBIGriPaBedayEp¥kelI
mUldæan faKμanGñkenArs;eT .
3-Cnéddl;)ansßitenAkñúgtMENgmYyEdlGaceGaybBa¢a b¤RtUtBinitüRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBeTAelI
kgkMlaMgTaMgLayeRkambgÁab;EdlxøÜn)andwknaMkarRbkas b¤[bBa¢aenaH .
4-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)arYmbBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
5-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦¬XI¦-1
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedaykareFVIkayviklkmμ (War crime of mutilation)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andak;tMrUveGayykmnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak;eTAeFVIkayviklkmμ CaBiessedaykareFIV[
xUcRTg;RTayrbs;mnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaHCaGcié®nþy_ b¤edayeFVIeGayBikarCaGcié®nþy_ b¤edayyk
srIragÁNamYyecj b¤dak;bBa©ÚlsrIragÁbEnßm .
2-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenH)anbNþal[søab; b¤rbYsF¶n;F¶rdl;suxPaBxagragkay b¤xagbBaØasμartI
rbs;mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH .

285
 3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenaH minmankarbBa¢ak;Rtwm®tUvBIEpñkevC¢saRsþ TnþsaRsþ b¤mnÞIreBTüBüa)al
rbs;samuICnenaHb¤TaMgenaH b¤k¾min)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IplRbeyaCn_rbs;mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaHEdr.603
4-mnusSenaH b¤TaMgenaH sßitenAeRkamGMNacénPaKImçageToténCemøaH .
5-\riyabTRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³GnþrCati
nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
6-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtßißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬k¦¬XI¦-2
]Rkidækmμs®gÁamedayeFVIkarsakBiesaFn¾EpñkevC¢sa®sþ b¤viTüasaRsþ (War crime of medical or
scientific experiments)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)andak;tRmUv[ykmnusSmañk; b¤eRcInnak;eTAeFVIkarsakBiesaFn_xagEpñkviTüasaRs
b¤evC¢saRsþ.
2-karsakBiesaFn¾enHbNþaleGaysøab; b¤maneRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rcMeBaHsuxPaBxagragkay b¤
bBaØasμartII b¤ bUreNPaBénmnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaH.
603
karyl;RBmminGacykCasMGag edIm,IkarBarxøÜn)aneTcMeBaHbTelIμsenH. bTelIμsenHhamXat;cMeBaHnItiviFIxagevC¢sa®sþ
NamYyEdlmin RtUv)anbB¢aak;BIsaßnPaBsuxPaBrbssamIuCn nigEdlminRsbtambTdæanevC¢sa®sþEdlmankarTTYlyl;RBmCa
TUeTAEdleKKYrEtGnuvtþsMrab;kal³eTs³dUcKñanigkarGnuvtþcMeBaHCatisasn_rbs;PaKIEdldwknaMGnuvtþnitiviFIenaH EdlminmaneFIV
kardkhUtesrIPaBeTeTaHCatamviFINak¾eday . eCIgTMB½renHGnuvtþpgEdrcMeBaHFatupSMdUcKña sMrab;maRta 8¬2¦¬x¦¬XI¦-2 .

286
 3-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþenHminmankarbBa¢ak;BImUlehtuRtwmRtUvBIEpñkevC¢saRsþ Tnþsa®sþ b¤BImnÞIr
eBTüEdlBüa)almnusSenaHb¤TaMgenaHCasamIxÜnø eT b¤k¾min)aneFIVeLIgedIm,IplRbeyaCn¾rbs;
mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaHEdr.
4- mnusSenaH b¤ TaMgenaHzitenAeRkamGMNacénPaKImçageToténCemøaH .
5-\riyabTénkarRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³
GnþrCati nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynigCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
6-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtuuGMBIzan³EdlRtUvTTYlkarkaBarEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH .

maRta 8 ¬2¦¬g¦ ¬XII¦

]RkidækmμsRgÁamedaykarbMpøaj b¤rwbGUsRTBüsm,tþirbs;sRtÚv
(War crime of destroying or seizing the enemy’s property)

FatupSM ³
1-Cnéddl;)anbMpøaj b¤ rwbGUsRTBüsm,tþimYycMnYn .
2-RTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHCaRTBüsm,tþirbs;xagsRtÚvNamYy .
3-RTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHRtUv)ankarBaredayc,ab;GnþrCatisIþBICemaøHRbdab;GavuFmin[bMpøaBaJ b¤rwbGUs
EbbnaHeT .
4-Cnéddl;)andwgGMBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBiIzan³¬EdlRtÚvkarBar¦énRTBüsm,tþiEdl)anbegáIt
eLIgenaH .
5-karbMpøaj b¤rwbGYsenaHminmankartRmÚvedaykarcaM)ac;xageyaFaeT .
6-\riyabTRbRBwtþ)anekItmaneLIgenAkñúgbribTénCMelaHRbdab;GavuF EdlminEmnCalkçN³GnþrCati
nigRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlCamYynwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdlminEmnGnþrCatienaH .
7-Cnéddl;)andwgBIkal³eTs³énGgÁehtu GMBIGtißPaBénCMelaHRbdab;GavuFEdl)anbegáIteLIgenaH.

*****

287
 ]bsm<½n§ K
APPENDEX “D”

ÉksarTak;TgnwgGgÁCMnMuCMRmHvisamBaØ
DOCUMEMNTS RELATING TO THE EXTRAORDINARY CHAMBER

288
 c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIt[manGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØbUkCamYyc,ab;viesaFnkmμ
Edl)anRbkas»üeRbI cuHéf¶TI27 Extula qñaM2004 ¬ns¼rkm¼1004¼006¦604

c,ab;

sþIBI

karbegáIt[manGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCaedIm,Ikat;esckþI
]RkidækmμEdlRbRBwtþeT,IgenAkñúgry³kalénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

604
bkERbeRkApøÚvkaredayRkumRbwkSaGñkc,ab; nigelxaFikardæanénRkumkargarBiess . BinitüeLIgviBaJ éf¶TI23 Exvicäika
qñaM2004.

289
 CMBUkTI 1
bTb,BaØtþieTA
maRta 1>-
c,ab;enHerobcMeT,IgkñúgeKalbMNgvinicä½yeTasemdwknaMCan;x<s;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCnTaMg
T,ayEdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMputcMeBaH]Rkidækmμ nigkarrMelaPya:gF¶n;F¶reTAelIc,ab;RBhμTNÐkm<úCa kar
rMelaPeTAelIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati nigTmøab;GnþrCati RBmTaMgkarrMelaPelIGnusBaØaGnþrCatiEdlRbeTs
km<úCaTTYlsÁal;ehIy Edl)anRbRBwtþkñúgGmøúgéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 dl;éf¶ 6 mkra 1979.

CMBUkTI 2
smtßkic©
maRta 2 fμI>-
RtUv)anbegáIt[manGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØenAkñúgrcnasm<½n§tulakarEdlmanRsab; eBalKWsala
dMbUg nigtulakarkMBUl edIm,ICMnMuCRmHemdwknaMCan;x<s;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCnTaMgT,ayEdlTTYlxus
RtUvx<s;bMputcMeBaH]Rkidækmμ nigkarrMelaPya:gF¶n;F¶reTAelIc,ab;km<úCa EdlBak;B½n§nwgGMeBI]RkidækmμrMelaP
eTAelIc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati nigTmøab;GnþrCati nigkarrMelaPeTAelIGnusBaØaGnþrCati EdlRbeTskm<úCa
TTYlsÁal; ehIyEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgGmøúgéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 dl; éf¶ 6 mkra 1979. emdwknaMCan;x<s;
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigGñkTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMputcMeBaHGMeBI]RkidæxagelIenH ehAfa }CnsgS½y}.
maRta 3 fμI>-
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanGMNacvinicä½yeTasCnsgS½y Edl)anRbRBwtþbT]Rkidæ EdlmanEcgenAkñúg
RkmRBhμTNÐqñaM1956 ehIyEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgGMT,úgéf¶17 emsa qñaM 1975 dl;éf¶ 6 mkra qñaM 1979 ³
- mnusSXat maRta 501> 503> 504> 505> 506> 507 nigmaRta 508
- TaruNkmμ maRta 500
- karvayRbharelIsasna maRta 209 nigmaRta 210.
GaCaJyukalénbNþwgGaCJaenAkñúgRkmRBhμTNÐqñaM1956 EdlTak;Tgdl;bTelμIsxagelIRtUv)an
BnüaeBlbEnßm30 qñaMeTot eTAelIGaCJayukalénbNþwgGaCJasRmab;]RkidækmμTaMgT,ayxagelI Edlsißt

290
kñúgsmtßkic©énGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ.
eTasb,BaØtþiEcgkñugmaRta 209/ 500/ 506 nigmaRta 507 énRkmRBhμTNÐ qñaM 1956 RtUvkMNt;
fa GtibrimaRtwmeTasdak;Bn§naKarGs;mYyCIvit GnuelamtammaRta 32 énrdæFmμnuBaØénRBHraCaNacRk
m<úCa nigbBa¢ak;bEnßmedaymaRta 38 nigmaRta 39 fμI énc,ab;enH.

maRta 4>-
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanGMNacvinicä½yeTasCnsgS½yTaMgT,ayEdl)anRbRBwtþ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUC
sasn_ dUcmanEcgkñúgGnusBaØaqñaM 1948 sþIBIkarbgáarnigpþnaÞeTascMeBaH]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ ehIy
Edl)anRbRBwtþ kñúgGMT,úgéf¶ 17 Ex emsa qñaM 1975 dl;éf¶ 6 Ex mkra qñaM 1979.
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_EdlKμanGaCJayukal KWCaGMeBImYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIdUcxageRkamehIy Edl)an
RbRBwtþkñúgeKalbMNgbMpøicbMpøajTaMgRsugb¤mYyEpñkénRkumCati CatiBn§ú BUCsasn_ b¤sasnaNamYydUcCa ³
- kareFVImnusSXateTAelIsmaCikénRkum
- kareFVI[rbYsya:gF¶n;F¶rdl;rUbragkay b¤ stibBaØasmaCikénRkum
- kareFVIedayectna[RkumenH TTYlrgnUvsßanPaBrs;enAmYyEdl)anerobcMeT,Ig
sRmab;bMpøicbMpøajrag
kayTaMgRsug b¤mYyEpñk
- kardak;nUvviFankarnana EdlmanbMNgraraMgmin[mankarpþl;kMeNItTark
- karbBa¢ÚnkumaredaybgçM BIRkummYyeTA[RkummYyepSgeTot.
bTelμIsxageRkamRtUvpþnÞaeTasdUcbTelμIsxagelIEdr ³
- karb:unb:gRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
- karsmKMnitRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
- karcUlrYmRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_.

291
maRta 5>-
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanGMNacvinicä½yeTasCnsgS½yTaMgT,ay Edl)anRbRBwtþ]RkidækmμRbqaMg
mnusSCatikñúgGMT,úgéf¶ 17 Exemsa qñaM 1975 dl;éf¶ 6 Exmkra qñaM 1979.
]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCatiEdlKμanGaCJayukalKWGMeBINamYydUcxageRkam EdlvayRbharCa
TUeTA b¤edaymankarerobcMRbqaMgeTAelICnsIuviledaymUlehtu Cati neya)ay CatiBn§ú BUCsasn_ b¤
sasnaNamYydUcCa ³
- kareFVImnusSXat
- karsmøab;rgÁal
- kareFVI[eTACaTaskr
- karnireTs
- kardak;kñúgmnÞIrXMuXaMg
- kareFVITaruNkmμ
- karrMelaPelIpøÚvePT
- kareFVITukçbukemñj edaymUlehtuneya)ay BUCsasn_ b¤ sasna
- GMeBIGmnusSFm’epSg²eTot.

maRta 6>-
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanGMNacvinicä½yeTasCnsgS½y Edl)anRbRBwtþ b¤)anbBaa¢[RbRBwtþGMeBI
bMBarbMBanya:gF¶n;F¶reTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv cuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 dUcCaGMeBIRbqaMgmnusS
b¤RTBüsm,tþi EdlRtUvkarBaredaybTb,BaØtiþénGnusBaØaenH ehIyEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgGMT,úgéf¶17 Exemsa
qñaM1975 dl;éf¶ 6 Exmkra qñaM1979 ³
-kareFVImnusSXatedayectna
-kareFVITaruNkmμ b¤kareFVI)abedayGmnusSFm’
-karbgáedayectna[manrbYsF¶n;F¶r b¤[mankarQWcab;dl;ragkay b¤suxPaB
292
 -karbMpøaj b¤eFVI[xUcxatF¶n;F¶reTAelIRTBüsm,tþi edayminmanehtuplcaM)ac;xageyaFa EdleFVI
eT,Igedayxusc,ab; nigKμanRtaRbNI
-karbgçM[eQøIyswk b¤CnsIuvil beRmIkarenAkñúgkgkmøaMgrbs;KUbdibkç
-kardkhUtedayectnaBIeQøIyswk b¤CnsIuvilnUvsiT§iTTYl)ankarkat;eTaseday yutþiFm’ nig
eTogTat;
-karnireTskarCenøós b¤karXMuxøÜnCnsIuviledayxusc,ab;
-karykCnsuIvilCacMNab;xμaMg.

maRta 7>-
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanGMNacvinicä½yeTasCnsgS½yTaMgT,ay EdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMputcMeBaH
karbMpøicbMpøajsm,tþivm,Fm’kñúgeBlmanCemøaHRbdab;GavuF eyagtamGnusBaØaRkugT,aeG qñaM1954 sþIBI
karkarBarsm,tþivb,Fm’enAkñúgeBlmanCemøaHRbdab;GavuF ehIyEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgGMT,úgéf¶ 17 Ex emsa
qñaM 1975 dl;éf¶ 6 Exmkra qñaM1979.

maRta 8>-
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØmanGMNacvinicä½yeTasCnsgS½yEdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMput cMeBaHbT]Rkidæ
RbqaMgeTAelIGñkEdlTTYl)ankarkarBarCaGnþrCati eyagtamGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:n qñaM1961 sþIBITMnak;
TMngkarTUt ehIyEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgGMT,úgéf¶ 17 Exemsa qñaM1975 dl;éf¶ 6 Ex mkra qñaM1979.

CMBUkTI 3
smasPaBrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
maRta 9 fμI>-
saladMbUgCaGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØedayecARkmviC¢aCIv³R)aMrUb EdlrYmmanecARkmExμrbIrUb mYyrUbeFVI
CaRbFan nigmanecARkmbreTsBIrrUb nigmanRkT,abBa¢ImYyrUb b¤eRcInrUb tamkarcat;taMgrbs;RbFancUl
rYmRBmTaMgmanshRBHraCGaCJaEdlRtUvdak;BakübþwgenAcMeBaHmuxsaladMbUgenH.
293
 tulakarkMBUlEdlCakEnøgTTYlBakübNþwg]T§rN_pgnigseRmcesckþIcugeRkaypg CaGgÁCMnMuCRmH
visamBaØ edayecARkmR)aMBIrrUb EdlrYmman ecARkmExμrbYnrUb EdlmYyrUbeFVICaRbFan nig ecARkmbreTs
bIrUb nigmanRkT,abBa¢ImYyrUb b¤eRcInrUb tamkarcat;taMgrbs;RbFancUlrYmRBmTaMgmanshRBHraCGaCJa
EdlRtUvdak;BakübþwgenAcMeBaHmuxtulakarkMBUlenH.

