Rmnffunoon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh \mkofoc Cnevosc Rmhkmjodoron

Kmrkoscs Icfctoj ic Hoso Ronimhc Levci-?3

(Hoaojog)

Icoduaon untua hmhmnugc ]dcon

]dc on Ymnfog \mhmstmr Hoto Auj
Aujcog
cog Cnevosc
Rmhkmjodoron Kmrkoscs Icfctoj yonf icohpu ejmg4

Rre`. Ir. Nono \uprcotno, H. Mi.

Vcjion Cnson @ouzc, \. Ri., H. Ri.

Icsusun ejmg 4

NCH ?72?3<? O\[C N][GOSOYC

R[EF[OH \Y]IC RMNICICAON \MDO[OG

@OA]JYO\ RMNICICAON CJH] RMNFMYOG]ON \E\COJ

]NCPM[\CYO\ RMNICICAON CNIENM\CO

KONI]NF

;2;?
 IO@YO[ C\C
IO@YO[ C\C ................................................................................................................................................. c

AOYO RMNFONYO[ .............................................................................................................................. cc

KOK C ............................................................................................................................................................. ?

RMNIOG]J]ON ..................................................................................................................................... ?

?.? Jotor Kmjoaonf ......................................................................................................................... ?

?.; [uhuson Hosojog ................................................................................................................... ;

?.< Yuduon Hosojog ....................................................................................................................... <

?.9 Hon`oot ...................................................................................................................................... <

KOK CC ........................................................................................................................................................... 9

HMYEIM RMNMJCYCON ........................................................................................................................ 9

;.? Hmteim ........................................................................................................................................ 9

KOK CCC .......................................................................................................................................................... =

RMHKOGO\ON......................................................................................................................................... =

<.? Rmnfmrtcon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh ..................................................................... =

<.; Aoroatmrcstca Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh ................................................................. 0

<.< Dmncs-dmncs Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh ion Loro Rmnffunoonnyo ................... 6

KOK CP ........................................................................................................................................................ ?<

RMN]Y]R .................................................................................................................................................. ?<

9.? Amschpujon ............................................................................................................................. ?<

9.; \oron ......................................................................................................................................... ?<

IO@YO[ R]\YOAO ............................................................................................................................. ?9

c
 AOYO RMNFONYO[
Rudc ion syuaur aohc pondotaon amgoicrot Ojjog \VY. yonf Hogo Rmhurog
ion Hogo Hmhcjcac Cjhu aormno imnfon smfojo amhurogon gotc-Nyo
gotc-N yo ion cjhu yonf
Co turunaon ampoio acto smhuo, smgcnffo pmnujcs iopot hmnymjmsocaon hoaojog cnc
imnfon koca. \gejowot smrto sojoh smhefo
sm hefo tmrjchpog lurogaon ampoio gokckono wo
nokcyono Hugohhoi \OV., ampoio poro amjuorfonyo, sogokotnyo, ion ampoio acto
smjoau uhotnyo ic oagcr zohon.

Hoaojog cnc icsusun smkofoc pmhmnugon tufos hoto aujcog Cnevosc

Rmhkmjodoron Kmrkoscs Icfctoj. \mjocn iorc ctu, pmnujcs gorop pmhkolo iopot
hmnfmtoguc ion hmniopot cjhu hmnfmnoc tepca pmhkcloroon yonf aohc sodcaon
kmriosoraon pmnfohoton iorc kmrkofoc suhkmr. Hoaojog cnc hmrupoaon suotu
pmhkogoson hmnfmnoc Rmnffunoon
Rmnffunoon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh
\ystmh \mkofoc Cnevosc
Cnevosc
Rmhkmjodoron Kmrkoscs Icfctoj ic Hoso Ronimhc Levci-?3. \mhefo hoaojog cnc

iopot hmhkmrcaon pmnfmtoguon yonf jmkcg juos ampoio pmhkolo ion aohc poio
agususnyo. Rmnujcs oauc hoaojog cnc hoscg konyoa amauronfonnyo. Ejmg amrmno
ctu, pmnujcs goropaon ampoio poro pmhkolo untua hmhkmrcaon hosuaon-hosuaon
yonf kmrsc`ot hmhkonfun untua amsmhpurnoon hoaojog cnc.

Koniunf, ?; Nevmhkmr ;2;?

Rmnujcs

cc
 KOK C
RMNIOG]J]ON

?.? Jotor Kmjoaonf

Rmnicicaon hmrupoaon sojog sotu kofcon tmrpmntcnf iojoh amgciupon

honusco yonf tcioa pmrnog ictcnffojaon. Hmjojuc pmnicicaon smkuog nmforo kcso
hmniuaunf tmrjoasononyo prefroh pmhkonfunon yonf koca. Aormno ctujog
konfso Cnienmsco sonfot hmhmrjuaon \uhkmr Ioyo Honusco yonf kmsor untua
hmniuaunf prefroh pmhkonfunon tmrsmkut, icscncjog ickutugaon pmnicicaon
yonf kmrauojctos untua iopot hmniuaunf tmrlopocnyo lcto-lcto konfso iojoh
hmhcjcac suhkmr ioyo yonf kmrhutu hmjojuc pmnicicaon.

