RksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³

r)aMRBHraCRTBü
sIha 2008
]btßmÖkarRsavRCav nig e)aHBum<pSay
edaymUlniFirbs;raCrdæaPi)alCb:un
tamry³GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ
2
 matika
esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ...........................................................................................................5
buBVkfa ......................................................................................................................... 7
GarmÖkfa ........................................................................................................................9
CMBUk1
Rbvtþiénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ............................................................................... 11
I. Rbvtþiénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ..................................................................... 11
1> sikSaBaküKnøHw ..................................................................................................... 11
2> sm½ybuerRbvtþisa®sþ .............................................................................................. 12
3> sm½yRbvtþisa®sþ .................................................................................................19
II . rebobsEmþg ....................................................................................................... 43
III. qak b¤ ranraM b¤ kþarEbn b¤ TIlanraM .......................................................................... 44
IV . karlMGqak......................................................................................................... 45
V . BiFIsMBHRKÚ ......................................................................................................... 46
VI . semøókbMBak;nigeRKOgtubEtgkay ............................................................................... 46
1> rebobesøókBak; nigsemøókbMBak;tYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraN ............................................................47
2> eRKOgtubEtglMGénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ³ .......................................................................... 54
VII . rUbPaBnigxøwmsarénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ..................................................... 61
VIII . Gtßn½yr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ................................................................. 76
1> Gtßn½yk,ac;r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ............................................................... 76
2> lkçN³smÁal;Gtßn½yPasak,ac;raM ............................................................................... 78
3> karbgðajGMBIGtßn½yénk,ac;rbs;r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ³ ........................................................... 81
IX . t®nþI nig ceRmogsMrab;kMdrr)aM .................................................................................. 83
1> t®nþI ............................................................................................................... 83
2> ceRmogsMrab;kMdrr)aM .............................................................................................. 99
CMBUk2
sißtir)aM b¤ elçank,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü .................................................................. 109
I . bBa¢Ir)aM nig elçank,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ............................................................ 109
1> eQVgyl;GMBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ................................................................................... 109
2> n½yBakü.......................................................................................................... 110
3> eQμaHr)aM erOgelççank,ac;buraN ................................................................................... 115
4> bBa¢Ir)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBüEdlrs;eLIgvijtamlMdab;GkçrRkm ..........................................117

3
 5> briyaysegçbGMBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ........................................................................... 124
6> elçank,ac;buraN ................................................................................................ 134
II . ePøgsMrab;eRbIkñúgelçanburaN .....................................................................................146
III . QutxøHkñúgerOgGuINavbusS)a ...................................................................................148
1> RbPBerOg GIuNavbusS)a ........................................................................................148
2> Rbvtþisegçbrbs;r)aMerOgGIuNavbusS)a ¬elçanRBHraCRTBü¦ ................................................... 152
CMBUk3
TsSn³vis½ykñúgkarGPirkS nig GPivDÆn_sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ................................ 163
I . TsSn³vis½ykñúgkarGPirkS ....................................................................................... 163
1> témøGmt³ ...................................................................................................... 163
2> elakTsSn³GMBICIvit.............................................................................................164
3> eTvPaB ..........................................................................................................165
4> ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbI .......................................................................................... 166
II . GPivDÆn_sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü .......................................................... 168
1> karGPirkS .......................................................................................................169
2> karGPivDÆ ...................................................................................................... 175
esckþIsnñidæan ............................................................................................................. 179
]bsm<½n§ ................................................................................................................... 183
I . bBa¢IRKUr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü...................................................................... 183
1> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBHGgÁDYg 1840-1859 ...............................................................184
2> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm ................................................................................185
3> rC¢kalRBH)aTsIusuvtiþ .......................................................................................... 187
4> rC¢kalRBH)aTsIusuvtßi munIvgS ...................................................................................189
5> rC¢kalRBH)aTneratþm suraRmwt nigsemþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna .......................... 190
6> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ....................................................................... 193
7> sm½ysaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa ............................................................................. 195
II . bBa¢IeQμaHRKÚePøgburaN ........................................................................................... 199
III . skmμPaBRsavRCav ............................................................................................ 202
1> skmμPaBRsavRCav)azkfa sþIBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr............................................................. 202
2> skmμPaBRsavRCavr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrtamextþ-Rkug ........................................................... 202
ÉksarBieRKaH............................................................................................................... 205

4
 esckþIEføgGMNrKuN
eyIg´KN³kmμkarsikSaRsavRCavr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrénRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³
sUmEføgGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAcMeBaHGgÁkar UNESCO RbcaMenAkm<úCa Edlknøgmk
EtgEtCYy]btßmÖKaMRTRKb;skmμPaBvb,Fm’sil,³ CaBiesseBlenHGgÁkar UNESCO
enA)anykcitþTukdak;]btßmÖKaMRTcMeBaHkmμviFIsikSaRsavRCav nig cgRkgÉksar
{r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr} EdleTIb)anbBa©ÚlCasm,tþivb,Fm’GrUbIénmnusSCati RbkaseLIg
edayGgÁkar UNESCO enATIRkug)a:rIsnaéf¶TI 7 vicäika qñaM2003 .
kar]btßmÖKaMRTRbkbedaylkçN³mnusSFm’d¾éføføaenH )anbgálkçN³sm,tþi[KN³
kmμkareyIgk¾dUcCaRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ GaccgRkg)anÉksarsil,³sRmab;
Cati nig e)aHBum<pSaysRmab;CaRbeyaCn_dl;mnusSCatiTUeTApg. ÉksarenHnwgrYm
cMENkkñúgkarCYyBRgwgGtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’Catipg k¾dUcCaCYybMeBjbEnßmdl;XøaMg
cMeNHdwgmnusSCatielIBiPBelakpg .
CafμImþgeTot KN³kmμakareyIgsUmEføgGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAbMputcMeBaH
GgÁkar UNESCO enAkm<úCa nigsgÇwmfasßab½neyIgTaMgBIrnwgbnþshkarKñay:agl¥RbesIr
eTAéf¶GnaKt elIKeRmagkmμviFIsil,³vb,Fm’CaeRcIneTot .

sUmGrKuN
KN³kmμkarsikSaRsavRCavr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü

5
6
 buBVkfa
GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ (UNESCO) manktþiysEdl)anrYmviPaKTan kñúgeCaKC½yénkar
e)aHBum<esovePAmYyd¾mansarsMxan; sþIGMBIrr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr EdlCaTRmg;sil,³RKwH
énebtikPNÐevaharekaslünigGrUbIrbs;RbeTskmú<Ca rYmTaMgmnusSCatiTaMgmUlpgEdr.
smiTp§ lenH CaskçPI aBénkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;RksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ elIkic©kar
sþareLIgvij nigEfrkSa karBarmt’kvb,Fm’ d¾mantémørbs;RbeTskmú<Ca.
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr nig sil,³TsSnIyPaBTaMgGs; suT§EtCa]bkrN_d¾manRbsiT§PaB
kñúgkarRbmUlpþúMRKb;PaKIExμr edIm,IkarBarGtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’Cati. TRmg;sil,³buraN
mYycMnYnRtÚv)an)at;bg; nig y:agehacNas;kMBugRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;enH. edayehtu
plenHehIyeTIbGgÁkaryUeNsáÚ manbItirIkraysaTrcMeBaHGñkRsavRCav RBmTaMgsil,kr
sil,karinI énRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ Edl)anRbwgERbgRbmUlcgRkgk,Ünxñat
edIm,IkMueGay)at;bg;TRmg;edImrbs;ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’d¾mantémøenH.
GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ sUmpþlk; arelIkTwkcitdþ l;sßab½nRsavRCavCati elIkarbegátI viFIsaRsþ
fμI kñúgbMNgkarBar nig GPirkSr)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr rYmTaMgRKb;TRmg;sil,³d_éTeTot CaBiess
tamry³karsikSaRsavRCavtabEbbviTüasaRsþTMenIb. GgÁkaryUeNsáÚeRtomxøÜnCaeRsckñúg
karbnþkic©shkar KaMRTdl;raCrdæaPi)al elIkic©RbwgERbgedIm,IplRbeyaCn_GnaKtrbs;
RbCaBlrdæExμr. sUmRbsiTæBrC½yeGay)anRbkbeday Gayu vNѳ suxM BlM kMubIxan.

etrUGU CInéN
tMNagGgÁkaryUeNsáÚRbcaMenAkm<úCa

7
8
 GarmÖkfa
Ep¥kelIyTu s§ a®sþctuekaNrbs;raCrdæaPi)alEdlmansemþcnaykrdæm®nþI h‘nu Esn CaRbmux
nigeyagtamEpnkaryuT§sa®sþkñúgkarGPivDÆCati 2006-2010 vis½yvb,Fm’nigviciRtsil,³EdlCaEpñk
mYyényuTs§ a®sþenHnwgvivtþ\tQb;Qr. k¾bEu: nþplb:HBal;CaGviCm¢ an énvb,Fm’saklPavUnyI kmμ)an
eFV[I fñak;dkw naMRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ mankarRBYy)armÖdl;kar)at;bg;nvU r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJu
r)aMRBHraCRTBü EdlbuBVburseyIg)anbnSl;Tuk. ehtuenHehIy)anCafñak;dwknaMRksYgRbmUlpþúMGñkCMnaj TaMg
Gs;edIm,IcgRkgÉksarenHeLIgvijeFVCI ak,ÜnxñatTuk[kUnExμrCMnan;eRkaysÁal;BtI émøBti énvb,Fm’Cati
xønÜ .
epþmI ecjBITsSn³enH RkumGñksavRCavrbs;RksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³)anxitxMykcitTþ ku dak;
cMeBaHkarsikSaRsavRCav nwg EfrkSaRBlwg nigsñaédKMrUl¥²rbs;dnU ta. karsikSa[dwgBIdeM NIrvivtþén
vb,Fm’Cati erOgr:avBgSavtar b¤ Rbvtþisa®sþ[)ansuCI eRmAKWCakarcaM)ac;. eFV)I andUecñaHenaHGtItkalnig
Bnül;R)ab;eyIgehIysYreyIgfa³ etIGkñ ral;KñakMBgu eFVGI xIV Hø kñgú bc©bú ,nñkal ? bnÞab;mk nwgeFVGI eIV Totkñgú
GnaKtkal ? eKeCOCak;fa³ GtItkal KWCaemerondl;bc©úb,nñ nigGnaKt. kalNaeyIgsÁal;GtItkal
rbs;xøÜnc,as; eyIgGacemIleXIjnUvcMNucexSaycMNucxøaMgsRmab;CabTBiesaFn_EdlKYrecosvagb¤eyIgKYr
EtxMRbwgERbgRbmUlpþcMú gRkgCak,Ünc,ab; sRmab;Gnuvtþ Rbtibtþki gúñ eBlbc©bú ,nñpg nig eTAGnaKtpg.
RkumkargarRsavRCavrbs;RksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³)anshkarCamYyGgÁkaryUeNsáÚ (UNESCO)
)anRbmUlsikSanigcgRkgTuknUv {r)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü} EdlCamrtkdUntabnSl;Tku
dl;sBVéf¶sRmab;knU ecACMnan;eRkaysikSaRsavRCavbnþ edIm,IrmY cMENkGPirkS nig GPivDÆvisy½ vb,Fm’
CatieyIg.
mt’kvb,Fm’ EdldUntaExμr)anbnSl;Tku KWBti CaeFV[I kulbuRtkulFItaExμrRKb;rbU manemaTnPaB
y:agéRkElgBiessKWsm,tþvi b,Fm’énGarüFm’GgÁrd¾rgu erOgCaGaT×manR)asaTburaNrab;Ban; silacarwk
d¾eRcIn\tKNna nig rUbcmøak;lv¥ ci Ri t EdlenAray):ayesÞrI BaseBjEdndIkgúñ épÞRbeTsCitxagéneyIg.
eRkABIenHExμrenAmanvg;t®nþIeRcInvg;EdlmanGayukalrab;Ban;qñaMmkehIy. vg;t®nþITaMgenHmantYnaTIxus²
KñaEdlRtUvpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgCIvti RbcaMéf¶pg nigsasnapg. vg;ePøgGarkçmantYnaTIbeM rICeM nOExμredImKWCMenO
elICIvcl EdlmanGayukaltaMgBImnu RKwssþ kraCmkem:Hø . vg;t®nþGI aBah_BBi ah_ b¤ ePøgkar manedIm
kMeNIttaMgBIedImstvtSTI1 énK>s>kñgú BiFIGPieskRBHefag nig nagnaK. vg;t®nþBI N i BaTüCavg;t®nþI

9
Cab;Tak;TgnwgsasnasRmab;RbKMCnU sil,³skáar³manelçanRsemalEs,kFM elçanexal r)aMRBHraC
RTBü CaedIm. vg;ePøgmeharIEdlkøaymkBIBaküfa³ menahara menaharI KWCat®nþsI Rmab;RbKMbeRmIGaTieTB
tamR)asaT b¤eTvsßannasm½yGgÁr. vg;t®nþKI grbs;ExμrelI nigvg;t®nþI RTammIg b¤ Fmμgw >>>.l.
kitniþ aml,Il,aj nig rugerOgénGarüFm’GgÁrBuEM mnmanEtmhaR)agÁR)asaTnana Edlbc©bú ,nñ)an
køayCaEpñkmYy énebtikPNÐvb,Fm’rUbI énBiPBelakbue: NÑaHeT EtenAmanr)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr b¤ r)aMRBH
raCRTBü EdlCaekrdMENld¾rs;revIkTaMgenAelIqakCati nig GnþrCati EdlRtUv)anEfrkSay:agKg;vgS
CaeRcInstvtSr_mkehIyeTotpg dUcCarUbeTBGbSrcMnnY 1737EdlbuBbV ru sExμr)anqøak;Cab;enAelI
CBa¢agM énR)agÁR)asaTGgÁrvtþ RbkbedayeTBekaslürs;revIkCatwktagnwgRtUv)anGgÁkar UNESCO
bBa©lÚ CaebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbéI nmnusSCatikalBIeBlfμ²I enHpgEdr.
ÉksarEdlRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³)ancgRkgenHnwgCYy[kUnExμr)ansÁal;kan;Etc,as;
EfmeTotGMBIBUCGm,Úrnigtémøénvb,Fm’dUntaxøÜnEdlBuMGackat;éfø)an. enaHeKnwgRsLaj;ehIynaMKñacUlrYm
EfrkSakarBarvb,Fm’Cati[)anKg;vgSeTAGnaKt. m:üageTotkare)aHBump< SayÉksarTaMgenH CaKuN
RbeyaCn_ds¾ xM an;Nas;dl;karBRgwgvb,Fm’CatiExμr[)anrwgmaM nigeFVkI arGPivDÆ[ceRmIneCOnelOnBI
mUldæanCati edIm,IpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgvb,Fm’cRmuHCatisasn_rbs;mnusSCati.
edaysarKMnti écñRbDit RbkbedayeTBekaslüx<sé; ndUntaExμr taMgBIsm½ymunGgÁr nigbnþrhUt
mkdl;bc©bú ,nñenH EfmTaMgmanrUbcmøak;eTBGbSr nig erOgelçank,ac;buraNCaeRcIn)anqøak; enAelIpÞaMg
silaR)asaT eBareBjedayPaBrs;revIkhak;manRBlwgBit²CaskçPI aBRsab;. dUecñHkñgú nameyIgCakUn
ExμrCMnan;eRkayRtUvEtsÁal;GtItkalrbs;xnÜø [)anc,as; eTIbGacBRgwgbc©bú ,nñkalrbs;xnÜø )anl¥.
edayQrelImlU dæanTaMgenaHeTIbeyIgGacksagmatuPmU ei yIg[ceRmInlUtlas;rgu erOgeTAGnaKt)an.
RkumRsavRCav sUmemtþaxnþGI P½yeTasBIsN M ak; RBHGgÁm©as; GñkGgÁm©as; semþc RTg; Ék]tþm
Gs;elak elakRsI GñknagkBaØa nigmitGþ kñ GanTaMgGs; cMeBaHkgVHxatedayGectna kñgú karRsavRCav
nig cgRkgCaesovePAenH nig rg;caMTTYlyknUvral;mtiENnaMTaMgLay EdlCaCMnyY edIm,IRTRTg;nvU
sil,³ nig vb,Fm’rbs;CatieyIg[)ansßitesßrKg;vgSteTAGnaKt. eyIg´sgÇwmfaGs;elakGñkR)aCJ
bNÐti GñkCMnaj Epñksil,³vb,Fm’RKb;CnM an; nwgyl;eyaKehIyCYyEklm¥nUvral;cN M cu xVHxatTaMg
Gs;enaHedIm,I[ÉksarenH)ankøayeTACaÉksard¾mansarRbeyaCn_ dl;sgÁmCatieyIgRKb;sm½ykal
terogeTA.

10
 CMBUk1
Rbvtþiénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü
I. Rbvtþiénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü
1> sikSaBaküKnøwH
manBaküBIrm:at;sRmab;smÁal;TRmg;sil,³TsSnIyPaBk,ac;buraN KW r)aM b¤ elçan
k,ac;buraNExμr nigr)aM b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBü.
Bakü : r)aM : b¤ : elçan : eBlenH)anbgðajBIPaBxusKñaxøH² énTRmg;sil,³ CaBi
esskñúg»kassEmþgEtmþg. kalNaTRmg;k,ac;buraNenHsEmþgmanRTg;RTayCar)aMdac;
EtÉg mandUcCa r)aMCUnBr r)aMeTBGbSr r)aMeTBmenarmü CaedIm eKeRcInniymehAfa
{TRmg;r)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü }. ebITRmg;dEdlenHsEmþgCasac;erOgepSg²
dUcCadkRsg;QutxøHénerOgramekrþ× erOgRBHCinvgS nig erOgRBHektumala CaedIm
eKeRcInniymehA { elçank,ac;buraNExμr b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBü } vij 1.
r)aM KWBwgEp¥kelIdgxøÜn rYmpSMCamYyGvyv³EdlCa]bkrN_ ehIyclnaCameFüa-
)ayd¾sMxan;minGacxVH)anEdlRtÚvbMeBjedaymenaseBa©tna 2.
Garkç b¤ GarkS CaBakü)alI b¤ sM®sáwt mann½yfaexμacGñkbI)ac;rkSa manelog
GarukçGarkçcUl. GarkçeTvta b¤ GarkçeTB KWCaeTvtaGñkbI)ac;rkSamnusS manGarkçéRB
bisacrkSaéRB exμacéRB3.l.
1
eBRC TuMRkvuil 2001 TMB½r 32.
2
Rbsasn_elak eRBOg eQog sa®sþacarüénr)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr.
3
CYn Nat vcnanuRkmExμr PaK1-2 karpSayrbs;BTu s§ asnbNÐti ü PñeM Bj 1967 TMBr½ 1777.

11
 r)aMtnþI Car)aMEdlmanRbNItPaBx<s;dl;kRmitkMBUlminGacEkERb)an ehIy
mank,Ün evyüakrN_CaeKalRKwHc,as;las;. ]TahrN_³ r)aMeTBmenarmü r)aMmNIemxla
r)aMeTBGbSr CaedIm.l.
eTBGbSr tamBiteTA{GbSr} CaGñkr)aM nigGñkceRmogrbs;eTB. BYknag®tUv
eKBN’nafa mansRms;Rss;esaPaxusEbøkBIFmμta. manEPñkl¥s¥ateRbobdUcCapáaQUk
cegáHragerov Kn;eTAbbUrmat;KYr[cab;citþ. CamYynwgGakb,kiriyaEdlKYr[RsLaj;
RBmTaMgvacaEp¥mElðm BIeraHrNþpM genaH qk;ykGarmμN_ nig viBaØaNGñkTsSnaTaMgLay b¤
k¾GnÞgBYktabs[Qøk;vegVgnwgsRms;rbs;nageBjsßanrbs;eTB. GbSr ekItecjBII
smuRTTwkedaHkñúgeBlEdlBYkGsur³ nig eTBshkarN_KñakUrykTwk {GRmwt} EdlpwkeTA
eFVI[CIvitminsøab;. edaymankMeNItecjBITwkdUecñHehIyeTIb GbSr enAEtmancrwtlkçN³
dUcCaeTvIénGarkçTwkEdr4. eKeCÓfa { GbSr } CaeTBFItaenAelIemXkñgú zanénRBH\®nÞ ehIy
CamehsI b¤ KUesñhr_ bs;BBYk Kn§Rv ¬Gandharvas¦ EdlsuT§swgCaRkumt®nþIkrrbs;eTB 5.
2> sm½ybuerRbvtþisa®sþ
2>1> sBaØaNdMbUgénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü
tamkarsikSaelIGm,ÚrPasa PasaviTUyl;fa Gm,ÚrPasa { mn-Exμr } RbEhlCa
Gm,ÚrPasadMbUgeKenAGasuIGaeKñy_. edayeRbobeFobBIlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñarvagvakü
s½BÞ nig evyüakrN_ PasaviTU)anbBa©ÚlPasa CnCatiB½r sERm kYy TMBYn eRBA >>>
¬kñúgRbeTskm<úCa¦ PasaCnCatikatuRbU xμúr >>> ¬kñúgRbeTsLav¦ PasaCnCati)aNa esÞóg
mñg>>> ¬kñúgRbeTsevotNambc©úb,nñ¦ Gm,ÚrPasaenAPUmPi aKxageCIgénRbeTséf Pasa

4
Roveda Vittorio, Images of the God, Khmer mythology in Cambodia, Laos & Thailand,
Bangkok, 2005, p.200.
5
Huntingto Susan L, The art of ancient India, Buddhist, Hundu, Jain, Weather Hill, New York,
1993, p.715-719.

12
CnCati)a: lug ¬RbeTsPUma¦ PasaCnCatiGaesøón ¬RbeTsma:eLsu¦I nigPasaCnCatiGasuI
¬PUmPi aK|sanRbeTs\NÐa¦ PasaTaMgGs;enaHsßitenAkñúgGm,ÚrPasa {mn-Exμr} Edr6.
edaysarkarsayPayénPasamn-Exμr dUecñHRbEhl1000qñaMmunK>s> mnusSniyayPasa
mn-Exμrrs;enABaseBjGasuIGaeKñy_dIeKak BiessenARbeTskm<úCa RbeTsPUma enAtMbn;
PaKkNþal nigPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTséfsBVéf¶.
eRkABIenHmanB½tm’ anmYycMnYntamry³vtßsú li ,³ EdlTTYl)anmkBIkN M ayburaNviTüa
enAsßanIybuerRbvtþisaRsþkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigkñúgTwkdIGasuIGaeKñy_. ]TahrN_ enAtMbn;
x<g;rabdIRkhmEdlsßitkñúgextþkMBg;cammansßanIyburaNCaeRcInkEnøg CaBiessenA
PUmsi a®sþRsukBjaERkk nig emmt; mansßanIybuerRbvtþsi a®sþEdlmankMEBgdIragmUl nig
manKUTkw BT§C½ vMu ji Epñkxagkñgú énkMEBg. GñkRsukmYycMnYnenAkñúgtMbn;enaHehAsßanIyTaMg
enaHfa {bnÞayKU b¤ KU} 7.
lT§plénkareFVIkMNayRsav
RCavfμI² eK)anCYbRbTHnUv]bkrN_
eRbIR)as;GMBI fμ nig vtßúsil,³epSg²
eTot )aneFVI[GñkburaNviTUsnñidæanfa
sßanIybnÞayKU EdlsßitenAtMbn;dIRk
hmPaKxagekItTenøemKgÁ RbEhlCa
rUbelx1³ bMENksÁrmehaFwkrkeXIjenA
kEnøgtaMglMenArbs;RkummnusSsßti kñgú sßanIyPUmi18 cmáarekAs‘UERkk sm½y dug
yuKelah³ EdlmanGayukalRbEhl sWn GayukalRbEhl 2500 qñaMmun.
¬RbPB³ ehg supaDI 2003 TMBr½ 48¦.
2500qñaMmun8.

6
Peter Bellwood, Man's conquest of the Pacific, Hong Kong, 1978, p.19-21.
7
Bakü {KU} enHsMedAeTAelIKTU kw .

13
 vtßúsil,³TaMgenaHeXIjmanbMENksÁrmehaFwkGMBIsMrwT§ExμrniymehAfa³ {sÁrmeha
Fwk b¤ sÁrePøóg } sm½y dugsWn (Dông Son) 9 ¬rUbelx 1¦. sm½y dugsWn KW Casm½y
mYyEdlsßitenAcenøaHcugyuKsMrwT§ nig edImyuKelah³. GarüFm’sm½y dugsWn )anrIk
sayPayy:agqab;rh½senAPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKñy_dIeKak nig dIekaH. sÁrsMrwT§mankartub
Etglm¥CarUbFrNImaRt CarUbstVsaø b nigBiBN’naGMBCI vI ti rs;enARbcaMéf¶. sÁrsMrwT§Edlman
TMhFM ²M eKeRbIR)as;kgúñ BiFbI n;Rsn;epSg²10 karbn;Rsn;ceM BaHGarukçGarkçGkñ tadUcKñanwgt®nþI
GarkçpgEdr¬rUbelx2-4¦.

rUbelx 2³ sÁrmehaFwk GMBIsMrwT§ stvtSr_TI3 rUbelx3³ sÁrePøóg GMBIsMrwT§ stvtSr_TI4

dl; TI1 mun K>s> sm½y dug sWn. sBVéf¶rkSaTuk
enAsarmnÞIrCati PñMeBj.
¬RbPB³ Giteau, Madeleine, Khmer Art, The
civilizations of Angkor, Paris, 1997, p. 147 ¦.
dl;TI2munK>s> sm½y dug sWn. mkBIRbeTsLav
sBVéf¶rkSaTukenAsarmnÞIrCati PñMeBj manqøak;rUb
stVkEgábenAeBlmanePøógFøak;.
¬RbPB ³ Xun saem:n/ mKÁúeTÞsk_fμIsRmab;sarmnÞIr
Cati PñMeBj/ 2002/ TMBr½ 67¦.