CMBUkTI 4
karEtgtaMgecARkmCRmHkþI
maRta 10 fμI>-
ecARkmCRmHkþIénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ RtUv)aneRCIstaMgkñúgcMeNamecARkmkñúgtMENgbc©úb,nñ nig
ecARkm Edl)aneRCIstaMgbEnßmtamnItiviFIénkareRCIstaMgecARkmCaFrman ehIyEdlmancritlkçN³ nig
saμrtIx<s; minlMeGog nigsucrit manbTBiesaFn_kñúgkargarCMnaj CaBiessxagc,ab;RBhμTNÐ b¤c,ab;Gnþr-
Cati kñúgenaHrYmmanc,ab; mnusSFm’GnþrCati nigc,ab;siT§imnusSpg . ecARkmCRmHkþþIRtUvÉkraCükñúgkar
bMeBjkargarrbs;xøÜn ehIyminRtUvTTYl b¤EsVgrkkarbgÁab;bBa¢aBIrdæaPi)alNamYy b¤BIRbPBNamYyepSg
eToteT,Iy.

maRta 11 fμI>-
]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkmRtUveRCIstaMgecARkmExμrya:gticR)aMBIrrUb [eFVICaecARkmCRmHkþI
sRmab;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ nigeRCIstaMgecARkmCRmHkþIbRmugmYycMnYntamtRmUvkar RBmTaMgRtUveRCIs
taMgpgEdrnUvRbFanénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgcMeNamecARkmExμrxagelI tamnItiviFIénkareRCIstaMgecA-
RkmCaFrman .
ecARkmbRmugExμrRtUvCMnYsecARkmCRmHkþIExμreBjsiTi§ enAeBlEdlecARkmenHGvtþmanb¤manFur³.
ecARkmCRmHkþITaMgenH GacbnþbMeBjkargarRbcaMéf¶ enAkñúgsalaCRmHkþIEdlxøÜnkMBugbMeBj.
]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkmRtUveRCIstaMgya:gtic buKÁlR)aMrUb EdlmansBa¢atibreTs[eFVICa
ecARkmCRmHkþIbreTssRmab;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ eRkayBIkareRCIserIs[QreQμaHedayGKÁelxaFikar

294
GgÁkarshRbCaCati.
GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtUverobcMbBa¢IebkçCnCaecARkmbreTs EdlmancMnYnya:gtic
R)aMBIrrUb CUnraCrdæaPi)alénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa ehIy]tþmRkumRmwkSaénGgÁecARkmRtUveRCIstaMg cgRkg
bBa©ÚlKñaedayelxaFikardæanRkumkargarraCrdæaPi)al ecARkmeBjsiT§iR)aMrUb nigecARkmbRmugya:gticBIr
rUbBIkñúgbBa¢IeQaμHenaH. bEnßmBIelIecARkmbreTs EdlcUlrYmkñuúgGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ nigEdlmanvtþman
enARKb;dMNak;kaléndMeNIrkarCMnMuCRmH RbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ Gaccat;taMgtamkrNInImYy² nUv
ecARkmbRmugmYyrUb b¤eRcInrUb EdlRtUv)aneRCIserIsrYcehIy eday]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm[man
vtþmanenAdMNak;kalCMnMuCRmHnImYy² ehIy[CMnYsecARkmbreTs RbsinebIecARkmrUbenaH BMumanlT§PaB
GacbnþkarCMnMuCRmHteTAeTot)an.
maRta 12>-
ecARkmCRmHkþITaMgGs; EdlsißteRkamc,ab;enH manzan³ niglkçxNÐkargaresμI²KñaeTAtamlMdab;
fñak;énGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØnImYy².
ecARkmCRmHkþImYyrUb²RtUv)aneRCIstaMgsRmab;ry³eBlénkarCMnMuCRmH.

maRta 13>-
ecARkmCRmHkþIRtUvmanbuKÁlikExμr nigbuKÁlikGnþrCatiCaCMnYykareTAtamtRmUvkarCak;EsþgsRmab;
beRmIkargarenAkariyal½yrbs;xøÜn.
kñúgkareRCIserIsbuKÁlikCaCMnYykar nigGñkCMnYykarc,ab; RbFankariyal½yrdæ)alRtUveFVIsmÖasn_
kñúgkrNIcaM)ac; nigRtUvmankaryl;RBmedaymtiPaKeRcInBIecARkmExμr kñúgkarCYlbuKÁlikEdlnwgRtUvEtg
taMgedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa. GnuRbFankariyal½yrdæ)alRtUvmanParkic©TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkareRCIserIs
nigkarRKb;RKgbuKÁlikGnþrCatiTaMgGs;. cMnYnbuKÁlik nigGñkCMnYykarc,ab;RtUveRCIserIseTAtamsmamaRt
énecARkmExμr nigecARkmbreTs.
buKÁlikCaCMnYykarExμrRtUveRCIserIskñúgcMeNamm®nþIraCkarkñúgRkbx½NÐ rdæ b¤CnCatiExμrd¾éTeTot
EdlmansmßPaBkñúgkrNIcaM)ac;.

295
 CMBUkTI 5
karseRmcesckþIrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
maRta 14 fμI>-1-
ecARkmTaMgGs;RtUvBüayamseRmc[)anPaBÉkcä½nÞkñúgsckþIseRmcrbs;xçÜn.
RbsinebIPaBÉkcä½nÞenHBMuGac rk)aneT RtUvGnuvtþeKalkarN_dUcxageRkam ³
k¼ karseRmcesckþIedayGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØrbs;saladMbUgtRmUv [mankare)aHeqñatKaMRTBI
ecARkmbYnrUbya:gtic.
x¼ karsRmcesckþIedayGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØrbs;tulakarkMBUl tRmUv[mankare)aHeqñatKaMRTBI
ecARkmR)aMrUbya:gtic.
2-enAeBlEdlBMumanÉkPaBÉkcä½nenaHeT esckþIseRmcénGgÁCMnMuCRmH RtUvkt;RtaTuknUveyabl;
rbs;mtiPaKeRcIn nigmtiPaKtic.

maRta 15>-
RbFanRtUveFVIkarekaHRbCMuecARkmEdl)anEtgtaMg enAkñúgry³eBlsmRsbedIm,IdMeNIrkargarén
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ .

CMBUkTI 6
shRBHraCGaCJa
maRta 16>-
ral;karsnñidæanecaTRbkan;CUneTAGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RBHraCGaCaJBIrnak;
mñak;Cakm<úCa nigmñak;eTotCabreTsEdlehAfa : shRBHraCGaCaJ : EdlRtUveFVIkarrYmKña edIm,IerobcM
Éksar nigeFVIesckþIsnñidæanecaTRbkan;CnsgS½ysRmab;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ.

maRta 17 fμI>-
shRBHraCGaCaJénsaladMbUgmansiT§ibþwg]T§rN_BIesckþIseRmc énGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØrbs;sala

296
dMbUg.

maRta 18 fμI>-
]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkmRtUveRCIstaMgRBHraCGaCaJ nigRBHraCGaCaJbRmugExμrmYycMnYntam
tRmUvkarBIRkbx½NÐecARkmviC¢aCIv³Exμr.
RBHraCGaCJabRmugRtUvCMnYsRBHraCGaCJaeBjsiT§ienAeBlEdlRBHraCGaCJaenaHGvtþman b¤manFur³.
RBHraCGaCJaTaMgenHGacbnþbMeBjkargarRbcaMéf¶enAkñúgsalaCMnuMCRmHkþIEdlxøÜnkMBugbMeBj.
RBHraCGaCJabreTsmYyrUb Edlmansmtßkic©bgðajxøÜnkñúgRKb;lMdab;fñak;énGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
RtUv)aneRCIstaMgeday]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm eRkayBIkareRCIserIs[QreQμaHedayGKÁelxaFikar
GgÁkarshRbCaCati.
GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtUverobcMbBa¢IebkçCnya:gticBIrrUb CashRBHraCGaCJabreTs
CUnraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ehIy]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkmRtUveRCIstaMgRBHraCGaCJaeBjsiT§imYyrUb nigRBH
raCGaCJabRmugmYyrUbecjBIbBa¢IebkçCnenH.

maRta 19>-
shRBHraCGaCJaRtUv)aneRCIstaMgkñúgcMeNambuKÁlTaMgT,ay Edl)aneRCIstaMgtamnItiviFIénkar
eRCIstaMgRBHraCGaCJa ehIyEdlmancritlkçN³ nigsμartIx<s; sucrit nigmanbTBiesaFn_CMnajkñúgkareFVI
karesIubGegát nigkñúgkarecaTRbkan;erOgkþIRBhμTNÐ.
shRBHraCGaCJaRtUvÉkraCükñúgkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn nigminRtUvTTYl b¤EsVgrkkarbgÁab;bBa¢aBI
rdæaPi)alNamYy b¤RbPBNamYyepSgeToteT,Iy.

maRta 20 fμI>-
shRBHraCGaCJaRtUveFVIkarecaTRbkan;edayGnuvtþtamnItiviFIEdlenACaFrman. RbsinebInItiviFIEdl
manRsab;BMu)anEcgBIkrNIBiessmYy b¤RbsinebImanPaBminc,as;las;kñúgkarbkRsay b¤GnuvtþnItiviFIenaH

297
b¤RbsinebI manbBðaaTak;TgeTAnwgPaBsmRsbénnItiviFITaMgenHCamYybTdæanGnþrCati shRBHraCGaCJa
GacEsVgrkkarENnaM kñúgbTdæannItiviFIEdl)anbegáIteT,IgkñúgkRmitGnþrCati.
kñúgkrNIEdlmanPaBExVgeyabl;Kñarvag shRBHraCGaCaJ RtUvGnuvtþeKalkarN_dUcxageRkam ³
karecaTRbkan;RtUvbnþ drabNashRBHraCGaCJa b¤k¾shRBHraCGaCJamañk;BMu)anesñIkñúgry³eBlsamsibéf¶
fa PaBExVgeyabl;KñaRtUv)anedaHRsay edayGnuelamtambTb,BaØtiþdUcxageRkam ³
shRBHraCGaCJaRtUvdak;CUnnUvkMNt;ehtuCalaylkçN_GkSrGMBIGgÁehtu nigehtuplTaMgT,ay
cMeBaHeKalCMhrxusKñarbs;eKdl;RbFankariyal½yrdæ)al.
PaBExVgeyabl;KñaRtUvEtedaHRsayPøam edayGgÁbuerCMnMuCRmHEdlmanecARkmR)aMrUb ecARkmExμrbI
rUb RtUv)aneRCIstaMgeday]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm edaymanecARkmmYyrUbCaRbFan ehIynig
ecARkmbreTsBIrrUb RtUv)aneRCIstaMgeday]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm bnÞab;BImankareRCIserIs[Qr
eQμaH edayGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati.
kareRCIserIsecARkmxagelIenHRtUvGnuvtþtambTb,BaØtiþ énmaRta 10 fμI énc,ab;enH.
bnÞab;BITTYl)ankMNt;ehtudUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgkfax½NÐTI3 RbFankariyal½yrdæ)al RtUvekaH
RbCMuGgÁbuerCMnMuCRmHCabnÞan; ehIyRtUvCUndMNwgGMBIkMNt;ehtudl;smaCikGgÁbuerCMnMuCRmH.
esckþIseRmcrbs;GgÁbuerCMnMuCRmHEdlBuMebIkpøvÚ [manbNþwg]T§rN_ tRmUv[mansMeT,gviC¢manBI
ecARkmbYnrUbya:gtic. esckþIsRmcenHRtUvCUndMNwgdl;RbFankariyal½yrdæ)alEdlRtUvpSBVpSayesckþI
seRmcenH ehIyCUndMNwgdl;shRBHraCGaCJa. shRBHraCGaCJaRtUvcat;karbnþCabnÞan; edayGnuvtþtam
esckþIseRmcrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmH. RbsinebIBMumanmtiPaKeRcIn dUctRmUv[mancMeBaHkareFVIesckþIseRmceT
karecaTRbkan;RtUveFVIbnþeTAeTot.
kñúgeBleFVIkarecaTRbkan; shRBHraCGaCJaGacEsVgrkarCYy]btßmÖBIraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RbsinebI
karCYy]btßmÖenHBitCamanRbeyaCn_cMeBaHkarecaTRbkan; ehIykarCYy]btßmÖenHRtUvEtpþl;CUn.

maRta 21 fμI>-
shRBHraCGaCJaTaMgGs;EdlsißteRkamc,ab;enHmanzan³ niglkçxNÐkargaresμI²Kña eTAtamlMdab;
fñak;énGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØnImYy².

298
 RBHraCGaCaJmYyrUb² RtUv)aneRCIstaMgsRmab;ry³eBlénkarCMnMuCRmH.
kñúgkrNIEdlRBHraCGaCJabreTsGvtþman b¤manFur³ RtUvCMnYsedayRBHraCGaCJabRmugbreTs.

maRta 22 fμI>-
shRBHraCGaCJamYyrUb²mansiTi§eRCIserIsRBHraCGaCJargmYyrUb b¤eRcInrUb edIm,ICYyxøÜnkñúgkareFVI
esckþIsnñidæanecaTRbkan;enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmH. RBHraCGaCJargbreTs RtUvEtgtaMgedayshRBHraC
GaCJabreTsBIbBa¢Ipþl;edayGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati.
shRBHraCGaCJaRtUvmanbuKÁlikExμr nigbuKÁlikGnþrCatiCaCMnYykar eTAtamtRmUvkarCak;Esþg
sRmab;beRmIkargarenAkariyal½yrbs;xøÜn.
kñúgkareRCIserIsbuKÁlikCaCMnYykar RbFankariyal½yrdæ)al RtUveFVIsmÖasn_ kñúgkrNIcaM)ac; nig
RtUvmankaryl;RBmBIshRBHraCGaCJaExμr kñúgkarCYlbuKÁlikEdlRtUvEtgtaMgedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.
GnuRbFankariyal½yrdæ)alRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkareRCIserIs nigkarRKb;RKgbuKÁlikbreTsTaMgGs;.
cMnYnbuKÁlikCMnYykarRtUveRCIserIstamsmamaRt RBHraCGaCJaExμr nigRBHraCGaCJabreTs.
buKÁlikCaCMnYykarExμrRtUveRCIserIskñúgcMeNammRnþIraCkarkñúgRkbx½NÐrdæ b¤CnCatiExμrd¾éTeTot
EdlmansmtßPaBkñúgkrNIcaM)ac;.