Amcnfcnon hmnlopoc pmnicicaon yonf kmrauojctos tmntunyo gorus

hmjojuc presms pmhkmjodoron. Rmhkmjodoron hmrupoaon suotu presms yonf
icjoauaon ejmg furu otou pmnicica untua hmhkchkcnf, hmnforogaon ion
hmhkontu pmsmrto icica untua hmhcjcac pmnfojohon kmjodor. Iojoh presms
pmhkmjodoron cnc tmriopot suotu amfcoton ontoro furu ion pmsmrto icica yonf
smrcnf icsmkut smkofoc amfcoton kmjodor hmnfodor. Amfcoton kmjodor hmnfodor
yonf kcoso icjoauaon imnfon totop huao ic ruonf amjos, nohun poio owoj togun
to gun
;2;2 icaormnoaon oionyo Ronimhc Levci-?3 ion pmhmrcntog hmhkmrjoauaon
pmhkotoson amfcoton hosyoroaot ic juor ruhog goj cnc kmriohpoa pujo poio
amfcoton pmhkmjodoron ic smaejog.

Oionyo ponimhc ion amkcdoaon pmhmrcntog untua hmnmaon rontoc

pmnujoron vcrus tmrsmkut oagcrnyo kmrchkos ampoio

ampoio presms kmjodor hmnfodor koca
ic tcnfaot iosor sohpoc pmrfuruon tcnffc smhuo oatcvctos pmhkmjodoron
icojcgaon hmndoic pmhkmjodoron doroa doug otou pmhkmjodoron smloro iorcnf.
Rmhkmjodoron smloro iorcnf hmndoic ojtmrnotc` untua tmtop kcso hmjoauaon
presms kmjodor hmnfodor wojoupun imnfon doroa ion ruonf yonf
yonf kmrkmio
kmrkmio imnfon
hmnffunoaon amhoduon tmanejefc smrto pmhon`ooton cntmrnmt.

Rmhkmjodoron smloro iorcnf iopot hmhpmrhuiog furu houpun scswo

untua hmjoasonoaon presms pmhkmjodoron. Imnfon hmhon`ootaon amhoduon
tmanejefc smkofoc sorono pmhkmjodoron iorcnf goj cnc hmnuntut furu, scswo, ion
jmhkofo pmnicicaon untua jmkcg hmnfmnoj ion hmhogohc opjcaosc

?
 pmhkmjodoron otou Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh (JH\) yonf iopot hmhkontu
presms pmhkmjodoron poio hoso ponimhc cnc. Jmorncnf
Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh
\ystmh cnc
goicr smkofoc pmronfaot junoa yonf tmraenmasc imnfon cntmrnmt untua hmhmnugc
amkutugon oaon cn`erhosc yonf icpmrejmg imnfon lmpot, ion doroa smrto jeaosc
kuaon hmndoic gojonfon. JH\ horoa icfunoaon smkofoc sorono
sor ono iojoh
ioj oh presms
pmhkmjodoron smloro iorcnf, aormno JH\ cnc hmhcjcac konyoa amhuiogon
iojoh pmnffunoonnyo. Gohpcr smhuo smaejog houpun pmrfuruon tcnffc
hmnffunoaon JH\ smkofoc upoyo hmnfeptchojaon pmhkmjodoron smloro
iorcnf.

M-jmorncnf iopot icim`cncscaon smkofoc pmnffunoon tmanejefc aehputmr

ion dorcnfon aehputmr yonf icsmrtoc ejmg pmnmropon heimj pmhkmjodoron
cnevotc` iojoh ronfao pmjoasonoon amfcoton pmhkmjodoron yonf oaon
hmhkmrcaon oasms juos ampoio scswo tmrgoiop cjhu pmnfmtoguon ofor hmrmao

kcso hmhpmrejmg amtmrohpcjon koru (\upuwcncnfscg, ;2;?, gjh. <). Iojoh goj
cnc tcioa gonyo hmnffunoaon aehputmr, tmjmpen smjujmr dufo iopot icfunoaon
smkofoc suhkmr pmnfmtoguon ion iopot hmndoic suhkmr pmnfmtoguon otou
smkofoc hmico pmnyohpocon hotmrc pmhkmjodoron.

Kmrkofoc tcnfaot pmnicicaon hujoc iorc YA gcnffo Rmrfuruon Ycnffc

hmjoauaon pmhkmjodoron smloro iorcnf. \mgcnffo hmhkutugaon ojtmrnotc`
pmhkmjodoron yonf tmntunyo
tm ntunyo tcioa tmrkotos imnfon presms kmjodor hmnfodor ic
smaejog. \mkofoc upoyo untua hmnfeptchojaon pmhkmjodoron, smtcop smaejog
hmhcjcac JH\ hoscnf-hoscnf smsuoc imnfon ampmrjuonnyo. Ejmg aormno ctu
pmntcnf acronyo untua acto hmnfmtoguc pmnfmrtcon JH\, dmncs-dmncs
dmncs-d mncs JH\, ion
kofochono pmnffunoon JH\
JH\ ic smaejog.