8
ehg supaDI/ suri i kada/ Ehm knñdi aæ / emmt; ³ TwkdIEdlmanGarüFm’cas; PñeM Bj 2003 TMBr½ 45-46.
9
mehaFwk KWCaBaküyamkBIBakü m:³hUr³: Fwk ÉsÁrePøógedaysarsÁrenHeRbIkgúñ BiFIsTMu kw ePøóg. dug sWn Ca
GarüFm’mYyEdlykeQμaHtamsßanIybc©bú ,nñstiß enAkñgú TwkdIRbeTsevotNamxageCIg.
10
sÁrsMrM wTF§ M²enHmandak;taMgenAkñgú sarmnÞrI Cati-PñeM Bj manGayukalcab;BIstvtS>TI4 dl; TI1 munK>s>.

14
 rUbelx 4³ Gñkr)aMEKncmøgBIrUbPaBenAelIsÁrmehaFwk sm½ydug sWn énbuerRbvtþisa®sþ.
¬RbPB ³ Ekv NaruM/ mrtkt®nþIExμr/ PñMeBj/ 2005/ TMB½r 174¦.

cMeBaHvtßsú li ,³ b¤ ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;GBM fI μrbs;mnusSsm½ybuerRbvtþisa®sþ mandUc

Ca dwg ¬vtßúmü:agEdlmanEpødUcBUefA¦ eFVIGMBIfμ nig fμsemøóg >>> CaBiess]bkrN_fμseM Lg
(Lithophone) manGayukalRbEhl3000qñ a M m u n K>s> dl; 2500qñ a M m u n eBlbc© ú b ,nñ .

GñkRsavRCav)anRbTHeXIj]bkrN_sMeLgeQμaHfa KgNak eFVIBIb£sSIEdlman

lkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKña nwg]bkrN_fμsMeLgpgEdr. ]bkrN_t®nþI KgNak enHenA
manCIvitrs; kñúgshKmn_ExμrelI-RKwgextþrtnKirIsBVéf¶enHenAeLIy ¬rUbelx 5-6¦.

rUbelx5³ ]bkrN_fμsMeLg (Lithophone) rUbelx 6³ bursExμrelI-RKwg elg]bkrN_

rkeXIjenAkñúgTwkdIPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTsevotNam. t®nþI KgNak /2001.

15
 2>2> CMenOExμr nigsasna
edImeLIymnusSTUeTAkalNamanP½ynþray b¤ manbBaðaNamYyekIteLIgehIy
mnusSedaHRsayedaykmøaMgR)aCJa b¤ kmøagM kayrbs;xnÜø BurM cY k¾ekItmanCMenOeTAelIkmøaMg
eRkAxøÜnfamanvtßúxøaMgBUEkskþisiT§iepSg²EdlGacCYyseRmceKalbMNgrbs;xøÜn)an.
cMENkCnCatiExμrmunnwg\T§Bi lsasna\NÐaFMBIrKW RBhμBaØsasna nig BuTs§ asna
Edl)anhUrcUlmkenAkñgú edIménRKwssþ kraCenaH ExμrmanRbB½n§CMenOrbs;xøÜnrYcCaeRsceTA
ehIydUcCnCatidéTenAGasuGI aeKñy_Edr. ExμrniymeKarBkmøaMgFmμCati edayyl;faFmμCati
TaMgLaysuTE§ tmanRBlwg nig mankmøagM skþsi Ti E§ dlemIlBueM XIj. kmøagM FmμCatiTaMgenaH
eK[eQμaHfa { Gñkta }. GñktatMNagFmμCati tMNagem)a b¤ buBbV ru sEdl)ansøab;eTA
ehIy ehIyenAcaMEfrkSanigpþl;esckþIsuxdl;GñkRsuk. kareKarBGñktaniymenHBuMsUv
lUtlas;eT BIeRBaHfaBuMmanGtßbT b¤ Km<Irk,Ünxñatkt;RtaGMBITsSn³RTwsþIdUcsasnadéT
eLIy. eTaHbIKμankarrIkceRmInlUtlas;k¾eday k¾CMenOEbbenHenAEtrs;bnþkñúgcitþKMnit
nigkñúgTMenomTmøab;ExμrrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶.
bc©úb,nñCMenOelIGkñ ta eKsnμt[eQμaHfa { CIvcl }. CIvclenAEtrs;revIkCaFmμta
rhUtmk. dUecñHmann½yfa RBhμBaØsasna nig BuT§sasnaBu)M aneFV[I CIvclrlay)at;eLIy.
\LÚvExμrRbkan;ykRBHBuT§sasnanikayefrvaT k¾enAmanRBhμBaØsasna nig CIvclmk
bBa©ÚlxøÜnCamYyevjKñaCaFøúgEtmYydEdl. ebIBuMdUecñaHehtuGVI)anCaeyIgEtgeXIjmanxÞm
GñktaenAkñúgbrievNvtþGaram? kñgú CMenOCIvclExμr GñktaCaGmnusSEdlsMxan;bMptu manerag
b¤ TIkEnøgsmÁal;manvtßsú gñ minEtb:eu NÑaHGacman {rUb } CamnusSsñgsRmab;bBa¢an;qgø eqøyI
nwgGñkRsukeTotpg11.
cMeBaHsil,³r)aMvijKWCatRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;CIvitExμrRKb;rUbdUcsil,³t®nþIEdr. kñúg
CIvitExμr eKRtUvkarsil,³taMgBIéf¶ekItrhUtdl;éf¶søab;. dUecñHehIyeTIbExμrmaneRbIBaküfa
11
GaMg CUlan mnusS nig dI éryM PñeM Bj 2000.

16
{ CIvit KWsli ,³ sil,³ KWCvI ti }. mant®nþkI dM rCIvti t®nþBI üa)alCMgW ¬elogGarkç b£ bBa¢an;
Garkç¦ nigsRmab;BiFInanakñúgCIvit >>> rhUtdl;t®nþIkMdrsB t®nþIdEgðsBeTAkb;CaedIm. Exμr
RtUvkarr)aMedIm,IraMfVayGarkçGkñ tasueM sckþsI xu ceRmIn raMbgY sYgsuMTwkePøógsRmab;eFVIERs
cmáar raMbn;Rsn;svMu tßsú kþisiT§[CYybM)at;]bRTBcéRg raMsuMesckþIsuxkñúgeBlbþÚrPUmimkrs;
enAkñúgPUmifμI raMEkkmSanþbM)at;karenOyht;kgúñ CIvti RbcaMéf¶eTotpg. ehtudUecñH GñkRsav
RCav)ansegáteXIjfa manr)aMCaeRcInTRmg;EdlmanlkçN³xus²KñaTaMgRbPBkMeNIt TaMg
rUbPaB BN’sm,úr TaMgtYnaTIenAkñúgsgÁm12. mrtkt®nþdI e¾ RcInsm,ÚrEbbrbs;Exμr TRmg;xøH
)anekItmaneLIgtaMgBIsm½ybuerRbvtþsi a®sþmkem:Hø enaHKWt®nþIGarkç13. \T§iBlént®nþIenH
Gacbgðaj[eXIjBIGtþcrit b¤ sc©PaBnUvTegVIrbs;mnusSnigsgÁm. mnusSEtgbegáIt
eLIgnUvmenaKtitamkarrMePIbcMeBaH)atuPUtFmμCatiTaMgGs;EdlmanCuMvijxøÜntamdMeNIrRbcaM
CIvit. eKeKarBnigekatxøac)atuPUtTaMgenaHNas;edIm,IbeM BjtRmUvcitþ b¤ CakardwgKuN
cMeBaH)atuPtU FmμCati b¤ ku[M xwgTas;cti eþ KniymelgePøgGarkçedIm,IlgY elamGgVrkr[
GMNacTaMgenaHeBjcit.þ eKelgePøgGarkçenAeBlmanmnusSQWedIm,IGeBa¢IjexμacCaGñk
EfrkSatamkarbBa¢an;rbU mksaksYrBImlU ehtuénCMg.W eBlenaHman®sþCI aGñkr)aMraMBt;eBnlVt
lVn; sb,ayk¥akk¥ay b¤ beBa©jGakarxwgsm,ak¾man14. CYnkalebIRsukeTsmanPaB
raMgs¶tÜ b¤ manekItCMgdW l;mnusS stVeKa RkbI eKEtgRbKMt®nþGI arkçedaymanGñkr)aMraMfaV y
suGM gVrkrdl;ma© s;Tkw dIéRBPñeM dIm,I[RBlwgGñkTaMgenaHmkeR)aHRBMRbsiTBi§ rC½ydl;knU ecA[
)anesckþsI xu tamR)afña ¬rUbelx7¦.

12
eBRC TuMRkvuil 2001 TMBr½ 26-27.
13
Ekv NaruM mrtkt®nþEI xμr PñeM Bj 2005 TMBr½ 24-41.
14
®sþIEdlRtUvexμac b¤ RBlwgGrkç GarkS GñktacUlsNæti .

17
 Ep¥ktamPsþútagénRbPBTaMgBIrxagelI eyIgTTYl)annUvsmμtikmμfIμmYy KWkMeNIt
énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmantaMgBIkarkekItmnusSExμrdMbUgenAGasuIGaeKñy_ ¬GasuIGaeKñy_
dIeKak¦ ehIy)anvivtþeTAtameBlevlaterogmk.

rUbelx7³ ®sþrI aMr)aMbBa¢an;Garkç b¤ elogGarkç extþ )at;dbM gsRmab;BFi IxagCMenOGarkçGkñ ta. CMenOenH eKyl;fa³
manGayukalrab;Ban;qañ mM kehIy kñgú sm½ybuerRbvtþsi a®sþ eBalKWmuneBlRBhμBaØsasna nig
BuTs§ asnahUrcUlmkRbeTskm<Cú aeTAeTot.
¬RbPB³ eBRC TuRM kvuli TsSnIyPaBExμr PñeM Bj2003 TMBr½ 284¦.

m:üagvijeTotebItamRTwsþIsil,³niyayfa³ sil,³cm,gTaMg7rYmman r)aM t®nþI KMnUr

cmøak; sßabtükmμ GkSrsil,_ rUbPaB ¬PaBynþ vIedGU ftrUb>>>¦. kñúgcMeNamenaHman
sil,³cMnYn6xagedIm elIkElgsil,³TI 7 ecjeKyl;fa sil,³TaMgenaHekItkñúgeBl
tMNalKña. KμanGñkCMnajsil,³Namñak;ha‘ nGHGagfasil,³NamYyekItmunb¤eRkayeLIy.
ehtupldUecñHehIyeKGacyl;)anfa TRmg;sli ,³r)aMk,ac;bru aN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü
ekItmaneLIgtMNalKñanwg]bkrN_t®nþTI aMgb:nu μanEdleK)anrkeXIjenAsßanIybuerRbvtþsi a®sþ
nwgmanGayukalRbEhlcenøaH BI2500 dl;3000qñaMmunbc©úb,nñ.

18
 3> sm½yRbvtþisa®sþ
3>1> sm½ynKrPñM b¤ hVÚNn ¬s>v>TI1 dl; s>v>TI6 énK>s>¦
GarüFm’\NÐa)ansayPaycUlmksgÁmCaeRcInenAGasuGI aeKñy_ taMgBIyrU yarNas;
mkehIy. PsþútagsMxan;BI\T§iBlbreTsmYyenH KW sMNg;skáar³y:ageRcInsn§wksn§ab;
EdlRtUveKsg;eLIgsRmab;]TÞisdl;RBhμBaØsasna nig RBHBuT§sasna. eRkABIenHenAman
TMenomTmøab;\NÐak¾)aneRCotcUly:ageRCAkñúgGarüFm’edImrbs;GñkRsukdUcGñkRsuknKrPñM
BIedImstvtSr_TI1 dl;stvtSr_TI6énK>s>.
enARbeTskm<Cú a GarüFm’\NÐaepþmI RCYtRCabxøaMgNas;cab;BIsm½ynKrPñMedIm
stvtSr_TI1 énK>s> rhUtmkdl;sm½yeRkay². karhUrcUlénGarüFm’\NÐaenaHminRtwm
EtPasa sasna bdima sMNg; sßabtükmμ nigTMenomTmøab;epSg²b:ueNÑaHeTEfmTaMgsil,³
sEmþgeTotpg. GñkRsavRCav)anrkeXIjrUbRsIr)aM nig rUbsVaTMngCarUbhnumankan;dMbg
eFVIGMBIdIdutenAkñúgbrievNvtþKMnUrsßitenAkñúgRsukGgÁrburIextþtaEkv15¬rUbelx8-9¦. B½t’
manénrUbdIdutTaMgBIrCatwktagnaM[eKsgS½yfa r)aMk,ac;bru aN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBüenH
RbEhlCamankMeNItelITkw dIkm<Cú a enAsm½ynKrPñM b¤ hVN Ú n.

rUbelx8-9³ cmøak;RsIr)aM nig hnuman eFVIGMBIdIdutrkeXIjenAsßanIyGgÁrburI extþtaEkv.

¬RbPB³ eBRC TuMRkvuil 2001 TMBr½ 30-31¦.

15
eBRC TuMRkvuil 2001 TMBr½ 30-34.

19
 eBalKWCakarcmøgtamEbbEpnsil,³r)aM\NÐaEdlCab;Tak;Tgy:agCitsñTi §eTAnwg
lT§iRBahμN_ ehIyhUrcUlmktamry³BYkRBahμN_ dUcerOgramekrþ×Exμr EdlmanedImkMeNIt
mkerOgramayN³ { Ramayana } rbs;\NÐadUecñHEdr. eTaHCay:agdUcenHkþIk¾GñkRsav
RCavGHGagfa TRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmankMeNIttaMgBIsm½ybuerRbvtþisa®sþmun
man\T§iBl\NÐaeTAeTot. edaysarmanPsþútagénvtßúsil,³CaeRcInEdlburaNviTU)anrk
eXIjenAtamsßanIybuerRbvtþisa®sþnana.
eKeFVIkarsikSaelIkayvikarrUbPaBénRsIr)aMcmøak;dIdut eXIjmanlkçN³xusKña
q¶ayBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrsBVéf¶. kayvikaréncmøak;RsIr)aM KWmanlkçN³dUcKñaebHbiTnwg
r)aMk,ac;buraN\NÐa EdleyIgFøab;eXIjeKraMenAeBlbc©úb,nñ. kayvikareCIgkEn§ksgát;
Tm¶n;elIeCIgTaMgBIrkñgú lkçN³bnÞat;kac;cgu eCIgTaMgBIrkEn§kecjeRkA. édTaMgBIrelIkeLIg
elIxs< e; nAsgxagk,albBa¢úcEkgéd kEn§kRmamédeqVgecjeRkA RmamédsþaMcUlkñúgtam
lkçN³bnÞat;kac;dUcKñanwgkayvikarrbs;eCIgEdr. ÉrUbPaBr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBH
raCRTBüEdlmanrhUtdl;eBlenH PaKeRcIn KWeRbIkayvikarCabnÞat;ekag.
rUbPaBcmøak;ddI utTaMgBIr ¬RsIr)aMraM nighnumankan;dbM g¦ bgðaj[eXIjnUvGarüFm’
\NÐa y:agBitR)akd. twktagenHnaM[eKh‘anniyayfa r)aMk,ac;buraN b¤r)aMRBHraCRTBü
)anEkERbmuxmat;rbs;xnÜø GMBIkarraMfaV yGarkç Gñkta bYgsYgsueM sckþsI xu ceRmIntamTMenom
CMenOExμredImmkCar)aMeTv³sRmab;raMfVayGaTieTBkñúgsasnaRBahμN_tamCMenOEbb\NÐa
vijmþg. lkçN³BiessenHBitCaekIteLIgBIkarbBa©ÚlKña rvagGarüFm’GñkRsukedImevj
bBa©ÚlKñanwgGarüFm’\NÐaCaBuMxaneLIy.
3>2> sm½yecn La ¬s>vTI7 dl; s>vTI8 énK>s>¦
tamPsþútagBIsilacarwkCaPasasM®sáwt nig PasaExμrburaN EdlmansarsMxan;
y:agxøaMg Tak;TgnwgRbvtþisa®sþ CMenOsasna TMenomTmøab;RbéBNI sil,³vb,Fm’man
t®nþIkr GñkceRmog Gñkr)aM RtUv)aneKcar kñúgstvtSTI7énK>s>kñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT

20
meh®nÞvrμ½n ¬600-615K>s>¦. tamsilacarwkGgÁrburI K.557, K.600 cuHkalbriecäT
qñaM611énK>s> niyayGMBIdgVay GMeNayfVaycMeBaH RvHkRmtagGj EdlCaGaTieTB
nUvnadkacMnYn7nak; maneQμaH crumti Rbiyesna GruNmti bTnRbiya smresna vsnþ
mløi- kar.
eQμaHGñkceRmogman tnVgÁIKuN
FarI rtivni úÞ menavtI mitGj. sil,
karinIelgBiNeQμaH Kn§in.I sil,karinI
elgkBa¢geQμaH sxiRbiya mFuresna.
sil,karinIelglahVeQμaHvinyvtI16.
enAkñúgRbvtþisil,³Exμrmunsm½y
GgÁrkñúgraCüRBH)aT |sanvr½μn TI 1
¬615-635 K>s¦ Bak;kNþalTI1
stvtSr_TI7énRKwsþskraC eKeXIj rUbelx 10³ cmøak;EpþrerOgTak;TgnwgRBH\sUrraM.
manelcrUbrageLIgnUvcmøak;RBH\sUr EpþrTVarR)asaTenH eKtmál;enAsarmnÞIrCati PñMeBj.
raMlMGelIEpþrTVarénrcnabfsm,ÚrN_éRB
Kuk ¬rUbelx 10¦.
silacarwk K.137 RtUv)aneKcarwkkñúgraCüRBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI1 manGFib,ayGMBI
tgVay CaGñkceRmog ]bkrN_ePøgnigGñkr)aMfaV ycMeBaHeTvsßanenATIenaH17. enHRbEhl
RBHGgÁ)an]TÞis Rkumsil,³RsIfVaycMeBaHGaTieTBRBH\sUr BIeRBaHRBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI1
¬655-681¦eKarBbUCaRBhμBaØsasnanikayRBH\sUr.
16
yag vIrbuRt silacarwkTYlvtþKMnUr TsSnavdþIsgÁmsa®sþ-mnusSsa®sþ saklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj 2003
TMBr½ 5-13.
17
GgÁrburICaraCFanIsm½yhVÚNn. eQμaHedImCaPasasM®sáwt { nrvrnKr } sikSaedayelak G. Cœdès.
raCFanIenHRtUv)anRBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI1 pøas;BI|sanbur³ sm,ÚrN_éRBKuk¬kMBg;FM¦ kñúgcenøaHeBlRBHGgÁRTg;
eLIgesayraCüenARKwsþskraC 655 dl; 681.

21
dUecñHehIyTRmg;sil,³r)aMRsI)ankøayCadgVayd¾Kab;RBHT½yrbs;GaTieTBkñúgCMenOnasm½y
kalenaH¬18¦.
erOgr:aveRBgkfaGMBsI nþtvi gSénGaNacRkecnLa EdleK)ancarenAsm½ykal
eRkaynasm½yGgÁr KW)ankt;RtaTukkñúgsilacarwkR)asaTbkSIcaMRkug ¬s>v>TI10¦niTanfa
snþtivgSenHkekItCaExSRsLay sUrüvgS b¤ GaTic©vgS {vgSRsIkm<ú } edaymankarcg
sm<n½ P§ aBrvag\sIkm<sú y½V mÖvÚ nignageTBGbSremraEdlRBH\sUr)anRbTanCamehsI.
dUecñHRBHraCaExμrtamdMeNIrerOgniTansm½ykalenaHKWmankMeNItmkBI\sIkm<úsV½ymÖÚv nig
nageTBGbSremra.
eyIgKYrecaTsYrfa etInageTBGbSremraEdlRBH\sUr)anRbTanCamehsIdl;\sI
km<sú y½V mÖvÚ manTMnak;TnM gGVnI gw edImkMeNItTRmg;sli ,³r)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBü
b¤r)aMRBHraCRTBüEdleyIgeXIjsBVéf¶enHEdrb¤eT? m:üagvijeTotGñkR)aCJxagPasasa®sþ
)aneFVIkarsikSa epþatelIBakü {km<úCa} nig {Exμr} EdleyIgeRbIsBVéf¶enH)anmkBI
sm<½n§PaBrvag\sIkm<úsV½ymÖÚv nigGbSremrapgEdrKW km<ú ÷ emra
km<ú ÷ emr km½ ÷ emr kemμr ekμr Exμr19.
3>3> sm½yGgÁr ¬s>v>TI9 dl; s>v>TI14énK>s>¦
CnCatiExμrFøab;)anksagGarüFm’myY [rIkceRmInrugerOgRtcHRtcg;l,IrnÞWBaseBj
BiPBelakenAkñgú Rbvtþsi a®sþ. BiessenAkñgú sm½ycRkPBExμrd¾FMeFgBIstvtSr_TI9 dl;st
vtSr_TI 14 énRKwsþskraC. m:üageTotCnCatiExμrEdlmanQamC½rCaGñkécñRbDit Føab;
)anksagmhaR)asaTrab;Ban; EdleKsegáteXIjmanesssl;CasMNl;esÞIrBaseBj

18
eBRC TuMRkvuil/ 2001/ TMBr½ 34-35.
19
sUmGan³ Loviny, Christophe, The Apsaras of Angkor, SIPAR & JAZZ, Paris, 2003, p.
12. nig eBRC TuMRkvuil 2001 TMBr½ 34-35.

22
\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl. R)asaTxøHdUcCaR)asaTGgÁrvtþCaedIm)anRtUvmnusSCaticat;TukCaGcäriy
vtßúkñúgelakEfmeTotpg.
eRkABIR)asaTburaNenAmanpÞaMgsilacarwkd¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab; CnCatiExμr)anbnSl;
TuknUvbTePøg nig ceRmogCaeRcInbT vg;t®nþICaeRcInvg; EdlmantYnaTIxus²Kña. ÉTsSnIy
PaB elçan r)aMk¾maneRcInTRmg; sßti kñgú rUbPaBxus²KñaEdr. dMNak;kalenHenAkñgú sñaédsil,³
buBbV ru sExμr)anriHrknUvlkçN³GtþsBaØaNCatixøÜnBitR)akd ehIyExμrElgTTYlykGarüFm’
\NÐaTaMgduleTotehIy.
Cak;Esþgmkdl;sm½yGgÁrcab;BIraCüRBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI2 ¬802-850¦RBHmhakSRt
)anrMedaHkm<úCeTs[rYcputBIGaNaniKmbreTs KWElgcMNuH[raCvgSésel®nÞénekaHCVa.
RBHGgÁ)anR)arB§BiFI {eTvraC} elIPñMmeh®nÞbB’t ¬PñMKUEln¦20. RBHGgÁ)anksagR)asaT
CaeRcInenATIenaH ehIyRTg;manCMenOy:agmutmaMelIRBH\sUr. enAeBlRBHmhakSRtGgÁenH
esayTivgÁteTAenAraCFanI hrihral½y ¬rlYs¦ RTg;)anTTYlRBHmrNnamfa RBHbremsUr
bJuk¾CaRBHbrmemsVr³.
RBHmhakSRtrC¢kaleRkay²CaeRcInGgÁ eTaHCaRBHGgÁeKarBsasnaRBahμN_nki ay
RBH\sUrdUcKñakþI nikayRBHnarayN_kþI k¾)anksagsgÁm[rIkfáúMefáIgrugerOg RbB½n§Farasa®sþ
xVat;ExVg eTvsßan ¬R)asaTburaN¦ d¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab;. TnÞwmenHeyIgeCOCak;faTRmg;
sil,³r)aMRsI { r)aMk,ac;bru aN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü} rbs;ExμreBlenaHk¾rIklUtlas;RsbKña
nwgdMeNIrrugerOgénGarüFm’GgÁrTaMgmUl. ebIeyIgBinitüemIlrUbcmøak;TaMgLayenAelI
CBa¢aMgR)asaTnana ]TahrN_ enAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTbnÞayRsI ]TÞisfVayRBH\sUr
¬RtIPUvnmehsVr³¦ ksageLIgedayRBHraCRKU yC¢nvrh (Yajanavaraha) kñúg K>s>
967. enAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ sñaRBHhsþRBH)aT sUrüvrμ½nTI2 ¬1113-1152¦
EdlGñkRsavRCavemIleXIjfaRTg;sBVRBHraChb£Ty½ eKarBsasnaRBahμNK_ N³vis.úÑ

20
sUmemIlesovePA³ mYn suPaB/ hrihral½y nig sßanIysMxan;²/ sarNabBa©b;briBaØaCan;x<s;buraNviTüa/
raCbNÐitsPakm<úCa/ 2006.

23
kñúgeBlRBHGgÁcUlTivgÁt RBHGgÁTTYlmrNnamfa³ brmvisÑúelak enaHmanrUbcmøak;eTB
GbSrrhUtdl;173721 ¬rUbelx 11-13 ¦.

rUbelx 11-12³ rUbcmøak;nageTBGbSrenAelICBa¢aMgR)asaT

ecAsayeTvtanigGgÁrvtþmankayvikarxus²Kñarab;Ban;
kñúgraCüRBH)aT sUrüvrμ½nTI2 ¬1113-1152¦.

rUbelx13³ rUbcmøak;nageTBGbSrraM nwgkMdreday]bkrN_t®nþImim

enAR)asaT)ay½n RCugxagekIteqogxagt,Úg EfvxageRkA¬stvtSr_TI13¦.
¬RbPB ³ Ekv NaruM/ 2005/ TMBr½ 117¦.

nageTBGbSrTaMgenaHsuTC§ aRsIr)aMénzansYK’ EdlbuBsV li ,krExμr)anqøak;elIkEM Bg

TaMgbYn TaMgbNÑal½y nigtaMgBIEpñkxageRkamrhUtdl;kMBUlénR)asaTGgÁrvtþeTotpg.
sil,³r)aM RsICaRbePTén r)aMsKY ’ b¤Casil,³eTv³. RbePTénr)aMsKY e’ nHmankarrIkceRmInrug
21
Marchal, Sapho, La danse au Cambodg, Revue des arts asiatiques, IV, Paris, 1927.