CMBUkTI 7
GMBIkaresuIbGegát
maRta 23 fμI>-
ral;karesIubGegát KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKñarbs;ecARkmBIrnak; mñak;Cakm<úCa nigmñak;eTotCa
breTs EdlehAfa :shecARkmesIubGegát : edayGnuvtþtamnItiviFIEdlenACaFrman. RbsinebInItiviFIEdl
manRsab;BMu)anEcg BIkrNIBiessmYy b¤ RbsinebImanPaBminc,as;las;kñúgkarbkRsay b¤ GnuvtþnItiviFI
enaH b¤RbsinebImanbBaðaTak;TgeTAnwgPaBsmRsbénnItiviFITaMgenHCamYybTdæanGnþrCati shecARkm
esIubGegátGacEsVgrkkarENnaMkñúgbTdæannItivFi I Edl)anbegáIteT,IgkñúgkRmitGnþrCati.

299
 kñúgkrNIEdlmanPaBminyl;RsbKñarvagshecARkm RtUvGnuvtþeKalkarN_dUcxageRkam ³
karesIubGegátRtUveFVIbnþ drabNashecARkmesIubGegáátTaMgBIr b¤mYyrUb kñúgcMeNamBYkeKBMu)an
bþwgminsuxcitþkñúgry³eBlsamsibéf¶ faPaBExVgeyabl;KñaRtUvedaHRsayedayGnuvtþtambTb,BaØtiþ dUc
xageRkam ³
shecARkmesIubGegátRtUvCUnkMNt;ehtuCalayl½kçN_GkSrGMBIGgÁehtu nigehtuplTaMgT,ay
cMeBaHeKalCMhrxusKñadl;RbFankariyal½yrdæ)al.
PaBExVgeyabl;KñaRtUvedaHRsayPøamedayGgÁbuer CMnMuCRmH dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta20 énc,ab;enH.
bnÞab;BITTYl)annUvkMNt;ehtudUcmanEcgkñúgkfax½NÐTI3 rYcmkRbFankariyal½yrdæ)al RtUvekaH
RbCMuGgÁbuerCMnMuCRmHCabnÞan; ehIyCUndMNwgGMBIkMNt;ehtudl;smaCikGgÁbuerCMnMuCRmH.
esckþIsRmcrbs;GgÁbuerCMnMuCRmHEdlBMuebIkpøvÚ [manbNþwg]T§rN_ tRmUv[mansMeT,gviC¢manBI
ecARkmbYnrUbya:gtic. esckþIsMercenHRtUvCUndMNwgdl;RbFankariyal½yrdæ)al EdlRtUvpSBVpSayesckþI
seRmcenH ehIyCUndMNwgdl;shecARkmesIubGegát. shecARkmesIubGegátRtUvcat;karbnþCabnÞan;
edayGnuvtþtamesckþþIseRmcrbs;GgÁbuerCMnMuCRmHenH. RbsinebIBMumanmtiPaKeRcIndUcEdltRmUv[man
cMeBaHesckþIseRmckaresuIbGegátRtUveFVIbnþeTot.
shecARkmesiIubGegát GacEp¥keTAelImUldæanénBt’man EdlTTYl)anBIsßab½nnana rYmman
rdæaPi)al sßab½nnanarbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati b¤GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCaedIm.
shecARkmesIubGegátmanGMNac kñúgkarsYrcemøIyCnsgS½y CnrgeRKaH nigsþab;cemøIysakSI nig
RbmUlPsþþútagedayGnuvtþtamnItiviFICaFrman. kñúgkrNIEdlshecARkmesIubGegát yl;faCakarcaM)ac;
xanmin)anshecARkmesIubGegátGacecjdIkasMu[shRBHraCGaCJa eFVIkarsaksYrsakSIbEnßm)an.
kñúgkarGnuvtþParkic©enH shecARkmesIubGegátGacEsVgrkkarCYy]btßmÖBIraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)an
Rbsin ebIyl;eXIjfasmRsb nigmanRbeyaCn_dl;karesIubGgát ehIykarCYy]btßmÖenHRtUvEt)anpþl;
CUn.

maRta 24 fμI>-
kñúgdMNak;kalesIubGegát CnsgS½ymansiTi§TTYl)ankarkarBarBIemFavI EdleRCIserIsedayxøÜn

300
Égedayxanmin)an nigmanCMnYyEpñkc,ab;pl;BYkeKeday\tKitéfø RbsinebIxøÜnKμanlT§PaBRKb;RKan; edIm,I
BwgemFavIRBmTaMgmansiTi§TTYl)annUvkarbkERbcaM)ac;CaPasaEdlCnsgS½yniyaynigyl;)an.

maRta 25>-
shecARkmesIubGegátRtUv)aneRCIstaMgkñúgcMeNamecARkmkññúgtMENgbc©úb,nñ nigecARkmEdl)an
eRCIstaMgbEnßmtamnItiviFIénkareRCIstaMgecARkmCaFrman ehIyEdlmancritlkçN³ nigsμartIx<s; sucrit
manbTBiesaFn_kñúgkargarCMnaj. shecARkmesIubGegátRtUvÉkraCükñúgkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn ehIy
minRtUvTTYl b¤EsVgrkkarbgÁab;bBa¢aBIrdæaPi)alNamYy b¤BIRbPBNamYyepSgeToteT,Iy.

maRta 26>-
shecARkmesIubGegátExμr nigecARkmesIubGegátbRmugExμrRtUv)aneRCIstaMgeday]tþmRkumRbwkSa
énGgÁecARkmkñúgcMeNamecARkmviC¢aCIv³Exμr.
ecARkmesIubGegátbRmugRtUvCMnYsecARkmesIubGegáteBjsiT§i enAeBlNaEdlecARkmenHGvtþman
b¤manFur³. ecARkmesIubGegátTaMgenH GacbnþbMeBjkargarRbcaMéf¶enAkñúgsalaCRmHkþIEdlxøÜnkMBug
bMeBj.
ecARkmesIubGegátbreTsRtUv)aneRCIstaMgeday]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm sRmab;ry³eBlén
karesIubGegát bnÞab;BIkareRCIserIs[QreQμaHedayGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati. GKÁelxaFikar
GgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUverobcMbBa¢IebkçCnya:gticBIrrUbCaecARkmesIubGegátbreTs CUnraCrdæaPi)alén
RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa ehIy]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkmRtUveRCIstaMgshecARkmesIubGegáteBjsiTi§
mYyrUb nigbRmugmYyrUbBIbBa¢IebkçCnenH.

maRta 27 fμI>-
ecARkmesIubGegátTaMgGs; EdlsißteRkamc,ab;enH manzan³ niglkçxNÐkargaresμI²Kña.
ecARkmesIubGegátmYyrUb²RtUv)aneRCIstaMgsRmab;ry³eBlénkaresIubGegát.
kñúgkrNIEdlshecARkmesIubGegátbreTsNamYyGvtþman b¤manFur³ RtUvCMnYsedayecARkm

301
esIubGegátbRmugbreTs.

maRta 28>-
shecARkmesIubGegátmanbuKÁlikExμr nigbuKÁlikGnþrCatiCaCMnYykareTAtamtRmUvkarCak;Esþg
sRmab;beRmIkarenAkariyal½yrbs;xøÜn.
kñúgkareRCIserIsbuKÁlikCaCMnYykar shecARkmesIubGegát RtUvGnuvtþtamsμartIénbTb,BaØtiþ dUc
manEcgkñúgmaRta 13 énc,ab;enH.

CMBUkTI 8
karTTYlxusRtUvCabuKÁl
maRta 29 fμI>-
CnsgS½yNamYy EdlmanEpnkarjúHjg; bBa¢a RbRBwtþ b¤CYynigCMrujkñúgkarerobcMEpnkar b¤kar
RbRBwtþ]RkidækmμkñúgmaRta 3fμI/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7 nigmaRta 8 énc,ab;enH RtUvTTYlxusRtUvCabuKÁlcMeBaH]Rkidæ-
kmμenH.
tYnaTI b¤zan³rbs;CnsgS½yminGacCYyCnenH[rYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHbT]Rkidæ b¤CYy
bnßyTNÐkmμdl;CnenH)aneT,Iy.
RbkarEdlfaskmμPaBNamYykñúgcMeNamskmμPaBEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 3fμI/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7 nig
maRta 8 énc,ab;enH RtUv)anRbRBwtþedayGñkenAeRkambgÁab;enaHminGacCYy[fñak;elIrYcputBIkarTTYlxus
RtUvcMeBaH]RkidækmμenaH)aneT RbsinebIfñak;elImanbBa¢a nigmankarRKb;RKgd¾manRbsiT§iPaB b¤manGMNac
nigkarRtYtBinitüeTAelIGñkenAeRkambgÁab; ehIyfñak;elI)andwg nigmanehtupldwgfaGñkenAeRkambgÁab;
RbRBwtþ b¤)anRbRBwtþnUvskmμPaBEbbenH ehIyxøÜnmin)ancat;viFankarcaM)ac; nigsmRsb edIm,IbgáarGMeBI
EbbenH b¤dak;TNÐkmμcMeBaHkarRbRBwtþbT]RkidæenH.
RbkarEdlfaCnsgS½y)anRbRBwtþGMeBI]Rkidæ eTAtambBa¢arbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü b¤
rbs;fñak;elINamYYyminGacCYyCnsgS½yenH [rYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHbT]RkidæenH)aneTI,y.

302
 CMBUkTI 9
kariyal½yrdæ)al
maRta 30>-
buKÁlikénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØsRmab;ecARkmCRmHkþI ecARkmesIubGegát nigRBHraCGaCJaRtUvRKb;RKg
edaykariyal½yrdæ)almYy.
kariyal½yenHmanRbFanExμrmYyrUb GnuRbFanbreTsmYyrUb nigbuKÁlik mYycMnYntamtRmUvkarCak;
Esþg.

maRta 31 fμI>-
RbFankariyal½yrdæ)alRtUvEtgtaMgedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCasMrab;ry³eBl 2qñaM ehIyGacRtUv
)anEtgtaMgbnþeTot)an. RbFankariyal½yrdæ)almanParkic©RKb;RKgTUeTAelIkargarrbs;kariyal½y
rdæ)al elIkElgEtkargarEdlsßitenAeRkambTbBaØtiþ nignItiviFIrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati .
RbFankariyal½yrdæ)al RtUv)aneRCIserIskñúgcMeNamGñkEdlmanbTBiesaFn_x<s;kñúgkargarrdæ)al
tulakarmanPaBsÞat;CMnajelIPasaNamYykñúgcMeNamPasabreTs EdleRbIkarkñúgGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
CamnusSmancritlkçN³ nigsμartIx<s; nigsucrit.
GnuRbFanbreTsénkariyal½yrdæ)al RtUveRCIstaMgedayGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati nig
EtgtaMgedayraCrdæaPi)alénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa nigRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkareRCIserIs nigkarRKb;RKg
buKÁlikGnþrCatiTaMgGs; dUcEdl)antRmUv[manedaysmasPaKbreTsénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ shecA
RkmesIubGegát kariyal½yénshRBHraCGaCaJ nigkariyal½yrdæ)al. GnuRbFankariyal½yrdæ)alRtUv
RKb;RKgR)ak;FnFanEdlpþl;CUn tamry³mYlniFisμ½RKcitþénGgÁkarshRbCaCati.
kariyal½yrdæ)alRtUvmanbuKÁlikExμr nigbuKÁlikGnþrCatiCaCMnYykar tamtRmUvkarCak;Esþg.
buKÁlikExμrTaMgGs;énkariyal½yrdæ)al RtUvEtgtaMgedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa tamsMeNIrbs;RbFan
kariyal½y. buKÁlik breTsRtUvEtgtaMgedayGnuRbFankariyal½yrdæ)al.
buKÁlikExμrRtUveRCIserIskñúgcMeNammRnþIraCkarkñúgRkbx½NÐrdæb¤CnCatiExμrdéTeTot Edlmansmtß-
PaBkñúgkrNIcaM)ac;.

303
maRta 32>-
buKÁlikTaMgGs;EdlmanParkic©CYyCaCMnYykardl;ecARkmCRmHkþI ecARkmesIubGegát RBHraCGaCJa
nig kariyal½yrdæ)alTTYl)annUvlkçxNÐkargardUc²Kña eTAtamlMdab;fñak;énGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØnImYy².

CMBUkTI 10
kic©dMeNIrkarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
maRta 33 fμI>-
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØrbs;saladMbUgRtUvRbRBwtþeTA[)anRtwmRtUv nigqab;rh½seTAtamnItiviFICa
Frman edaymankareKarBya:geBjeljnUvsiT§irbs;CnRtUvecaT nigmankarkarBa[)anRtwmRtUvcMeBaHCn
rgeRKaH nigsakSI. RbsinebInItiviFIEdlmanRsab;BMu)anEcgBIkrNIBiessmYy b¤ RbsinebImanPaBminc,as;
las;kñúgkarbkRsay b¤GnuvtþnItiviFIenaH b¤RbsinebImanbBaðaTak;TgeTAnwgPaBsmRsbénnItiviFITaMgenHCa
mYybTdæanGnþrCati eKGacEsVgrkkarENnaMkñúgbTdæannItiviFIEdl)anbegáIteT,IgkñúgkRmitGnþrCati. GgÁCMnMu
CRmHvisamBaØrbs;saladMbUgRtUvGnuvtþyutþaFikarrbs;xøÜnsmRsb tambTdæanyutþiFm’GnþrCati PaBRtwm
RtUvnwgdMeNIrkarsmRsbénc,ab;dUcEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta14 nig15 énGnusBaØaGnþrCati qñaM1966 sþIBI
siT§iBlrdæ nigneya)ay. CnsgS½yEdlRtUv)anecaTRbkan; ehIyRtUv)ancab;xøÜn RtUvbBa¢ÚnxøÜnmksala
dMbUgtamnItiviFICaFrman. raCrdæaPi)alRtUvTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFanasnþisuxcMeBaH karcUlxøÜn nigkñúgkarcat;
kar[cab;xøÜnCnsgS½y EdlRtUv)anecaTRbkan;tamc,ab;enH. nKr)alyutiþFm’ RtUv)anCYy]btßmÖeday
GgÁPaBGnuvtþc,ab;epSg²eTotrbs;raCrdæaPi)alEdlrYmmankgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuF edIm,IFana[CnEdlRtUv
)anecaTRbkan;RtUv)annaMxøÜnmkkñúgmnÞIrXMuXaMgPøam². lkçxNÐénkarcab;xøÜn nigXMuxøÜnRtUvGnuvtþtamc,ab;
CaFrman.
tulakarRtUvpþl;karkarBardl;CnrgeRKaH nigsakSI. viFankarkarBarTaMgenHminRtUvkRmitRtwmEtkic©
dMeNIrkarCMnMuCRmHCasm¶at; nigkarkarBar nUvGtþsBaØaNrbs;CnrgeRKaHeT,Iy.