?.; [uhuson Hosojog

?.;.? Opo yonf ichoasui imnfon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh5
?.;.; Opo sodo aoroatmrcstca ion dmncs-dmncs Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh5
?.;.< Kofochono pmnffunoon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh ic smaejog5

;
?.< Yuduon Hosojog
?.<.? Hmnfmtoguc ion hmhogohc hoasui iorc Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt
\ystmh.
?.<.; Hmnfmtoguc ion hmhogohc aoroatmrcstca ion dmncs-dmncs Jmorncnf
Honofmhmnt \ystmh.
?.<.< Hmnfmtoguc ion hmhogohc pmnffunoon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh
ic smaejog.
?.9 Hon`oot
?.9.? Hon`oot smloro Ymerctcs
?. Hmhkmrcaon suhkonfon cn`erhosc iojoh cjhu pmhcacron smkofoc
wowoson hmnfmnoc Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh.
;. \mkofoc suhkonfon pmhcacron hmnfmnoc Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt
\ystmh.
?.9.; Hon`oot smloro Rroatcs
?. Iopot hmnohkog wowoson ion pmhkmjodoron kofc pmnujcs hmnfmnoc
pmnffunoon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh ic smaejog.
;. Hmhkmrcaon cn`erhosc kofc pmhkolo hmnfmnoc amjmkcgon ion
amauronfon iorc Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh.

<
 KOK CC

HMYEIM RMNMJCYCON

;.? Hmteim

Hmteim pmnmjctcon yonf icfunoaon iojoh pmnyusunon hoaojog cnc cojog

stuic jctmrotur. \tuic jctmrotur oiojog hmteim pmnmjctcon yonf icfunoaon untua
hmnfuhpujaon cn`erhosc ion ioto hmjojuc jctmrotur/ampustoaoon untua
hmndowok ruhuson hosojog pmnmjctcon. Rmnffunoon hmteim pmnmjctcon stuic
pustoao cnc iciosoraon poio amkutugon ioto yonf icfunoaon iojoh
ioj oh hmnfaodc
tmho Rmnffunoon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh Iojoh Rmhkmjodoron Kmrkoscs
Icfctoj ic \maejog \mdoa Hoso Ronimhc Levci-?3

Tmi (;229, gjh. ;-<) hmndmjosaon kogwo amsmsuocon pmnffunoon stuic

pustoao smkofoc suhkmr pmnmjctcon yoctu pmnmjctcon yonf gonyo kcso icdowok
hmjojuc stuic pustoao aormno tcioa kcso icjoauaon imnfon stuic joponfon,
kmrpmron smkofoc stuic pmniogujuon untua hmhogohc
hmho gohc smloro uhuh fohkoron
pmrhosojogon yonf oaon iconfaot, stuic pustoao hmhcjcac amtmroniojon untua
hmndowok seoj pmnmjtcon. \uaoric (;229, gjh. <9) hmnymkutaon holoh-holoh
jctmrotur icontoronyo oiojog durnoj, joperon goscj pmnmjctcon, hodojog cjhcog,
surot aokor, kuau yonf rmjmvon, goscj-goscj smhcnor, ortcamj cjhcog yonf kmjuh
icpukjcaosc, norosuhkmr, surot-surot amputuson ion jocn smkofocnyo.

Hmnurut Tmi (;229, gjh. 9-=) stuic jctmrotur hmhcjcac mhpot lcrc yoanc
pmnmjctcon kmrgoiopon jonfsunf imnfon tmas, sc`otnyo yonf scop poaoc aormno
pmnmjctc tcioa pmrju pmrfc amhono-hono (joponfon), stuic pustoao uhuhnyo
hmrupoaon suhkmr smaunimr hoao pmrju onojcscs yonf jmkcg hmniojoh tmrgoiop
ioto otou `oato yonf icfuonoaonyo nontc, aenicsc ioto pustoao tcioa ickotosc
ruonf ion woatu. Rmnffunoon stuic pustoao/stuic jctmrotur iojoh pmnmjctcon
smdorog sonfot icpmrjuaon. Iojoh goj hmncndou ion hmnfaodc `oato-`oato iorc
pmrcstcwo ic hoso joju, icpmrjuaon konyoa
konyoa suhkmr yonf
yonf rmjmvon untua
untua iconojcscs
smsuoc imnfon amkutugon pmnmjctc iojoh hmrmaentrasc hoso joju. Koca ctu
smkofoc suhkmr ioto utoho pmnmjctcon otoupun smkofoc suhkmr tmrioguju,
pmronon stuic pusotoao hmndoic suotu goj yonf sonfot pmntcnf iojoh pmnmjctcon.

9
 KOK CCC

RMHKOGO\ON

<.? Rmnfmrtcon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh

Iojoh goj pmnfmrtcon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh iopot icortcaon

smkofoc tmanejefc kmrkoscs wmk yonf hmhkontu iojoh pmrmnlonoon, icstrckusc,
ion mvojuosc iorc presms pmhkmjodoron. JH\ hmnymicoaon suotu woiog yonf
tmrcntmfrosc untua hotmrc, pmnyohpocon, ion honodmhmn pmhkmjodoron yonf
iopot icoasms ejmg pmsmrto icica ion pmnfodor. JH\ dufo gorus iopot
hmnfoaeheiosc kmrkofoc holoh loro pmnyohpocon hotmrc (Jchontoro ion
Dcnffo, ;2?9, gjh. ;2=).

\mptco (;2?3, gjh. <) hmndmjosaon kogwo Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt

\ystmh oiojog se`tworm yonf kmrcsc `ctur-`ctur yonf ickutugaon iojoh presms

pmhkmjodoron. Imnfon imhcacon JH\ iopot icfunoaon untua hmnfmjejo amjos

ejmg furu ion iopot icoasms ejmg scswo.

Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh hmrupoaon kofcon iorc m-jmorncnf. Ejmg

aormno ctu Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh iopot icschpujaon smkofoc suotu
opjcaosc kmrkoscs se`tworm yonf iopot icfunoaon smloro enjcnm untua hmnundonf
pmjoasonoon pmhkmjodoron. ]ntua hmhkontu pmnfmjejoon m-jmorncnf, poio
uhuhnyo icfunoaon kmkmropo opjcaosc JH\ (Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh),
smpmrtc Heeijm, OYuter, Lonvos, Epmn miW, ion hoscg konyoa jofc. Ojtmrnotc`
jocn iorc pmhon`ooton JH\ yoctu imnfon hmnffunoaon Feef
Feefjm
jm Ljossreeh yonf
suiog hmndoic kofcon iorc joyonon Feefjm \uctm @er Miulotcen yonf icsmicoaon
ejmg Feefjm kofc smhuo cnstctusc pmnicicaon koca ic tcnfaot smaejog hmnmnfog
otos houpun untua pmrfuruon tcnffc.

Kmkmropo `oscjctos yonf ictoworaon poio opjcaosc JH\ yoctu oasms

hotmrc pmhkmjodoron, pmhkmrcon tufos, pmnfuhpujon tufos, `eruh icsausc,
pmnfuhuhon, pmhkuoton ion pmnlototon amgoicron scswo. JH\ tcioa gonyo
Feefjm Ljossreeh sodo, oaon tmtopc hoscg konyoa JH\ yonf kmrautot ic iojoh
kcionf pmnicicaon, smpmrtc Heeijm, \lgeejefy, LjossIede, \elrotcvm Ymolgmr,
ion hoscg konyoa jofc opjcaosc yonf kmrjehko-jehko untua hmnfmhos `ctur-

=
 `ctur iosor yonf kcoso icfunoaon poio pmnfmjejoon honodmhmn amjos ([ogorde,
iaa. ;2?3, gjh. ?2?).

<.; Aoroatmrcstca Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh

Amlonffcgon tmanejefc hmhkmrcaon amhuiogon tmrgoiop kmrkofoc

kcionf tmrutoho ic kcionf pmnicicaon soot cnc yoctu imnfon icfunoaonnyo
heimj JH\ (Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh). Sonf hono wojoupun
pmhkmjodoron icjoauaon smloro iorcnf furu tmtop kcso hmjoauaon cntmroasc
imnfon scswo. Roio pmhkmjodoron kmrkoscs Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh
tmriopot kmkmropo `ctur yonf kcso icfunoaon imnfon koca smgcnffo hmhkmrcaon
amson tmrsmnicrc kofc pmnffuno. @ctur tmrsmkut ontoro jocn yoctu `ctur oihcncstrosc
kofcon yonf kmrcsc ion hmnymicoaon io`tor oihcncstrosc smaejog smpmrtc
cn`erhosc tmntonf amjos, pmhkmjodoron, ion pmndoiwojon amjos kmjodor1 `ctur
pmnyohpocon kogon odor kofcon cnc kmr`unfsc untua hmnyohpocaon kogon odo
odorr
iorc smtcop hoto pmjodoron1 `ctur pmnfudcon hmrupoaon pcjcgon yonf kcso
icjoauaon ejmg furu iojoh ronfao hmjoauaon presms pmncjocon aehpmtmnsc
scswo yonf kcso icjoauaon hmjojuc tufos houpun aucs1 `ctur pmncjocon
hmrupoaon kofcon yonf kmrcsc joperon goscj kmjodor scswo yonf tmjog icuaur iorc
ncjoc scswo smjoho hmnfmrdoaon tufos ion aucs otou kmntua pmncjocon jocnnyo1
ion `ctur aehuncaosc yonf hmrupoaon kofcon untua hmrm`jmascaon amhohpuon
iojoh kmraehuncaosc ontoro scswo imnfon furu houpun smsoho scswo
(\choncgurua, ;2?3, gjh. <7-<3).

\ojog sotu lcrc iorc heimj pmhkmjodoron JH\ otou jmorncnf honofmhmnt
systmh cnc yoctu oionyo acnmrdo pmr`erho pmhkmjodoron yonf tmrdoic smloro
kmramjonduton ion sc`otnyo up te iotm. Oiopun aoroatmrcstca iorc jmorncnf
honofmhmnt systmh cnc yoctu amronfao aehpmtmnsc m-FL@ (lehpmtmnly
`rohmwera m-FL@), pmjotcgon amjos iunco (werji ljoss trocncnfs), pmhkmjodoron
honicrc (smj` polmi jmorncnf), pmhkmjodoron kmramjonduton (lentcnuoj jmorncnf),
icierenf ejmg acnmrdo (pmr`erhonlm ircvmn), aentmn tmracnc (up te iotm lentmnt).

0
<.< Dmncs-dmncs Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh ion Loro Rmnffunoonnyo

Konyoanyo dmncs Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh yonf tmrsmkor ic

cntmrnmt tmntu hmhuiogaon pmhkmjodoron. JH\ yonf koca oiojog yonf m`matc`
ion m`cscmn. Nohun aojc cnc oio iuo JH\ yonf oaon ickogos yoctu Heeijm ion

Feefjm Ljossreeh yonf icroso huiog ion konyoa icfunoaon ic smaejog

tmrutoho ic Cnienmsco.