24
erOgGs©arüNas;enAsm½yGgÁrBIstvtSr_TI 9 dl;stvtSr_TI 14. sm½yGgÁr rUbcmøak;Rk
eLatTab cmøak;RkeLatx<s; nigcmøak;eTalTaMgLay k¾dUcCaTRmg;r)aMk,ac;buraNEdrRtUv
)anbuBVbursExμrxitxMécñRbDit[kan;EtmanlkçN³Cati. BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶ CaeRcInstvtSr_
mkehIyEdlExμr)anEsVgrkbuKlÁ ki lkçN³Biessrbs;xnÜø nig EdlCaGtþsBaØaNRbcaMRtkUl
rbs;BCU sasn_xÜønrbs;CatixnÜø rhUtQandl;karksagR)asaTGgÁr. GñkCMnajburaNviTüa
\NÐa)aneBalfaenHKWCaR)asaTxagRBhμBaØsasnaFMCageKenAelIBiPBelakpg. ÉTMnak;
TMngrbs;TRmg;elçank,ac;bru aNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü EdlmankMeNItedaycmøgtamKMrU
énr)aMxagRBhμBaØsasna\NÐa ehIyRtUvbuBVbursExμrEklMG écñRbDit BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶
Gs;CaeRcInstvtSr_ eTIbGackøay)anCalkçN³ExμrBit ehIyhak;manlMGanvivtþ rIk
ceRmInminxusGVIBIdMeNIrvivtþénR)asaTburaNExμrdUecñHEdr.
minEtb:eu NÑaHmkdl;raCüRBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI7 ¬1181-1218¦ RBHGgÁRbNibt½ n_
RBHBuT§sasnamhayan ¬elaeksVr³¦ ehIysasnaenH)ankøayCasasnarbs;Cati. RBH
mhakSRtGgÁenHmanmhiTbi§ T£ xi§ aø gM køa nig sñaRBHhsþl,Il,ajenAkñgú Rbvtþsi a®sþénRbeTs
km<Cú a eday)ansßabnasalasMNak; mnÞrI Büa)alCMgW pøvÚ KmnaKmn_ nigR)asaTy:ageRcIn
sn§kw sn§ab;eBjépÞRbeTs. lkçN³Biessy:agenH eFV[I GñkRsavRCavemIleXIjkan;Et
c,as;nUvPaBrIkceRmInrbs; r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ TRmg;elçanRsIkan;EtmanPaBBiesseLIg
EfmeTotpg. fVIt,itmankarpøas;brÚþ CMenOBIRBhμBaØsasnamkCaBuTs§ asnak¾eday k¾r)aM
k,ac;bru aNBuRM tUv)anEkERbGVeI LIy. r)aMenHCaekrdMENlrbs;dUntaExμr RtUv)anrkSa)an
y:agl¥RbéBm:üageRBaHBuT§sasnak¾Casasna\NÐadUcKñanwgRBhμBaØsasna. dUecñHmann½y
fa RBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI7 eKarBRBHBuTs§ asnamhayanRKan;CarUbPaBEtcMeBaHGtßny½ enA
rkSaCaRBhμBaØsasnadEdl. BIeRBaHtYGgÁRBHeBaFistVelaeksVr³ BuM)anpþac;ecjBIRBH\sUr
eLIy ¬elaeksVr = elak ÷ \sVr¦. ÉRBH\sVr ¬sM®sáwt¦= RBH\sUr.

25
 kñúgraCüRBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI7 r)aMk,ac;buraNRbEhlRtUveKbEgVr b¤ bEnßmtYnaTI[
EfmeTot BIGñkbeRmId¾Kab;RBHT½y {eTvTasI } rbs;GaTieTBxagRBhμBaØsasna {eTvraC}
mkCaGñkbeRmIxagviharRBHBuT§sasna :BuT§raC } vijKWpøas;bþÚr b¤ RbNib½tn_eTAtam
menaKménsasna.
k> B½t’mansilacarwk
silacarwkKWCaRbPBB½t’many:agsMxan;; Edl)anR)ab;eyIg[dwgnUvRBwtþikarN_Ca
Rbvtþisa®sþenAkñgú rC¢kalnImYy². TaMgenHCa]TahrN_xøH²BIvis½ysil,³TsSnIyPaB
stvtSr_ TI10 EdlmanCaGaT×sli acarwkR)asaTRBHeKa K.313b nig K.315a manBiBN’na
GMBIGñkerobcMsemøókbMBak; [®sþIr)aMraMfVayGaTieTB t®nþIkr GñkceRmóg nigRsIr)aM22.
tamGtßn½yénsilacarwkR)asaTtaRBhμ eKeXIjmancarerobrab;GMBIt®nþIkr Gñk
ceRmog kñúgenaH manRsIr)aMcMnYn 615 nak;. cMENkR)asaTRBHx½nmanGñkr)aMrhUtdl;
1000nak; sRmab;raMfVaykñúgBiFIskáar³bUCakñúgR)asaT. elIsBIenHRBHnag \®nÞeTvI
EdlRBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI7 )anGPieskCamehsIbnÞab;BIRBHnag C½yraCeTvI RBHGnuC
rbs;RBHnag nig CaGKÁmehsI)anesayTivgÁteTA. RBHnag \®nÞeTvI RtUv)anRBH)aT
C½yvrμ½nTI7 CasVamIEtgtaMgCabrinayikacarü enAmhaviTüal½yC½yRsIv³ ehIyRBHnag
)annaMBBYkRsIEdlCaRBHraCbrivarsEmþgerOgCatkepSg².
x> kMeNItnageTBGbSr
kaledImeLIycRkvaLTaMgmUlBumM ansuxsnþPi aBTal;EtesaH. CemøaHEdlbgáeLIg
rvagBBYk Gsur³¬ykS¦nig sur³ ¬eTvta¦ edIm,IGN M ackñgú karRKb;RKgcRkvaLEterog²xønÜ .
sñÚrkarRbyuT§Kña énRkumTaMgBIrkñúgsmrPUmiKμanTIbBa©b;eLIy. edayeXIjsPaBminQñH
mincaj;dUecñH BBYkGaTieTBcm,g²rYmman RBHnarayN_ RBH\sUr RBHRBhμ CaedIm)an
CYbRbCuMKñarkviFIbBa©b;TMnas;enH ehIy)anxitxMbBa©Hú bBa©lÚ BYkykS nig eTvta[mankar
22
Cœdès, G., Inscriptions du Cambodge, BEFEO, Tome IV, Hanoi, 1952.

26
ÉkPaBcUlrYmkarRbkYtRbECgkmøagM Kñakñgú karkUrsmuRTTwkedaH kñúgeKalbMNgrYmmYyeBal
KWEsVgrkTwkGRmwt nig vtßúskþisiT§epSg² Edlkb;kñúg)atsmuRTedIm,ICIvitGmt³.
kñúgeBlkUrmantYGgÁRBHnarayN_mannaTICaGaCJakNþalpg nigCaembBa¢akarpg.
ÉeTBepSgeTotmkBIRKb;TisTIcUlrYmGbGr nigCasakSIkñúgerOgenHmandUcCa RBH\®nÞ RBH
GaTitü RBHc½nÞ >>>.l. kñúgenaHmanesþcnaKeQμaH va:suKI )ansμRK½citþcUlxøÜneFVICa
ExSRB½truMBT§½PñMmnÞrEdlCaxñÚrsßitenAkNþalsmuRTTwkedaH[ykS nig eTvtaTajbgVil.
edIm,IgayRsYlbgVilPñMmnÞr RBHnarayN_)aneRbIfamBlrbs;xøÜnkaLaCaGeNþIkeQμaH kUm’
)anmuCcuHeTA)atsmuRTKas;Tb;RTPñMenHeLIg.
kaldMbUgeLIy BYkGsur³
TajxagknÞúynaK cMENkBYkeTvta
Tajxagk,al. karTajkUrGs;eBl
y:agyUreFVI[keRkIk rBa¢ÜyGs;smuRT
edaysarkmøaMgd¾xøaMgkøaénKUbdibkç
TaMgBIrRkum bgá[manrlkTwkEbk
BBuHxøaMgeLIg². Bs;naK va:suKI
TTYlkarQWcukcab; Gs;TaMgR)aN
elcGacm_ elcenam CaehtueFVI[ rUbelx14³QuténeTvkfaerOg {kUrsmuRTTwkedaH}
BBYkGsur³ TTYlrgnUvPaBeq¥Hq¥ab cmøak;elICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ stvtSr_TI12
y:agdMNM. RKaenaHykSk¾ekItesckþI raCüRBH)aT sUrüvrμ½nTI2
eRkaFminsuxcitþ ehIy)ansuMbþÚreTA ¬1113-1152¦ énK>s.
Tajxagk,alnaK [BYkeTvtaTaj
xagknÞúynaKvijmþg.
PaKITaMgBIrbnþkarkUrGs;ry³eBlmYyBan;qñaM ePaKRTBüTaMgLay y:ageRcInsn§wk
sn§ab;)anpuseLIg kñúgenaHmanRBHnaglkμSI ¬mehsIRBHnarayN_¦ BBuHTwkbgábegáIt)an
Canag eTBGbSr erraMeBjlMhsmuRTTwkGRmwt nigvtßsú k½ siþ Ti i§ epSg² ¬rUbelx14¦>>>.l.
eBl)anTwkGRmwt Rsab;EtmanykSmYyeQμaH rahU‘ EdlBuM)ancMNaykmøaMgbnþicesaHkñúg
karkUrsmuRTTwkedaHenaH)anbnøMxøÜnlUnykTwkGRmwtmkpwkmuneK CasMNagRBHRBhμ)an
27
eXIjTan;k¾R)ab;RBHnarayN_ eBlenaHRBHnarayN_)anecalnwgkgcRkPøammYyrMeBcpþac;
rah‘URtwmkxøÜnxÞatecjeRkAcRkvaLsøab;)at;eTA. Ék,alrah‘UmanCIvitGmt³RtwmkeRBaH)an
pwkTwkGRmwt)anEtRtwmkb:eu NÑaH.
edayRTaMRTnwgkarkUrGs;eBlrab;Ban;qañ mM ni )an naK va:suKI )anEk¥rBisRBYsecj
mkeRkACaehtueFVI[BBYkGsurmYycMnYnsøab;xøHxVak;EPñk. Bisd¾sahav)anGENþtkñúg
smuRTEdlGacbMpøajcRkvaL)an. RBH\sUreXIjehtukarN_dUecñH k¾)anRbEmRbmUlBis
TaMgenaHmkelbeFVI[kRBH\sUreLIgCaMexμAedaysarGMNacénBis.
RBHnarayN_)anKitfa³ ebIkalNaTwkGRmwt)anFøak;eTAelIBYkykSenaH R)akdCa
BiPBelakTaMgmUlBumM anesckþsI xu sb,ayeLIy. edIm,IbeBa¢ósku[M BYkGsur³deNþmI yk
TwkGRmwtenH)an RBHnarayN_k¾kaLaxøÜnCaRsIs¥at²EdlmaneqamelamBN’l¥ÉkRbkb
edaymnþesñh_eFVI[ykSlg;lk;nwgesñhaePøcnUvTwkGRmwt. dUecñHTwkGRmwtk¾)anFøak;eTA
elIBkY eTvtaTaMgGs; Értn³sm,tþei kIteLIgBIkarkUrsmuRTTwkedaHBiessKWRsIr)aMdR¾ ss;bRM Bg
EdlbnøsW eM LgeRcogrgM nig sEmþgkayvikarerraMBt;EBnxønÜ enaH)anTak;TajGarmμNB_ BYk
eTvta[Pøkw Gs;GgÁR)aNehIyeBjcitþnwgesaP½NRBmTaMgsil,³énBYkGbSrTaMgenaH BYk
eTvtak¾naMBYknageTAkan;TIsßanéRtRtwgSrbs;xøÜneTA. BYkeTBGbSrEtgraMfVayeTvtabgá[
manPaBsb,ayrIkrayminecHrIgs¶Üt.
BYkRsIr)aMsKY E’ tgEtR)arB§kci ©kgúñ BiFbI uNüFM²kñgú sasnak¾dcU kñgú RBHnKr nig karerob
cMfaV ydgVaynanadl;eTBTaMgLayTaMgBYg. kMeNItRsIr)aMsKY e’ kIteLIgBIBBuHTwkénkarkUr
smuRTTwkedaH ehIyerraMenAelIépÞsmuRT EdlmanRBHnaglkμSsI kþRi bBn§rbs;RBHnarayN_Ca
nimitrþ UbénnarITaMgenaHnigCatMNag[PaBs¥atbrisuT§ kñgú karsEmþgCaqakQutmYykñgú eTvkfa
énerOg {kUrsmuRTTwkedaH } rbs;eyIgenHva)anbgðajnUvCIvitrs;edIm,IRTRTg;nUvral;
sPav³l¥ nigTb;sáat;nUvral;sPav³GaRkk;.
cmøak;eTvkfaerOgkUrsmuRTTwkedaHenH sil,krExμr)anqøak;ya: geRcInenAelIR)asaT
buraNsMrab;CakartubEtglMGpg. CaBiessenAelIEpþrTVar énR)asaTcab;BIstvtSr_TI 9 én
K>s> rhUtdl;rcnabf)ay½n. cmøak;eTvkfaerOgenHk¾manCacmøak;dF¾ sM em,ImnUvRbvtþsi li ,³
Exμr KW cmøak;enACBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ nig rUbTajRB½RtenARckexøagTVarcUlR)asaT)ay½n
CatwktagRsab;.

28
 K> erOgRBH\sUr ¬RBH\sUrraM¦
cmøak;RBH\sUrraMenHRtUveKykmkbgðajeLIgvij nasm½yGgÁrBIstvtSr_TI 10 rhUt
dl;stvtSr_TI 11 én K>s> EdlRtUv)anlMGenAelIehaCag EpþrTVar ssrep¥ab nig CBa¢aMg
R)asaTburaNnanarbs;Exμr b¤ Cacmøak;eTal. RBH\sUr KWCaGaTieTBsMxan;myY enAkñgú
RBhμBaØsasna. GaTieTBcm,gmYyenHCaGñkbegáItelakpg ¬begáItfμI¦ nigCaGñk
bMpøajelakpg ¬bMpøajnUvsPav³GaRkk;¦ RTg;cUlcitþkarraMErky:agxøaMg ehIyman
RBHenRtbI. enAkñgú silacarwkExμrburaN {RvHkRmetgGjtraM } mann½yRBH\sUrraMEdleK
[eQμaHfa³ sivnadraC (Siva Nátarája) KWCaesþcénr)aM23¬rUbelx15-18¦.

rUbelx15³ RBH\sUrraMcmøak;ehaCagR)asaT rUbelx16³ RBH\sUrraMcmøak;ehaCagR)asaT

bnÞayRsI. ¬RbPB³ Roveda Vittorio, 2005, p. 147¦ siexaraPum. ¬RbPB³ Roveda Vittorio, 2005, p.165¦

rUbelx17³ RBH\sUrraMcmøak;ehaCagR)asaTPñMrUg. rUbelx18³ RBH\sUrraMcmøak;elICBa¢aMgR)asaT

¬RbPB³ Roveda Vittorio, 2005, p. 164¦ )ay½n. ¬RbPB³ Roveda Vittorio, 2005, p.61¦
23
m:Uv criya/ RBH\sUrraMenAkñúgsil,³Exμr/ sarNabBa©b;briBaØabRtburaNviTüa/ 2006. CI rdæa/ 2006.
Roveda Vittorio, 2005, p. 147-165.

29
 cmøak;enARbeTs\NÐa )anbgðaj[eXIjBIrUbPaBRBH\sUrraMmancMnYn 108 Edl
sEmþg)adiharükñúgrUbPaBCar)aM24. b:uEnþCaTUeTA)adiharüsMxan;²eKeXIjmancMnYnEt7
b:ueNÑaHehIyenARbeTskm<úCak¾man)adiharüsMxan;²bgðajCarUbPaBénTRmg;r)aMRBH\sUrraM
manlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñadUecñHEdr. eTvkfaRBH\sUrExμr)ancmøgBI\NÐak¾BitEmn k¾
b:uEnþcmøak;RBH\sUrraMmanPaBxusEbøkKñaBIsil,³\NÐaedayExμrmanlkçN³søÚtbUt nig Tn;
Pøn;Cag.
silacarwkExμrkñúgraCüRBH)aT sUrüvrμ½nTI1 ¬K>s 1002-1050¦ carwkenAR)asaT
taEkv25GMBIRBH\sUrraMehAfa nadeksVr³ (Nátakesvara). cgVak;EdlRBH\sUrraMmaneRcIn
xus²Kña EtcgVak;RBH\sUrraMCaTUeTAmaneQμaHfa taNÐv³ (Tándava)26. enAkñgú GtßbT
sIvRbeTasðesþaRt27)anGFib,ayfa³ RBH\sUrraMenAelIPéMñ klasEdlCazand¾Gs©arüsm,Úr
eTAedayt,ÚgeBRC rIÉGñkBBYkeTBenACuvM ji RBHGgÁkBM gu EtelgePøgedjBiN vaysÁr kñgú enaH
k¾manRBHnag sVr³sVtI pgEdr nwgEdlmaneTBepSg²eTotenAQremIlrYmman Kn§vsi Gsur
btks³ ]vks suTs§ sFüs viTüqis GMrs GbSr nig ral;CIvitstVelakénPBTaMgbIrYm
KñaenATIenaHeFVICasakSIénkarraMd¾Gs©arürbs;RBH\sUr.
CYnkalRBH\sUrraM KWCakareFV)I adiharümYy dUcCakarraMbMpøajsRms;rbs;nag krikl
emμy_ (Kari- kalameya) KWCa®sþeI mm:aymñak;EdlmansRms;ld¥ ac;eKénzaneTvelak
CaehtueFV[I bursTaMgLay)ak;cti Rþ sLaj;. RBHGgÁraMCacugeRkaynUvcgVak; taNÐv³ T®nÞaeM CIg
y:agxøaMgkñgú eKalbMNgedIm,I[BiPBelakkekIteLIgCafμ.I RBHGgÁCaesþcr)aMnadraC

24
Bhattacharya K., Note d'iconography Khmer Siva dansant, Tome IV, Paris, 1957 .
25
Cœdès G., Inscriptions du Cambodge, BEFEO, Tome IV, Hanoi, 1952, p.155.
26
m:vU criya/ 2006.
27
Coomaraswamy Ananda, The dance of Siva culculta, India, 1971, p.67.

30
(Nátarája)raMbgðajnUvGMNacTaMg5rbs;RBHGgÁ KW karEfrkSa karbMpaø j karEbgPaK
karCYyse®gÁaH nig karrMedaH.
)adiharürbs;RBH\sUrTaMg7 KW ³
1> RBH\sUrraMkñúgkarbegáItelak kalikataNÐv³ (Káliká Tándava) KWRBH\sUr raMedIm,I
GbGrsaTr eBlEdlRBHRBhμbegátI elak erobcMelakTaMgmUl[manreboberobryl¥.
2> RBH\sUrraMkgúñ karEfTaMstVelak eKarItaNÐv³ (Gaurí Tándava) KWRBH\sUrraM
edIm,IkarBarstVelakEdlkMBgu rs;enAkñgú PBGn§karRbCara®sþrs;enAsßti kñgú PaBl¶ge; xøA. RBH
\sUrraMmanRBHenRtbIRBHhsþbYn RBHhsþsþaMmankan;sÁr RBHhsþeqVgkan;Bs;. kñúgeBlraM
eRcInmanGmeday eKannÞi nignageKarI (Gaurí) CamehsI. r)aMenHbgðajBITRmg;RBH\sUr
raMCan;elImnusSetOEdltMNag[PaBGviC¢a.
3> RBH\sUrraMrlM kw BIkarEfTaMstVelak sn§yataNÐv³ (Sandhayá Tándava KWRBH
\sUrraMrMlwkBIkarEfTaMstVelakedayRBHT½ysenþasRbkbedaysuPmgÁl. RBH\sUrraM
manRBHhsþBIr eBlraMmanGñkEhhmsuT§CaBYkeTB nigmanBYkbisacGviC¢a.
4> r)aMénesckþIsøab; smðrtaNÐv³ (Samhara Tándava) r)aMenHtMNag[kar
bMpøajelak edIm,IbBa©b;elakcas;EdleBareBjedayGMeBI)ab.
5> RBH\sUrraMbMpøajRkugbIRtIburtaNÐv³ (Trípura Tándava) KWRBH\sUrraMbMpøaj
RkugTaMgbIrbs;GsureQμaH tark³ (Táraka). RkugTI1eFVIGMBImasenAelIzansYK’ RkugTI2
eFVIGMBIR)ak;enAkñúgGakas nig TI3eFVIGMBIEdkenAzanmnusSelak. RBH\sUrbMpøajRkugTaMg
bIedayGavuFEtmYykñúgeBlEtmYy ehIymanRBHRBhμCaGñkbreTHesH[RBH\sUr.
6> RBH\sUrraMkñúgesckþIsenþas b¤ rMedaHRBlwg ]FVataNÐv³ (Urdhva Tándava)
KWCar)aMénesckþsI enþaskarElgviBaØaN[manesrIPaB CaBiessGñkEdlmannisS½yCamYy
RBH\sUr nig Gñkmanvasnax<s;.

31
 7> r)aM GnnÞtaNÐv³ (Ananda Tándava) KWRBH\sUrmanRBHenRtbI RBHhsþbYn
RBHhsþsþaMkan;sÁr nigmankayvikarGP½y RBHhsþeqVgkan;fUePøIg nig RbemaydMrI.
eCIgeqVgelIkeLIgelI ÉeCIgsþaMCan;elIbisac.
X> eTvkfaepSg²
eRkABIRBH\sUrraM eyIgk¾eXIj
manRBHvisÑú b¤ RBHnarayN_raMpgEdr
kñúgsil,³Exμr. manCaGaT× ÷ RBH
RKwsѳ EdlCaGvtarRBHnarayN_raM
b®gáabBYkBs;GsiriBis mannaKkaliy
(Káliya) CaedIm. karb®gáabenH RBH
RKwsѳ)aneRcogerobrab; GMBIesaP½N rUbelx19³ RBHnarayN_raM stvtSr_TI13
cmøak;enAR)asaTyayeBA Tenø)aTI taEkv.
PaB nigelIksesIrGMBtI GY gÁRBHnarayN_
CaGm©as; ehIyraMT®nÞaCM an;elIk,alnaK kaliy (Káliya) rab;Ban;k,alrhUt dl;Bs;GasirBiis
mYyenHsuxcitþcuHcaj;28 ¬rUb elx19-21¦.

rUbelx20³ RBHRKwsѳraM b®gáabnaKkaliycmøak;EpþrR)asaTPIém:.

¬RbPB ³ Roveda, Vittorio, 2005, p.81¦.

28
Pwg tara cmøak;ssrep¥ab sarNabBa©b;briBaØabRtburaNviTüa saklviTüal½yPUminÞviciRtsil,³ qñaM2003.

32
 rUbelx 21³ RBHRKwsѳraM b®gáabnaK kaliy
cmøak;EpþrR)asaTEb:n Cun kMBg;sVay extþkMBg;FM stvtSr_TI 11énK>s>.
¬RbPB ³ Giteau, Madeleine, 1997 p.76¦

manÉksarmYycMnnY Tak;TgeTAnwg RBHecAhVagum ¬RBHraCalav¦ EdlCaRBHraCa

dMbgU l,Il,ajCageKkñúgRbvtþisa®sþénGaNacRkLansag ¬lav¦ EdlRtUveKbENþt
eBagBaybMbrbg;ecalkalBIenAkumarPaB. ehIy)anRBHraCaExμrenAGgÁrerIsmkciBa©wm
bI)ac;EfrrkSapÁt;pÁg; [)aneronsURtecHcb;sBVRKb;viC¢akar. RBHmhakSRtExμrsBVRBHraC
hb£T½ynwgecAhVagumk¾)anerobcMGPieskbuRtIRBHGgÁKW RBHnag EkvLthVa [ ecA
hVagum. ecAhVagum)ankøayCabuRtsuNsi a ¬kUnRbsa¦ rbs;RBHecARkugkm<úCanasm½y
GgÁr29. RBHraCaExμr)anpþl;kmøaMgT½By:ageRcInedIm,I[ecAhVagumyageTArMedaHTwkdI
kMeNIt ¬smnþrdæ¦ BIkarQøanBanrbs;sRtUv. dMeNIryagRtLb;eTAmatuPmU vi ji ecAhVagum
)annaMeTACamYynUvTMenomTmøab;RbéBNIsil,³ nig sasna. TIbBa©b;ecAhVagum)anTTYl
eCaKC½y nigeLIgesayraCüenA høÜgRBH)ag RbEhlGMLúgeBldMNalKñanwgkarEbk)ak;
RkugGgÁrEdr.

29
eBRC TuMRkvuil/ 2001/TMB½r 40.

33
 tamkarRsavRCavvb,Fm’ énRbeTs
TaMgBIr mYyPaKFMmanPaBCitsñiT§nwgKñay:ag
R)akd. r)aMk,ac;buraNenARbeTsLav nigt®nþI
CUnsil,³r)aMmanrUbPaBRbhak;RbEhlKñanwg
r)aM nig t®nþIenARbeTskm<úCa. rhUtsBVéf¶ r)aM
k,ac;buraN enARbeTsLav eKniym[ eQμaHfa³
{ NagEkv² } KW { nagEkv } køaymkBIBakü
{nagEkvLthVa } enHÉg30.
enAsm½yGgÁrstvtSr_TI 13 raCü
RBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI7 ¬1181-1218¦
eKsegáteXIj nUvral;bNþak,ac;r)aMburaN b¤ rUbelx22³ k,ac;raM b¤ kayvikarénr)aM
ral;kayvikarénr)aM k,ac;bru aNtamry³cmøak; k,ac;buraN RtUveKeRbIkMdrsil,³esok.
Exμr)anykkayvikarTaMgenaH eTAeRbIR)as;bBa©Úl cmøak;elICBa¢aMgR)asaT)ay½n.
KñaCamYysil,³esokEfmeTot ¬rUbelx22¦.

30
kSRtIEkvLthVa buRtIRBHecARkugkm<úCanasm½yGgÁr CamehsIRBHecAhVagumTMngCasil,karinI énTRmg;sil,³
r)aMk,ac;buraNd¾cMNanpgEdrenAeBlenaH.