304
maRta 34 fμI>-
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØRtUveFVICasaFarN³nigebIkcMhsMrab;tMNagrbs;rdæbreTs tMNagrbs;elak
GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati tMNagbNþajB½t’man nigtMNagGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCati nig GnþrCati
elIkElgEtkñúg kal³eTs³Biess GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØseRmcfa RtUvCMnMuCRmHCasm¶at;eday manmUlehtu
RtwmRtUvedayeyag tamnItiviFICaFrman EdlkarpSBVpSayCasaFarN³eFIV»üb:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_
yutþiFm’.

maRta 35 fμI>-
CnCab;ecaTNak¾eday RtUvTukCamnusS\teTas drabNatulakarminTan;kat;eTasCasßaBr.
enAkñúgkarecaTRbkan;mkelIxøÜn CnCab;ecaTmansiT§iTTYl)annUvkarFanaCaGb,brmanigesμI²Kñasm
RsbtammaRta14 énGnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ayqñaM 1966 ³
k¼ TTYlBt’manPøam² niglm¥itCaPasaEdlxøÜnyl;)anGMBIRbePT nigmUlehtuénkarecaTRbkan;
cMeBaHxøÜn
x¼ maneBlevla niglkçN³RKb;RKan; edIm,IerobcMkarBarxøÜn nigTak;TgCamYyemFavIrbs;xøÜn
Edl eRCIserIsedayxøÜnÉg
K¼ RtUv)anTTYlkarCMnMuCRmHedayKμankarGUsbnøay
X¼ RtUv)anCMnMuCRmHedaymanvtþmanrbs;CnsgS½y nigkarBarxøÜnedayxøÜnÉg b¤tamry³emFavI
EdleRCIserIsedayxøÜnÉg RtUv)anR)ab;eGaydwgGMBIsiT§ienH nigTTYl)annUvCMnYyEpñkc,ab;
eday\tKitéfø RbsinebICnCab;ecaT KμanlT§PaBCYledayxøÜnÉg
g¼ BinitüPsþútagdak;bnÞúk nigTTYl)annUvkarcUlrYm nigkarBnitüPsþútagedaHbnÞúkkñúglkçx½NÐ dUc
Kña nigPsþútagdak;bnÞúkEdr
c¼ mankarCYy]btßmÖedayesrIBIGñkbkERbPasa RbsinebICnCab;ecaTminyl; b¤minGacniyay
)annUvPasaEdleRbIenAkñúgtulakar
q¼ minRtUv)aneKbgçM[eqøIyRbqaMgnwgxøÜnÉg b¤bgçM[eqøIysarPaBfamankMhus.

305
maRta 36 fμI>-
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØéntulakarkMBUlCMnMuCRmHelIbNþwgsaTukçrbs;CnCab;ecaTrbs;CnrgeRKaH nig
rbs;shRBHraCGaCJa BIsaldIkarrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØénsaladMbUg kñúgkrNIenH tulakarkMBUl Binitü
seRmcCacugeRkayTaMgGgÁehtu TaMgGgÁc,ab;edayminbgVilsMNMuerOgmkGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØénsaladMbUg
vijeT.

maRta 37 fμI>-
RbkarEdl)anEcgenAkñúgmaRta33 34 nig35 RtUvGnuvtþdUcKña cMeBaHkarCMnMuCRmHkþIenAkñúgGgÁCMnMu
CRmHvisamBaØéntulakarkMBUl.

CMBUkTI 11
eTasbBaØtþi
maRta 38>-
TNÐkmμTaMgGs;EdlRtUvykmkdak;RtUvkMNt;RtwmeTasdak;Bn§naKar.

maRta 39 fμI>-
CnTaMgT,ayEdlRbRBwtþbT]RkidæNamYydUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta 3fIμ/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ nigmaRta 8 én
c,ab;enH RtUvpþnÞaeTas]Rkidædak;Bn§naKarBI 5 qñaM rhUtdl;mYyCIvit.
eRkABIeTasdak;Bn§naKar GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØénsaladMbUgGacseRmcrwbGUsRTBüsm,tþi Cacl-
nvtßú nigGclnvtßú nigluykak;EdlTTYl)anedayxusc,ab; b¤k¾)anedaykarRbRBwtþGMeBI]Rkidækmμ. RTBü
sm,tþiEdlrwbGUs)anenHRtUvRbKl;CUnrdæ.

306
 CMBUkTI 12
karelIkElgeTasnigkarGnueRKaHeTas
maRta 40 fμI>-
raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaminGacesñIsMu[mankarelIkElgeTas b¤karGnueRKaHeTasdl;CnTaMgT,ayNa
Edl Gac RtUv)anesIubGegát b¤RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasGMBI]Rkidækmμ EdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 3fμI/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ nig
maRta 8 énc,ab;enH)aneT,Iy. visalPaBénkarelIkElgeTas b¤ GnueRKaHeTasEdlGacRtUv)anpþl;
eGaymunkarGnum½tc,ab;enH KWRtUvsMercedayGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ.

CMBUkTI 13
zan³ siT§i buBVsiT§i nigGP½yÉksiT§i
maRta 41>-
ecARkmbreTs shecARkmesIubGegátbreTs shRBHraCGaCJabreTs nigGnuRbFankariyal½y
rdæ)al rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK EdlCaEpñkénRKYsarrbs;BYkeK RtUvmanbuBVsiT§i nigGP½yÉk
siT§iTaMgGs;karrYc Bn§ nigeRKÓgbrikaçreRbIR)as; dUcEdlpþl;CUndl;Pñak;garkarTUt edayGnuelamtam
GnusBaØaTIRkugvIEy:nsþIBITMnak;TMngkarTUtnaqñaM1961. mRnþITaMgGs;enHRtUv)anrYcBIkarCab;Bn§elIR)ak;
ebovtS brilaP nigviPaCn_rbs;BYkeKenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.

maRta 42 fμI>-
1-ecARkmExμr shecARkmesIubGegátExμr shRBHraCGaCJaExμr nig buKÁlikExμrRtUv)anpþl;GP½y
ÉksiT§i[rYcputBIdMeNIrkþItampøÚvc,ab; cMeBaHBaküeBcn_Edl)anniyay b¤sresr nigskmμPaBTaMgGs; Edl
)anbMeBjkñúgtMENgpøÚvkarrbs;eK. GP½yÉksiT§iEbbenHenAEtmanCabnþ eRkayBIBYkeKbBa©b;kargarCa
mYyGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ GgÁbuerCMnMuCRmH nigkariyal½yrdæ)al.
2-buKÁlikGnþrCati RtUv)anpþl;bEnßmnUv ³
k- GP½yÉksiT§i[rYcputBIdMeNIrkIþtampøÚvc,ab;cMeBaHBaküeBcn_ Edl)anniyay b¤sresr nig
skmμPaBTaMgGs;Edl)anbMeBjkñúgtMENgpøÚvkarrbs;BYkeK. GP½yÉksiT§iEbbenHenAEtmanCa

307
 bnþ eRkayBIBYkeKbBa©b;kargarCamYyshecARkmesIubGegát shRBHraCGaCJa GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisa-
mBaØ GgÁbuerCMnMuCRmH nigkariyal½yrdæ)al.
x- GP½yÉksiTi§[rYcputBIkarbg;Bn§elIR)ak;ebovtS viPaCn_ nigbrilaPEdlebIkCUnBYkeKedayGgÁ
karshRbCaCati.
K- GP½yÉksiT§i[rYcputBIkardak;kMhitRBMEdnGenþaRbevsn_.
X- siT§inaMcUledayrYcBn§Gakr eRKÓgsgðarwm nigsmÖar³eRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜnrbs;BykeKelIkElg
EtkarcMNaysRmab;esvakmμ enAeBlEdlmkTTYlParkic©pøÚvkarCaelIkdMbUgenARbeTskm<úCa.
3-emFavIrbs;CnsgS½y b¤CnCab;ecaTEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faCaemFavI edayGgÁCMnMuCRmHmin
RtUvsißtenAeRkamGMNacrdæaPi)al nUvviFankarNamYyEdlGacb:HBal;dl;karbMeBjmuxgar edayesrI nig
ÉkraCürbs;xøÜn enAeRkamc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ.
CaBiess emFavIRtUv)anpþl;nUv³
k- GP½yÉksiT§i[rYcputBIkarcab; b¤XMuxøÜn nigkarrwbGUsrbs;rbrpÞal;xøÜn kñúgRkbx½NÐénkarbMeBj
Parkic©rbs;xøÜnkñúgerOgkþIenH
x- PaBminGacrMelaPbMBan)an nUvÉksarTaMgGs; EdlTak;Tgdl;karbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn Ca
emFavIrbs;CnsgS½y b¤CnCab;ecaT
K- GP½yÉksiT§i[rYcputBIyutþaFikarrdæb,evNI nigRBhμTNÐcMeBaHBaküeBcn_Edl)anniyay b¤
sresr nigskmμPaBEdl)anbMeBj kñúgdMENgpøÚvkarrbs;eKkñúgnamCaemFavI. GP½yÉksiT§iEbb
enH enAbnþpþl; cMeBaHBYkeK eRkayBYkeKbBa©b;muxgarCaemFavIrbs;CnsgS½y b¤CnCab;ecaT.
4-bNÑasardæanrbs;shecARkmesIubGegát shRBHraCGaCJa GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ GgÁbuerCMnMu
CRmH nigkariyal½yrdæ)al nigCaTUeTAÉksarnigsmÖar³TaMgGs;EdlGacrk)an ehIyEdlCakmμsiT§irbs;
GñkTaMgenaH b¤eRbIR)as;edayGñkTaMgenaH eTaHCasißtenAkEnøgNaénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCak¾eday nigRKb;
RKg edayCnNak¾eday KWminGacRtUv)anrMelaPbMBan)ankñúgry³eBlénkic©dMeNIrkarCMnMuCRmHenHeT,Iy.

308
 CMBUkTI 14
TItaMgrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
maRta 43 fμI>-
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØEdleFVIeT,IgenAfñak;saladMbUg nigtulakarkMBUl manTItaMgenAkñúgTIRkug
PñMeBj.

CMBUkTI 15
karcMNay
maRta 44 fμI>-
karcMNay nigR)ak;ebovtS rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØman³
1-karcMNaynigR)ak;ebovtScMeBaHmRnþIrdæ)al nigbuKÁlikExμr cMeBaHecARkmCRmHkþInigecARkmCRmH
kþIbRmug ecARkmesIubGegát nigecARkmesIubGegátbRmug RBHraCGaCaJ nigRBHraCGaCJabRmugExμrTaMgGs; Ca
bnÞúkrbs;fvikaCatiExμr.
2-karcMNaycMeBaHmRnþIrdæ)al nigbuKÁlikbreTs ecARkmCRmHkþI shRBHraCGaCJa nigshecA
RkmesIub GegátbreTs EdlbBa¢ÚnmkedayGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati CabnÞúkrbs;GgÁkarsh
RbCaCati.
3-emFavIkarBarkþI GacTTYlR)ak;kéRmBIkic©karBarkþþIrbs;xøÜn.
4-karcMNaysRmab;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØk¾GacTTYlbEnßmnUvmUlniFisμ½RKcitþdéTeTot dUcCardæa-
Pi)albreTs sßab½nGnþrCati GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alnana ehIynigbuKÁlEdlmanbMNgcg;CYydl;kic©
dMeNIrkarenH.

CMBUkTI 16
Pasakargar
maRta 45 fμI>-
PasaEdleRbIR)as;CapøÚvkarkñúgkargarrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ KWPasaExμr PasaGg;eKøs nig Pasa

309
)araMg.

CMBUkTI 17
krNIKμanecARkmCRmHkþI
ecARkmesIubGegát b¤RBHraCGaCJabreTs
maRta 46 fμI>-
edIm,IFanakarGnuvtþc,ab;enH)anTan;eBlevla nigminrGak;rGYl kñúgkrNIEdlecARkmCRmH b¤ecA-
RkmesIubGegát b¤RBHraCGaCJabreTsNamYymin)ancUlrYm b¤ bdiesFmincUlrYmkñúgGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ
]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkmeRCIstaMgecARkmCRmHkIþ b¤ecARkmesuIbGegát b¤RBHraCGaCJaepSgeTot [
bMeBjkEnøgTMenr kñúgcMeNambBa¢IebkçCnbreTsEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta11 fμI/ 18 fμI nigmaRta26énc,ab;
enH. kñúgkrNIEdleQμaH kñúgbBaI¢RtUv)aneRbIGs; ehIyelakGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati BMu)anpþl;
bBa¢IeQμaHebkçCnfμIbEnßm b¤kñúgkrNIEdlGgÁkarshRbCaCatidkkarKaMRTBIGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ kEnøgTMenr
TaMgenaH RtUvbMeBjbEnßmeday]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkmBIbNþaebkçCnEdl)anesñIeT,Ig edayrdæaPi)al
énbNþardæCasmaCikénGgÁkarshRbCaCati b¤BIkñúgcMeNam\sSrCnc,ab;breTsdéTeTot.
bnÞab;BIGnuvtþnItiviFIenHehIy ebIenAEtKμanecARkmCRmHkþI b¤ecARkmesIubGegát b¤RBHraCGaCJa
breTs cUlrYmkñúgkargarrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ ehIyKμanebkçCnbreTsNaRtUv)aneRCIserIs[bMeBj
tMENgTMenrenHeT enAeBlenaH ]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkmGaceRCIstaMgecARkmCRmHkþI b¤ecARkmesIub
Gegát b¤RBHraCGaCJaExμrCMnYs.

CMBUkTI 18
GtßiPaBénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
maRta 47>-
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCaRtUvrlayxøÜnCasV½yRbvtþi eRkayeBlEdlkarvinicä½yeTas
kñúgerOgkþIenH)ancb;CasßaBr.

310
maRta 47 sÞÜn>-
eRkayeBlpþl;sc©ab½nsmRsbtambTbBaØtþiénc,ab;RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa Tak;TgeTAnwgsmtßkic©
énkarcuHsn§isBaØakic©RBmeRBogrvagGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaTak;Tgnwgkarkat;esckþI
enAeRkamc,ab;km<úCanUv]Rkidækmμ EdlRbRBwtþeLIgenAkñúgry³kalénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü eFIVenAPñMeBjéf¶
TI6 Exmifuna qñaM2003 RtUvGnuvtþCac,ab;enAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa.

CMBUkTI 19
Gvsanb,BaØtiþ
maRta 48>-
c,ab;enHRtUv)anRbkasCakarRbjab;.