<.<.? Heeijm

Heeijm hmrupoaon sojog sotu JH\ (Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh)

yonf kmrsc`ot epmn seurlm ion frotcs. Dufo hmrupoaon LH\ (Leursm
Honofmhmnt \ystmh) ion PJM (Pcrtuoj Jmorncnf Mnvcrenthmnt) yonf tmjog
icronlonf untua hmniuaunf pmhkmjodoron totop huao smloro iorcnf, smrto
hmnymicoaon woiog untua hmnfunffog suhkmr kmjodor. Heeijm (Heiujor

Ekdmlt Ercmntmi Iynohcl Jmorncnf Mnvcrenhmnt) hmndoic pepujor aormno

hmniuaunf pmhkmjodoron yonf iopot hmhkonfun smnicrc sukscstmh iojoh
JH\ hmrmao (\ujcstyercnc, ;2;2, gjh. ?69). Ic scsc jocn aormno Heeijm yonf
icnohcs, icpmrjuaon tmnofo ogjc untua hmhkonfun ion hmronlonf scstmh
pmhkmjodoron iorcnf yonf eptchoj ion tmrcntmfrosc, hmhon`ootaon smtcop
`ctur ion pjufcn yonf ichcjcac Heeijm. Ymriopot tcfo sctus Heeijm imnfon
`unfsc yonf kmrkmio yoctu heeijm.leh untua joyonon aehmrscj pmnug iorc
Heeijm, heeijm.erf yonf hmrupoaon `eruh/aehunctos kofc pmnffuno
Heeijm iorc smjurug iunco smrto sctus untua hmniopotaon seurlm leim ion

pjufcn, ion heeijmljeui.leh yoctu pertoj frotcs untua hmnfgestaon

rmpesctery yonf ichcjcac smgcnffo iopot icoasms ejmg scswo.

Fohkor ? Yohpcjon Gojohon Owoj Heeijm

6
 Aoroatmrcstca Heeijm cnc yoctu huiog icaen`cfurosc, yonf
hmhuiogaon pmnlcptoon presms pmncjocon scswo (aumscenmr ion tms smloro
iorcnf) ion pmnfmjejoon tufos hmrmao. Heeijm dufo iopot hmhpmraoyo
pmhkmjodoron imnfon hmhkmrcaon scstmh pmncjocon yonf etehotcs ion
oioptc`.

@ctur-`ctur yonf oio iojoh Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh Heeijm

oiojog smkofoc kmrcaut. Rmrtoho, Honodmhmn Rmnffuno Heeijm smloro
im`oujt hmnymicoaon tudug tcnfaoton pmnffuno (olter) untua untua
hmnfuronfc tcnfaot amtmrjckoton oihcncstroter. Yudug tcnfaoton pmnffuno
(olter) tmrsmkut ontoro jocn4 Oihcncstroter, Leursm
Leu rsm Lrmoter, Ymolgmr, Nen-
mictcnf tmolgmr, \tuimnt, Fumst, ion Outgmntclotmi ]smr . Amiuo, Heiuj
Fjesorc (Fjessory) yonf hmhkmrcaon amjmjuosoon ampoio scswo untua
hmhkonfun smnicrc aensmp/amronfao kmrpcacr hmrmao. Amtcfo, \uhkmr

Kmjodor ([mseurlms) \uhkmr kmjodor iopot icpmrjcgotaon smloro kmkos ejmg

furu ampoio scswo kmrupo tmas iorc pmronfaot junoa pmnfejog aoto (.ielx),
pmnfejog onfao (.xjs), pewmrpecnt (.pptx), `josg, vcime, suoro yonf iopot
iclcptoaon smnicrc ejmg furu houpun hmnfohkcj otou hmnfgukunfaon
imnfon sctus yonf jocn. Ammhpot, Leursm smkofoc heiuj pmhkmjodoron
iorcnf yonf hmhunfacnaon furu untua hmhkuot hotmrc houupun hmico
pmhkmjodoron imnfon kmrkofoc `erhot Kogoso (JOH\ leursm `erhot,
\LE[H `erhot, \elcoj `erhot, Yepcls `erhot, Vmmajy `erhot, ion Vmmajy
`erhot-L\\/Ne tokjm). Amjcho _ucz (aucs) yoctu sojog sotu `ctur untua

pmjoasonoon pmncjocon tmrtujcs. Kmntua seoj iopot kmrupo fohkor ion dufo
vcime aormno Heeijm hmhkmrcaon amkmkoson untua hmnffunoaon GYHJ.
Ammnoh, Heiuj Rmnufoson (Osscfnhmnts) yoctu `ctur yonf hmnfunffog
pmamrdoon/tufos-tufos hmrmao iorc kmrkofoc `erhot `cjm
am smrvmr yonf smjondutnyo icjmnfaopc amtmronfon woatu pmnfunffogon.
Amtudug, Froimkeea @ctur cnc hmhkmrcaon amhuiogon kofc furu untua
hmhkmrc ncjoc ampoio scswo koca smloro etehotcs honupun honuoj.
Amimjopon Lgot, `eruh, fjessory, werasgep, ion wcac. Hmrupoaon `ctur
yonf hmniuaunf oatcvctos cntmroasc ontoro scswo imnfon furu houpun scswo

imnfon scswo . \ujcstyercnc

\ujcst yercnc (;2;2, gjh. ?6=).