34
 g> cmøak;eTalGMBIsil,³r)aM ¬stvtSTI12-13énK>s>¦
eK)anrkeXIjcmøak;eTalmYycMnYn EdlmankayvikarraMmanTMhMtUc²eFVIGMBIsMrwT§.
sBVéf¶ rUbTaMgenaHRtUv)anrkSaTukkñúgsarmnÞIrCatiPñMeBj ¬rUbelx23-26¦.

rUbelx23³ rUbekμgRsIr)aMkMBugraM GMBIsMrTw § rUbelx 24³ rUbRsIr)aMkMBugraM GMBIsMrwT§ km<s; 0>13 m

km<s; 0>10 m stvtSTI12. stvtSTI13 mkBIéRBkb,as; extþtaEkv.
¬RbPB ³ Giteau, Madeleine, 1997, p. 76¦ ¬RbPB ³ Giteau, Madeleine, 1997, p. 123¦

rUbelx25³ ehvRC³ kMBugraM GMBIsMrwT§ rUbelx26³ ehvRC³ kMBugraM GMBIsMrwT§

km<s; 0>30 m stvtSTI12 km<s; 0>22 m stvtSTI13
mkBIR)asaTbnÞaykþI esomrab. RBHbrmraCvaMg GgÁr extþesomrab.
¬RbPB ³ Giteau Madeleine, 1997, p. 120¦ ¬RbPB ³ Giteau, Madeleine, 1997, p. 121¦

35
 ehvRC³ (Hevajra) KWCaeBaFistVkñúgRBHBuT§sasna. karraMKWCakareFVI)adiharü
mYysEmþg[eXIjnUvb£T§iGMNacrbs;RBHGgÁkñúgkarkMcat;nUvsPav³GaRkk; ¬mar = mára¦
EdlnaM[mnusSmñak;²lg;lk;kñúgtNðaelaP³nwgesckþIl¶g;exøA. RBHGgÁEbgPaKCamnusS
manéd 16 mux 8 QrelIkUnekμgdak;RtYtelIKñatMNag[marTaMgLay31.

c> sßanPaBsil,³r)aMburaNcugsm½yGgÁr
cab;BIraCüRBH)aT \®nÞvrμ½nTI2 ¬1218-1243¦ GaNacRkExμrepþIm)anTTYlrg
nUvs®gÁamQøanBanBIsN M ak;breTspg nig CemøaHEbk)ak;épÞkñúgpg rhUtdl;esom)anvay
EbkRkugGgÁrkñúgGMLúgqñaM 1353? CaehtueFVI[briyakassgÁmkm<úCaGab;GYry:agxøaMgkñúg
ry³eBlCagmYystvtSenaH. dUecñHehIyvis½ysil,³ CaBiessTRmg;sil,³ r)aMk,ac;
buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü k¾)anGab;»nRTuDeRTameTAtam kalevladUecñHEdr.
BYkesom)aneqøót»kasqk;bnø y; kvtßdú m¾ antémø Éksark,ÜnKm<rI RKb;Ebby:agRBmTaMg
ekorykGñkR)aCJraCbNÐitExμr RKÚr)aM sil,kr sil,karinI t®nþkI r t®nþkI arincI N
M an²EfmeTot
pg. Ér)aMRsIEdleyIgeXIjmanenARbeTsesomsBVéf¶k¾manlMnaMRbhak;RbEhlKña
nwgr)aMk,ac;buraNExμreyIgpgEdr.

3>4> eRkaysm½yGgÁr
enArC¢kaleRkay²mkeTot sil,³r)aMRsIRtUv)anrs;ranEk,rRBHraCacab;BIraCü
RBH)aT Bjay:at ¬1393 -1463¦ RTg;)anpøas;bþÚrraCFanIBIRkugGgÁreTACaeRcIn
kEnøg. RbEhleBlenaHehIyExμrniymehAr)aMRsI EdlCaRbePTsil,³eTvkfa Car)aM b¤
elçanRBHraCRTBüCaerogrhUtmk CYnkalehA {elçanhøÜg} k¾man. b:uEnþeKBuM)andwgBIkar
vivtþrIkceRmInBIRbePTsil,³enHy:agdUcemþceT. ebItamÉksarmhabursExμr)an[dwgfa
31
Xun saem:n/ 2002/ TMB½r 44-45. Lobo W, Angkor et dix siécles d'artKhmer, p.7.
Giteau, Madeleine, 1997, p. 76, 120-123.

36
TRmg;sli ,³r)aMRsI b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBü)anrIkceRmIny:agxøagM enAkñgú raCüRBH)aT GgÁcnÞraCa
b¤ GgÁcnÞTI1 ¬1516-1566¦ CaRBHraCaxøaMgBUEkmYyRBHGgÁenAeRkaysm½yGgÁr. RBHGgÁ
RTg;Kg;enARBHraCvaMgbnÞaylEgVk. RBHGgÁEtgykRBHT½yTukdak;xaø gM elIsli ,³mehaRsB
r)aM t®nþI TRmg;elçanRbus-RsI sRmab;sEmþgkñgú BiFCI nU Cakityiþ scMeBaHm®nþCI an;xs< T; aMgLay
Edl)anTTYleCaKC½yFMeFgkñúgkarbeRmICati.
bnÞab;mkenAeRkaysm½ylEgVkeK)andwgfa sil,³r)aMRBHraCRTBümanvtþmanCanic©
enAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg ElgCaeTvTasIénR)asaTnanaeTotehIy. kñúgraCü RBHraCsmÖar
EdlRTg;CakvInBi n§d¾eqñIm ¬1629-1634¦ eBlEdlRBHGgÁpøas;raCFanIBI]tþúgÁmkKg;enA
raCvaMgekaHeXøakTMngCa)annaMykRkumsil,³RBHraCRTBüxøHeTACamYypg. BIeRBaHsBVéf¶
eKeXIjenAmanesssl;RKUcas;² EdlenAecHcaMbnþCnM an;Kañ bgðat;beRgonsil,³elçaneBalRsI
nig vtþmanelçaneBalRsIenAmþúMekonsVayenAmanenAeLIy.
enAcenøaHqñaM1806-1840 RbeTskm<úCa)ancuHdundaby:agxøaMgedaysarkarQøan
BanBIsN M ak;RsukCitxag nig TMnas;kgúñ raCvgS32. b:Eu nþenAkñgú raCü RBHhrirkSramaFibtI
RBHGgÁDYg ¬1840-1859¦ RBHGgÁ)anse®gÁaHCatiTan;eBlevla eFVI[sRtUvQøanBan
)ak;bbxøbxøacehIyTTYlsÁal;RBHGgÁCaRBHmhakSRténRbeTskm<úCa33. enARKaenaHeK
emIleXIjfaExμr)anTTYl\T§iBlbreTs dUcCa eQμaHvg;ePøg nig eQμaHbTePøgmYycMnnY
EdleKniymeRbIBakü b¤ eQμaHbreTsEdlRtUv)aneKERbBIeQμaHedImrbs;ExμrykeTA. b:uEnþ
\T§Bi lenH)anrlaybnþci mþg²eTAvij enHedaysarRbCara®sþExμr)anxitxMEsVgyl;c,as;las;
BIvb,Fm’Catirbs;xnÜø .

32
Chandler David, 1996, A History of Cambodia, Westview Press, Inc, translated in
Khmer by Chan Chana, Mam Vannary, Prak Sonnara, Seng Soth, JSRC, 2005, p 105-143.
33
Ibid, p.143-147.

37
 enAqñaM 1906 RBH)aT suIsuvtßi
)anyageTAkan;Rsuk)araMgCaelIkdMbgU
edaymannaMyknarIr)aMcMnYn 42 nak;eTA
CamYypg. xN³eBlenaHRBHraCTsSn
kic©rbs;RBHGgÁTTYl)anmhaeCaK
C½yy:agFMeFgeFVI[manPaBrMeCIb
rMCYleBjRbeTs)araMgEtmþgeday
sarvtþmanénr)aMRBHraCRTBürbs;RBH
GgÁ. manCnCati)araMgCaeRcIn)aneRbob
RbdUcnadkaExμr faCa { bu)a¢ mnusS } rUbelx27³ rUbPaB { bu)¢amnusS } rbs;elak GUKsu r:UdaMg.
ehIy)anpþti rUbPaBTaMgenaHTukeday ¬RbPB ³ Loviny, Christophe, 2003, p. 107¦
CagKMnrU d¾l,Il,aj KW elak GUKus
r:UdaMg34 ¬rUbelx27¦.
Tmøab;BIburaNerogmk cMeBaHsil,karinIEdlmaneTBekaslüBiess²elIRKb;mux
CMnajEtgEtRtUv)anesþcsenþaseR)asRbNIRbTangar nig zannþrskþpi gEdlCaemaTn³elImxu
CMnajRbcaMCIvitEfmeTotpg. CaBiessenAkñgú rC¢kal RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu
¬1941-1955¦ nigkñgú sm½ysgÁmra®sþnyi m ¬1956-1970¦ eBlenaHRBHGgÁRTg;CaRBH
Rbmuxrdæde¾ qñmI . RBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu RTg;esþcyageFVRI BHraC
TsSnkic©CapøvÚ rdæenAshrdæGaemrikkñgú qñaM1957 ehIyEdl)aneFV[I l,IrnÞkW gúñ BiPBelak
edaysarr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBüsEmþgCaelIkTI1enATIenaH Edlman
34
Loviny Christophe, The Apsaras of Angkor, SIPAR & JAZZ, Paris, 2003, p.107-115.

sUmGan³ RBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBHsusI vu tßi RBHecARkugkm<Cú aFibtIRBHraCdMeNIreTARkug)araMgess

qñaMmmIGdæsk½ RtUvnwgqñaM )araMg1906.
38
elak Kennedy RbFanaFibtIénshrdæGaemrik )anpþlk; ti yiþ scUlrYmTsSnaedaypÞal;
ehIyEdlCakarsEmþgedaynadkaÉkKW semþcRBHraCbuRtIRBHerom neratþm bu)¢aeTvI
kalRBHGgÁmanRBHCnμenAekμgenAeLIy ÉtYÉkRbusKW RBHGgÁm©as; neratþm c½RkBgS;
eBlenaHRTg;TaMgeTVr)ansEmþgr)aMsvu NÑmcäa EdlCaQutmYykñgú erOgramekrþ.× enARKaenaH
eRkamraCkic©dwknaMrbs; semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna EdlCa
RBHmataRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu TRmg;sil,³r)aMburaNmankarrIkceRmIny:ag
xøagM TaMgbec©keTs TaMgesaPNPaB TaMgeRKOgGlgáarsRmab;tbu Etglm¥kayCaedIm mádú eFVGI BM I
massuT§ daMt,ÚgeBRC dUcCa máúdÉksRmab;tYnag tYnayerag>>>.l.
RBHGgÁRTg;)ancMNay
RBHkayBlKμanKitkar
enOyht; nig )anbric©aK
RBHraCRTBü d¾eRcInsn§wk
sn§ab; CMrujkarbegáInsñaéd
sil,³r)aMeTB ¬r)aMskáar³¦
dUcmanr)aMeTBGbSr (Apsara)
CaedIm edIm,IelIkkm<s;vb,
Fm’Cati [fáúMefáIgrugerOg eFVI rUbelx28³ RBHGgÁma© s;kSRtI neratþm bu)a¢ eTvI ¬raCkumarI¦
RBHnag)ankøayCanadkaÉkénr)aMRBHraCRTBükñgú TsvtS qña1M 960
[Exμrmanekrþi_eQμaHl,IrnÞW EdldwknaMedayRBHGyükarbs;RBHnag KW semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI
elIqakGnþrCati EdlRbkb susI vu tßi kusum³narIr½tñ sirvI DÆna.
edayKMnitécñRbDitx<s; KYrCa ¬RbPB ³ Loviny, Christophe, 2003, p. 118¦
TIemaTn³35 ¬rUbelx28¦.
35
eBRC TuMRkvuli / 2001.

39
 r)aMRBHraCRTBü)anelcmuxenAelIqakGnþrCatiCajwkjab;. enAqña1M 964 r)aMeTB
menarmü RtUv)ansEmþgenAeragelçanGUeb:r:a Rkug):arIs ¬rUbelx29¦. ehIyl,Il,aj
xøagM CaelIkTI2 enAshrdæGaemriksm½yelakRbFanaFibtI NIXON 36 ¬rUbelx29¦.
TRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBü KWCasil,³TsSnIyPaBmYyminRKan;
EtCMrju ebHdUgmnusS[mankarrMePIbb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþva)anlak;bgáb;nvU RKab;BCU énkarsßabna
EdlpusecjBIebHdUgmYy ehIyeRCotcUleTAkñgú ebHdUgCaeRcIneTot edaynaMmkCamYynUv
esckþéI føfrÚñ KμanRBMEdn BIeRBaHvaCaplitplénsgÁmEdlecjBIebHdUgehIyrsat;cUleTA
kñúgmCÄmNÐlénCIvit rYck¾ERbkøayCIvit[eTACaEpñkmYyEdlminGacbMEbk)anBIsIlFm’
rbs;mnusSCati.

rUbelx29³ r)aMeTBmenarmü sEmþgenAeragelçanGUeb:r:a naTIRkug):arIs qñaM1964

¬RbPB ³ Loviny, Christophe, 2003, p. 124¦

36
Rbsasn_elakRBwTa§ carü eqg pun GtItrdæm®nþRI ksYgeXasnakar vb,Fm’ nigB½tm’ an
kñgú »kaseFV)I azkfar)aMRBHraCRTBüTsvtS1980. r)aMRBHraCRTBümannaTICamnusSFm’.

40
 CaGkusls®gÁambgðÚrQam)ancUlmkdl;enATsvtSqñaM 1970 vb,Fm’sil,³
EdlCaGtþsBaØaNCatikR¾ tUv)anRTuDeRTameTAtamdMNak;kalenaHEdr. enAcenøaHqñaM 1970-
1975 kñúgrbbsaFarNrdæExμrelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; eBlenaHr)aMRBHraCRTBü
EdlFøab;ehABImnu mk ehIysßti enACab;ngw RBHraCaRtUv)aneKbþrÚ mkehAfa³ r)aM b¤ elçank,ac;
buraNvij ehIyEdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;saklviTüal½yviciRtsil,³. cMeBaHTI
taMghat;eronEpñkbec©keTsrkSaenAkñúgR)asaTcnÞqayakñúgRBHbrmraCvaMgdEdl.
enAcenøaHqñaM1975-1979 kñúgrbbExμrRkhm r)aMk,ac;buraNRtUv)aneKbM)at;
ecalTaMgRsug edayBYkeKyl;fa Camrtksil,³skþiPUmi. sil,kr sil,karinI PaKeRcIn
RtUv)aneKsmøab;ecaldUcstVFatu xøHRtUveKeFVITaruNkmμy:agéRBépS xøHCab;KukeTotpg.
eRkayqñaM 1979 rbbyg;XñgenH)andYlrlMputeTARbeTsnigRbCaCatiTaMgmUlRtUv
se®gÁaHeLIgvij dMNak;kalenHRkumsil,kr nig RKUcas;²elIRKb;muxCMnajmanenAsl;tic
tYcNas;Edl)anrYcputBIkarkab;smøab;rbs;blu: Bt )anxitxMnaMKañ sþarvis½ysil,³Cati[
egIbeLIgvijBI)atédTeTy:aglM)akbMptu . karxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IeFVI[rs;eLIgvijnUvTRmg;
sil,³RKb;RbePT CaBiessTRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü EdleK
niymehAfa :r)aM b¤ elçank,ac;buraNExμr :.
kMeNIténTRmg;r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrk¾dUcCaTRmg;sil,³déTeTotEdr CYnkal)anvivtþ
rIkceRmInrugerOg]tþúgÁ]tþm CYnRTuDeRTamGab;»nesÞIrrlay)at;rUbrageTAtamdMeNIrkar
vivtþénRbvtþisa®sþCatikm<Cú a.
eRkayqñaM1993 RbeTsCatieyIgmansuxsnþiPaBeBjelj ehIyeyIg)anRbkan;
nUvrbbraCaniym :RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa} CaelIkTI2eLIgvij r)aMk,ac;buraNRtUveK
niymehAeQμaHTaMgBIr eBalKWelçan b¤ r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr nig elçan b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü tmk
dl;sBVéf¶enH.

41
 3>5> TsSn³sil,³enAkñúgr)aMRBHraCRTBü

nadkaBisdi æ énr)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr

KYbpSMCamYynwgmkud EdlmankMBlU x<g;
x<s;CageK EdlCatMNagénzansYK’a
nageTBGbSrerraM edaykayvikarTn;
Pøn;lVtlVn; BYknagKWCaRsIr)aMzansYK’
nig CaGñknaMBaküsuGM gVrkrbs;mnusS rUbelx30³ RBHGgÁma© s;kSRtI neratþm
elakeTAfVaydl;BYkeTvta. bu)a¢ eTvI ¬rUbmux¦CanadkarÉk kñgú r)aM
{eTBGbSr {¬RbPB ³ nKrExμr/ 1967¦.

erOgramekrþ× KW Ca
mUldæank,ac; énr)aMRBHraC
RTBü b¤ r)aM k,ac;bru aN
ExμrEtmþg ¬rUbelx 30-
31¦. cab;taMgBIsm½y
semþcRBH mhakSRti
yanIkusum³ narIr½tñ sirI
rUbelx31³ nageTBGbSrmankayvikarerraMfaV yBrsBÞsarFukardl;saß n vDÆna naqñaM 1950 mktY
mnusSelak bnÞab;mkBaMnaMnUvesckþsI GMu gVrkrbs;mnusSeTA sVaTaMgGs; RtUv)anGnuBaØati
kan;saß nsYKv’ ji . ¬RbPB ³ nKrExμr/ 1967¦
[sEmþgedayyuvCn.

42
 II . rebobsEmþg
TRmg;sil,³skáar³ b¤ sil,³eTv³enH RbPBsMxan;ecjmkBIsasnaRBahμN_ KW Ca
TRmg; EdlmanRbNItPaBx<s;CageKbMputdl;kRmitkMBUlEdleKBuMGacb:HBal; b¤ EkERb
)an¬tnþI¦. taMgBIkarkekItrUbragc,as;las;RbEhlBIstvtSTI1énRKwsþskraCmk TRmg;
sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü KWCaTRmg;elçan b¤ r)aMRsI. GñksEmþgsuT§Ca
RsI²eTaHCatYGgÁRbusk¾eday k¾RtUvyksil,karinImksEmþgEdr dUcCatYnayerag ¬tYtMNag
Rbus¦ CaedIm.
ÉkarsEmþgvij sil,karinI EdlkMBugsEmþgenaHmineRcogedayxøÜnÉgeLIy ehIy
k¾minbeBa©jkayvikarRtab;eTAtamBaküeBaldUcelçanexal b¤ elçanRbusEdr k¾b:uEnþRtUv
beBa©jnUvkayvikarhak;bIdcU manevyüakrN_RtwmRtUv { Pasakayvikar } RsbKñaeTAnwgTMnku
eRcogénceRmogCaBYksRmab;CUnr)aMenHeTAvij.
)anCar)aMk,ac;buraN b¤r)aMRBHraCRTBüenHGñkraMsuT§EtRsI² dUecñHRbEhlTMngmkBI
kMeNItnageTBGbSrEdlCaeTBFitasYK’ b¤RsIr)aMsKY E’ dl)anmkBIlT§plénkarkUrsmuRT
TwkedaHenaHKWsuT§EtCaRsIsuT§saF. ÉGtßn½yénBakü { RsI ¬sM®sáwt¦ = sirI } mann½y fa³
mgÁlsirIsYsþI b¤RsIsYsþICaedIm. m:üagvijeTotTsSn³rbs;Exμr RsIKWtMNag[PaBbrisuT§
RsICamgÁl CaesckþIsuxceRmIn RsICabuNüCaPBVsMNag RsICaRTBüCalaPskáar³
RsICa\sSrPaBtMNag[PaBrugerOgsuPmgÁl. lkçN³BiessmYyeTot KW CnCatiExμr
niymeKarBRsICaFM Caem { Em: } rbs;xøÜn ¬lTie§ m>>>¦ EdlmanPsþtú agtaMgEtBIedImsm½y
Rbvtþisa®sþrbs;RbeTskm<úCa GMLúgedImstvtSTI1énRKwsþskraCemø:H. RbEhlkñúgn½y
xagelIenHehIy EdlExμrmanTMenomcat;TukRsICaFM ]tþmRbesIrkñúgsgÁmCati. elIsBIenH
sil,³elçanRBHraCRTBü b¤ elçank,ac;buraNExμrEdlCaRbePTsil,³eTv³ ¬eTvTasI¦ Ca
sil,³skáar³mankMeNItecjmkBIsasna ehIymantYnaTIcmøgral;Bakü bn;Rsn;bYgsYgBI

43
EpndIeTAsßansYK’>>>nwgBaMnaMnUvsBVsaFukarBrBIzansYK’mkEpndIvij ehIyEdlmansuT§Et
RsI²CaGñkr)aMenHÉg.
luHmkdl;rC¢kalRBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ¬1941-1955¦
edaysBVRBHraChb£Ty½ nwgk,ac;saV elçanexal EdlmanlkçN³sVahab;rh½srhYn nig clna
rs;revIkenaH semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna EdlCaRBHmatarbs;
RBHGgÁ ehIyEdlRTg;kan;kab;Rkumr)aMRBHraCRTBüpÞal; k¾)anGnuBaØat[sil,krRbusraM
CamYy CaBiesstYGgÁsVaEtmþg. dUecñHehIy)anCaeyIgeXIjmanGñkraMRsIRbuscRmuHKña
enAkñúgTRmg;sil,³k,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBH raCRTBürhUtmkdl; sBVéf¶37enH.

qak b¤ ranraM b¤ kþarEbn b¤ TIlanraM

III.

enAtamR)asaTnana buBVbursExμreyIg)anksageLIgeTAtamCMenOd¾mutmaMelI
RBahμN_sasna k¾ dUcBuT§sasnamhayan KWedIm,I]TÞisfVaydl;GaTieTB b¤dl;buBVkarICn.
eKEtgsegát eXIjbuBVsßabtükrExμr EtgEtsßabnanUvqakr)aMb¤elçansRmab;CakEnøgeFVIBiFI
skáarraMfVayGaTieTB enABImuxTVarcUléntYR)asaTkñúgbrievNkMEBg. ]TahrN_Cak;Esþg
R)asaTGgÁrvtþCasñaRBHhsþrbs;RBH)aT sUrüvrμ½nTI2 ¬1113-1152¦ visÑúniym
mankþarEbn b¤ ranraM b¤qakelçany:agx<s;enATisxaglicBImuxTVarcUlR)asaTFM ragCa
kak)aTlMGedayk,ac;cmøak;naK nig stVetaQry:agsgðaGmsgxagCeNþIr.
cMENkR)asaT)ay½n CaR)asaTEbbBuTs§ asnamhayan ranraM b¤qakelçanmanRTg;
RTayCakak)aTdUcKña b:uEnþenATisxagekIténRckTVarcUlR)asaTFMmanRsHTwkBIrGmsg
xagpg.

37
eBRC TuRM kvuli / 2001/ TMB½r 46-48.
44
 enAsm½yeRkayGgÁr r)aMRBHraCRTBü)anpøas;bþÚrmkrs;enAEk,rRBHraCaElgman
tYnaTIenAkñúgR)asaTeTvsßaneTotehIy²EfmTaMgsßitenAeRkamRBHraC]btßmÖrbs;RBHGgÁ
pÞal; b¤ BIRBHjativgS. kEnøghat;r)aM b¤ sEmþgsßitenAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg. dUcenA
RBHbrmraCvaMgraCFanIPñMeBjmanR)asaTcnÞqayaCaTIlanhat; nig R)asaTePaCnIy
sRmab;raMkñúgBiFICapøÚvkar. CYnkalmanBiFIbYgsYgFM² eKraMenATIkNþalvalkñúgTIlantmál;
RBHrUbsMxan;²kñúgRbvtþisa®sþ.l.
nasm½yTMenIbenH ¬cugstvtSTI20 edImstvtSTI21¦ eRkABIBiFIsasna r)aMRBHraC
RTBü b¤ r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrRtUveKerobcM[eTACaRbePTsil,³TsSnIyPaB sRmab;cUlrYmpSBV
pSayBIvb,Fm’Cati b¤ pSBVpSayBIGtþsBaØaNCatiExμredaymansEmþgtameragmehaRsB
FM²enAkñúgRbeTs nig enAelIqakGnþrCatinanakñúglkçN³CaTsSnIyPaBbgðajBIvb,Fm’d¾
rugerOgmuHmutEtTn;Pøn;rbs;CatiExμreyIg.

IV . karlMGqak

cMeBaHqaksEmþg eKeRcIntubEtglMGEbbnimμitniymeTAtamsac;erOg. eKeRbIkUn

ERKtUcmYymank,Úrk,ac;rcnal¥RbNIt labTwkmasPøWepøk ehIyERKd¾tUcRcLwgenaHGac
køayCaRKb;TsI ßanxus²Kña vivtþne_ TAtamsac;erOg Edlerobrab;bBa¢ak; edayTMnukeRcogCaBYk
sRmab;eRcogCUnr)aM. CYnkalERKd¾tUcenaHsnμt;fa CaraCvaMg Camat;smuRT CasßanPuCgÁnaK
CaéRBPñMRkmfμ CaGaRsmRBHmunI\sI b¤ CasßanékLask¾)an. b:uEnþedaysarbec©keTs
kan;EtTMenIbnaeBlbc©úb,nñeKeXIjkartubEtglMGqaksil,³r)aMmanPaBsem,Imsm,ÚrEbb
RbesIrCagmun.

45
 V. BiFIsMBHRKÚ
RKb;TRmg;sil,³TaMgGs; rbs;
ExμreyIg EtgmanTMenomTmøab;RbéBNI
R)arB§BiFIsMBHRKÚ b¤ BiFIrMlwkKuNRKÚ)a
FüayTaMgLay Edl)anEcksßaneTA
b¤k¾rs;enAeLIy EdlFøab;)anpþlc; eM NH
dwgsBVmuxviC¢adl;BYkxøÜnCasisS. PaK
eRcIn eKniymR)arB§BiFIsMBHRKU enAéf¶
RBhs,t× elIkElgEtTRmg;sil,³ rUbelx32³ BiFIsMBHRKUénr)aMRBHraCRTBü
elçanexal b¤elçanBak;mxu b¤elçanRbus ¬RbPB³ eBRC TuMRkvuil/ 2001/ TMB½r 60¦
KW Rbkan;ykéf¶ sRmab;R)arB§BiFI sMBH
RKUenAl¶acéf¶esAr_ ¬rUbelx32¦38.