311
 bkERbeRkApøÚvkar

kic©RBmeRBog
rvagGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
Tak;Tgnwgkarkat;esckþIenAeRkamc,ab;km<úCa nUv]Rkidækmμ
EdlRbRBwtþeLIgenAkúñgry³kal
énkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

edayehtufa mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anrMlwkenAkúñgesckþIseRmccitþrbs;xøÜn elx

57¼228 éf¶TI 18 ExFñÚ qñaM2002 fakarrMrlaPbMBany:agF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHc,ab;km<úCa nigc,ab;mnusSFm’
GnþrCatikúñgry³kalkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüBIqñaM 1975 dl;qñaM 1979 enAEtCabBaðaEdlbgá[mankar
RBYy)armÖy:agF¶n;F¶rdl;shKmn_GnþrCatiTaMgmUl.
edayehtufa enAkúñgesckþIseRmccitþdEdlenH mhasnñi)at)anTTYlsÁal;karRBYy)armÖeBj
c,ab;rbs;rdæaPi)al nigRbCaCnkm<úCakúñgkarEsVgrkyutþiFm’ karbRgYbbRgYmCati esßrPaB snþiPaB nig
snþisux.
edayehtufa GaCJaFrkm<úCa)anesñIsuMCMnYyBIGgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMCan;x<s;
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCnTaMgLayEdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMputcMeBaH]Rkidækmμ nigkarrMelaPy:agF¶n;F¶r
eTAelIc,ab;RBhμTNÐkm<úCa karrMelaPeTAelIc,ab;mnusSFm’ nigTmøab;GnþrCati RBmTaMgkarrMelaPelI
GnusBaØaGnþrCati EdlRbeTskm<úCa TTYlsÁal; ehIyEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgGMLúgéf¶ 17 emsa 1975
dl;éf¶ 06 mkra 1979.
edayehtufa enAmuneBlcrcaelIkic©RBmeRBogenH mankarrIkceRmInCaeRcIneFVIeLIg edayelak
GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬bnÞab;BIenHehAfa {elakGKÁelxaFikar}¦ nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
QaneTArkkarbegáItnUvGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ enAkúgñ rcnasm<½n§tulakarkm<úCaEdlmanRsab; edIm,Ikat;
esckþI]Rkidækmμ Edl)anRbRBwtþkúñgry³eBlkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü edaymanCMnYyGnþrCati.
edayehtufa tamesckþIseRmccitþelx 57¼228 mhasnñi)at)ansVaKmn_c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIt

312
GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI]Rkidækmμ EdlRbRBwtteLIgenAkñúgry³kalénkm<úCa
RbCaFietyü ehIy)anesñIsuMelakGKÁelxaFikar[bnþkarcrcaedayBuMmankarBnüareBledIm,IseRmckic©
RBmeRBogCamYyrdæaPi)al edayQrelIkarcrcaBIeBlmunsþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØsmRsbtam
xøwmsarénesckþIseRmcenH edIm,I[GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ Gaccab;epþImdMeNIrkar)anqab;.
edayehtufa elakGKÁelxaFikar nigrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)aneFVIkarcrca sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnuMCRmH
visamBaØ.
GaRs½yehtuenH kúñgeBlenHGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )anRBmeRBogKñadUcteTA³

maRta 1
eKalbMNg
eKalbMNgrbs;kic©RBmeRBogenH KWkMNt;GMBIkic©shRbtibtþikarrvagGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraC
rdæaPi)alkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþIemdwknaMCan;x<s;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCnTaMgLayEdlTTYlxusRtUv
x<s;bMputcMeBaH]Rkidækmμ nigkarrMelaPy:agF¶n;F¶reTAelIc,ab;RBhμTNÐkm<úCa karrMelaPeTAelIc,ab;
mnusSFm’ nigTmøab;GnþrCati RBmTaMgkarrMelaPelIGnusBaØaGnþrCati EdlRbeTskm<úCaTTYlsÁal;
ehIyEdl)anRbRBwtþkúñgGMLúgéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 dl;éf¶ 06 mkra 1979. kñúgcMeNamRbkarepSg²
eTot kic©RBmeRBogenHpþl;mUldæanKtiyutþieKalkarN_ nigEbbbTsRmab;kic©shRbtibtþikarenH.

maRta 2
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ
1- kic©RBmeRBogenHTTYlsÁal;fa GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ manyutþaFikarelIerOgkþI dUcEdl)anEcg
kúñg {c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØkúñgtulakarkm<úCa edIm,Ikat;esckþI]RkidækmμEdl)anRbRBwtþeLIg
kúñgry³kalkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü} ¬bnÞab;BIenHehAfa {c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ}¦ dUcEdl
)anGnum½t nigeFVIviesaFnkmμ edayGgÁnItib,BaØtþikm<uCaenAeRkamrdæFmμnuBaØkm<úCa. kic©RBmeRBogenH
TTYlsÁal;pgEdrfa GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØmanyutþaFikarelIrUbbuKÁlCaemdwknaMCan;x<s;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
nigCnTaMgLayEdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMputcMeBaH]Rkidækmμ Edl)anEcgkúñgmaRta 1 énkic©RBmeRBog.

313
 2-kic©RBmeRBogenH RtUvGnuvtþkñúgRbeTskm<úCa tamry³c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ
enAeBlGnum½t nigeFVIviesaFnkmμrYc. kic©RBmeRBogenHRtUvGnuvtþtamGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEyn sþIBIc,ab;én
sn§isBaØaCaBiessmaRta26 nig 27.
3-enAkúñgkrNIcaM)ac; manviesaFnkmμelIc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ viesaFnkmμEbb
enHRtUvEtmankarBieRKaHeyabl;KñaCamunrvagPaKITaMgBIr.

maRta 3
ecARkm
1-ecARkmkm<úCamçag nigmçageTotecARkm EdlEtgtaMgeday]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkmtam
sMeNIrbs;elakGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬bnÞab;BIenaHehAfa {ecARkmGnþrCati}¦ RtUvbeRmIkar
enAkúñgGgÁCMnMuCRmHnImYy²énGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØTaMgBIrfñak;.
2-smasPaBrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmH mandUcxageRkam ³
k-GgÁCMnuMCRmHsaladMbUg ³ ecARkmExμr bIrUb nigecARkmGnþrCati BIrrUb.
x-GgÁCMnuMCRmHtulakarkMBUl ³ EdlCakEnøgTTYlBakübNþwg]T§rN_pg nigCakEnøgecjesckþI
seRmcbiTpøÚvtva:pg ³ ecARkmExμr bYnrUb nigecARkmGnþrCati bIrUb.
3-ecARkmRtUvEtCabuKÁlEdlmancritlkçN³ nigsμartIx<s; minlMeGog nigsucrit manKuN
sm,tþi EdltRmUvsRmab;EtgtaMg[beRmIkarkúñgkariyal½ytulakarenARbeTsrbs;xøÜn. ecARkmRtUv
ÉkraCükúñgkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn nigminGacTTYlyk b¤EsVgrkkarENnaMBIrdæaPi)al b¤RbPBNamYy
epSgeToteLIy.
4-enAkúñgRKb;smasPaBrbs;GgÁCMnuMCRmH RtUvKitKUr[)anRtwmRtUvdl;bTBiesaFn_rbs;ecARkm
kñúgc,ab;RBhμTNÐ c,ab;GnþrCati rYmTaMgc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati nigc,ab;siTi§mnusS.
5-elakGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati nwgbBa¢ÚnbBa¢IeQμaHebkçCnsRmab;tMENgCaecARkm
GnþrCatiya:gticR)aMBIrrUb ehIyBIkñúgbBa¢IenH ]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm nwgEtgtaMgcMnYnR)aMrUb edIm,I
beRmIkarCaecARkmenAkñúgGgÁCMnMuCRmHkþITaMgBIrfñak;. ]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm EtgtaMgecARkm
GnþrCati edayykBIkñúgbBa¢IeQμaHEdlelakGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anRbKl;CUnEtbu:eNÑaH.
6-kñúgkrNIEdlmankEnøgTMenr rbs;ecARkmGnþrCatiNamYy ]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkmnwg
314
EtgtaMgecARkmGnþrCatimYyrUbeTot BIkñúgbBa¢IeQμaHdEdlenHCMnYs.
7-ecARkmRtUvEtgtaMgsRmab;ry³eBlénkarCMnMuCRmH.
8-bEnßmelIecARkmGnþrCati EdlCRmHkþIkñúgGgÁCMnuCM RmH nwgmanvtþmanenARKb;lMdab;fñak;énkar
CMnuMCRmHRbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmHedayEp¥ktamkrNInImYy² nigedayykBIkñúgbBa¢IeQμaHEdlelakGKÁelxa
Fikar)andak;CUnGaccat;taMgnUvecARkmbRmugmYyrUb b¤eRcInCagenH EdlnwgRtUvvtþmanenARKb;dMNak;kal
énkarCMnuMCRmHsRmab;CMnYsecARkmGnþrCatiNamñak; RbsinebIecARkmenaHminGacbnþkarCMnuMCRmHkþI)an.
maRta4
karseRmcesckþI
1-ecARkmRtUvBüayamQaneTAdl;karÉkPaBKñaCaÉkcä½nÞ enAkñúgkarseRmcesckþIrbs;xøÜn.
RbsinebIminGacTTYl)ankarÉkPaBKñaCaÉkcä½nÞeT RtUvGnuvtþrUbmnþxageRkamenH ³
k-karseRmcesckþIrbs;saladMbUgtRmUv[mansMeLgeqñatKaMRTBIecARkm bYnnak;ya:gtic.
x-karseRmcesckþIedayGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØéntulakarkMBUl tRmUv[mansMeLgeqñatKaMRT
BIecARkmR)aMrUb ya:gtic.
2-enAeBlEdlKμankarEkPaBCaÉkcä½nÞeT karseRmcesckþrI bs;GgÁCMnuMCRmH RtUvmanTsSn³rbs;
mtiPaKeRcIn nigmtiPaKtic.

maRta 5
ecARkmesIubGegát
1-manecARkmesIubGegátExμrmYyrUb nigecARkmesIubGegátGnþrCatimYyrUb EdlbeRmIkarCash
ecARkmesIubGegát. shecARkmesIubGegát TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkargaresIubGegát.
2-shecARkmesIubGegát RtUvEtCabuKÁlEdlmancritlkçN³ nigsμartIx<s;minlMeGog nigsucrit
manKuNsm,tþi EdltRmUvsRmab;EtgtaMg[beRmIkarkñúgkariyal½ytulakarenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜnkñúgEpñk
enH.
3-shecARkmesIubGegátRtUvÉkraCükñúgkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn nigminTTYlyk b¤EsVgrkkar
ENnaMBIrdæaPi)al b¤RbPBNamYyepSgeTot)aneLIy. b:uEnþeKRtUvyl;fa visalPaBénkaresIubGegát KW

315
kMNt;RtwmEtemdwknaMCan;x<s;énrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCnTaMgLayNaEdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMput
cMeBaH]Rkidækmμ nigkarrMelaPya:gF¶n;F¶r elIc,ab;RBhμTNÐkm<úCa c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati nigTmøab;
GnþrCati nigGnusBaØaGnþrCati EdlRbeTskm<úCaTTYlsÁal; nigEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgGMLúgéf¶TI 17 Ex
emsa 1975 dl;éf¶TI 6 Ex mkra 1979.
4-shecARkmesIubGegátRtUvshkarKña edIm,IQaneTAdl;karÉkPaBKñamYykñúgkaresIubGegát.
enAkñúgkrNIEdlecARkmesIubGegátminGacÉkPaBKñafa RtUvbnþkaresIubGegátNamYy karesIubGegátenaH
RtUvdMeNIrkareTAmuxeTot elIkElgEtecARkmTaMgenH b¤ecARkmNamñak;kúñgcMeNamecARkmTaMgenH eFIVkar
esñIsMuenAkñúgry³eBlsamswbéf¶ [edaHRsaykarExVgKMnitKñaenHtammaRta 7.
5-bEnßmBIelIbBa¢IeQμaHebkcCnecARkmGntrCati Edl)anEcgkñúgmaRta3 vaküxNÐTI5 elakGKÁ
elxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCatinwgdak;CUnnUvbBa¢IeQμaHebkçCnBIrrUbeTotehIy]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecA
Rkm nwgEtgtaMgecARkmmYyrUbBIkñúgbBa¢IenH edIm,IbeRmIkarCaecARkmesIubGegátGnþrCati nigmYyrUbeTot
CaecARkmesIubGegátGnþrCatibRmug.
6-kñúgkrNImankEnøgTMenr b¤tRmUvkaredIm,IbMeBjkEnøgshecARkmesIubGegátGnþrCati GñkEdl
RtUvEtgtaMg[bMeBjkEnøgenaH RtUvEtCaecARkmesIubGegátGnþrCatibRmugenaHEtmþg.
7-ecARkmesIubGegát RtUvEtgtaMgsRmab;ry³eBlénkarCMnMuCRmH.

maRta6
RBHraCGaCJa
1-manRBHraCGaCJaExμrmYyrUb nigRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCatimYyrUb Edlmansmtßkic©bgðajxøÜnenAkñúg
GgÁCMnMuCRmHkþITaMgBIrfñak; edaybeRmIkarCashRBHraCGaCJa. shRBHraCGaCJa TTYlxusRtUvelIkargar
ecaTRbkan;.
2-shRBHraCGaCJa RtUvEtCabuKÁlEdlmancritlkçN³ nigsμartIx<s; nigmankRmitsmtßPaBviC¢a
CIv³x<s; nigmanbTBiesaFn_TUlMTUlaykñúgkaresIubGegát nigkarecaTRbkan;knugerOgkþIRBhμTNÐ.
3-shRBHraCGaCJa RtUvÉkraCükñúgkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn nigminTTYlyk b¤EsVgrkkarENnaM
BIrdæaPi)al b¤RbPBNamYyepSgeToteLIy. b:uEnþRtUvyl;fa visalPaBénkarecaTRbkan; KWkMNt;Rtwm

316
emdwknaMCan;x<s;énrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCnTaMgLayNaEdlTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMputcMeBaH]Rkidækmμ
nigkarrMelaPya:gF¶n;F¶relIc,ab;RBhμTNÐkm<úCa c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati nigTmøab;GnþrCati nigGnusBaØa
GnþrCati EdlRbeTskm<úCaTTYlsÁal; nigEdl)anRbRBwtþkñúgGMLúgéf¶ 17 Ex emsa qñaM 1975 dl;éf¶ 6
Ex mkra qñaM 1979.
4-shRBHraCGaCJa RtUvshkarKña edIm,IQaneTAdl;karÉkPaBKñamYykñúgkarecaTRbkan;. kñúg
krNIEdlRBHraCGaCJa minGacÉkPaBKñafa RtUvbnþkarecaTRbkan;NamYykarecaTRbkan;enaH RtUvdMeNIr
kareTAmuxeTot elIkElgEtRBHraCGaCJaTaMgBIrenH b¤RBHraCGaCJaNamYykúñgcMeNamRBHraCGaCJaTaMgBIr
eFIVkaresñIsMuenAkñúgry³eBlsamsibéf¶ [edaHRsaykarExVgKMnitKñaenH tammaRta7.
5-elakGKÁelxaFikarnwgpþl;CUnnUvbBa¢IeQμaHebkçCnBIrrUb ehIyBIkñúgbBa¢IenH ]tþmRkumRbwkSaén
GgÁecARkm nwgEtgtaMgmYyrUbCashRBHraCGaCJa nigmYyrUbeTotCashRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCatibRmug.
6-kñúgkrNImankEnøgTMenr b¤tRmUvkaredIm,IbMeBjkEnøgshecARkmesIubGegátGnþrCati GñkEdl
RtUvEtgtaMg[bMeBjkEnøgenaH RtUvEtCaecARkmesIubGegátGnþrCatibRmugenaHEtmþg.
7-RBHraCGaCJaRtUvEtgtaMgsRmab;ry³eBléndMeNIrkarCMnMuCRmH.
8-shRBHraCGaCJanImYy² manRBHraCGaCJargmYyrUb b¤eRcInrUbCaCMnYy kñúgkarecaTRbkan;cMeBaH
muxGgÁCMnMuCRmH. RBHraCGaCJargGnþrCatiRtUvEtgtaMgedayRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCati BIbBa¢IeQμaHmYyEdlpþl;
edayelakGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati.