7
 Fohkor ; Yohpcjon Gojohon Heeijm untua Hosua

Amjmkcgon iorc Heeijm yoctu smimrgono, rcnfon, m`cscmn, ion

aehpotckmj aormno iciuaunf ejmg konyoa krewsmr, huiognyo presms
cnstojosc aormno tmrsmico dufo iojoh kogoso Cnienmsco, hmhcjcac honmdmhmn
sctus (iosgkeori) agusus untua hmnfotur smloro amsmjurugon aentmn,
pmrukogon heiuj, ion jocn-jocn, hmhcjcac honodmhmn pmnffuno (usmr
honofmhmnt) ion honodmhmn amjos (leursm honofmhmnt) yonf koca, scstmh
dorcnfon ion amohononyo iopot icotur smnicrc, iopot hmhkotosc ruonf oasms
oasms
smsuoc imnfon dorcnfon yonf iccnfcnaon, aormno kmrsc`ot epmn seurlm hoao
presms pmhkmjodoron scstmhnyo iopot icsmsuocaon imnfon amkutugon,
hmhcjcac amjmnfaopon `ctur yonf koca untua hmnymjmnfforoaon
pmhkmjodoron doroa doug/iorcnf. Amjmkcgon yonf oio poio Heeijm yoctu
pmnmropon kmrkosc heeijm JH\ tmjog hmnonioaon kogwo pmhkmjodoron
tcioa tmrkotos ruonf ion woatu, hmjocnaon hmhon`ootaon oionyo
amlonffcgon tmanejefc imnfon heimj m-jmorncnf (\chonugurua,
( \chonugurua, ;2?3, gjh.
96). Heeijm dufo hmnymicoaon jcho dmncs hotmrc pmjodoron yonf kmrsc`ot
stotcs ichono hmico pmhkmjodoron iopot icoasms scswo, nohun tcioa iopot
kmrcntmroasc (hmjoauaon pmnyuntcnfon), yoctu gojohon tmas, gojohon gthj,
touton smkuog sctus otoupun icrmaterc, ion tohpcjon kmrupo tujcson otou
fohkor.

Amauronfon Heeijm yoctu hmhmrjuaon pmhogohon yonf jmkcg

hmnfmnoc scstmh yonf icfunoaon, untua hmhkonfun scstmh m-jmorncnf
yonf iccnfcnaon icpmrjuaon tmnofo ogjc, hmhmrjuaon kcoyo yonf jmkcg kmsor,
hmhmrjuaon goriworm /pmronfaot amros agusus, gorus hmhosonf opjcaosc
agusus untua hmniuaunf Heeijm, hmhmrjuaon dorcnfon cntmrnmt imnfon

aoposctos amlmpoton tcnffc.

3
<.<.; Feefjm Ljossreeh

Feefjm Ljossreeh soot cnc hmndoic ojtmrnotcvm pmhkmjodoron yonf

pojcnf huiog icoasms ion icfunoaon ejmg furu ion scswo icsmaejog yonf
uhuhnyo ic Cnienmsco icfunoaon ejmg tcnfaot smaejog hmnmnfog gcnffo

pmrfuruon tcnffc. \ujcstyercnc (;2;2,

(;2;2, gjh. ?66) hmndmjosaon kogwo Feef
Feefjm
jm
Ljossreeh hmrupoaon smkuog preiua joyonon yonf tmrfokunf iojoh
Feefjm @er Miulotcen yonf hmhcjcac joyonon pmhkmjodoron ic iojohnyo,
hmhcjcac konyoa `ctur-`ctur smpmrtc hmhkmrc pmnfuhuhon otou tufos,
hmnfuhpujaon tufos ion hmjcgot scopo sodo yonf suiog hmnfuhpujaon
tufos.

Fohkor < Yohpcjon Gojohon Owoj Feefjm Ljossreeh

Feefjm Ljossreeh tmrgukunf oaun feefjm yonf ichcjcac ejmg

pmnffuno ion tmrgukunf imnfon smhuo joyonon Feefjm @er Miulotcen
jocnnyo, smgcnffo furu iopot hmhon`ootaon Feefjm Hocj, Feefjm Hmmt,
Feefjm Ircvm, Feefjm Lojmnior, Feefjm @erh, Feefjm Iels, Feefjm
\gmmts, Feefjm \jcims, ion Feefjm \ctms iojoh presms pmhkmjodoronnyo.
@ctur-`ctur yonf tmriopot poio Feefjm Ljossreeh yoctu pmrtoho
Yufos (Osscfnhmnts) smtcop tufos yonf icuniug furu oaon icschpon ion
icncjoc poio ronfaocon opjcaosc Feefjm Ljossreeh. Amiuo, Rmncjocon
(Froicnf) iojoh goj cnc Feefjm Ljossreeh hmniuaunf konyoa loro
pmncjocon yonf kmrkmio. Furu hmhcjcac epsc untua hmhontou amhoduon
smtcop scswo poio tufos ic hono hmrmao iopot hmhkuot aehmntor ion
hmnfmict. Amtcfo, Aucs yonf hono furu iopot hmnffunoaon aucs hmjojuc
Feefjm @erh untua hmjoauaon pmncjocon woatu nyoto tmrgoiop pmhogohon
scswo. Ammhpot, @ctur aehuncaosc poio Feefjm Ljossreeh iopot icjoauaon
imnfon hmhkuot acrchon kmrupo pmnfuhuhon (onneunlmhmnt) ion