VI . semøókbMBak;nigeRKOgtubEtgkay

semøókbMBak;nigeRKOgtubEtglMGtYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KWCaEpñkmYyénTMenoménkar
esøókBak; tubEtgkayrbs;tYGgÁTaMgGs;kñúgeBlsEmþg k¾CakarbgðajGMBIGarüFm’mYyénCnCati
ExμrpgEdr.
ebIniyayBIsemøókbMBak; nig kartubEtglMGkayéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNKWsMedAdl;kar
esøókBak; nigkartubEtgkayéntYGgÁGbSr ehIyEdlRbCaCnExμr )ancat;TukCaeTBGbSrCa
GñktMNag[BBYkr)aMeTB KW Gñkr)aMcuHmkBIsßansYK’. ehIyenAkm<úCa eKeXIjmaneTBFItasYK’
mancMnYneRcInrab;ry EdleK)ansÁal;faCa eTBGbSr RtUv)aneKqøak;lGM enAtamCBa¢agM R)asaT
38
eBRC TuRM kvuli / 2001/ TMB½r 51-60.
46
GgÁrvtþ. rYbcmøak;eTBGbSrTaMgGs;)anbgðaj[eXIjnUvPaBbuinRbsb;xagkartubEtglMG
dl;tYR)asaTedayeTBGbSrTaMgenaHmankayvikarxus²Kña nig mankarrcnaya:glMGitGMBI
sRms;énsemøókbMBak; eRKOgGlgáar nig mU:dsk; edayELk²BIKña. semøókbMBak;rbs;eTB
GbSrTaMgenaHRbEhlCaGacqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvmU:dsemøókbMBak;rbs;BYkRsIr)aMénRBHraCakñúg
sm½yGgÁrpgEdr. kayvikarraMd¾smsYnrbs;eTBGbSrTaMgenaH)ankøayeTACaKMreU dIménr)aM
buraNrbs; elçan b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü nig r)aM b¤ elçank,ac;bru aNExμrenAkm<úCa. ehIyBakü elçan
b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü nig r)aM b¤ elçank,ac;buraNExμr enHKWsRmab;smÁal;TRmg;sil,³TsSnIyPaB
k,ac;buraNExμr.
1> rebobesøókBak; nigsemøókbMBak;tYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraN
tamÉksarrbs;elak eBRC
TuMRkviul )anniyay[dwgfa39 sMelok
bMBak;énr)aMRBHraCRTBü b¤r)aMk,ac;bru aN
ExμrEdleK)anEtgcmøgykeTAeRbIR)as;
kñúgkarécñRbDitCatYGgÁeTvta kñúgrUbcmøak;
b¤k¾KMnUrepSg² dUcCarUbeTvtaeRBaypáa
pþl;C½ymgÁlsirIsYsþI b¤ k¾eTvtaqñaMfμIRTg;
yagcuHmkRKb;RKgEdndICaedIm eRcInEt ¬rUbelx33¦³ tYnayerag nig
yktamlMnaMtYGgÁnayerag :tYGgÁRbus tYnagénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr.
b¤ eTvtaRbus : nig :tYnag eTvtaRsI :
énTRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNenH.

39
eBRC TuMRkviul/ r)aMExμr Khmer Dances/ 2001/ TMB½r 80-93.
47
 tamRbsasn_rbs;elakCMTav mij kusnI )an[dwgfa³ semøókbMBak;rbs;eTv³ nig
RBHmhakSRtsuT§Etxus²KñaTaMgGs;ehIyBuMmaneLvenaHeT40. BIedImeRKOglMGeFVIGMBImas Et
bc©úb,nñ)an)at;bg;Gs;eTAehIy. cMeBaHtYnagEdlRtUveRbImáúdeFVIGMBIR)ak;enaH Et\LÚvRtUv
eRbImáúdEdleFVIGMBIs<an;vij.

¬rUbelx34-35¦³ elakCMTav mij kusnI eLIgbgðajGMBIsemøókbMBak; nigeRKOgtubEtglMGénr)aMk,ac;

buraNExμr na»kaseFVIBiFIbgðaj]bkrN_ePøgBiNBaTü-semøókbMBak; nigeRKOgGl½gáarénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
naéf¶TI 19 Ex mifuna qña2M 007 enARksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³.
ebIBinitüemIlGavtYr)aMGbSraKWmanPaBxusEbøkBIr)aMnanaenAkm<úCa BIeRBaHeKRKan;
EtykRkNat;yWtBN’sac;mkkat;[rwtCab;nwgxøÜnedayBuMcaM)ac;eFVIkar)a:k;rMelcGgáaM b¤EPñk
man;[PøWciBa©acenaHeT. kñúgn½yenH GñkbegáIteRbIrU)armμNy_ ktamlMnaMcmøak;enAtamR)asaT
buraNExμrnana. cMeBaHsMBt;esøókKWCasMBt;cr)ab;BN’ssRmab;tYÉk ÉBN’Rkhm exov
nigRtYyecksMrab;tYrg. eKesøókedayCIbPøIxagmux ÉtYÉkmandak;bEnßmRkNat;CIbrMPay
BImux nigBIeqVgCa lMGeTotpg41.
40
Rbsasn_rbs;elakCMTav mij kusnI kalBIéf¶TI 19 Ex mifuna qñaM2007 enARksYgvb,Fm’ nig
viciRtsil,³.
41
Ekv NaruM nig RBM suIsapan§a r)aMGbSra qñaM2003/ TMB½r 24.
48
 eKsegáteXIjfa³ kalenAkñúgGMLúgqña1M 961 b¤ 1962 eRkamRBHraCkic©RKb;RKg
dwknaMén semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanII kusum³ narIr½tñ EdlCaRBHraCmataénRBHkruNasemþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu Edlkñúg»kasenaHsMelokbMBak;rbs;tYGbSrargyklMnaMtamEbbr)aM
CUnBr b:uEnþeRkaymkelak)an[RTg;sMelokbMBak;dUcr)aMGbSranabc©úb,nñenHvij.

¬rUbelx36-37¦³ tYGgÁTaMgbYntMNagnUvr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmannayerag tYnag tYykS nigtYhnuman.

rebobesøókBak; nigkartubEtglMGkayéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNmandUcxageRkam42
k> tYnayerag³ cMeBaHtYnayeragmanrebobesøókBak; nigtubEtgkaydUcxageRkam³
- k,alnayerag Bak;máúd EtmáúdBuMmanBak;k,aMgeT
- Bak;r)aMgmux KWmanlMGCal,ak;páasMyug
- Bak;r)aMgcMehog KWCal,ak;páasMyug
- Bak;Gav)a:k;DinédEvg
- Bak;\nÞFnU gTnÞaMBIelIsμaTaMgsgxag

42
- dUcÉksarmun- qñaM 2003/ TMB½r 80-83.
49
 - Bak;sur:gk
- Bak;sgVar benþagsøwkeBaFielIedImRTUg ehIyBIeRkayCaRbcaMyam
- cgk,insMBt;cr)ab;BIelIexa
- esøókexasñab;ePøA
- RkNat;)a:k;Din rwtcegáH
- Bak;ExSRkvat;xwmxat;BIelI
- Rkvat;cegáH
- k,aMgmux
- k,aMgcMehog
- knÞúyR)a knÞúyk,inTmøak;
rIÉ édtYnayerag manBak;kgkn; kgrak;CakgpÞaMgEvg k®nÞúM nig kgj½r b¤
Rkviléd. eCIgnayerag manBak;kgj½renABIeRkam b¤ RkvileCIg nigkgRtbkQUkBIelI.

¬rUbelx39-40¦tYnayeragbgðajQutsemøókbMBak;énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ¬rUbemIlBImux nigBIeRkay¦.

50
 x> tYnag³ tYnag manrebobesøókBak; nigtubEtgkaydUcxageRkam
- Bak;GavxøIkñúg ¬GavenaHmanédEtmçageTKWédeqVg¦
- és,Bak;cMehogelIsμaeqVgmanCayés,sMyugmkeRkayxñg
- Bak;sur:gk
- ExSeqogBak;s<ayelIsμaeqVg B½T§mkeRkamédsþaM
- esøóksMBt;sMLúycr)ab;edaymanCIbPøIlMGenAxagmux
- Bak;ExSRkvat;xwmxat;
cMENk édtYnag manBak;sñab;éd b¤)aj;pab;enAedIméd kgkn;enAkéd kgj½r k®nÞúM
nig søwkeTs. tamRbsasn_elakCMTav mij kusnI )anBnül;[dwgfa³ søwkeTs
manRKb;tYGgÁ TaMgGs; bu:EnþsBVéf¶)an)at;bg;Gs;ehIy43.
eCIgtYnag manBak;kgj½rBIeRkam b¤ Rkvil nigkgTgQUkBIelI. rIÉ k,altYnagvij
manBak;máúdnagKWCamáúdEdlmanbEnßmk,aMgmYyeTot.

¬rUbelx41-42¦³ tYnagbgðajQutsemøókbMBak; nigeRKOgGlgáar ¬rUbemIlBImux nigBIeRkay¦.

43
Rbsasn_rbs;elakCMTav mij kusnI kalBIéf¶TI 19 Ex mifuna qñaM2007 enARksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³.

51
 eRkABIenHenAkñúgr)aMRBHraCRTBü b¤ r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrenAmantYGgÁepSg²eTotCa
eRcIndUcCa ykS b¤ sVa EdlPaKeRcInsuT§EtCatYGgÁkñúgerOgeTvkfaepSg² dUcCa erOgram
ekrþ× b¤ erOgkUrsmuRTTwkedaH CaedIm EdlmansemøókbMBak;dUcxageRkam ÷
K> tYykS ¬RkugraBN_¦³ sMelokbMBak;rbs;tYykSman
- Gav)a:k;Din édEvg
- Bak;\nÞFnU g TnÞaMBIelIsμaTaMgsgxag
- Bak;sur:gk
- Bak;sgVarExVgelIedImRTUg benþaksøwkeBaF×
- ExSrwtRTUgmankMNl;kl;sgxag
- esøókexasñab;ePøA):ak;eCIg
- esøokk,incr)ab;BIelIexa
- RkNat;rwbcegáH
- ExSRkvat;xwmxat;
- Bak;r)aMgmuxsMyug
- Bak;r)aMgcMehogsMyug
rIÉ édtYykS manBak;kgrak; kgkn; k®nÞúM nig kgj½r. eCIgtYykS manBak;
kgj½rBIeRkam nigkgTgQUkBIelI. cMENk k,alykS vijmanBak;máúdmuxdb; KWmuxRkug
raBN_ esþcénnKrlgáa.
tamRbsasn_elakCMTav mij kusnI )anbBa¢ak;[dwgfa³ muxdb;éntYykSEdl
tMNag[RkugraBN_KWeFVIBIxμúk¬BIedImeFVIBImassuT§ Et\LÚvenHeKlabTwkmas¦. cMENkExS
52
eqogvijmancMnYnbIExS EtvaGaRs½yeTAtamtYCYnmanBIrExSCYnGavGt;)a:k;eT. edayELk
cr)ab;manxñateKedr CaragmnusS ehIybt;eTAtamtY44.

¬rUbelx43-44¦³ tYykSbgðajQutsemøókbMBak;énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ¬rUbemIlBImux nigBIeRkay¦.

X> tYGgÁhnuman sMelokbMBak;rbs;tYGgÁhnuman man

- GavédEvgBN’s )a:k;RkeyAsVa - Bak;sur:gk
- Bak;sgVarbenþaksøwkeBaFi - esøókexasñab;ePøA cMeCIg)a:k;
- k,insMBt;sBIelIexa - RkNat;rwtcegáH
- Bak;ExSRkvat;xwmxat;
rIÉ édtYGgÁhnuman manBak;kgrak; kgkn; k®nÞúM nig kgj½r. eCIgtYGgÁhnuman
manBak; kgj½rRTBIeRkam nigkgTgQUkBIelI. cMENk k,altYGgÁhnuman vijmanBak;
muxsVasCahnumanenHÉg.
44
Rbsasn_rbs;elakCMTav mij kusnI kalBIéf¶TI 19 Ex mifuna qñaM2007 enARksYgvb,Fm’ nig
viciRtsil,³.
53
 tamRbsasn_elakCMTav mij kusnI )anbBa¢ak;[dwgfa³ hnumanBuMmanExSeqogeT
ehIyGavrbs;tYhnumaneTotesateK)a:k;[manragCaRkeyA45.
ebIBinitüeTAelItYGgÁsVaepSgeTotxagEpñksMelokbMBak; nig muxk¾manBN’epSg²
eTotEdr eTAtamtYGgÁkñúgsac;erOg. eRkABItYGgÁdUceBalxagelIenAmantYGgÁCaeRcIneTot
dUcCa tYkinñra kinñrI tYRKuD tYeRbIs b¤ stVepSg²EfmeTotpg.

¬rUbelx45-46¦³ tYhnumaneLIgbgðajQutsemøókbMBak;énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ¬rUbemIlBImux nigBIeRkay¦.

2> eRKOgtubEtglMGénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
cMeBaHeRKOgtubEtglMGéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNmaneRcInRbePTRsedog²Kña ehIyEdl
eyIg nwgelIkykCMrabCUndUcxageRkamenH
- páaesot
eKesotpáamYyenAxagsþaMtYnagénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr edayerIsykpáacMbuIrIk BIeRBaH
vaCYyelIkesaPNPaBmux[mansRms;.

45
Rbsasn_rbs;elakCMTav mij kusnI kalBIéf¶TI 19 Ex mifuna qña2M 007 enARksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³.

54
 - ry:a b¤ TMhU
rya b¤ TMhUmanlkçN³EvgFøak; ehIyyarTmøak;esÞIrrhUtdl;sμa. k,ac;ry:aenH
eRcInyktam lMnaMk,ac;páaRksaMg b¤ yktamlMnaMpáaemÞs. bu:EnþebIyktampáaRksaMgl¥Cag
BIeRBaHvamanlkçN³kBa©úM²l¥CagpáaemÞs. Rtcokrbs;tYGgÁGbSraRtUvBak;RkvilEdlman
Tm¶n;F¶n;²enAnwgsøwkRtecokEdlyarEvg. dUecñHBYknagRtUvEtRTaMGt;Fμt;nwgTm¶n;elahFatu
TaMgenH.
- sur:gk
eKminkat;surgk[tUcP¢ab;CitkeBkeT KW kat;[manragFøak;cuHeRkamedIm,I[elc
ecjnUvsac;kBa©wgk ehIyedrP¢ab;Cak,Úrk,ac;cmøak;s<an;CaCYr² nigEpñkxageRkammanTmøak;
snøwkCaeRcIn. edIm,ICMnYs[benþagrMeyal KW eKeFVIsnøwkkNþal[mansNæanFMCageK
EdlP¢ab;BIpáamYyenA cMkNþal. CYnkalBYknagBak;ExSkeFVIGMBIKCBN’mas.
- ExSRkvat;
k,ac;ExSRkvat;rbs;tGY gÁr)aMk,ac;bru aNExμrmanlkçN³dUcKñanwgsur:gkEdr EtxusRtg;
surg: kedrelIRkNat;kat;eqVól rIÉExSRkvat;vijeKedrelIRkNat;esÞIrRtg;.
- sñab;éd
sñab;édéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrKWCakgcmøak;sMEb:tFMkNþal ehIymanragerov
eTAxaglMG edayk,Úrk,ac;rcnaepSg². cMENktYGbSraBak;sñab;édenAedImédTaMgBIrxag.
- Rbdab;éd
tYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmanBak;Rbdab;édcMnYnR)aMExSKW ExSTI 1 Bak;kgra:k; ExSTI2
nig ExS TI 3 Bak;k®nþúM ExSTI4Bak;kgj½r b¤ Rkvil nigExSTI5Bak;snøwk.

55
 eRkABIRbdab;édTaMg5RbePTxagelIenH tYGgÁeTBGbSrÉk eRcInniymBak;kRmg
páamøiHCalMGEfmeTotedIm,ICYybEnßmsRms;[kan;EtRss;s¥atmYykMriteTot.
- Rbdab;eCIg
Rbdab;eCIgéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmanBIrKW kgTgQUk nig kgj½r b¤ Rkvil.
- sgVarB½n§
enAelIxøÜntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNmanBak;ExSsgVarB½n§ k,ac;ragCaRKab;GgáaMedatbnþKña.
- páamas
páamasGaccat;cUleTAkñúgeRKOgtubEtglMGkay éntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNExμreyIg
pgEdr BIeRBaHfaCYnkaleKesotenAnwgcegáH CYnkaleKkan;raMCalMG. páamasenHeFVIGMBI
s<an;RkabEdlmanPaBrs; nig esþIgGackat;eFVICapáa b¤ snøwk)anehIyj½r)anl¥.
- karlabmux nig labxøÜnR)aN
r)aMGbSra)anekItkñúgsm½ykal EdlGñkr)aMburaN)anEkERbkarlabmuxmktamEbb
sm½yTMenIbehIy. eyIgsegáteXIjfa GñkraMr)aMenHeRcInKUrcieBa©ImRkas;bnþic nig esÞIrRtg;
KW minekagxVg;dUcdgFñÚeT.
edayELkkarlabxøÜnR)aN KWeKeRbIeRbgRkGUb CaeRbgemSAEdllayCamYyTwk
dmbu)öanana EdleKebHmkfμI²BIkñúgsYnRBHbrmraCvaMg bu:Enþbc©úb,nñpáaEdleKebHeRcInyk
mkBIRbPBepSg². bnÞab;mkeKykemSABN’RkhmeFVIGMBIxøwmcnÞn_mklabln)atéd nig
)ateCIgnag.

56
 - karsitsk;
fVIt,itEtk,alBak;máúdEmnBit EteKsegáteXIjGñkraMriHrkesaPNPaBedaysitsk;
EjkTmøak;mkxagmuxbnþicenaH)anbgðajnUvlkçN³mYyl¥smsYn. rIÉsk;EdlTmøak;xag
eRkayenaHeKcgpáacMbuIrIkmYy²CalMGeBjépÞsk;. ebIsintYGgÁGbSrmansk;Evg sk;nag
RtUvRkg nigbYgCapñÜg EdlrMelcedaypáacMbuIs elOg nig kRmgpáamøiH.
- máúd
máúdmanBIrEpñkKW máúdmanlkçN³l¥EbøkBIr)aMnana KWCaplitkmμbegáItfμI Etyktam
bBaØajaNcas;enAsm½yGgÁr edayeyagtamcmøak;énR)asaTburaNExμr. enAsm½ysgÁm
ra®sþniym máúdeFVIGMBImassuT§daMt,ÚgeBRCd¾mantémø BiessKWmáúdÉkTaMgsRmab;tYnag nig
tYnayerag46.l.
máúdsRmab;bMBak;[tYÉkmankMBUlR)aMehIymanBIrfñak;. ÉsRmab;tYrgbYn b¤R)aMmYy
nak;eTotmankMBUlEtbIehIymanEtmYyfñak;. kñúgmáúdTaMgGs;enHmanRkgsk;dak;beBaäat
Rbkbedayk,Úrk,ac;tubEtgP¢ab;Kañ CaeRcInEtmin)aneFVI[manGarmμN_eyIgsaMjaMeT. pÞúy
eTAvijKWeFVI[eyIges¶IcsresIrcMeBaHGñkbegáIt nigekatsJb;EsJgcMeBaHGñkraMEdlGacRTRTg;
Bak;sEmþgkñúgry³eBlrab;em:ag)an.
mádú RtUv)anbMBak;[dl;tGY gÁGbSraenAdMNak;kalcugeRkayeKbg¥s; eBalKWenAeRkay
eBlEdltYGgÁGbSra)antubEtgkaynigbMBak;eRKOgGlgáarepSg²rYcral;ehIy. karbMBak;
máúdenHKWRKUr)aMCaGñkbMBak; eday[Gñkr)aMlutCgÁg;ehIyBak;dak;eTAelIk,alnagy:agfñm²
bMput. enAelImáúdmankMBUlmYyx<s;CageK CatMNag sYKa’ eBalKWCazansYK’elakiyrbs;
RBH\®nÞEdlsßitenAelIkMBUlPñMRBHsuemru.

46
eBRC TuMRkviul/ r)aMExμr Khmer Dances/ 2001/TMB½r 43.
57
 tamelakRBwT§acarü su‘M saém )anmanRbsasn_fa cMeBaHkarKitKUreFVIeRKOgRbdab;
Glgáar BiessmáúdenaHmanelakRKUrbs;Kat;eQμaH eTog enA Føab;eFVICaGñkdwknaM.
- l,ak;páasMyug l,ak;páasMyugsRmab;cgnwgmáúdTmøak;mkxagsþaM ¬cMeBaHtYnay
erag¦ nigTmøak;mkxageqVg ¬cMeBaHtYnag¦ EdlmanTgpáasMyug nig kBa©úMpáaxagcug.
karRkgTgExSsMyug KW eKykGMe)aHmkedat[)anRbEvgRbEhl 10 s>m> . páa
sRmab;edatmanpáalðúgeQμaledayerIsykEtpáaRkBuM²EtebIBi)akrkGacykpáar½kSk¾)an.
bnÞab;mkeKykGMe)aHbI b¤ bYnsréscgbnþTukRbEvgRbEhl5s>m> ehIyedatpáaRKb;
srésTaMgGs;. páakBa©úMxagcugedatP¢ab;nwgTgExSTaMgGs;eKeRbIpáacMbuI. páacMbuIenHebIeKyk
páaminTan;rIkGs;KWenARkBuMbnþicenaHmanlkçN³l¥CagpáarIk BIeRBaHfa vaenAsMyugRsbtam
beNþayTRmg;muxehIymancaMgBN’RkhmeRBOg².

¬rUbelx47¦³ semøókbMBak;énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ¬rUbelx48¦³ r)aMgénr)aMk,ac;buraN

¬rUbelx49¦³ eRKOgtubEtglMGénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ¬rUbelx 50¦³ máúdéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraN

58
 ry:apáaemÞs sur:gk
¬rUbelx51-52¦
máúdGbSraÉk

Rbdab;éd
sñab;éd
ExSRkvat;
sMBt;
Rbdab;eCIg
¬rUbelx53¦³ cmøak;GbSrenAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ.

sgVarB½n§

ExSRkvat;
¬rUbelx54¦³ tYGgÁhnuman ¬rUbelx55¦³ Rbdab;éd ¬manBak;cieBa©ónRkg¦

59
 karsikSaGMBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr EdlmanbnSl;Tukmkdl;sBVéf¶enH eyIgGacTajnUv
esckþIsnñidæanmYy)anCak;lak; nigR)akdfa semøókbMBak; nig eRKOgtubEtglMGelItYGgÁ
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KW BitCamanrebobesøókBak; nigtubEtgkaymYymanlkçN³EbbsuRkit
EdlExμr)anécñRbDitecjmkeday yktamlMnaMcmøak;Edlmanqøak;enAelIR)asaTburaNExμr.
semøókbMBak;énelçank,ac;buraNExμrKWCasemøókbMBak;rbs;BBYkeTvtazansYK’ Edl
P¢ab;CamYy nig nagnaKCaGm,ÚrBUCsasn_ExμreTAtamTsSn³énCnCatiExμr Edlmann½yfa
CnCatiExμrCaCnCatiRsemIRsémécñRbDiteRcIn. tamBiterOgenHExμrKWCnCatiBUEkRsémKit
dl;karbegáItCarUbPaBzansYK’ b¤ zanepSg²kñúgGarmμN_rbs;xøÜn nig BUEkecHeFVI[rUbPaB
RsémTaMgenaHekIteLIgCak;EsþgenAelITwkdIxøÜnya:gBitR)akd.
tamkarsegáteTAelIrebobesøókBak; nig eRKOgGlgáarénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr eXIj
mankarcmøgykeTAeRbIR)as;sRmab;eFVIkarécñRbDit[tYGgÁeTvta CYnkaleXIjmanenAkñúg
rUbcmøak; nig rUbKMnUrepSg² EdltMNag[rUbeTvta)acpáapþl;C½ymgÁlsirIsYsþI kñúg»kas
BiFIbuNüRbéBNICatiNamYy dUcCaBiFITTYleTvtaqñaMfμIEdlRBHGgÁyagcuHmkRKb;RKgTwk
dICaedIm. ehIykareFVI EbbenH eKeRcInyktamlMnaMtYGgÁ nayerag tMNag[tYGgÁRbus b¤
eTvtaRbus nigtYnagtMNag[ tYGgÁRsI b¤ eTvtaRsI EdlCaTRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
enHÉg.
tamkarRsavRCaveyIgeXIjfa semøókbMBak; nigeRKOgGlgáarEdlsRmab;tubEtg
lMGtYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmanlkçN³vivtþn_EbøkbEnßmeToteTAtamsm½ykaledayrebob
esøókBak; nigmankartubEtglMGelIragkaykan;Etsm,ÚrEbbnigkan;Etl¥.
edaysarKMnitécñRbDitRbkbedayeTBekaslüx<s;éndUntaExμrtaMgBIsm½ymunGgÁr
bnþrhUtmkdl;sm½yGgÁrEdlmanrUbcmøak;GbSr nig erOgelçank,ac;buraNCaeRcInqøak;enA
elIpÞaMgsilaR)asaTmanPaBrs;revIkhak;manRBlwgBit²CaskçIPaBRsab;.

60
 tamry³r)aMk,ac;buraNpgEdrk¾)anbgðajGMBI ]tþmPaBd¾Gs©arüénsgÁmExμrnasm½y
enaH eBalKWkarksagcMeNHdwg nigbBaØajaNrbs;dUntaExμr.