maRta7
karedaHRsaynUvkarExVgeyabl;Kñarvag
shecARkmesIubGegát b¤shRBHraCGaCJa
1-kúñgkrNIEdlshecARkmesIubGegát b¤shRBHraCGaCJa)aneFIVsMeNIRsbtammaRta 5 vakü
xNÐ 4 b¤maRta 6 vaküxNÐ 4 tamkrNIEdlekIteLIg shecARkmesIubGegát b¤shRBHraCGaCJa RtUv
eFIVÉksarraykarN_CalaylkçN_GkSrBIGgÁehtu nigehtuplbBa¢ak;BIeKalCMhrExVgKMnitKñarbs;xøÜn
dak;CUnRbFankariyal½yrdæ)al.
2-karExVgKMnitKñaenH nwgRtUvedaHRsayCabnÞan;eday {GgÁbuerCMnMuCRmH} mYymanecARkmR)aMrUb

317
EdlbIrUb EtgtaMgeday]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm edaymanmYyrUbCaRbFan nigBIrrUbeTotEtgtaMg
eday]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm tamsMeNIrbs;elakGKÁelxaFikar. kareRCIserIsecARkmenH RtUv
GnuvtþtammaRta 3 vaküxNÐTI 3.
3-eBlEdlTTYl)anÉksarraykarN_ dUc)anEcgkñúgvaküxNÐTI 1 RbFankariyal½yrdæ)al
RtUvekaHRbCMuGgÁbuerCMnuMCRmHPøam nigEbgEckÉksarraykarN_enH CUndl;smaCikGgÁbuerCMnuMCRmH.
4-karseRmcesckþIrbs;GgÁbuerCMnMuCRmH EdlminGacbþwg]T§rN_)an RtUvmansMeLgeqñatKaMRT
edayecARkmya:gticbYnrUb. karseRmcesckþIenH RtUvCUndl;RbFanrdæ)alEdlnwgpSBVpSay ehIyEck
CUndl;shecARkmesIubGegát b¤shRBHraCGaCJa. shecARkmesuIbGegát b¤shRBHraCGaCJa nwgRtUv
dMeNIrkarPøam²RsbeTAtamkarseRmcrbs;GgÁbuerCMnMuCRmH. RbsinebIKμanmtiPaKeRcIn EdlRtUvkar
sRmab;eFIVkarseRmcesckþIeTkaresIubGegát b¤karecaTRbkan;nwgRtUvbnþdMeNIrkareTAmuxeTot.

maRta 8
kariyal½yrdæ)al
1-RtUvmankariyal½yrdæ)almYy edIm,IbeRmIkarGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ GgÁbuerCMnuMCRmH shecA
RkmesIubGegát nigkariyal½yRBHraCGaCJa.
2-RtUvmanRbFankariyal½yrdæ)alExμrmYyrUb EdlnwgRtUvEtgtaMgedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.
RbFanmanParkic© RKb;RKgTUeTAelIkargarrbs;kariyal½yrdæ)al elIkElgEtkargarEdlsßitenAeRkam
bTb,BaØtiþ nignItiviFIrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati.
3-RtUvmanGnuRbFankariyal½yrdæ)alGnþrCatimYyrUb EdlnwgRtUvEtgtaMgedayelakGKÁelxa
FikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati. GnuRbFanRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkareRCIserIsbuKÁlikGnþrCatiTaMgGs; nig
karRKb;RKgelIsmasPaBGnþrCatiénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ GgÁbuerCMnuMCRmH shecARkmesIubGegát
kariyal½yRBHraCGaCJa nigkariyal½yrdæ)al.
GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaÉkPaBKñafa enAeBlEdlGnuRbFankariyal½y
GnþrCati RtUv)anEtgtaMgedayelakGKÁelxaFikar karEtgtaMgedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa[CnenaHTTYl
muxtMENgk¾RtUveFVIeLIgPøamEdr.

318
 4-RbFannigGnuRbFankariyal½yRtUvshkarKñaedIm,IGnuvtþ[kic©karrdæ)almanRbsiT§PaB nig
TTYl)anlT§pll¥.

maRta 9
]RkidækmμEdlsßitenAeRkamyutþaFikarrbs;GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ
yutþaFikarelIerOgkþIrbs;GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØrYmman ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ dUcEdl)ankMNt;
kúñgGnusBaØa qñaM 1948 sþIBIkarbgáarnigkarpþnÞaeTas]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusS
Cati dUc)ankMNt;kúñglkçnþik³TIRkug r:Um éntulakar]RkidækmμGnþrCati qñaM 1998 nigkarrMelaPF¶n;F¶relI
GnusBaØaTIRkug hSWENv qñaM1949 nig]RkidækmμepSg²eTot dUc)ankMNt;kúñgCMBUk 2 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIt
GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØEdlRtUv)anRbkas[eRbIenAéf¶TI 10 Ex sIha qñaM 2001.

maRta 10
eTasb,BaØtþi
TNÐkmμCaGtibrmasRmab;pþnÞaeTas]Rkidækmμ enAeRkamyutþaFikarénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ KWkMNt;
Rtwmdak;Bn§naKarGs;mYyCIvit.

maRta 11
karelIkElgeTas
1-raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nwgminesñIsMu[mankarelIkElgeTas b¤GnueRKaHeTasdl;CnTaMgLayNa
EdlGacnwgRtUvesIubGegát b¤nwgRtUvpþnÞaeTasGMBI]Rkidækmμ EdlmanEcgenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogenHeT.
2-RbkarenHEp¥kelIesckþIRbkasedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCafa rhUtmkdl;eBlenHmanEtkrNI
mYyKt;Tak;TgnwgbBaðaEdlRKbdNþb;edayc,ab;enH enAéf¶TI 14 kBaØa 1996 eBlEdlkarelIkElg
eTasRtUv)anpþl;dl;mnusSmñak;Kt;EdlRtUv)anpþnÞaeTasenAqñaM 1979 BIbTRbl½yBUCsasn_. GgÁkar
shRbCaCati nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaÉkPaBKñafa visalPaBénkarelIkElgeTasenH KWRtUvseRmceday
GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ.

319
 maRta 12
nItiviFI
1-nItiviFIRtUvsmRsbCamYyc,ab;km<úCa. enAeBlNaEdlc,ab;km<úCa BMuGacedaHRsay)ancMeBaH
bBaðaBiessNamYy b¤manPaBminc,as;las;Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbkRsay b¤karGnuvtþbTb,BaØtþiNaEdl
Bak;B½n§kñúgc,ab;km<úCa b¤k¾manbBaðaTak;TgeTAnwgPaBsmRsbKña rvagbTb,BaØtþiEbbenH eTAnwgbTdæan
GnþrCati eKGacEsVgrkkarENnaMkñúgbTdæannItiviFI Edl)anbegáIteLIgkñúgkRmitGnþrCati.
2-GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ RtUvGnuvtþyutþaFikarrbs;xøÜn smRsbtambTdæanyutþiFm’GnþrCati PaB
RtwmRtUv nigdMeNIrkarsmRsbénc,ab; dUcEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 14 nig 15 énGnusBaØaGnþrCatiqñaM
1966 sþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ayEdlkm<úCa KWCaPaKIhtßelxIEdr. kñúgplRbeyaCn_Fana[man
svnakarCasaFarN³ ehIydMeNIrkarRtwmRtUv nigTukcitþ)an RtUvyl;fa tMNagrbs;rdæsmaCikénGgÁkar
shRbCaCati tMNagrbs;elakGKÁelxaFikar tMNagbNþajBt’man nigtMNagGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCati
nigGnþrCati nwgGaccUlrYmsþab;karCMnMuCRmHkþI)anRKb;eBlevlaTaMgGs;. karelIkElgmin[cUlrYmsþab;
karCMnuMCRmHkIþenH tammaRta14 énGnusBaØaGaceFVIeTA)anEtkñúgkrNIcaM)ac;bMput tameyabl;rbs;GgÁCMnuM
CRmHEdlBak;B½n§ ehIyEtenAeBlNaEdlkarpSBVpSayecjeTAnaM[b:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_yutiþFm’.

maRta 13
siT§irbs;CnCab;ecaT
1-siT§irbs;CnCab;ecaT EdlmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta14 nig 15 énGnusBaØaGnþrCatiqñaM1966 sþIBI
siTi§Blrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay RtUvEt)aneKarBenATUTaMgdMeNIrkarénkarCMnMuCRmHkþI. siT§iEbbenHCaBiess
rYmmansiTi§TTYl)annUvsvnakarmYyRtwmRtUv nigCasaFarN³ siT§iRtUv)ancat;Tukfa KμaneTaseBr_rhUtdl;
eBlrkeXIjfaCab;BiruT§ siT§ieRCIserIsemFavIedayxøÜnÉg siT§imaneBlevlaniglkçN³RKb;RKan; edIm,I
eRtomerobcMkarBarxøÜn siT§iTTYl)annUvemFavI RbsinebICnCab;ecaT KμanlT§PaBCYlemFavIedayxøÜnÉg
nigsiT§iBinitü b¤)anBinitüsakSIdak;bnúÞk.
2-GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaÉkPaBKñafa RbkarsþIBIsiTi§TTYl)anemFavIkarBar
kþIenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ )ann½yfaCnCab;ecaTmansiTi§eRCIserIsrkemFavIedayxøÜn

320
Ég dUcEdl)anFanaenAkñúg GnusBaØaGnþrCati sþIBIsiTi§Blrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay.

maRta 14
GaKar
raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRtUvpþl; nigRtUvra:b;rgcMNayedayxøÜnÉg nUvGaKarsRmab;shecARkmesIub
Gegát kariyal½yRBHraCGaCJa GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ GgÁbuerCMnuMCRmH nigkariyal½yrdæ)al. raCrdæaPi)al
k¾RtUvpþl;pgEdrnUvsmÖar³eRbIR)as; karCYysRmYl nigesvakmμepSg²eTotEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;Rbtibtþikar
rbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmH EdlGacÉkPaBKña)antamry³kic©RBmeRBogedayELk rvagGgÁkarshRbCaCati
nigraCrdæaPi)al.

maRta 15
buKÁlikkm<úCa
R)ak;ebovtS nigR)ak;bMNac;rbs;ecARkmkm<úCa RBHraCGaCJakm<úCa nigbuKÁlikkm<úCaepSgeTot Ca
bnÞúkrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.

maRta 16
buKÁlikGnþrCati
R)ak;ebovtS nigR)ak;bMNac;rbs;ecARkmGnþrCati shecARkmesIubGegátGnþrCati shRBHraC
GaCJaGnþrCati nigbuKÁlikGnþrCatiepSgeTot EdleRCIserIsedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati CabnÞúkrbs;GgÁkar
shRbCaCati.

maRta 17
CMnYyhirBaØvtßú nigCMnYyepSg²eTot rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati
GgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtUvTTYlxusRtUvdUcteTAenH ³
k-R)ak;ebovtSrbs;ecARkmGnþrCati shecARkmesIubGegátGnþrCati shRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCati

321
GnuRbFankariyal½yrdæ)al RBmTaMgbuKÁlikGnþrCatidéTeTot.
x-cMNaysRmab;éføTwk ePøIg TUrs½BÞ .l. b¤esvaepSg² edaymankarRBmeRBogKñaedayELk
rvagGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.
K-R)ak;ebovtSsRmab;emFavIkarBarkþI.
X-kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;sakSIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigmkBIbreTs.
g-suvtßiPaBnigsnþisuxedaymankarRBmeRBógedayELk rvagGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraC
rdæaPi)al.
c-CMnYy]btßmÖmankMNt;déTeTotEdlGacnwgcaM)ac; edIm,IFanadMeNIrkarrlUndl;karesIubGegát
karecaTRbkan; nigGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ.

maRta 18
PaBminGacrMelaPbMBan)an énbNÑsar nigÉksar
bNÑsarrbs;shecARkmesIubGegát shRBHraCGaCJa GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ GgÁbuerCMnuMCRmH nig
kariyal½yrdæ)al ehIyCaTUeTAral;Éksar nigsmÖar³TaMgGs;Edlrk)anmk EdlCarbs;b¤eRbIR)as;
edayGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ eTaHCaenAkEnøgNak¾edaykñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyeTaHCarkSaTukedayCnNa
k¾edayminGacRtUvrMelaPbMBan)aneLIykñúgry³eBlénkarCMnMuCRmHkþI.

maRta 19
buBVsiTi§ nigGP½yÉksiTi§rbs;ecARkmGnþrCati shecARkmesIubGegátGnþrCati
shRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCati nigGnuRbFankariyal½yrdæ)al
1-ecARkmGnþrCati shecARkmesIubGegátGnþrCati shRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCati nigGnuRbFan
kariyal½yrdæ)al RBmTaMgsmaCikRKYsarrbs;BYkeK nwgTTYl)annUvbuBVsiTi§ nigGP½yÉksiTi§ karelIk
ElgnigPaBgayRsYl dUcKñanwgPñak;garkarTUt eyagtamGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEynqñaM 1961 sþIBITMnak;TMngkar
TUt.
CaBiessBYkeKnwgTTYl)an ³

322
 k-PaBCabuKÁlminGacrMelaPbMBan)an rYmmanGP½yÉksiTi§elIkarcab;xøÜn b¤ XMuxøÜn.
x-GP½yÉksiTi§elIyutaFikarRBhμTNÐ rdæb,evNI nigrdæ)al RsbtamGnusBaØaTIRkug vIEyn.
K-PaBminGacrMelaPbMBan)an cMeBaHral;Rkdassñam nigÉksarTaMgGs;.
X-karelIkElg GMBIkarrwtt,itEpñkGenþaRbevsn_ nigkarcuHbBa¢ICnbreTs.
g-GP½yÉksiTi§ nigkarCYysRmYlcMeBaHGIv:an;pÞal;xøÜn dUcKñanwgPñak;garkarTUt.
2-ecARkmGnþrCati shecARkmesuIbGegátGnþrCati shRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCati nigGnuRbFan
kariyal½yrdæ)al nwgTTYl)annUvkarelIkElgBIkarykBn§ elIR)ak;ebovtS R)ak;bMNac; nigR)ak;]btßmÖ
epSg²rbs;BYkeKenARbeTskm<úCa.
maRta 20
buBVsiT§i nigGP½yÉksiTi§rbs;buKÁlikkm<úCa nigGnþrCati
1-ecARkm shecARkmesIubGegát shRBHraCGaCJa nigbuKÁlikkm<úCadéTeTot TTYl)anGP½y
ÉksiTi§ elIdMeNIrkarc,ab;Tak;TgnwgBaküsMdIniyay b¤sresr nigRKb;skmμPaBTaMgGs; EdlBYkeK)an
bMeBjkñúgtYnaTIpøÚvkarrbs;BYkeKenAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogenH. GP½yÉksiTi§enH enAEtmanCabnþeRkayBI
BYkeKbBa©b;kargarCamYyshecARkmesIubGegát shRBHraCGaCJa GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ GgÁbuerCMnuMCRmH
nigkariyal½yrdæ)al.
2-buKÁlikGnþrCati nwgTTYl)an ³
k-GP½yÉksiTi§ elIdMeNIrkarc,ab;Tak;TgnwgBaküsMdIniyay b¤sresr nigRKb;skmμPaB
EdlBYkeK)anbMeBjenAkñúgtYnaTICapøÚvkarrbs;BYkeKenAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogenH. GP½yÉk
siTi§EbbenHnwgenAEtmanCabnþ eRkayBIBYkeKbBa©b;kargarCamYyshecARkmesIubGegát
shRBHraCGaCaJ GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ GgÁbuerCMnMuCRmH nigkariyal½yrdæ)al.
x-GP½yÉksiT§ielIkarykBn§elIR)ak;ebovtS R)ak;]btßmÖ nigR)ak;bMNac;epSg² Edlpþl;[
BYkeKedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati.
K-GP½yÉksiTi§elIkarrwtt,itxagGenþaRbevsn_.
X-siT§inaMcUleday\tbg;Bn§ nigGakrepSg² cMeBaHeRKOgsgðarwm nigsmÖar³pÞal;xøÜn
elIkElgEtkarTUTat;cMeBaHesva enAeBlEdlTTYlmuxtMENgCapøÚvkarelIkTImYyenAkm<úCa.