?2
 hmnfehmntorc pmnfuhuhon yonf suiog ickuot ic gojohon utoho amjos
Feefjm Ljossreeh. Amjcho, Orscp pmhkmjodoron Feefjm Ljossreeh
hmhunfacnaon furu untua hmnforscpaon aursus/amjos poio oagcr togun
odoron/smhmstmr. Ammnoh, opjcaosc smjujmr otou vmrsc hekcjm/smjujmr untua
pmronfaot Onireci
Onireci ion cE\. Amtudug, Amohonon Rrckoic Feefjm Ljossreeh
hmhcjcac amcstchmwoon dcao ickonicnfaon imnfon joyonon Feefjm jocnnyo.
Amimjopon, @ctur Ye-ie @ctur cnc kmr`cnfsc untua hmjcgot ion hmnfcnfotaon
tufos-tufos yonf gorus smfmro icauhpujaon smsuoc kotos woatu yonf suiog
ictmntuaon ejmg furu. Amsmhkcjon, aojmnimr yonf hmnohpcjaon kotos woatu
pmnfuhpujon iorc tufos-tufos yonf ickmrcaon ejmg furu smrto ofmnio jocn
iorc amjos tmrsmkut . \ujcstyercnc (;2;2, gjh. ?66-?67).

Fohkor 9 @ctur ion Joyonon Feefjm jocnnnyo yonf kcso iceasms Feefjm
Ljossreeh

Amjmkcgon JH\ Ljossreeh oiojog ontoro jocn presms pmnfoturon

yonf sonfot lmpot poio Feefjm Ljossreeh, huiog, ion tcioa pmrju
hmnfcnstoj smloro honicrc opjcaosc pmnundonf scstmh pmhkmjodoron. Feefjm

Ljossreeh tmjog tmrcntmfrosc imnfon smhuo joyonon Feefjm @er Miulotcen

jocnnyo, yoctu Feefjm Ircvm, Feefjm Lojmnior, Feefjm Hocj, Feefjm Iels,
Feefjm \gmmts, Feefjm @erh, Feefjm \jcims, ion Feefjm \ctms yonf sonfot
kmrfuno untua hmnundonf pmr`erho pmhkmjodoron iorcnf. Icjmnfaopc
imnfon kotos woatu pmnfuhpujon tufos ion pmnfmrdoon udcon smgcnffo
scswo ictuntut untua icscpjcn woatu. Furu ic pmrhuiog untua hmncjoc goscj
pmamrdoon scswo smloro etehotcs. Rmnychponon ioto tmrpusot koca tufos-
tufos scswo houpun ieauhmn ion suhkmr kmjodor yoanc tmrschpon iojoh
sotu icrmaterc tmrpusot. \cswo iopot hmnychpon smhuo tufos hmrmao ic

iojoh `ejimr tmrtmntu smionfaon furu iopot hmnychpon ioto-ioto smpmrtc

??
ncjoc smrto suhkmr kmjodor yonf iopot icoasms iojoh opjcaosc. Rmnffuno
iopot hmnfoasms smhuo `ctur Feefjm Ljossreeh smloro frotcs ion tonpo
oionyo cajon ic smjurug ontorhuao Feefjm Ljossreeh. Ioto pmnffuno
tmrdohcn ohon aormno tcioa icpmrfunoaon untua tuduon pmrcajonon.
\chonugurua (;2?3, gjh. 93) dufo hmndmjosaon kogwo amjmkcgon iorc
Feefjm Ljossreeh yoctu imsocn ion tohpcjon yonf smimrgono smgcnffo
hmhuiogaon pmnffunoonnyo, pmnfgmhoton woatu yonf eptchoj imnfon
hmnfoniojaon presms cntmfrosc ion hmnfetehotcsaon pmnffunoon opjcaosc
feefjm yonf jocn, sc`otnyo yonf `jmasckmj kcso icfunoaon aopon sodo ion
ichono sodo, opjcaosc tcioa kmrkoyor smgcnffo tcioa oio kotoson iojoh
pmnffunoonnyo. Rmhkoruon tmrus icjoauaon smgcnffo soot cnc oio `ctur
vcime len`mrmnlm yonf hmhunfacnaon furu ion scswo hmjoauaon
pmrtmhuon totop hoyo.
Amauronfon yonf ichcjcac Feefjm Ljossreeh yoctu amkutugon oaon
dorcnfon/aenmasc yonf
yonf lmpot iopot
iopot hmndoic amniojo iorc pmnffunoon Feefjm
Ljossreeh. Goj tmrsmkut hmhkuot pmnffuno yonf kmrosoj iorc pmimsoon ion
auronf hmhogohc tmanejefc smrto hcnch aenmasc cntmrnmt hmnfojohc
amsujcton. Amjmhogon iorc Feefjm Ljossreeh cnc yoctu iojoh smfc
pmnfoasmson ioto yonf gorus tmrus tmraenmasc imnfon cntmrnmt (tcioa kcso
icfunoaon e``jcnm) smgcnffo luaup hmnyujctaon furu ion scswo.