VII . rUbPaB nigxøwmsarénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr

ral;karkekIténvtßústVelakTaMgLayKWGaRs½yeday ehtu nig bc©½y. kalNa
ehtusmRsbbc©½yRKb;RKan;plnwgekItmkedayÉkÉg. enHCaRkwtüRkmFmμCati CarUbmnþ
ehtuplEdl)ankMNt;cab;taMgBIeBlkekItTwkdI mnusS stV mkem:øH. edayELkmnusS
Exμrk¾sßitkñúgRkwtüRkmenaHEdr )ann½yfaExμrminGacrs;edayR)ascakrUbmnþehtupl nig
bc©½y)aneLIy. EtsgÁmExμrRtUv)ankMNt;edayBN’sm,úr crit nigTMenomTmøab;eday
ELkrbs;xøÜn EdlsgÁmvb,Fm’eKniymehAfa GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’ bJu GtþsBaØaNCati.
sgÁmmnusSGacrkSaPaBsßitesßr nig GtþPaBrbs;xøÜnrhUtsBVéf¶)anKWGaRs½yeday
ehtu nig bc©½yrYmdUc²KñaKWRtUvqøgkat;Blkmμ karbnþBUC karGPivDÆsmtßPaBpÞal;xøÜnBImYy
CMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; edIm,IGacRbQmTb;Tl;CamYyFmμCati nigbriyakasCuMvijxøÜn. b:uEnþebI
clnaCIvitecHEtekItsacuHsaeLIgdEdl²y:agdUecñH CIvitR)akdCanwgRtUveRtomsøab;eTA
vij. GaRs½yedayclnaRcMEdlrbs;xøÜnenaHÉg eRBaHfaral;vtßúFatuenAelIelakenHEtg
eFVIclnaERbRbYlpøas;bþÚrfμI nigGPivDÆCanic© ¬kñúgRkbxNÐ ehtu nigbc©½ysmRsb¦ man
Etkarpøas;bþÚreTEdlminecHERbRbYlenaH ¬il n’y a que le changement qui ne change
pas¦. ehtuenHedIm,IjúaMg[CIvitGacKg;vgSsßitesßrteTA)an luHNaEteyIgecHEkécñél

bEnßmnUveRKOgel,ayEdlCaeRbgrMGil CacMNIGarmμN_ CasRms;CIvit eFVI[karrs;enA

kan;Etmann½y kan;EtmankþIsgÇwm kan;EtKYr[cg;rs; eFVI[mnusSh‘ankarBar h‘anBlI
nigh‘anbþÚrCIvitedIm,Iman «CIvit » maneTAeTot.
CIvti mnusSExμrcab;BeI BlekItrhUteBlsøab; nig eRkayeBlsøab;BEMu mnecHEtbeNþay
xøÜn[ekIt rs; nigsøab;eTAvijedaykþIkeNþackENþgcEm,gcitþenaHeT. edIm,IeFVI[CIvitkan;

61
EtRss;bMRBg nigkan;EtmansgÇwm mnusSExμr)anP¢ab;dMNak;kalTaMgbIenHCamYyt®nþI
ceRmog nigr)aMCab;CaRbcaMrab;taMgBITmøab;énkarbMeBkUnkñúgGRgwg EdlCaceRmogRbCaRbiy
d¾samBaØbMputKμanTaMgePøgkMdrpg. eBjmYyCIvitrbs;ExμrEtgEtmanP¢ab;nUvBiFIepSg²tam
TMenomTmøab;RbéBNIburaNGmedayt®nþIceRmog nig r)aMEdlCaRkwtüxñatrbs;sgÁmCakar
niymrbs;shKmn_Exμr nigCael,ayjaMugCIvit[RbRBwtþeTARbkbedayPaBRbRktI nig l¥
RtkalKYrcg;rs;enACabnþeTot.
GaRs½yedayt®nþIceRmog nig r)aMCasar³minGacpþac;ecjBICIvitExμr dUecñHehIyeTIb
t®nþIceRmog nig r)aM)anpSarP¢ab;CamYysgÁmExμrrhUtbc©úb,nñ nig teTAGnaKt. enHKWCa
tfPaBénsar³ nig kMeNIt. sar³ EtgekItmanmunkMeNIt bJuniyaytamEbbm:üageTotfa
xøwmsarekItmunrUbPaB ¬L’Essence précède la naissance¦ )ann½yfaluHNaEtxøwmsar
enaHmansar³eTIbrUbPaBkekItecjmkCaeRkay KW ekItmksRmab;EtbeRmI[xøwmsar BuMEmn
ekItmkedIm,Ik,t;xøwmsarenaHeLIy. xøwmsar nig rUbPaBRtUveFVIdMeNIrTnÞwmKña bJu RsbKñaBI
ekItrhUtdl;søab; bJu BIcab;epþImrhUtdl;TIbBa©b;. ebIrUbPaBk,t;xøwmsar bJu xøwmsarminbeRmI
[rUbPaB PaBpÞúyKñarvagxøwmsar nigrUbPaBnwg eFVI[sil,³enaHRtUvvinassabsUnüeTA.
enATIenHeyIgsUmelIkykEtEpñkmYyénsil,³CIvitrbs;Exμrmkbriyay nig sUmeFVI
GtßaFib,ayviPaKEtGMBIrUbPaB nig xøwmsarénr)aMburaNExμrb:ueNÑaH47 ¬1¦ rIÉviFankarsikSa
RsavRCavk¾samBaØEdrKWeFVIkarsikSanigviPaKtamry³karGanÉksarepSg² nig tamry³
karsmÖasCamYyelakRKUGñkRKUcas;²EdlCaRBwT§acarüxagvis½ysil,³vb,Fm’ edIm,IpþúMKMnit
TsSn³nigEsVgrkGMNHGMNagsmRsbCaTLðIkrN_.

47
¬1 + 2¦ sil,³ExμrmaneRcInTRmg; ³ sil,³elIqakmanCag20TRmg;-ePøgExμrmanCag1000bT
kMNaBüExμrman50Ebb edayELkr)aMburaNExμrmanPasak,ac; bJ k,ac;)at4500k,ac;. eKalTsSn³FM²
cMeBaHvb,Fm’Exμr nigkarGPivDÆ-RBwT§acarü eqg pun e)aHBum<edaymCÄmNÐlvb,Fm’ nigvibsSnaqñaM2000.

62
 Gacniyay)anfa r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr Camt’kd¾éføføarbs;buBVbursExμr )anbnSl;Tuk
mkCar)aMtnþI ¬La danse classique¦ EdlKuNPaBrbs;vaQandl;lkçN³suRkwt\tex©aH
TaMgrUbPaBTaMgxøwmsarmin GaceFVIkarEkTRmg;bJuécñRbDitbegáItfμIelIsBIenHeTot)aneLIy.
rUbPaBrbs;vaCaRbePTrUbPaBburaNEdlmanPasar)aM bJ k,ac;)atrhUtdl; 4500
k,ac; ¬2¦ GmedayceRmognigt®nþIkMdrEdl]bkrN_ePøgCa]bkrN_brmburaNmankMeNIt
eRcInCagmYyBan;qñaM dUcmanqøak;Cab;enAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrRsab;48.

¬rUbelx56¦³ r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJu r)aMRBHraCRTBü ¬rUbelx57¦³

r)aMk,ac;mNIemxla

¬rUbelx58¦³ QutmYyénelçanexal EdlehAfaelçank,ac;buraNExμr bJu elçanRBHraCRTBü

48
Le Ballet Royal 2003 - (les origines du Ballet, page 21).

63
 GaRs½yedayrUbPaBrbs;vamanlkçN³buraN dUecñHehIyeTIbr)aMenHminGacsEmþg
bJu bkRsaynUvral;xøwmsarTaMgLayNaEdlBuMmanlkçN³rUbPaBburaN)aneLIy. r)aM
buraNExμrCaRbePTr)aMskáar³ Car)aMeTv³sRmab;raMfVay bJu raM]TÞissuMesckþIsux nig PaBrug
erOg ¬r)aMeTB menarmü¦ CaGñkBaMnaMnUvBakü]TÞisbYgsYgrvagzankNþalnigzanelI. rIÉ
Gñkr)aMeTotesatk¾BuMEmnCamnusSbfuC¢n bJ samBaØCnenaHeLIy KWCaeTBGbSr kinñrI Ca
tYGgÁBak;kNþalmnusS Bak;kNþaleTvta CaGñknaMsarBIzanmnusSeTAzaneTvta nigBI
zaneTvtaRtLb;mkvij.
sUm,IrUbcmøak;GbSraenAelIR)agÁR)asaTGgÁr k¾RtUv)anqøak;enAtamTItaMgd¾smrmü
gayemIl bJu x<s;Cagcmøak;déTEdr.
r)aMburaNExμrGacraM bJ sEmþg)anEtBIrTRmg;bu:eNÑaHehIyCaTRmg;r)aMburaNeTot
pg. kalNasEmþgCaRTg;RTayQutr)aMxøI²dUcCa r)aMmNIemxla r)aMmár r)aMeTBmenarmü
r)aMCUnBr eK[eQμaHfa r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü. EtebIr)aMenHsEmþg
Casac;erOgEvg bJ dkRsg;vKÁxø²I BIerOg buraNniTanNamYy dUcCa erOgRBHefagnagnaK
GIuNavbusS)a erOgramekrþi_>>> eKehAfa elçank,ac;buraNExμr bJu elçanRBHraCRTBü vij49.
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJu r)aMRBHraCRTBü CaRbePTr)aMsuRkwtkRmitx<s;kan;EtemIlkan;Et
l¥ kan;EteQVgyl;eRCAeTA²kan;EtelcecjnUvxøwmsar nig Gtßn½yd¾l¥RbéBBak;B½n§nwg
GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’Exμr50.
: r)aMburaNExμrmanlkçN³edayELkKμanBIr minGacP½nþRcLMCamYyr)aMepSgeTot
)aneLIy :. vaBumM anlkçN³tamEbbelatRtdagxønÜ begðaHeTAmux[rYcputBIRkwtüRkmén

49
eBRCTuMRkviul r)aMExμr 2001.
50
nadkr)aMburaNRtUvhVwkhat;y:agticBI7dl;10qñaM ehIymuneBleLIgraMRtUveFVIsmaFicitþ bþÚrGarmμN_BImnusS
samBaØeTACaeTBGbSrCabuKÁll¥brisuT§pøÚvcitþeTIbsEmþg)anseRmc.

64
TMnajEpndIdUcr)aM)aeLbs©mi RbeTsenaHeT ehIyk¾B)Mu ansabeRBaHnUvlT§éi nCMenOs‘b;gb;gl;
dUcr)aM\NÐapgEdr.
vaBuM)anGRgYnxøÜn[lan;sñÚrxÞ½r buJ EsþgecjnUvPaBeRkveRkaFdUcr)aMénekaHCVa. sßit
kñúglkçN³RbéBNIrbs;Exμr nadkar)aM)anbeBa©jkayvikarclnaBt;eBnCaExSry³tP¢ab;Kña
tamk,ac;raMBImYyeTAmYy kñúgEdnlMhénRkLar)aMy:agrlUn edayBuMmanbeBa©jsUm,IEtbnþic
nUvPaBrlak;eRKatRKat bJ KeRmaHKeRmIy Etk¾BuMEmn)ann½yfaxVHlkçN³xabsNþMTak;Taj
enaHEdr. ral;kayvikarénk,ac;raMRtUv)ankMdry:ageTogTat;edaysñÚréncgVak;ePøg ehIyk¾
CasBaØasRmab;Tb;BnüWtral;clnaTaMgenaHvij EdlEPñkFmμtaswgEtBi)aknwgsmÁal;
dwg. : ral;elIk[Et)anepþatGarmμN_TsSnavamþg² KWRtUvEtekatsresIredayxanBuM)an
ehIyk¾EtgEtesaksþayvaCanic©pgEdr : enHKWCasmþrI bs;elak George Groslier51.
Pasarbs;GñkR)aCJkRmitBiPBelakenH srbBa¢ak;[eXIjfar)aMenHBitCamantémø
mYyBitR)akdrbs;xnÜø Emn Catémøénmnþesñh_Tak;Tajtamry³rUbPaBsil,³d¾suRkwt\tex©aH
rbs;vabeRmI[xøwmsarGb;rM sIuCeRmARbkbedayKuNtémøCaskl. enHehIyCasñÚl Caxøwm
Edlbgáb;enAeRkamrUbPaBsil,³eTv³ bJu sil,³skáar³énr)aMk,ac;buraNenHÉg. r)aMenH
taMgBImunmkebIKitrhUtdl;TsvtSr_qñaM 60 RtUv)anRKb;RKgelIksÞÜÞy nig EfrkSapþac;mux
edayRBHbrmraCvaMg sßiteRkamRBHraCtRmiH nigkarykRBHT½yTukdak;CaBiessrbs;
semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna nigsRmab;EterobcMsEmþg
CUnfñak;ePJóvCati \sSrCnCan;x<s; nig ePJóvGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaH .
eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü rUbPaBr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrRtUvlubbM)at; nig kemÞc
ecalesÞIrEtTaMgRsug ehIyCMnYsvijedayr)aMQutGavexμA Es,keCIgkg;Lan EdlraMtam

51
dkRsg;BI L’Art de la danse énkRmgÉksarr)aMRBHraCRTBü Proclamation des Chefs d’Oeuvre
du Patrimoine riel de l’HumaniteOral et immate Extula qñaM 2003.

65
cgVak;edIr nig TMnukbdivtþ. enaHKWCadMNak;kalénsm½yesaknadkmμd¾exøacpSabMput
sRmab;Rbvtþiénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr.
eRkayrbbExμrRkhmRtUvdYlrlMeTAnaéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM1979 rUbPaBénr)aMk,ac;
buraNExμr RtUv)anelIksÞÜy[rs;ranmanCIviteLIgvijCabeNþIr² tamlT§PaBCak;EsþgEdl
man nigRtUv)anBRgIkEdnskmμPaBrbs;xnÜø minEmnsßti enARtwmEtsEmþgCUnePJóvCatiGnþrCati
\sSrCnCan;x<s;b:ueNÑaHeTKWsEmþgpSBVpSayCaTUeTAsRmab;mhaCnRKb;RsTab;rhUtCnbT
dac;Rsyal TINak¾)andwg)ansÁal; eTaHCav½yNak¾)anBJu )aneXIjedaypÞal;pgEdr.
rUbPaBd¾suRkwtEbbenH minGacP¢ab;CamYyxøwmsarEdlKμan : xøwm : xøwmsarEdlxVH
karGb;rMsIuCeRmA bJu xøwmsarEdlmin)anqøúHbBa©aMgBItémøGtþsBaØaNCati)aneLIy.
ral;xmwø sarsil,³tUvykmUldæanmnusSniymCaeKal. ykmnusSsRmab;Gb;rMmnusS
sUm,IeBlxøHmnusSenaHCamnusSnimitþkþI ¬Humanisme Symbolise¦. témøBiténvb,Fm’
ExμrmanktþasMxan;BIr TImYyKWtémøsmÖar³ ¬rielle Valeur mate¦ nigTIBrI KWtémøsμartI ¬Valeur
spirituelle¦. témøTaMgBIrenHCYnbRgYmcUlKñaCYnbMEbkecjBIKña (A la fois synthèse et

antithèse) KWCatémøénGgÁÉkPaBkñúgPaBpÞúyKña ¬dans l’unite Diversite¦ GñksikSaRsav

RCavxagvis½ysil,³vb,Fm’RtUvrk[eXIjcMNcu enH TaMgenHCasmþIrbs;elakRBwT§acarü

eqg pun52. eyagtamGtßn½yénsmþIRbkbedayxøwmsarenH eyIgsakl,geFVIkarsikSa
GMBIxøwmsarén r)aMmNIemxla Ca]TahrN_emIl etIy:agdUcemþcEdr ?.
mNIemxla KWCaRbePTr)aMk,ac;Tak;Tgnwgxül;CaFM bJ k¾Car)aMTak;TgnwgdMeNIr
énkarkekItBiPBelak. FmμCatimanBIr KW FmμCatieRkAEdlkMBugmandMeNIrvivtþ nig kekIt
enAkñúgBiPBcRkvaLxageRkA nig FmμCatikñúg KWFmμCatiEdlkMBugvivtþ nigkekItenAkñúgxøÜnén
buKÁlmñak;². TaMgxagkñúgnigxageRkAsuT§swgCa : GgÁrYmpSM : (Elements composés)
52
bTsmÖasCamYyRBwT§acarü eqg pun ¬GtItrdæm®nþIRksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³ nigCaGñkniBn§
nigdwknaMerOgelçand¾eqñIm¦ naéf¶TI 8emsa qñaM2007 enAERBkhUrtaexμA.

66
énFatuTaMg4 KW Twk dI ePøIg xül;. kñúgenaHFatuxül;mantYnaTIskmμCageKkñúgkarsRmb
sRmYl nig eFVIRbtikmμrvagFatuTaMgbIepSgeTot edayeFVI[mantulüPaBrvagFatuTaMgbYn
kñúgTMnak;TMngsmrmüRbkbedaysuRkwtPaB naM[CIvitmansuPmgÁl.
emxla kan;EkvmNItMNag[FatuTwk. rIÉ ramsUr kan;BUefAtMNag[FatuePøIg.
RKÚ ¬Guru¦ KW CaRkwtüRkménFmμCati)anEbgEck [GñkTaMgBIrmantYnaTI nig smtßPaB
xusKñakñúgkarRKb;RKgelak. KμannrNamñak;GacTTYlykBUefApgnigEkvmNIpg)anenaH
eT. suPmgÁlénCIvitsßitenARtg;GñkTaMgBIrecHshkarKña ¬kñúgRkbx½NÐehtu nigbc©½ysm
Rsb¦ tambNþaMRKÚ KWkareKarBRkwtüRkménFmμCatienaHeKnwgTTYl)anpll¥sRmab;xøÜn
mñak;². EkvmNInigBUefA ¬CanimitþrUbénEpørnÞH¦ b:HKñakñúgl½kçx½NÐsmRsbecjCaBnøWrnÞH
begáIt)anCaePøógsRmab;eRsacRsBelIPBEpndIpþl;CaCIvitdl;stVelak53.
enHKWCaGtßn½ybdirUbén r)aMmNIemxla EdlRbCaBlrdæExμrbc©úb,nñenAEtniym
TsSnaeRBaHr)aMenHmanbgáb;nUvTsSn³c,as;las;cMeBaHCIvit nig RkwtüRkmFmμCatiEdlCa
sc©³minGacEkERb)an.
xøwmsarenH)anqøúHbgðajBIpñt;KMniténkarKitKUrBicarNarbs;buBVbursExμrpSarP¢ab;rvag
CIvti Bit nig elçandUcEdlmCÄdæanGñksil,³EtgeBalfa : CIvitKWsil,³ sil,³KWCIvit :.
y:agNamijTsSn³Exμrkñúgkarrs;enAk¾BuMXøatq¶ayBIGVIEdl)anbgáb;kñúgxøwmsarénr)aMk,ac;
buraNExμrenaHEdr.
: GriyFm’Exμr CakarsMeyaKrYmpSMrvagFatujI nigFatueQμal rvagFatu Twk nig
FatudI : FatuTaMgBIrenHKWCanimitþrUbénCIviténkarkekIt énkarbnþBUCdUcmanrUbcmøak; : sIvligÁ
nigeyanI : Cavtßúskáar³ dak;taMgenAtamR)asaTburaNnanaCaedIm.

53
ÉksarGtßFib,ay TsSnIyPaBsil,³vb,Fm’eTv³Exμr mCÄmNÐlvb,Fm’ nigvibsSna éf¶TI 10emsa
qñaM1999.

67
 eRBaHfaCIvti minGackat;
pþac;ecjBIRkwtüRkmenH)an
eLIy. sUm,IFmμCatik¾manBak;
kNþalTwkBak;kNþaleKak
Bak;kNþalR)aMgBak;kNþal
vsSa ehIyrUbPaBenHRtUv)an ¬rUbelx59¦³ RkLar)aMGbSra
dUntaExμrtagCabc©½yCanimitþrUb
enAkñúgsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
tamrykarbgðajtYGgÁCanimitþ
dUcCa RbusedIrtYRsI bJu RsIedIrtY
Rbus. b:uEnþPasak,ac;enAEtrkSa
xñatnigTRmg;edImdEdl54. enH
KWCaRkwtüRkménkarÉkPaBrvag ¬rUbelx 60¦³ r)aMtaEy::.
PaBpÞúyKña ¬l’umité de la
diversité¦ edIm,IQaneTArkkar

GPivDÆ. FatuTkw FatudI FatuePøgI

Fatuxül; FatujI FatueQμal
KWCaFatuKURtUvP¢ab;Kñapg ehIy
CYnkal RtUvRbtikmμbMEbkecjBI
Kñapg EdlCamUlehtu nig Ca
ktþacaM)ac; kñúgkarpþl;CIvit[dl; ¬rUbelx62¦ ³ r)aMmár

54
Ék]tþm nut Nar:ag GtItrdæm®nþIRksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³.

68
stVelak ehIyk¾CaxøwmsarsIuCeRmAEdl
Exμr)anykmk bgáb;kñúgGtßn½yén
r)aMk,ac;buraNenHpgEdr edIm,IjúaMg[
r)aMenHmanCIvitGmt³ nigmantémøCa
KuNFm’d¾x<g;x<s; kñúgn½ykmSanþpgGb;rM
pg nig eKarBpg. karraMr)aMk,ac;buraN
ExμrminGaceRbIEtbec©keTsGacseRmc ¬rUbelx63¦³ RBHemeTvI
eCaKC½ydl;kMBUl)anenaHeLIy.
GñkraMRtUvecHeQVgyl;edayxøÜnÉgrk[eXIjtulüPaBnigPaBsmrmürvag : kay
nig citþ :. citþ nig menaseBa©tna CavtßúGrUbemIlmineXIjb:Hmin)an EtGñkraMcaM)ac;RtUv
hat;Bt;lt;dMemIl [Tal;EteXIj nig b:H[Tal;Et)antamry³k,ac;raMénPasar)aMEdl
buBVburseyIg)anrkeXIjnigbnSl;Tukmk.
: r)aMmár Car)aMeTv³Edlman emxla ramsUr nig vrQun CatYGgÁsEmþg :.
smasPaBrYmpSMéntYGgÁr)aMenH KWCanimitþrUbénFatuTaMg4 KWTwk dI ePøgI xül;. már CaRbePT
stVrs;enAkñúgTwk EdlmanrUbPaBtMNagedayRkLar)aM manpøwtCanimitþrUbénRska. clna
pøtw tMNag[xül;. clnaénFatuTaMg 4 enHmanenAkñgú cRkvaLEdlCaFmμCatieRkA bJu FmμCati
FMnigenAkñúgbuKÁlmñak;² EdlCaFmμCatikñúg bJu FmμCatitUc. kalNaclnaéntulüPaB nig
PaBsmrmüénFatuTaMgbYnenH shkarKña)anl¥TaMgkñúgcRkvaL nig kñúgbuKlÁ mñak;²enaH
sgÁmCatinigmnusSCatinwg)anrYmrs;kgúñ esckþsI xu nigsuPmgÁl55. TaMgenHKWCa PaBsuxdum
énCIvit (Harmonie de lavie). sil,³ExμrEtgpþitecjBICIvitBit PaBsuxdumrvagTwk nig
xül; KWxül;s¶b; Twks¶b; suxTaMgstVkñúgTwk suxTaMgmnusSnaMdl;CIvitsuxs¶b; enHCa
RCugmYyénTsSn³CIvit rbs;mnusSExμr.
55
ÉksarGtßaFib,ayTsSnIyPaBsil,³ vb,Fm’eTv³Exμr-mCÇmNÐlvb,Fm’nigvibsSnaéf¶TI 10 emsa qñaM1999

69
 tamry³esovePA :GaTieTBRkugGgÁr : bBa¢ak;c,as;faGñkr)aMsm½yGgÁrman
1622 nak; nig rUbGbSraCag 3000 RtUv)anqøak;Cab;enAtamR)agÁ nig kMEBgR)asaTTaMg
LayTukCatwktag rhUtbc©úb,nñ eTaHbIRtUv)at;bg; bJu xUcxatGs;mYycMnYnkþI.
edayELkenAR)asaTRBHx½n mankEnøgraMBIr KW TImYykEnøgFMenARtg;TIlanFMR)asaT
BIrCan;kEnøgtmál;RBHx½nraCü KWCakEnøgsRmab;raMfVayCUnkmSanþ kñúgBiFIepSg² TIBIrkEnøg
raMtUcsRmab;EtBIr bJu bInak; enAkEnøgbnÞb;tUcRsIRKb;l½kçN_ KWsRmab;raMkñúgBiFIskáarbUCa
x<s;bMputEdlmanEteTvTasIfñak;x<s;bMput eTIbGacraMfVaykñúgBiFIenaH)an. Bak;B½n§nwgBiFI
raMEbbenH eyIgenAmanr)aMkMBUlmYyEdlmannadkar)aMEtmñak;b:ueNÑaHecjsEmþg KW r)aM
taEy:.
TsSn³nigCMenOrbs;Exμryl;fasßansYK’ sßankNþal nig sßannrkenAminq¶ayBIKña
eLIy. rvagsßannimYy²manGnþrkarImYyrUbmantYnaTICaGñknaMsar nigTMnak;TMngral;kic©kar
pgTaMgLay.
CaGaT×GbSra bJu eTBGbSrkinñrIbMeBjParkic©Ca
GñknaMsarrvagsßansYK’ nig sßanmnusS naMykral;
sMNUmBr BIsßanmnusS eTAsßanelI nignaMykesckþI
suxBIsßanelI mkEckrMElkCUnsßanmnusSvij.
r)aMtaEy:KWCar)aMeTv³EdlbMBak;edayxøwmsar nig
rUbPaBmanlkçN³brisuT§x<g;x<s;. rUbPaB nig xøwmsar
énr)aMenHCakar BaMnaMnvU sMNmU Brrbs;mnusSelakeLIg
eTAsßaneTvelak edIm,IesñIsuMBr suxsnþiPaB nig vibul
PaB CUnmnusSelakRKb;rUb. :CadMbUg GñksEmþgraM
bMeBjPaBbrisTu [§ xønÜ Ég bnÞab;mkeTIbbBa¢nÚ mena
seBa©tnad¾brisuT§enaH eTAsßaneTvelakehIyTIbMput ¬rUbelx64-65¦³ R)asaTRBHx½n
kEnøgraMFM nig tUc
eRkayeBlEdlTTYl)an nUvPaBbrisuT§enaHRKb;RKan;
70
 ehIyeKk¾ cab;epþImraMpSayPaBbrisuT§enaHCUnTsSnikCn nig mnusSelak : 56.
PaBsuRkwtbrisuT§xagpøÚvkay KW GaRs½yedayPaBsuRkwtbrisuT§énpøÚvcitþ. : karraM bJu
karsEmþgr)aMburaNExμr eRkABIbec©keTsr)aMEdlmanPasaRkLar)aM nig dMeNIrk,ac;d¾
suRkwtenaH enAmanktþasMxan;mYyeTotminGacxVH)anKWpøÚvcitþ RtUvhat;citþeTIb r)aMburaNExμr
Qandl;kRmitsuRkwt\tex©aH)an KW hat;kay10qñaM hat;citþ10qñaM nighat;kaybBa©Úl
pøÚvcitþ10qñaMeToteTIbGacraMdl;kRmitkMBUl)an57 enHCasmþIrbs;elakRBwT§acarü eqg pun
elak)anGHGagy:agmWugma:t;dUecñH.