323
 3-GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaÉkPaBKñafa GP½yÉksiTi§Edlpþl;[edayc,ab;
sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØTak;TgeTAnigBaküsMdIniyay b¤sresr nigral;skmμPaBTaMgGs;Edl
BYkeK)anbMeBjenAkúñgtYnaTICapøÚvkarrbs;BYkeK enAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogenHnwgsßitenAbnþ eRkayeBlBYk
eKQb;beRmIkargarCamYy shecARkmesIubGegát shRBHraCGaCJa GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ GgÁbuerCMnMuCRmH
nigkariyal½yrdæ)al.

maRta 21
emFavI
1-raCrdæaPi)alminRtUvdak;emFavIrbs;CnsgS½y b¤CnCab;ecaT EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;edayGgÁ
CMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ[sßitenAeRkamviFankarNamYy EdlGacb:HBal;dl;karbMeBjtYnaTIedayesrI nig
ÉkraCürbs;BYkeKenAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogenH.
2-CaBiessemFavInwgTTYl)an ³
k-GP½yÉksiT§ielIkarcab;xøÜn b¤karXMuxøÜn nigkarrwbGUsyksmÖar³pÞal;xøÜn.
x-PaBminGacrMelaPbMBan)an eTAelIÉksarTaMgGs;Tak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþmuxgarrbs;xøÜnkñúg
namCaemFavIrbs;CnsgS½y b¤CnCab;ecaT.
K-GP½yÉksiT§ielIyutþaFikarRBhμTNÐ b¤rdæb,evNITak;TgnwgBaküsMdIniyay b¤sresr nig
skmμPaBEdlBYkeK)anbMeBjenAkñúgtYnaTIpøÚvkarCaemFavI. GP½yÉksiT§iEbbenH nwgenAbnþ
pþl;cMeBaHBYkeK eRkayBYkeK)anbBa©b;muxgarCaemFavIrbs;CnsgS½y b¤CnCab;ecaT.
3-emFavINaEdlmansBa¢atiExμrb¤minEmnExμr EdlRtUvCYlb¤cat;taMg[eFVIkarCamYyCnsgS½y b¤
CnCab;ecaTkñúgkarkarBarkUnkþIrbs;xøÜn RtUvGnuvtþtamkic©RBmeRBogenH c,ab;km<úCasþIBIlkçnþik³emFavI
bTdæan nigsIlFm’énvIC¢aCIv³c,ab;EdleKTTYlsÁal;.

maRta 22
sakSI nigGñkCMnajkar
sakSI nigGñkCMnajkarEdlmkbgðajxøÜn tamdIkab¤karesñIsMurbs;ecARkm shecARkmesIubGegát

324
b¤shRBHraCGaCJa nwgminRtUvecaTRbkan; XMuxøÜn b¤Cakmμvtßúénkarrwtt,itNamYyepSgeTot elIesrIPaB
rbs;BYkeKedayGaCJaFrkm<úCaeLIy. GaCJaFrkm<úCaminRtUvdak;BYkeK[enAeRkamviFankarNamYy Edl
Gacb:HBal;dl;karbMeBjmuxgarrbs;BYkeKedayesrI nigÉkraCü.

maRta 23
karkarBarCnrgeRKaH nigsakSI
shecARkmesIubGegát shRBHraCGaCJa nigGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ RtUvpþl;karkarBardl;Cnrg
eRKaH nigsakSI. viFankarkarBarEbbenHrYmman ehIyminkMNt;RtwmEtkarGnuvtþdMeNIkarsaksYrCasm¶at;
nigkarkarBarGtþsBaØaNrbs;CnrgeRKaH b¤sakSIenaHeT.

maRta 24
snþisux suvtßiPaB nigkarkarBarbuKÁl EdlmanEcgkñúgkic©RBmeRBogfμIenH
raCrdæaPi)alnwgcat;viFankarsmRsb nigmanRbsiT§PaB EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IFananUvsnþisux
suvtßiPaB nigkarkarBarcMeBaHbuKÁlEdlmanEcgkñúgkic©RBmeRBogenH. GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigraC
rdæaPi)alÉkPaBKñafa rdæaPi)alTTYlxusRtUvelIsuvtßiPaBrbs;CnCab;ecaTTaMgLay edayminKitfaBYkeK
bgðajxøÜnedaysμ½RKcitþcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ b¤mYyk¾RtUvcab;xøÜnenaHeLIy.

maRta 25
katBVkic©CYyecARkmesIubGegát shRBHraCGaCJa nigGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ
raCrdæaPi)alnwgGnuvttedayKμankarBnuareBl tamkaresñIsMuCMnYyrbs;shecARkmesIubGegát
shRBHraCGaCJa b¤GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ b¤kb¾ Ba¢arbs;BYkeKrYmman b:uEnþminEmnRtwmEt ³
k-rkGtþsBaØaN nigTIkEnøgrbs;buKÁlNamYy.
x-pþl;Éksar.
K-cab;xøÜn b¤XMuxøÜnbuKÁlNamYy.
X-bBa¢ÚnCnCab;ecaT mkkan;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ.

325
 maRta 26
Pasa
1-PasaEdleRbIR)as;CapøÚvkarkúñgkargarrbs;GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ nigGgÁbuerCMnMuCRmH KW
PasaExμr.
2-PasakargarCapøÚvkarrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ nigGgAbuerCMnMuCRmHKWPasaExμr Gg;eKøs nig
)araMg.
3-karbkERbÉksarsaFarN³ nigkarbkERbpÞal;mat; eBlsvnakarsaFarN³CaPasarusSIGac
pþl;[)anGaRs½yelIkarseRmcnigcMNayrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa kúñglkçxNÐEdlmineFVI[rMxandl;
dMeNIrkarkat;esckþIenAmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØ.

maRta 27
karerobcMtamsPaBCak;Esþg
1-edIm,I[manRbsiT§PaB nigsnSMsMécpg enAkñúgkic©Rbtibtiþkarrbs;GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ eKRtUv
erobcMbegáItGgÁCMnuMCRmHtamrebobCadMNak;² eTAtamlMdab;lMedaynItiviFI.
2-enAkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUg énRbtibtiþkarrbs;GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ ecARkm shecARkmesIub
Gegát nigshRBHraCGaCJa nwgRtUv)anEtgtaMgrYmCamYynwgbuKÁlik EdlRtUveFVIkarCamYyecARkmesIub
Gegát nigRBHraCGaCJa ehIydMeNIrkaresIubGegát nigecaTRbkan;RtUvcab;epþIm.
3-dMeNIrkarCMnuMCRmHkþIGñkEdlRtUv)anXuMXaMgrYcehIy RtUvdMeNIrkarTnÞwmKñanwgkaresIubGegátelI
CndéTeTot EdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH]Rkidækmμ EdlzitenAeRkamyutþaFikarrbs;GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ.
4-enAeBlbB©ab;karesuIbGegátelICnCab;sgS½yfa )anRbRBwtþ]RkidækmμEdlzitenAeRkamyutþa
Fikarrbs;GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØehIy dIkacab;xøÜnnwgRtUvbBa¢ÚneTAraCrdæaPi)al edIm,IGnuvtþkarcab;xøÜn.
5-enAeBlEdlraCrdæaPi)alcab;xøÜnCnEdlRtUvecaTRbkan;EdlsßitenAkñúgTwkdIkm<úCa ehIyGgÁ
CMnMuCRmHvisamBaØnwgRtUvdMeNIrkarTaMgRsug ehIyecARkmtulakarkMBUlRtUvcab;epþImbeRmIkarenAeBlTTYl
erOgkþIrbs;xøÜnehIyenaH. ecARkménGgÁbuerCMnuMCRmHRtUvbeRmIkarEtenAeBleKRtUvkaresvarbs;xøÜnEt

326
b:ueNÑaH.

maRta 28
kardkxøÜnecjBIkic©shRbtibtþikar
RbsinebIraCrdæaPi)alpøas;bþÚrrcnasm½<n§ b¤karerobcMGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ b¤k¾eFVIy:agNa[GgÁCMnuM
CRmHdMeNIrkartamrebobNamYyEdlminsmRsbCamYyxøwmsarénkic©RBmeRBogenH GgÁkarshRbCaCati
rkSasiTi§p¥akCMnYy]btßmCahirBaØvtßú b¤CaGIVepSgeTotEdl)anEcgenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogenH.

maRta 29
karedaHRsayCemøaH
CemøaHNamYyrvagPaKITaMgsgxag Tak;TgnwgkarbkRsay b¤Gnuvtþn_kic©RBmeRBogenHRtUvedaH
Rsaytamkarcrca b¤dMeNaHRsayNaepSgeTotEdlÉkPaBKñaeTAvijeTAmk.

maRta 30
karGnum½t
edIm,I[PaKITaMgBIrmankatBVkic©tampøÚvc,ab; kic©RBmeRBogenH RtUvGnum½tedaymhasnñi)at
GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigpþl;sc©ab½nedaykm<úCa. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RtUvxitxMRbwgERbg[)ansc©ab½nenH
kñúgkalbriecäTd¾qab;bMputEdlGaceFVIeTA)an.

maRta 31
karGnuvtþenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
kic©RBmeRBogenH RtUvGnuvtþdUcCac,ab;enAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa eRkayBITTYlsc©ab½nsm
Rsbtamc,ab;épÞkñúgrbs;RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCasþIBIsmtßkic©kúñgkarcuHsn§isBaØa.

327
 maRta 32
karcUlCaFrman
kic©RBmeRBogenH cUlCaFrmanenAéf¶bnÞab;BIPaKITaMgBIr CUndMNwgR)ab;KñaeTAvijeTAmkCalay
lkçN_GkSrfa tRmUvkarsRmab;karcUlCaFrman tampøÚvc,ab;RtUv)anbMeBjrYcehIy.
eFVIenAraCFanIPñMeBj enAéf¶TI 06 Exmifuna qñaM 2003 CaBIrc,ab;CaPasaGg;eKøs.
PaKIraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa PaKIGgÁkarshRbCaCati

sux Gan han; kUEr:l

eTsrdæm®nþI GKÁelxaFikarrgsMrab;kic©karc,ab;
rdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkTIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI TIRbwkSac,ab;

328
 ]bsm<½n§ X
APPENDEX “D”

EvbésEdlmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;karsikSaRsavRCavtamGiunF½rNt
USEFUL WEBSITES FOR INTERNET RESEARCH

329
 African Commission on Human & People’s Rights
KN³kmμaFikarGa®hViksþIBIsiT§imnusS nigsiTi§rbs;RbCaBlrdæ
http://www.asil.org
State Reports, African Charter on Human and Peoples’Rights, Protocol to the Charter,
rules of procedure for the Commission, publications.
r)aykarN_rbs;rdæ FmμnuBaØrbs;Ga®hViksIþBIsiT§imnusS nigsiTi§rbs;RbCaBlrdæ BiFIsarGmFmμnuBaØ viFan
nignItiviFIsMrab;KN³kmμaFikar kare)aHBum<pSay.
American Society for International Law Guide to Electronic Resources for
International Law
smaKmGaemrikaMgedIm,Ic,ab;GnþrCati mKÁúeTsn_ENnaMGMBI;RbPBFnFaneGLicRtUnicsMrab;c,ab;GnþrCati
http://www.asil.org/resource/crim1.htm

Provides information on the major electronic sources for researching international and
transnational crime, as well as current issues common to both categories, such as efforts
to codify international crimes, activities aimed at crime prevention, cooperation in law
enforcement, jurisdictional questions, international judicial cooperation, and the effects
of bilateral and multilateral treaties.
pþl;nUvB½t’mansþIBIRbPBeGLicRtUniccMbg²sMrab;karRsavRCavGMBI]RkidækmμGnþrCati nig]Rkidækmμqøg
RbeTs k¾dUcCabBaðananakñúgeBlbc©úb,nrYmKñasMrab;bBaðaTaMgBIrenH dUcCakarxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IcgRkg
CaRkmnUvbTelμIsRBhμTNÐGnþrCati skmμPaBepSg²sMedATb;sáat;bTelμIsRBhμTNÐ kic©shRbtibtþi
karkñúgkarBRgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab; bBaðaepSg²xagyutþaFikar kic©shRbtibtþikarGnþrCatixagvis½y
tulakar nigGanuPaBénsni§BaØaeTVPaKI nigBhuPaKI .
Avalon Project: The International Military Tribunal for Germany, Yale University
KMeragGav:aLúg ³ tulakarsWkGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsGaløWm:g; sklviTüal½yey:l
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/imt.htm
Collection of trial documents, motions, conventions, rules of procedure, indictments,
and all other memoranda and documents associated with the Nuremberg Trials.
kRmgÉksarénkarkat;eTas BaØtþitv:a GnusBaØa nitiviFIénc,ab; dIkaecaTRbkan; nigGnusSarN³
nigÉksarepSg²eTotEdlTak;TgnwgkarCMnuMCRmHkþIénTIRkugnUrauMeb‘Ík.