?;
 KOK CP

RMN]Y]R

9.? Amschpujon

Rmsotnyo amhoduon tmanejefc hmhkmrcaon pmnforug yonf juos tmrutoho

tm rutoho
poio kcionf pmnicicaon. Rmhkmjodoron tcioa gonyo icjoauaon ic iojoh amjos,
tmtopc kcso icjoauaon ichono sodo ion aopon sodo. Vojoupun tmntu iojoh goj
pmnffunoonnyo Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt
Honofmhmnt \ystmh hoscg hmhcjcac amauronfon
amauronfon ion
ion
auronf kcso hmhoaschojaon pmhkmjodoron, aormno hoscg oio `ctur-`ctur yonf
auronf jmnfaop, ion oionyo `ctur yonf gonyo kcso icfunoaon kmrkoyor. Goj ctu
tmntu iconffop goj kcoso, aormno suiog smgorusnyo presms pmhkmjodoron
icjoauaon smloro jonfsunf. Soctu pmrju tmrdoic cntmroasc smloro jonfsunf ontoro
furu imnfon scswo, houpun scswo imnfon scswo. Nohun imhcacon
pmhkmjodoron gorus tmtop kmrjonfsunf. ]ntua hmnlopoc tuduon pmhkmjodoron
hoao JH\ smpmrtc Heeijm ion Feefjm Ljossreeh yonf icfunoaon.

Rmnffunoon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh yonf hujoc cntmnsc`

icfunoaon ic gohpcr smjurug nmforo ic iunco smdoa hoso ponimhc levci-?3.
Kmriosoraon amkutugon yonf hmnimsoa aormno hmjcgot kmrkofoc iohpoa yonf
oaon hunluj opokcjo pmhkmjodoron icjoauaon smloro jonfsunf ic smaejog. Hoao
ischpujaon kogwo JH\ hmrupoaon ojtmrnotc` sorono pmhkmjodoron kmrkoscs
icfctoj yonf hujoc icfunoaon ejmg smaejog agususnyo furu ion scswo, ion oaon
tmtop icfunoaon wojoupun tcioa cntmnsc`. Aormno amkutugon zohon ion smhoacn
smh oacn

tuhkug pmsotnyo tmanejefc hmndoicaon honusco gorus tmrus hodu, tmrjmkcg

amhoduon ic kcionf pmnicicaon.

9.; \oron

Hoaojog cnc iopot icdoicaon smkofoc rm`mrmnsc ion kogon koloon yonf
tmpot untua hmnfmtoguc tmntonf JH\. Hmnfmtoguc pmnffunoon Heeijm ion
Feefjm Ljossreeh. Cn`erhosc yonf oio icsmrtoc imnfon rm`mrmnsc smpmrtc kuau
ion ortcamj durnoj. Nohun icsoronaon kofc poro pmhkolo iopot jmkcg
hmnffmhkonfaon cn`erhosc jmwot hmhkolo suhkmr cn`erhoc otou rm`mrmnsc

jocn.

?<
 IO@YO[ R]\YOAO
Jchontoro, N., ion Dcnffo, @. (;2?9). Rmronlonfon Heimj Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt
\ystmh untua \maejog. LehYmlg, = (?), ;2<-;?;.
[ogorde, V. \., \mkostcon, I., Lgcrhonte, O. [., & \oputro, J. A. R. (;2?3).
Rmhon`ooton F \uctm @er Miulotcen untua Hmncnfaotaon M`matcvctos
Kmjodor Hmnfodor ion Aoposctos Furu \HO. Cn Rrescicnf \mhcnor Noscenoj
Goscj Rmnfokicon Ampoio Hosyoroaot, ]ncvmrsctos Arcstmn Iuto Volono
Sefyoaorto. 9(?). ?22-?2=.

\mptco, @. (;2?3). Rmnfmhkonfon Jmorncnf Honofmhmnt \ystmh (JH\) \mkofoc

Hmico Rmhkmjodoron ]ntua \maejog Hmnmnfog \mimrodot. Durnoj Yoto [cos,
3 (;). ?-?2. Iec4 gttps4//iec.erf/?2.;?223/3.;.?.;223
gttps4//iec.erf/?2.;?223/3.;.?.;223
\choncgurua, J., Iaa. (;2?3). M-jmorncnf4 Chpjmhmntosc,
Chpjmhmntosc , \trotmfc ion Cnevoscnyo .
Hmion4 Soyoson Acto Hmnujcs.
\uaoric. (;2?<). Hmteiejefc Rmnmjctcon Rmnicicaon Aehpmtmnsc ion Rroatcanyo.
Doaorto4 RY Kuhc Oasoro.
\ujcstyercnc, J., & Oncstyosorc, S. (;2;2). \tuic Jctmrotur Onojcscs Amjmkcgon ion
Amauronfon JH\ Ymrgoiop Rmhkmjodoron Kmrkoscs Rreyma poio Hoto
Rmjodoron Rmhrefrohon Vmk ic \HA. Durnoj CY-MI], =(?). ?6?-?72.
\upuwcncnfscg, N. N. (;2;?). M-jmorncnf untua Rmhkmjodoron Okoi ;? iojoh
C niustrc 9.2 . Koniunf4 Hmico \ocns Cnienmsco.
Hmnfgoiopc Mro [mvejusc Cniustrc

Tmi, H. (;229). Hmteim Rmnmjctcon Ampustoaoon . Doaorto4 Soyoson Rustoao Eker

Cnienmsco.

?9