¬rUbelx66¦³ karpSBVpSayr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrkñúg ¬rUbelx67¦³ karpSBVpSayr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrkñúgmhaCn

mhaCnenAmCÄmNÐlvb,Fm’ nigvibsSna enAviTüal½yRBHraCsmÖar extþkMBt

vtßúmYyEdlcat;Tukfamantémø ehIytémøenaHmanlkçN³Casakl nig manKuNPaB

kRmitmnusSCati BuMEmnecHEtbegáIt)an bJu TTYl)anedaygay²enaHeLIy. BitEmnehIy
karelIkeLIgrbs;elakRBwT§acarü eqg pun GMBIry³eBlénkarhat;raMenaH KWminhYsehtu
eBkeTeRBaHfa ÷
1> edIm,ICMruj[karsEmþg nig karbeBa©jkayvikark,ac;manlkçN³suRkwt\tex©aH
eTA)anKWTamTarRtUvmaneBlevlamYyyUrKYrsmsRmab;hat;nigraMpg dkBiesaFn¾pg rYc

56
ÉksarGtßaFib,ayTsSnIyPaBsil,³ vb,Fm’eTv³Exμr-mCÇmNÐlvb,Fm’ nigvibsSnaéf¶TI10 emsa qñaM1999.
57
bTsmÖasCamYyRBwT§acarü eqg pun naéf¶TI 29 emsa 2007 enAPUmixøaRtaM XuMkMBg;høÜg RsukBjaBJu extþkNþal.

71
RtUvRtLb;eTA hat;raM hat;sEmþg nig hat;dkBiesaFn_CabnþeTot eFVIy:agdUecñHrhUtTal;
EtkaynigcitþmandegðImEtmYyrlaycUlKñakñúgFøúgEtmYy BuMEmnTal;EtcitþbBa¢aeTIbkayraM
bJu kayRtUvrg;caMsÞg;citþsineTIbraM)an BuMEmnraMedayeRbIbBaØaeLIy EtRtUvraMedaydegðIm
menaseBa©tnaecjBIebHdUgRCabeBjsBa’gÁkayrhUtcugRmam.
2> PaBévqøatrbs;buBVburseyIgsßitenARtg;elakBuM)aneRbIPaBTak;Tajénr)aMburaN
Exμr tamry³ :sRms;mux : rbs;tYsEmþgeLIy eRBaHelakyl;fasRms;muxminmanGayu
kalEvgeT. ehtuenHeTIbelakeRbIPaBTak;TajenHtamry³kayvikarRkLar)aM nig k,ac;
raMvijbUkpSMCamYysemøokbMBak;sMeLgt®nþI nig ceRmog. cMNucenHbgðajc,as;tamry³tY
sEmþgRtUveRbIk,aMgmux bJuRtUvlabmuxedayemSABN’sk,ús58 eRBaHelakmincg;[tYsEmþg
RtUveRbITwkmux bJubgðajmux enAeBlEdltYenaHmanBiesaFn_dl;kMBUl EtGayukalGac
Qandl;v½yEs. )ann½yfabuBVburseyIg)anrkeXIjrUbmnþsRmab;BnüarGayu[tYsEmþg.
: eBlraMebInadkaeRbIEtkmøaMgkay k,ac;raMnwgxVHdegðImCIvit GñkraMmanGarmμN_ehv
ht; sRms;r)aMnwgRtUv)at;bg;. GñkraMRtUvEtecHeRbIdegðImrujxül;[Rcantamk,ac;dMeNIr
k,ac;nwgekInsRms; GñkraMminmanGarmμN_ehvht; eTaHbIRtUvsEmþgrab;em:agkþI. mü:ageTot
esaP½Nénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr sßitenARtg;bec©keTsecHeRbIxül; nigecHx©Ixül; edIm,IbMEbøg
k,ac;. ]TahN_dUcCaclnaRKvIk,al ¬Bak;máúd¦ GñkraMRtUvrkSasßanPaBk,al[enAnwgRtg;
eTAelIEtEbrCaRtUvkeRmIksμaeTAvij edIm,I[TsSnikCnemIleXIjfaGñkraMkBM gu RKvIk,al :59.
GVIEdl)anGtßaFib,aymkenH KW CarUbPaBxøwmsar nig CacMNucGaf’kM)aMgmYycMnYn
énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr EdlCaebtikPNÐGrUbIénmnusSCati nig Camt’kRtUv)anbnSl;Tuk

58
edImeLIynadkar)aMburaNExμrlabmuxedayemSAs BuMEmntubEtgbgðajsRms;dUcbc©úb,nñeLIy.
59
bTsmÖasn_CamYyelakCMTav miuj kusnI nadkar)aMk,ac;buraNExμrd¾eqñImCaRKUr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr nigCaGKÁ
naykrgbec©keTsvb,Fm’énRksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³ naéf¶TI 21 Ex ]sPa qñaM2007.

72
edaybuBVbursExμr. r)aMenHRtUvsRmbxøÜntamkalevla CaBiessedIm,IPaBsßitesßrrbs;xøÜn
kñúgsgÁmExμr r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr)anGPivDÆ nig tRmwmtRmg;bnþicmþg²edayRbugRby½tñbMput
elIrUbPaBdUcCasemøókbMBak; kartubEtg karlabmux nigrYmTaMgk,ac;raMxøH²pgrhUt
bc©úb,nñ. GMNwHteTAedIm,IEfr)aMenH[)anl¥RbesIr nig rkSa[)annUvmUldæanedIm EdlCa
GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜnenaH Kb,IRtUvykcitþTuk dak;elIktþasMxan;3y:agKW
1> bec©keTs KWRtUveKarBtamTRmg;nigk,ac;r)aMEdlCaPasamUldæanminGnuBaØat
[bEnßm bJu kat;bnßy[xusBIxñatedIm)aneLIy. TaMgkartubEtglm¥muxmat;TaMgsemøók
bMBak; TaMgkarerobcMqak nigtYsEmþgRtUvbnúSI[Rsbtamclnaénk,ac;nImYy².
2> RTwsþI KWRtUveFVIkarsikSaeQVgyl;[)aneRcInnigsIuCeRmABIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrTaMg
rUbPaB nigxøwmsar edIm,IbegáIteLIgnUvRTwsþIfμI²RbkbedaylkçN³viTüasa®sþ sRmab;Bnül;
nigBRgwgdl;bec©keTsmUldæanr)aM.
3> GarmμN_pøÚvcitþ KWCatémøCaCIvit nig CasRms;rbs;r)aMEdlnadk nadkar)aMmñak;²
caM)ac;RtUveQVgyl;tamry³bTBiesaFn_kargar edIm,ICaTunsRmab;xnÜø kñgú karEfrkSa nig pSBV
pSayeTAGnaKt. enHCadMNak;kalcugeRkay EdlGñkr)aMcMa)ac;RtUvhat;bBa©ÚlrvagpøÚvcitþ
nigbec©keTs.
eyagtamGMNHGMNagxagelIenH eyIgsakl,gelIkCasMNYrfa etIr)aMk,ac;buraN
Exμr GaceFVIkarGPivDÆ)anEdrbJueT ? sMNYrenHKWCacMeNaT EdlmCÄdæansil,krnigGñkr)aM
bc©úb,nñkMBugeFVIkarecaTsYrxøÜnÉgpg nigshKmn_Exμrpg. CaBiesskñúgdMNak;kalsakl
PavUbnIykmμ EdleBareBjedayKMnitécñRbDitbegáItfμI ehIycrnþvb,Fm’cRmuHCatisasn_
man»kasGacvayluk)anRKb;eBlmkelIsil,³EdlmanTRmg;buraN nig GPirkSenaH.
etIeyIgGacTb;xøÜnmineFVIkarGPivDÆxøH² edIm,IsRmbxøÜn tamkalevla)anEdrbJueT ? bJu k¾
eyIgGacsakl,geFVIkarGPivDÆ b:uEnþenAEtrkSa[)annUvGVIEdlCaGtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn ?
ehIyenAEtmanRbeyaCn_ nigmantémøsRmab;stvtSfμITI 21 nigt²eTAmuxeTot.

73
 ¬rUbelx68-70¦³ smiT§plénstvtSedImknøgmkCag1>500qñaM
srubmkmtiTaMgGs;suT§EtmanehtupledayELk²erogxøÜn. eyaltamRkwtüRkm
vicarviTüaral;vtßúFatuelIelakenHEtgpøas;bþÚrERbRbYlnigGPivDÆCanic©. ÉkarenAes¶ómman
lkçN³CabeNþaHGasnñEtb:ueNÑaH.
dUecñHebIRkeLkmkemIlr)aMburaNExμrrbs;eyIgbc©úb,nñenHvij etImankarGPivDÆEdr
bJueT TaMgrUbPaBnigxøwmsar ? eyIgKitfaminGacbdiesFnwgsMNYrenH)anTaMgRsugenaHeT.
b:uEnþebIBinitü[ditdl;eTAKWGacGHGag)anfabc©úb,nñenHeyIgGacEfrkSa)aneRcInelIEpñk
TRmg;rUbPaB.
eyIgman : sMbkmYy : l¥Rss;ehIyelIEpñkesaP½Nénsil,³. EtsMbkenHenAxVH
:RBlwg : KWminTan;RKb; R: )aMbnY dNþbs; BVRKb; 60: dUcEdlBakücas;EtgtMNalt²KñamkeBl
bYgsYgsuMBrC½y bJu eBldas;RBlwgGñkCMgWEdleTIbegIbBIQWCaedIm. ehtuenHTisrbs;
60
TsSn³Exμryl;fa mnusSmñak;RbkbedaysμartIPøWsVagigmansuxPaBbribUrN_ Tal;EtmanRBlwgRKb;R)aMbYn
dNþb; ebIxVHRBlwgNamYy nwgkøayeTACamnusSl¶Iel¶I bJumnusSls;RBlwg.

74
r)aMburaNExμrKYrEtRtLb;EbreRkay edIm,IEsVgrkxøwmsarEdl)at;bg;eTABIGtItkal. kal
NaeyIgrkeXIjGs;nUvxøwmsaredImEdlCatémøBit ¬la valeur authentique de l´art¦
rbs;vaenaH PaBGmt³énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrnwgsßitenACaerogrhUtCamYy mnusS nigCIvit.
srubmk e: bInwgERbRbYl ebIngw vivtþ ebIngw GPivDÆ k¾caM)ac;RtUvsikSaxømw sar nig rUb PaB
cas;rbs;va[)anc,as;sni Edr .: QrelImlU dæancas;c,as;ehIycaMsakl,gGPivDÆn_Ca
eRkay. enHCadMNak;kalvivtþeTArkPaBsuRkwtTaMgpøvÚ kay nig citéþ nr)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr.
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrnigt®nþIBiNBaTüExμr )anRbKMEhkMdrKñaGs;ry³kalyUrCag
1500 qñakM nøgmk. va)aneFVdI eM NIrelIkN M at;pvÚø d¾EsnEvgq¶ayEdlCYneBlxøHTTYl)aneCaK
C½yd¾EsnrugerOgeBlxøHRtUveKe)aHbg;bMePøcecaly:agkeNþackENþgKYr[exøacpSaeBkéRk
nwgmaneBlxøHRtUveKkemÞcecalesÞIrEtnwgvinaskSINkS½yedaysarsñaédBYkRCulniym.
TIbMputsñaédsil,³d¾suRkwtEdleRbobdUcCamasTwkdb;minxøacPk;minxøacePøIgmYyenHRtUv
)anelIksÞÜy[manCIvitrugerOgeLIgvij tamry³karTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkaredayGgÁkar
BiPBelak UNESCO cat;TukCasm,tþiebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIénmnusSCati naéf¶TI7
Exvicäika qñaM 2003 enARkug)a:rIsRbeTs)araMg.
bc©úb,nñr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr minRKan;EtmanlT§PaBBRgIkxøÜnkñúgkRmitCati Rbkbeday
RbCaRbiyPaB d¾TUlMTUlayTaMgkñúgRsTab;GPiCn \sSrCnrhUtdl;RsTab;mhaCnRbCaCn
TYTaMgRbeTsb:ueNÑaHeT KW EfmTaMg)an :eFVIsmahrNkmμxøÜny:agrlUnenAkñúgtMbn;nigelI
BiPBelaknasm½ysaklPavUbnIykmμBhuvb,Fm’enHeTotpg :. GMNHw teTA r)aMk,ac;
buraNExμr bJu r)aMRBHraCRTBü KWCakmμsiT§iBit² \tEkøgkøayrbs;Exμr nig mantémøCa
sm,tþirYmTaMgrbs;Exμr nig rbs;mnusSCatielIBiPBelakTaMgmUl.
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KWCasmiT§plénstvtSedImknøgmkCag 1500 qñaM ehIyEteBl
enH enAEtmanRbeyaCn_nigmantémøsRmab;stvtSfμITI21 nig t²eTAmuxeTot. Gac
niyay)anfa enHKWCatémø sñaédGmt³rbs;buBVbursExμréneyIg.

75
 VIII . Gtßn½yr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü
RKb;TRmg;sli ,³TsSnIyPaBrbs;km<Cú a Edlvr³CndUnta)anbnSl;TukrhUtmkdl;
sBVéf¶KWsuT§CaKMnitécñRbDitkMrti x<s;eTAtamsm½ykalnImyY ² EdlkUnecACMnan;eRkay)annaM
Kñaykmrtkd¾mantémøminGackat;éfø)anenHmkEfrkSaenAkñúgéd CaBiessenAkñúgédRbCa
Cnkm<úCa. r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KWCaTRmg;sil,³skáar³ ¬sil,³eTv³¦
mYyEdlmanv½ycMNas;d¾yUrlg;Nas;mkehIy enAkñúgcMeNamTRmg;sil,³skáar³ehIy
k¾CaTRmg;sil,³EdlmantémøBit xagsμartI nig xagesaP½N ¬bec©keTs sil,³¦
kRmitx<s;kñúgcMeNamTRmg;sil,³TsSnIyPaBenAkm<úCa . virbuBVbursExμreFVIGVIEtgEtman
k,ÜnxñatehtudUecñHehIyeTIbtMélénTRmg;sli ,³nImYy² mankRmitmYyEdleyIgGacniyay
)anfaCaRBlwgnigCaGtþsBaØaNCatipgEdr .
1> Gtßn½yk,ac;r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
RbeTskm<Cú amanPasaCati GkSrCati minEtb:eu NÑaHkñgú sil,³TsSnIyPaB edayELk
r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmank,Ün manxñat manevyüakrN_ nig Pasa k,ac;raM
rbs;va.
tamry³bTBiesaFn_l¥²enAkñúgCIvitsil,³rbs;vrCndUntaExμredImEdlelak)anxitxM
ts‘UBuHBarqøgkat;CMnHnUvral;PaBsμúKsμajlM)akevTnay:agsVitsVajCaeRcInCMnan;nigkarxit
xMRtiHriHKitBicarNaxagEpñkbBaØaBlkmμCameFüa)ayEdlvrCndUntaExμredImelakmanP½BV
vasnaTTYl)anmkBIFmμCati.
kñgú karedaHRsaynUvral;bBaðaepSg² vaecHEtmankarvivDÆrIkcMerIneTAmuxCalMdab;leM day
RsbeTAtamkarvivtþrbs;Rbvtþsi a®sþmnusSCati. snÞHú bBaØaCabuBsV Ti Bi§ ei ssEdlCaGMeNay
pþac;muxrbs;FmμCatimk[vrCnbuBVbursExμrva)anCYyCMruj[mnusSExμrsm½yedIm EdlCa
raCbNÐitsil,³enACuMvijRBHmhakSRtmansmtßPaBrcnaécñbegáIt)anCaclnakayvikar

76
k,ac;raMrbs;r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmanesaPNPaBsuRkwtl¥\tex©aH nig man
Gtßn½yCaPasak,ac;y:agc,as;las;EfmeTot.
r)aMEdleRbIEtGvyv³ nig dgxøÜnmnusSmkeFVICa]bkrN_ ehIynigykclnarbs;
mnusSmkeFVICameFüa)ayenaH KW CaRbePTTRmg;sil,³mYyEdlcg;bgðaj[eXIjnUvesa
P½NPaBénGvyv³nigdgxøÜnrbs;mnusS KWCavtßúFatud¾sMxan;sRmab;ykmkpÁúMpSMbegáItCakay
vikark,ac;raM nigmanlkçN³Caclnaénsm<½n§rbs;CIvit. eRKOgpSMénsrIr³Edlmanmuxgar
sRmab;begáIt[)anCaclnakayvikark,ac;raMEdlmanclnaeyaleTAeyalmkCab;Kñaman
ksRmab;k,al sμasRmab;;éd EkgédsRmab;kuMPYnéd kédsRmab;RbGb;éd RtKak
sRmab;ePøA CgÁg;sRmab;sμgeCIg EPñkeKalsRmab;RbGb;eCIg nigcegáHsRmab;dgxøÜn.
cMeBaHeRKOgpSMFatuTaMgGs;énrUbkaymancMENkkñúgskmμPaBsMEdgman éd eCIg k,al k
nigdgxøÜn.
r)aMmanPaBxusEbøkepSgBITRmg;sil,³déT edayvasßitenAeRkamkarBwgBak;eTAelI
clnakayvikarrbs;mnusSeRcInCageK. nadkar)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrCatY
r)aMEdlsEmþgEtkayvikark,ac; edayminniyay bJu eRcogedayxøÜnÉgeLIy. k,ac;raMmYy
EdlCalMnaM\riyabf Gakb,kiriyarbs;nadkar)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr rYmpSM
CamYynwgsmasFatuepSg²eTotrbs;r)aMkñúgrebobCasm<½n§mYyEdlmann½ymYydUcKñanwg
vaküs½BÞEdrenaHvaKWCaPasak,ac;mYyEdlmann½yBitR)akdrbs;va. cMeBaHTsSnikCnebI
min)ansegátBinitüedayykcitþTukdak;eTenaHnwgGacmankaryl;RcLMfa Caclnakay
vikardEdl² nig manPaBminc,as;las;CaGVIeLIy. dUecñHkarsegátBinitünUvclnakayvikar
k,ac;raMnImYy² minGaceFVsRbEhs)aneLIy. CakarBitclnakayvikark,ac;raMTaMgGs;
KWmineFVIedayvacaeT ehIyvaTak;TgBak;B½n§eTACamYynwgkareronsURtGMBIclnakayvikar
vij KWCaekIteLIgedayKμankarniyayCas½BBÞ aküsMdGI eIV LIy. b:Eu nþeK)anrcnaécñppMúÁ SMbegátI

77
clnakayvikark,ac;rMa[køayeTACaBaküsMdI KW Pasak,ac;eTAtamtRmUvkarsRmab;BRgIk
nigbegáIteFVI[BisþarnUvKMnitEdlmanCab;CamYyenAkñúgnimitþrUbénclnakayvikark,ac;raM.
bec©keTsEdlCabc©½ydl;rUbkaynigviC¢abeRgonxagectnarmμN_)anpSarP¢ab;Kñay:ag
CitsñiT§ EdlGacgayyl;dwg)an. dUecñHnadkasMEdgr)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
RtUvmansmtßPaBeFVI[CIvitrbs;eKrlaycUleTAkñúgtYGgÁEdleKRtUvsEmþg edayecHeRbI
R)as;bec©keTsclnakayvikary:agbiunRbsb; sÞat;CMnajmksMEdgbeBa©j[eKemIleXIj
nUvGarmμN_menaseBa©tnaxagkñúgrbs;tYGgÁ EdleFVI[Gñkpgyl;dwg edayclnakayvikar
k,ac;raM nig TwkmuxEdlbkRsayBiBN’naCaGtßn½yPasak,ac;raM.
tRmÚvkarrbs;k,ac;raM RtUvkarkarBRgwgTMh[M emIleXIjFMCacaM)ac;énclnakayvikar
k,ac;raM edayGnuelameTArkkareFVIclnakayvikark,ac;raM[RbRBwtþeTAtamvicarNBaØaN
EdlmanlkçN³CaFmμCati vadUcCa]TahrN_clnakayvikark,ac;raM : ehA : EdlCaTmøab;
FmμtaeKeRbIkarkeRmIkRbGb;éd EtebIenAkñgú clnakayvikark,ac;raMvji vanwgRtUvkarTamTar[
karCYyeFVIshkarrbs;édTaMgmUlpgEdr .
2> lkçN³smÁal;Gtßn½yPasak,ac;raM
r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmanEbbEpnCalkçN³smÁal;Gtßn½yPasak,ac;
raMEckecj CaEbbEdlman³
2>1> lkçN³CanimitþrUb
lkçN³nimitþrUb KW Cak,ac;raMEdlsMEdgEtBIesaPNPaBminniyaydl;rUbvtßú bJu
sPaBBitNamYyeLIyedayeKGacyl;dwgGtßn½yPasak,ac;raM)anKWtamry³BaküeBcn_
TMnukceRmogCaBakükaBüEdleRcogerobrab;BiBN’nabkRsayedayRkumGñkceRmogCaBYk
nigbTePøgEdlCabTkMNt;nUvmenaseBa©tnaNamYyEdlRbKMkMdredayRkumt®nþIkrénvg;
ePøg :BiNBaTü :.

78
 2>2> lkçN³R)akdniym
lkçN³R)akdniym KWCak,ac;raMEdlrcnaécñ[eTACaeRKOglm¥ manesaPNPaB
Casil,³ eFVIeTAtamEbbbTEdlCaclnakayvikarmanenAkñúgCIvitrs;enAehIyEdleyIg
emIleTAeXIjGacgayyl;tamry³clnakayvikark,ac;raM nigpSMCamYynwgGarmμN_ mena
seBa©tnarbs;tYsMEdg.
2>3> k,ac;raMsuT§ bJu k,ac;Lk
clnakayvikark,ac;raMenHKμanGtßn½yGVIeT eRBaHvaKWCaclnakayvikark,ac;raMeTAtam
bTePøg nig cgVak;ePøg EdlsRmab;beRmIesaP½Nk,ac;raMrbs;nadkar)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrb:ueNaÑH.
2>4> k,ac;Gnþr³ bJu k,ac;cenøaHsRmab;ERbRbYlBIsPaBmYyeTAmYy
KWCak,ac;raMsRmab;eFVI[k,ac;raMmYyCab;RbTak;KñaeTAk,ac;mYyeTot .

1> k,ac;la ¬søwk¦ 2> k,ac;CIb ¬páa¦ 3> k,ac;xYg ¬Epø¦ 4> k,ac;cg¥úl ¬Bnøk¦
¬rUbelx71¦³ k,ac;RbGb;éd KW

79
 ¬rUbelx 72-73¦ ³ lMhat; Bt;éd-Bt;eCIg

k,ac;nageGon-nayerag k,ac;yM k,ac;]TÞisbYgsYgsEmþgbJT§i

k,ac;Epøgsr k,ac;nag nignayeragehaH k,ac;hnumanehaH

¬rUbelx 74-79¦³ karbgðajGMBIkayvikark,ac;nImYy²

80
 3> karbgðajGMBIGtßn½yénk,ac;rbs;r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
enAéf¶TI 25 Exmifuna qñaM2007 elak eRBOg eQog saklviTüaFikarrg énskl
viTüal½y PUminÞviciRtsil,³rYmTaMgsil,karinIcMnYn 04 rUbEdlmantYnayerag tYnag tYykç
nig tYsVa Casar³ Edl)antubEtglm¥sm¥itsm¥agkaybMBak;eRKOgGlgáarrYcsEmþgCa
kayvikareTAtamGtßn½yk,ac;nimYy²mandUcxageRkam

¬rUbelx80¦³ Ék]tþm hwum Eqm ¬rUbelx81¦³cMNab;GarmμN_rbs;elak

rdæm®nþIsþITI EføgsunÞrkfaebIkBiFI Blaise Kilian (UNESCO)
bgðajGtßn½yénk,ac;r)aMExμr. kñúg BiFIbBa©b;karbgðajGMBIk,ac;r)aMExμr.
1> k,ac;esIc 2> k,ac;yM 3> k,ac;bgðajxøÜn
4> k,ac;emIl 5>k,ac;eXIj 6>k,ac;RsLaj;
7> k,ac;xwg 8> k,ac;ehAmk 9> k,ac;eTAcuH
10>k,ac;P½yxøac 11>k,ac;KUesñhapSMpÁMú 12>k,ac;cg¥úlTIenH
13>k,ac;cg¥úlTIenaH 14>k,ac;cg¥úlTIq¶ay 15>k,ac;cg¥úlxwg
16>k,ac;mYyéf¶Éka 17> k,ac;EpøeQI 18>k,ac;efIbpáa bJ hitkøin
19> k,ac;cgéd 20> k,ac;BYn 21> k,ac;EvkemIl
22> k,ac;efakdUc)ateCIg 23> k,ac;rabsa 24>k,ac;Rkgpáa

81
25> k,ac;páanimitþ
28>k,ac;eGonburaN
31>k,ac;eTmin[
34> k,ac;sresr
37>k,ac;RKWtcg;cab;
40>k,ac;Bak;nigedaHcieB©aón
43> k,ac;rIksussay
46> k,ac;rab;éf¶
49> k,ac;ERbkaLa ¬Ebøg¦
52> k,ac;R)ab;Ég[dwg
55>k,ac;GBa¢lIsMBHrebobsil,³
26> k,ac;das;eLIg
29> k,ac;Epøgsr
32>k,ac;Gs;rlIg
35> k,ac;BJusMeLgGVI
38>k,ac;hYscitþ
41> k,ac;cab;e)aH)ac
44>k,ac;beNþIrKña
47>k,ac;ERskbeBa©jsMeLg
50> k,ac;sMBHGñkFM
53> k,ac;Rbhar
nig
27>k,ac;RbelamEccg;
30> k,ac;suM
33>k,ac;EhlTwkduHEk¥l
36>k,ac;QWk,al
39>k,ac;GaNitQWpSa
42> k,ac;CUtTwkEPñkfñm²
45> k,ac;edatpáa
48> k,ac;ehaH
51> k,ac;sßitenA
54> k,ac;RkeBI
56> k,ac;esotpáa.