330
Canada and the International Criminal Court
RbeTskaNada nigtulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/foreign_policy/icc/history-en.asp
Canada’s Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade website on the
International Criminal Court.
eKhTMB½rrbs;RksYYgkic©karbreTsnigBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiénRbeTskaNada sþIBItulakarRBhμTNÐ
GnþrCati .
Council of Europe Treaty Office
kariyal½ysn§isBaØaénRkumRbwkSaGWr:ub
http://conventions.coe.int/
Database of European treaties.
mUldæanTinñn½yénsn§isBaØaGWru:b

European Court of Human Rights

tulakarGWru:bEpñksiT§imnusS
http://www.echr.coe.int/
General information, pending cases, judgments and decisions, basic texts, press
releases.
B½t’manTUeTA krNIerOgrg;caMkarCMnuMCMRmHkIþ salRkm nigesckþIsMercnana GtßbTCamUldæan esckþI
RbkasB½t’man.
European Union – Court of Justice
shKmGWr:ub - tulakaryutþiFm’
http://www.curia.eu.int/en.index/htm
Homepage with link to case law, press and information, research and documentary,
library, and texts relating to the organization.
eKhTMB½rEdltP¢ab;eTAnwgkrNIsikSaEpäktamyutþisa®sþ sarB½t’mannigB½t’man karsikSaRsavRCav
nigkartMkl;Éksar bNÑal½y nigGtßbTnanaEdlTak;TgGMBIsßab½n .

331
 Inter-American Court of Human Rights
tulakarGnþrGaemrikaMgEpñksiT§imnusS
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/

International Court of Justice(ICJ)

tulakaryutþiFm’GnþrCati
http://www.icj-cij.org/
Homepage with docket, decisions, news, publications, and general information on the
ICJ.
eKhTMB½redaymanbBaI¢krNIerOgkMBugrg;cMakarCuMnMCMRmHkIþ esckIþsMerc B½t’man kare)aHBum<pSay nig
B½t’manTUeTAsIþBItulakaryutþiFm’GnþrCati.
International Criminal Court(ICC)
tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati
http://www.icc-cpi.int/index.php
Office site of the ICC with information on the organization and its work, recent news,
legal documents. Legal tools database of international criminal law located at
eKhTMB½rrbs;kariyal½yéntulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati RBmTaMgB½t’mansþIBIsßab½n nigkargarrbs;sßab½n
enH B½t’manfμI² Éksarc,ab; . mUldæanTinñn½yGMBIlixitubkrN_Epñkc,ab;sIþBIc,ab;RBhμTNÐGnþrCati
enAeKhTMB½r³
http://www.icc-cpi.int/Legal tools_home.html.

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda(ICTR)

tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;RbeTsrVa:n;da
http://www.ictr.org/
Court homepage with information on the organization and its work, recent news, legal
texts.
eKhTMB½rGMBItulakar RBmTaMgBt’mansþIBIsßab½n nigkargarrbs;sßab½n B½t’manfμI² GtßbTc,ab;epSg² .
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia(ICTY)
tuulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCatisMrab;GtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI
http://www.un.org/icty/

332
Overview of the tribunal, latest developments, indictments and proceedings,
publications.
TidæPaBTUeTAéntulakar karrIkcMerInfμI²cugeRkay dIkaecaTRbkan;nigTMrg;kartulakar kare)aHBum<pSay.

International Humanitarian Law Database, ICRC

mUldæanTinñn½yénc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati KN³kmaμFikarkak)aTRkhmGnþrCati
http://www.icrc.org/ihl
91 treaties and texts, commentaries on the four Geneva Conventions and their
Additional Protocols, an up-to-date list of signatures, ratifications relating to IHL
treaties and full text of reservations.
sn§isBaØanigGtßbTepSg²cMnYn91 esckþIGtßaFib,ayelIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENvTaMgbYn nigBiFIsar
bEnßménGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv bBa¢IcuHhtßelxafμIbMput kareGaysc©ab½nelIGnusBaØananasþIBIc,ab;
mnusSFm’GnþrCati nig GtßbTTMagmUlsþIBIkarrkSasiT§i .
International War Crimes Project, New England School of Law
KMeragsIþBIc,ab;s®gÁamGnþrCati salac,ab;énjÚvGuIgeKøn
http://www.nesl.edu/center/WAR_CRIMES.htm
Links to resources on trial of war criminals. The site has full texts of war crimes
charters, statutes, trial transcripts, amicus curiae briefs, decisions, etc.
tMNt;P¢ab;eTAnwgRbPBFnFansþIBIkarCMnuMCMRmHkþIelIkrNIeerOg]RkidæCns®gÁam.
eKhTMB½renHmanGtßbT FmμnuBaØsþIBI]Rkidækmμs®gÁamRKb;TaMgGs; c,ab;lkçnþik³ GtßbTcMlgecjBIkar
CMnuMCMRmHkIþTaMgRsug lixitsegçbnanaCUneyabl;dl;tulakar (amicus curiae briefsesckþIsMerc.l.

Judicial System Monitoring Prgramme

kmμviFItamXøaMemIlRbB½n§c,ab;
http://www.jsmp.minihub.org/
NGO established in the East Timor for trial monitoring, legal analysis, and reports on
the justice system. News, resources, and trial information.
GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnanaEdl)anbegáIteLIgenATIm½rxagekItsMrab;tamXøaMemIlkarCMnuMCMRmHkþI karviPaK
Epñkc,ab; nigr)aykarN_sþIBIRbB½n§yutþiFm’ . B½t’man RbPBFnFan nigB½t’manGMBIkarCMnuMCMRmHkþI .

333
 Khmer Rouge Trials Task Force
RkumkargarBiesssMrab;karkat;eTasExμrRkhm
http://www.ocm.gov.kh/krt_main.htm
Links to legal documents, indictments, statements, letters, and legislation related to the
trials.
tMNt;P¢ab;eTAnwgÉksarc,ab; dIkaecaTRbkan; esckþIEføgkarN_ lixitepSg² nignItikmμTak;Tgnwgkar
CMnuMCMRmHkþI .

Law of Armed Conflict Treaty Links, University of Minnesota

tMNt;P¢ab;eTAnwgsn§isBaØaénc,ab;sþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF sklviTüal½ym:aynIsUta
http://www.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/auoy.htm
Database of treaties, conventions, and other documents relating to armed conflict.
mUldæanTinñn½yGMBIsn§isBaØa GnusBaØanana nigÉksarepSg²EdlTak;TgeTAnwgCMelaHRbdab;GavuF .
National Archives of Cambodia
bNÑasarCatiénkm<úCa
http://www.camnet.com.kh/archives.cambodia/
Preserves documents created by the government of Cambodia, including records of the
French colonial administration and post-independence Cambodian governments.
TItMkl;ÉksarbegáIteLIgedayrdæaPi)alkm<úCa rYmTaMgÉksarrdæ)alrbs;GaNaniKmniym)araMg nigÉk
sarrbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCaeRkay)anÉkraCü .

National Implementation Database, ICRC

mUldæanTinñn½ysIþBIkarGnuvtþn_rbs;Cati KN³kmμaFikarkak)aTRkhmGnþrCati
http://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat
Provides documentation and commentaries concerning the implementation of
international humanitarian law at national level.
pþl;Éksar nigesckþIGtßaFib,aynana EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCatienAfñak;Cati.

NEPAD Organizations
GgÁkar en)a:t; ( NEPAD)
http://www.avmedia.at/nepad/indexgb.html

334
Links to the homepages, charters, declarations, resolutions, and protocols of various
African inter-governmental organizations like the African Union, the African Economic
Community, and the various African economic communities.
tMNt;P¢ab;eTAnwgeKhTMB½rsIþBIFmμnuBØa esckþIRbkas esckþIsMerccitþ nigBiFIsarbEnßménGgÁkarGnþr-
rdæaPi)alénRbeTsGa®hViknana dUcCa sm<½n§PaBGa®hVik shKmesdækic©Ga®hVik nigshKmesdækic©
Ga®hVikepSg²eTot.

No Peace Without Justice Leone Special Court Page

eKhTMB½rGMBItulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTs¬sIura:¦lIGUn sþIBIKμansnþiPaBeT ebIKμanyutþiFm’
http://www.specialcourt.org/
Special Court news releases, briefing papers, Special Court documents, and other
information.
esckþIRbkasB½t’manebs;tulakarBiess ÉksarB½t’manBisþar Éksar nigB½t’manepSg²éntulakar
Biess .

Organization of American States Documents Page

eKhTMB½rsIþBIkarerobcMÉksarrdærbs;Gaemrik
http://www.oas.org/XXXIIGA/english/documents_eng.htm

Special Court for Sierra Leone

tulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTssuIr:alIGUn
http://www.sc-sl.org/scsl.htm
Official website of the Special Court for Sierra Leone.
eKhTMB½rpøÚvkarGMBItulakarBiesssMrab;RbeTssuIr:alIGUn

UN Documentation Centre
mCÄmNÐlÉksarénGgÁkarshRbCaCati
http://www.un.org/documents/
Database of General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, and
Secretariat press releases, resolutions, documents, reports, archives, etc. Links to these
bodies’ homepages.

335
 mUldæanTinñn½yGMBImhasnñi)at RkumRbwkSasnþisux RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© nigelxaFikardæan
G>s>b> esckIþRbkasB½t’man esckþIsMerccitþ Éksar r)aykarN_ ÉksartMkl; .l. tMNt;P¢ab;
eTAnwgeKhTMB½rrbs;saßb½nTaMgenH .
UNAMSIL Documents
ÉksarGgÁkar UNAMSIL
http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unamsil/docs.html
Resolutions, reports, statements, documents.
esckþIsMerccitþ r)aykarN_ esckþIEføgkarN_ ÉksarepSg² .
UNTAET Documents
ÉksarGgþkar UNTAET
http://www.un.org/peace/etimor/docs/UntaetD.htm
Resolutions, reports, letters, and other official documents on the UN mission in East
Timor.
esckþIsMerccitþ r)aykarN_ lixit nigÉksarpøÚvkarepSg²eTot sþIBIebskkmμrbs;GgÁkar
shRbCaCatienATIm½rxagekIt .

War Crimes, Crimes Against Humanity Treaty Links, University of Minnesota

tMNt;P¢ab;eTAnigsni§sBaØasþIBI]Rkidækmμs®gÁam sn§isBaØasþIBI]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati sklviTüal½y
m:aynIsUta
http://www.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/auox.htm
Database of conventions and other documents relating to war crimes, crimes against
humanity, genocide and terrorism, including rules of procedure and evidence for
various international courts and tribunals.
mUldæanTinñn½yGMBIGnusBaØanana nigÉksarepSg²eTotTak;Tgnig]Rkidækmμs®gÁam ]RkidækmμRbqaMg
mnusSCati ]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ nig ePrvkmμ rYmTaMgviFanénnItiviFI nigPsþútagsMrab;tulakar
nigsalakIþnana.

336
War Crimes Research Office, American University Washington College of Law
kariyal½yRsavRCav]Rkidækmμs®gÁam sklviTüal½yGaemrikkaMgRkugva:siunetan mhaviTüal½yc,ab;
https://www.wcl.american.edu/warcrimes/wcro.docs/
Offers a regularly updated, researchable database of jurisprudence and key documents
relating to international/lized criminal courts and tribunals.
pþl;nUvtaragTinñn½yEdl)aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaBCaRbcaM nigEdlGaceFVIkarRsavRCav)anGMBIyutþisa®sþ nigÉk
sarsMxan;²Bak;B½n§tulakar nigsalakþIGnþrCati b¤EdlmanlkçN³CaGnþrCati.
War Crimes Studies Center, UC Berkeley
mCÄmNÐlsikSaRsavRCavGMBI]Rkidækmμs®gÁam saklviTüal½y UC Berkely
http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~warcrime/
Center houses an archive of World War II war crimes trials and others materials
relating to subsequent international and national war crimes tribunals.
mCÄmNÐl)andak;tMkl;ÉksarénkarCMnuMCMRmHkIþ sIþBI]Rkidækmμs®gÁaméns®gÁamelakelIkTI2 nig
Éksard¾éT²eTot EdlTak;TgnwgtulakarCati nigGnþrCatieRkay²mkeTotsMrab;]Rkidækmμs®gÁam .

Web Genocide Documentation Centre, University of the West of England

eKhTMB½rénmCÄmNÐlÉksarRbl½yBUCsasn_ saklviTüal½y ev:sþGhVGuIgeKøn
http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide.htm
Resources on genocide, war crimes, and mass killing.
RbPBFnFansIþBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ ]Rkidækmμs®gÁam nig karsMlab;CaRTg;RTayFM.

Yale University Genocide Studies Program

kmμviFIsikSaRsavRCavsþIBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ énsaklviTüal½yey:l
http://www.yale.edu/gsp/
Links to Yale’s East Timor, Cambodia, and Rwanda genocide projects.
tMNt;P¢ab;eTAnwgKMeragsikSaRsavRCavrbs;saklviTüal½yey:l sþIBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_énTIm½r
xagekIt km<úCa nig rVa:n;da.

• Cambodia Genocide Program and Database, Yale University

kmμvFInigmUldæanTinñn½ysþIBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<úCa sklviTüal½yey:l
http://www.yale.edu/cgp/
Cambodian genocide databases containing primary and secondary documents,
articles and books; database on military, political leaders, and victims of the

337
 Khmer Rouge regime; a large photographic database; and a geographic database
of interactive maps, as well as maps showing locations of mass graves, prisons, and
memorials.
mUldæanTinñn½ysþIBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<úCa kñúgenaHmanÉksarbzm nigÉksarelIkTIBIr
GtßbTepSg²nigesovePAmUldæanTinñn½ysþIBIeyaFa fñak;dwknaMneya)ay nigCnrgeRKaHeday
rbbExμrRkhm Tinñn½yCarUbftFM² nigTinñn½yPUmisa®sþGMBIEpnTITak;TgKñaeTAvijeTAmk k¾dUcCa
EpnTIbgðajBITItaMgreNþAkb;exμacrYm Kuk nigkEnøgGnusSavrIy_nana .

• East Timor Genocide Project, Yale University

KMeragsþIBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enATIm½rxagekIt saklviTüal½yey:l
http://www.yale.edu/gsp/east_timor/index.html

• Rwanda Genocide Project, Yale University

KMeragsþIBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enArVa:n;da saklviTüal½yey:l
http://www.yale.edu/gsp/rwanda/index/html

******

338
International Criminal Law: A Discussion Guide for the Extraordinary Chambers in
the Courts of Cambodia
ORDERING INFORMATION

Inquiries about obtaining print copies of this Discussion Guide (in English or Khmer) may
be sent to:

War Crimes Research Office

Washington College of Law
4801 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20016

Tel.: 202 274-4067

Fax: 202 274-4458

E-mail: warcrimes@wcl.american.edu
Website: www.wcl.american.edu/warcrimes

WAR CRIMES RESEARCH OFFICE

Washington College of Law
4801 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20016

www.wcl.american.edu/warcrimes