¬rUbelx82¦³ elaksaRsþacarü eRBOg eQog ¬rUbelx83¦³ fñak;dwknaMRksYg nigm®nþIraCkarcUlrYm

bgðajGtßn½yénk,ac;r)aMExμr kñúgBiFIbBa©b;karbgðajGMBIk,ac;r)aMExμr

bBa¢ak ;³
- tYmYyman56k,ac; dUcenHtYGgÁman4tYesμInwg 56 x 4 = 224k,ac;.
-kñúgerOgelçanr)aMmYyrEmgmantYGgÁsEmþgeRcIncab;BItYbeRmIrhUtdl;tYÉkman
brimaNeRcIn. dUcenHbrimaNk,ac;sEmþgk¾ekIneTAtamenaHEdrEdlbc©úb,nñtamkarRsav
RCav KWmandl;eTA 4500k,ac;.

82
 IX . t®nþI nig ceRmogsRmab;kMdrr)aM
1> t®nþI
1>2> ]bkrN_ePøgBiNBaTüénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
elaksa®sþacarü h‘un sarin GtItRBwT§bursmhaviTüal½ytUrüt®nþI bc©úb,nñCaRbFan
naykdæanesovePAnigkarGan )aneFVI)azkfabgðajBI]bkrN_ePøgBiNBaTü nig RbePTvg;
ePøg enHKW vg;tUcman 5nak; vg;mFümman 10nak; nigvg;FMman16nak;.
1>2> RbPBkMeNItePøgBiNBaTü
RbPBkMeNItePøgBiNBaTüecjBIsm½ynKrPñM KW]bkrN_BN i nig]bkrN_KgBaTü.

¬rUbelx84-85¦³ elak h‘un sarin )aneFVI)azkfabgðajBI]bkrN_ePøgBiNBaTü nigRbePTvg;ePøg

¬rUbelx86¦³ elak h‘un sarin )aneFVI)azkfabgðajBI]bkrN_ePøgBiNBaTü nigRbePTvg;ePøg

eRkaymkePøgBiNRtUvGs;\T§iBlminGacbnþsMEdg)ank¾ekIteLIgnUvRbePTePøgmYy
vg;eTotenAsm½ynKrPñMKWpÁ]Mú bkrN_ePøgBiN nig ]bkrN_KgBaTürYcEdl)anRbsiT§inamfa
:ePøgBiNBaTü : ehIyk¾rkSa eQμaHePøgenHCaePøgBiNBaTüExμrrhUtmkdl;eBlenH.

83
 elak h‘un sarin bBa¢ak;fa bTePøgBiNBaTümancMnYn256bTkñúgbTePøgenHman
33bTsRmab;RbKuMeBlsMBHRKUFM nig 16bTsRmab;RbKMueBlsMBHRKUtUc. ehIyelak h‘un
sarin )anelIkykbTePøgcMnYn4bT RbKMuCUnePJóvCatinigGñktMNagGgÁkar UNESCO KW
¬1¦ bTsaFukar ¬2¦ bTeRkvéN ¬3¦ bTy:anI nig ¬4¦ bTeCIteCIn.

¬rUbelx87¦³ karRbKuMbgðajBIbTePøgsaFukar bTeRkvéN bTya:nI nigbTeCIteCIn

)azkfabriyaylm¥itGnßn½yrbs;t®nþIBiNBaTüman
BiNBaTüKWCakMNb;rbs;t®nþIKWmanminecHcb;. dUecñHeTIb)anCalT§PaBTaMgLay
rbs; BiNBaTüekItmanminecHGs;taMgBIGtItkalrhUtdl;bc©úb,nñ nigeTAGnaKt.
BiNBaTüKWCat®nþId¾man\T§iBlxøaMgkøabMputelIst®nþIsMxan;²TaMgLay BIeRBaHva)an
das;eyIg[KitEteFVGI eM BIl¥manfamBlxøaMg nigCat®nþEI dlrIksayxøagM CageKbMputrbs;mnusS
enAkñúgsgÁmExμr.
t®nþIBiNBaTüCaPasarbs;RBlwg CamNÐlrbs;menaseBa©tna nig GarmμN_CaGñk
sEmþgenAkñúgsMeLgCIvitrbs;RBlwgCaGñkbegáItmCÄdæanrvagKMnitnig)atuPUtvaCaGnþr
karI ¬intermédiaire¦ rvagRBlwgnigkarrMePIbcitþrbs;CIvit. CaGnþrkarIrvagCIviténR)aCJa
sμartI nig CIvit énviBaØaN. vaCatMNag[Pasarbs;mnusSEtmYyKt;EdlmincaM)ac;RtUvkar
karbkERbedayehtufavaniyayCamYyEtRBlwgeT.

84
 karvivDÆrbs;t®nþIBiNBaTüRtUvpSarP¢ab;nwgkarviDÆsgÁm. karvivDÆsgÁmRtUvpSarP¢ab;
nwgkarvivDÆxagpøvÚ citþrbs;mnusS. karvivDÆxagpøvÚ citþrbs;mnusSRtUvpSarP¢ab;nwgeBlevla.
eBlevlafμI ekIteLIgfμI kñúgcas;énsil,³t®nþIk¾ekIteLIgEdr. TaMgfμITMagcas; TaMgfμIkñúg
cas;suT§Et)anbgáb;nUvtfPaBénkarlUtlas;kñúgGtßn½yd¾Cak;lak;CaeRcIn EdlBi)akepÞr
karBicarNaenH[)anl¥itl¥n;eTA dl;Gñksþab;TaMgLay.
eyIgminGacyl;GMBIGtßn½yt®nþIBiNBaTüenHRKb;RCugeRCay)aneLIy BIeRBaHt®nþI
enH)anbgáb;nUvGaf’kM)aMgCaeRcInkñúgbTePøg kñúgPasaePøg kñúgBN’sm,úrePøg kñúgRBlwg
ePøg kñúgsc©Fm’énePøg kñúgKuNFm’énePøg kñúgesaPNPaBénePøg kñúgcitþrMePIbénePøg
briyakaskñúgePøg menaseBa©tnakñúgePøg nig citþKMnitkñúgePøgnigsgÁm.l. sMenogePøg
BIeraHGacBJuRKb;Rtecok)an b:uEnþsMenogBIeraHenH)anqøúHbBa©aMgnUvtémøBiténKMnitEdlmin
GacBJu)aneT.
ePøgBiNBaTüKWCalT§plEdlecjmkBIbBaØaBlkmμ nig htßBlkmμrbs;buBVbursExμr
edaymankarerobcMRtwmRtUvsRmab;bkRsaymenaseBa©tnamnusS nigRKab;sMeLgFmμCati
sRmab;beRmIkarBIeraHdl;RtecokCadMbUg EtpÞúyeTAvijt®nþIBiNBaTü)ankøayeTACaeKal
karN_mYysRmab;CIvitEdlman\T§iBlkñúgsgÁmFMeFgNas;elIsIlFm’ stiGarmμN_ nig
elImenaseBa©tnamnusSGacCMruj[mnusSecHerobcM\riyabf ehIyeFVIskmμPaBnanaCa
kMNt;. t®nþIBiNBaTüCavis½ysil,³caM)ac;bMputsRmab;CIvPaBsgÁmxagsμartIy:agrs;
revIkBIsm½ykalmYyeTAsm½ykalmYyeTotKμanTIbBa©b;. vaminEmnRKan;EtCasUrd¾BieraH
b:ueNÑaHeT minEmnRKan;EtCaEl,gkmSanþeT minRtwmEtCYylm¥itcMNUlcitþ nigevTnarmμN_
rbs;mnusScMeBaHxøÜnb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþvaCaCnÞl;vb,Fm’mYyCaCIvitsuT§saFvapSarP¢ab;CamYy
nwgfamBlxøaMgCamYykarlUtlas;énskmμPaBRbtibtþisgÁm vaqøúHbBa©aMgCIvPaBmnusS
CIvPaBsgÁm kMNt;BuT§i kMNt;stiGarmμN_ CaBiesskñúglkçN³mYyénskmμPaBGb;rM
vis½ysasna. elIsBIenHeTAeTot t®nþIBiNBaTüCaeRKOgskáar³kRmitx<s; CaFm’KYr

85
Rbtibtþi. bTePøgBiNBaTüPaKeRcInEtgnaMmknUvsMenogEdlmanKuNFm’x<s; KWCasMenog
Edlpþl;sarsMxan;dl;CIvit dl;esckþIsgÇwm CasMenogbrisuT§ CasMenogsnþiPaBxagkñúg
pøÚvcitþ rMlt;)annUvePøIgxageRkATaMgLay. bTePøgBiNBaTüCavacaénFm’EdlbnøWeLIg
edIm,ICYymnusSelakbMeBjsMNUmBrrbs;mnusSelak pþl;sux[mnusS sRmalTukçmnusS
CYysRmÜlFatuTwk dI ePIøg xül;rbs;mnusSRbkbedayPaBsuxdumrmna. t®nþIBiNBaTü
mantYnaTIrYmcMENkelIkkm<s;kñúgkarRKb;RKgpøÚvcitþ RKb;RKgkarlUtlas;énskmμPaB
RbtibtþisgÁmxagsμartIy:agsMxan;bMputEdlminGacGt;)an. ebskkmμént®nþIenH KWeFVI
viRkitkarxagcitþ RBlwgrbs;mnusS[manesckþcI eRmInxagR)aCJadl;Gkñ sþab;RKb;rbU [ecHERb
køayCIviteTACaEpñkmYyEdlminGacbMEbk)anBICIvitsIlFm’rbs;mnusSCati. dUecñHehIy
Canic©kalt®nþIBiNBaTüRtUvQrenAkñúgCIvitcUlrYmkñúgCIvit EtebICIvitRtUveFVIdMeNIre)aHCMhan
eTAmuxtamninñakarénCIvitEdlminGacRbEkk)an.
vg;ePøgBiNBaTümanRbPBecjBIcrnþGñkR)aCJTaMgLayEdlenACMvu ji RBHraCa nigecjBI
RbPBsasnaTaMgLayEdlCa\T§iBlvb,Fm’breTs mkCYbRbTHelIvb,Fm’buerRbvtþirbs;
CnCatiExμrenAelIeRCaysuvNÑPUmi ehAfa ePøgsasna bJu ePøgGñkR)aCJCaePøgskáar³.
CadMbUgvg;ePøgBiNBaTüminmaneQμaHfaBiNBaTüeT KWmaneQμaHfavg;ePøgBiN. vg;
ePøgBiNmankMeNIttaMgBIsm½ynKrPñM. vg;ePøgenHRbKMeLIgedayman]bkrN_BiNebIk
bTmun]bkrN_déT. ]bkrN_BiNCa]bkrN_ePøgEdl)anTTYl\T§iBlBIRbeTs\NÐa tam
ry³karhUrcUlénsasnaRBahμN_ ¬RBhμBaØsasna¦. vg;ePøgBiNKWCavg;ePøgEdlman
]bkrN_cRmuHrvag]bkrN_ePøgmkBI\NÐa ¬BiN¦ nig ]bkrN_ePøgkñgú Rsukrbs;ExμredIm
manExS edov xøúy sÁr Qig. vg;ePøgBiNCavg;ePøgenACab;nwgBiFI skáar³ karsEmþgraMeRcog
nigsil,³TsSnIyPaB epSg²kñúgerOg eTvkfataMgBIsm½yburaN.
enAsm½ykNþalmanvg;ePøgmYyEdleyIgniymehAfavg;ePøgKgsÁr ¬RTaMmIg¦. vg;
ePøgenHBIdMbUgmansarsMxan;sRmab;beRmI[dl;karelIkkmøaMgcitþénkgT½B kñúgkareFVIswk

86
s®gÁamnasm½ykNþal. bc©úb,nñvg;ePøgenH)anbEgVrsar³rbs;xøÜnmkbeRmI[RbéBNI
tmál;sBeTAvij. vg;ePøgKgsÁrman]bkrN_ePøgcRmuHeRcIn bJu ticmineTogdUcmancmøak;
enAtamR)asaTnanadUcCa R)asaT)ay½n R)asaTGgÁrvtþ R)asaT)aPYn R)asaTbnÞayqμar
R)asaTtaRBhμTenø)aTI.l. kñúgvg;ePøgenHCYnkalman]bkrN_KgBaTü ¬EpøsMenog8¦
s½gç xøúy sÁrFM ¬sÁrC½y¦ sÁrsemÖar Qig CYnkalman]bkrN_ Kg BaTü ¬EpøsMenog9¦
ExSedov RséL sÁrFM sÁrC½y sÁr semÖar. vg;ePøgenHRbKMueLIgedayyk]bkrN_ KgBaTü
Ca]bkrN_ebIkbTmun]bkrN_ePøgdéT.
karEdlExμreyIgnaMKñaehAfavg;ePøgBiNBaTü mkBIvg;ePøgTaMgBIrxagelIenH)anrYm
bBa©ÚlKñamYyvg;edaykMNt;yk]bkrN_BiNnig]bkrN_BaTü¬KgBaTü¦ EdlCa]bkrN_
d¾sMxan;mkdak;CaeQμaHvg;ePøg. vg;ePøgBiNBaTüTRmg;edImman]bkrN_BiN KgBaTü
ExSedov xügs½gç xøúy RséL Qig sÁrFM sÁrsemÖar ¬CBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ¦. b:uEnþ
]bkrN_KgBaTü)an)at;bg;rUbCak;EsþgBIkñúgsgÁmCatienHeTAehIyKWsl;EtrUbcmøak;elI
CBa¢aMgR)asaTEtb:ueNaÑH ehIy]bkrN_KgBaTüenHRtUv)anCMnYseLIgvijeday]bkrN_
Kgvg;manEpøsMenog16.
rIÉ]bkrN_BiNk¾)an)at;rUbCak;EsþgBIkñúgsgÁmCatiEdrenAsl;EteQμaHnigrUbcmøak;
elICBa¢agM R)asaTEdleyIg)ansÁal;RKb;²Kñadl;sBVéf¶. karpøas;brÚþ BIvg;ePøgBiNBaTüedIm
¬vg;ePøgBiN nigvg;ePøgBaTü¦ mkvg;ePøgBiNBaTüsBVéf¶enHsßitenAkñúgkarrIkceRmInna
eRkaysm½ymhanKr. karvivDÆBIKgBaTüEpøsMenog 8 bJu 9 mk Kgvg;EpøsMenog 16
k¾sßitkñúgsm½yeRkaymhanKrpgEdr.
vg;ePøgBiNBaTümankarERbRbYlmineTogtamsm½ykaltamTIkEnøgEdleyIgmin
GackMNt;smÁal;)anc,as;las;eLIydUcCa
- vg;man]bkrN_ 4 ³ xøúy 1 B’N 1 semÖar 1 Qig 1 KU.
- vg;man]bkrN_ 5 ³ rnatÉk 1 Kgvg;FM 1 RséL 1 semÖar 1 sÁrFM 2.

87
 - vg;man]bkrN_ 10³ rnatÉk1 rnatFug1 rnatefag1 RséLtUc1 RséLFM1
Kgvg;tUc1 Kgvg;FM1 semÖar1 sÁrFM2 nig Qig1 KU.
- vg;man]bkrN_ 16³ rnatÉk1 rnatFug1 Kgvg;tUc1 Kgvg;FM1 RTExμr1
cabIuEvg1 RTGU‘1 RTeq1 xøúyrn§8 taexÉk1 taexFM1
sÁrGarkS1 sÁrfUn1 sÁrrmna1 Rkab; Qig.
- vg;man]bkrN_ 8³ rnatÉk1 rnatFug1 Kgvg;tUc1 Kgvg;FM1 RséLFM1
semÖar1 sÁrFM2 Qig1 KU.
vg;ePøgBiNBaTü)anekIteLIgtaMgBImunGMLúgstvtSTI3mkemø:H. enAkñúgstvtSTI3
enaH rvagqñaM240-243 kñúgraCüRBH)aT hVan; sIuyun manRkumsil,³r)aMExμrmYyRkum
)aneTAsEmþgkarraM eRcogenARbeTscinPaKxagt,Úg naGaNacRkvU kñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT s‘un
Can;. KWCavg;ePøgBiNBaTü enHÉg ¬vg;ePøgBiN¦ Edl)anRbKMCUnkarraMeRcog karsEmþg
enAÉRbeTscinenaH BIeRBaH]bkrN_BiNBitCamantYnaTIsMxan;Cag]bkrN_ePøgdéT kñúgkar
RbKMCUnkarraMeRcognasm½yenaH. P½sþútagCak;EsþgenAelICBa¢aMgR)asaT)ay½nmanqøak;rUb
GbSranigrUb]bkrN_t®nþICaeRcIn Biess]bkrN_BiNmanlkçN³dUcCakMBugEtRbKuMCUnkarraM
eRcog. karykrUbr)aMnig]bkrN_ePøgmkqøak;elICBa¢aMgR)asaTEbbenH sbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa
r)aM nigt®nþITaMgenaHBitCaekItmanmunkarsagsg;R)asaTeTAeTot. r)aMeTv³ nigt®nþI
BiNBaTüenH)anrIklUtlas;dl;kBM lU ehIypSarP¢ab;CamYyKñay:agCitsñTi b§ pM tu eFVsI kmμPaB
CamYyKñay:agrs;revIkkñúgsgÁmtaMgBIsm½yburaNrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñenH .
cab;BIstvtSTI1-13 lT§iRBhμBaØsasnaman\T§iBlxøaMgNas;mkelIGarüFm’Exμr
EdlCaehtueFVI[eyIgRtUvEtTTYlsÁal;fa sil,³ExμrTUeTAekItecjBIRBhμBaØsasna edIm,I
bUCadl;sasnadUcCaR)asaT sil,³ rMa eRcog ePøg.l. rIÉRBHBuT§sasnamhayan
k¾man\T§iBlxøaMgNas;EdreTAelIGarüFm’ CaBiesskarpøas;bþÚrrebobsMNg; nigrebobrs;
enArbs;Exμr[vileTArklkçN³mnusSminEmnlkçN³GaTieTBdUckñúgRBhμBaØsasnaeLIy

88
CaBiessePøgBiNBaTüEdlFøab;EtbeRmI[erOgGaTieTBkñúgRBhμBaØsasnak¾bEgVrmkbeRmI
[erOgmnusSkñúgRBHBuT§sasnabEnßmeTotpgEdr.
vg;ePøgBiNBaTüCavg;ePøgskáar³sRmab;beRmI[CMenOxagsasna. vg;ePøgenHman
kMeNItmYysar³BIr. sar³mYybeRmI[KtibNÐitRBhμBaØsasna nigsar³mYyeTotbeRmI[
KtibNÐitBuT§sasna. CadMbUgvg;ePøgenHminbeRmI[EtKtibNÐitRBhμBaØsasnaeT b:uEnþenA
eBlEdllT§iRBhμBaØsasnaGs;\T§iBl nig)at;bg;tYnaTIBIkñúgsgÁmvg;ePøg enHk¾bEgVrsar³
sMxan;rbs;xøÜnmkbeRmI[KtibNÐitBuT§sasnaEfmeTot EdlCasasnaman\T§iBl nigman
tYnaTIkñúgsgÁmbc©úb,nñ. fVIebIRBhμBaØsasna)at;tYnaTIBIkñúgsgÁmEmn b:uEnþmnsikarsgÁmenA
EteKarBskáarbUCadUcEdleKeKarBBuT§sasnaEdr. dUecñHehIy)anCavg;ePøgBiNBaTü man
sar³sMxan;BIrEbbrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH. b:uEnþkñúgsgÁmExμrsBVéf¶)anbEnßmsar³mYyeTot
KWeKeRbIR)as;ePøgBiNBaTükñúgBiFIbn;Rsn;eRkAsasna bJu BiFIEhsB.
BiNBaTüCaRbePTePøgxøaMgebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgePøgdéTeTot. vg;ePøgenHman
sMenogxøaMg² eRBaHCavg;ePøgeRbIsuT§Et]bkrN_ePøgeKaHdMF¶n;²RbKMuEtbTxøaMg²sRmab;
bMeBjesckþIRtUvkarEpñkhigSasRmab;ksagfamBlxøaMgfamBlQñHkñúgéRtevT manRBH
RBhμ RBHsiv³ nigRBHvisÑú ¬éRtsrN³¦ dUcCabTelIkT½B bTehaHehIr bTRbyuT§
bTsMEdgriT§ kaLaxøÜn bTEpøgsr.l. eRkABIenHvg;ePøgBiNBaTüRbKMuEtbTEvg² Edlman
lkçN³CabTbriyaysac;erOgeRbImenaseBa©tna beRmI[tYGgÁkñúgerOg ¬sac;ePøgsuT§¦
]TahrN_bTeCItCWn bT)araMgEvg bTPUmaEvg bTExknuBVrI3Can;.l. suT§EtCabTFM²
manry³eBlRbKMCag30naTIkñúgmYybT².
Tak;TgeTAnwgBiFIepSg²kñúgRBhμBaØsasna vg;ePøgBiNBaTüenHmantYnaTIsMxan;dUcCa
BiFI ]TÞisbYgsYg BiFIsMBHRKÚ BiFIlabMNn; BiFIEsnRkugBalI BiFIbBa©úHbzmsila
sg;R)asaT sg;RBHvihar bJu sg;pÞH BiFIraMeRcogepSg²kñúgeTvkfa dUcCakñúgerOgramekrþ×

89
erOgmhaPartyuT§CaedImmanBiFIraMr)aMburaN bJu r)aMRBHraCRTBü ¬r)aMeTv³¦ BiFIsEmþg
elçanBak;mux ¬elçanexal¦ elçanebIkbT.l.
Tak;TgeTAnwgBiFIepSg²kñúgBuT§sasna vg;ePøgBiNBaTüenHk¾mantYnaTIsMxan;sRmab;
bMeBjesckþIRtUvkar dUcCakñúgBiFIbuNükzin BiFIbuNüpáa BiFIbuNübMbYsnaK BiFIbuNüP¢úMbiNÐ
BiFbI Nu übc©y½ bYn .l. enAeBlmanBiFsI EmþgelçanerOgTsCatk manerOgRBHevsSnþrCatk
erOgsuvNÑsamCatk.l. k¾manvtþmanePøgBiNBaTüenHEdr eRkABiFIsasnaTaMgBIrvg;ePøg
BiNBaTü)anRCotcUleTAbeRmIEpñksegVtvievK BiFIRbéBNIExμrCabeNþIr²manBiFItmál;sB
BiFIbUCasB bJuBiFIbBa©úHGdæiFatu.l.
tamsMNuMlkçN³CarYmrbs;vg;ePøgBiNBaTüenH )anbBa¢ak;[eXIjfaePøgBiNBaTü
sRmab;qøúHbBa©aMgCIvPaBmnusSxøaMg kMNt;BuT§imnusSxøaMg kMNt;stiGarmμN_eCOnelOnxøaMg
kMNt;ral;famBlxøaMgkøarbs;mnusSExμrkñúgsgÁmExμr CaBiesskñúgsgÁmExμrsm½ymhanKr
KWxøaMgTaMgneya)ay xøaMgTaMgsgÁm xøaMgTaMgesdækic© nigxøaMgTaMgsasnanigvb,Fm’pgEdr.
GaRs½yedayRbCaBlrdæExμrCaGñkeKarBsasnaRBHBuTy§ a: gx¢ab;xnÜ¢ bMptu enaH eTIbExμr
)ancat;Tukfa ePøgBiNBaTüCaePøgvtþsRmab;beRmI[vtþkñúgBiFIepSg²tamRBHBuT§sasna
edayeKyl;fasMenogrbs;ePøgBiNBaTünaM[R)afñatic naM[s¶b;kays¶b;vaca naM[min
RcbUkRcbl;kñúgCIvit naM[rs;kñúgsIl naM[ekItbBaØa naM[TmøúHPaBggwteTArkPaBPøWénCIvit
CasMenogbegáItbrisuT§edaykemÞccitþkñúgcitþbegáItcitþkñúgcitþ CakMNb;xagsμartIxagKMnit
xagKuNFm’ xag]ebkçakñúg nig]ebkçaeRkA. vg;ePøgBiNBaTü)anrIkceRmIndl;kRmitx<s;
bMputkñúgsm½ybc©úb,nñ.
kalBIsm½yburaN karRbKMePøgBiNBaTüRtUvRbKMeLIgedayman]bkrN_BiNCaGñk
naMmuxbeBa©jbTePøgmuneKbg¥s;. enAeBlEdlbBa©b;bTnImYy² ]bkrN_BiNenHRtUv[
sBaØacb;dl;]bkrN_ePøgdéTeTotEdr. kñúgsm½ycugeRkayeBlEdlExμrElgeRbI]bkrN_
BiNExμrEbrCanaMKñaeRbI]bkrN_RséLCaRbmuxbeBa©jsUrs½BÞmuneKbg¥s; b:uEnþGñkecHpøúM

90
]bkrN_RséLenHminEmnCaGñkecH]bkrN_TUeTAeLIy ehIyk¾minEmnCaGñkdwknaMvg;ePøg
pgEdreT. GñkecHelgrnatFug bJu Kgvg;FM CaGñkecH]bkrN_ePøgdéTeTotehIyeRcInCa
emdwknaMvg;ePøgBiNBaTüeTotpg. ]bkrN_RséLCaKMrUsMenogsRmab;]bkrN_ePøgdéT
eTot ¬rwttameFobtam¦. sm½ybc©úb,nñenH rnatÉkCaGñknaMmuxbeBa©jEbbbTmuneK
bg¥s;. b:uEnþebIRbKMubTePøgFM²KWsÁrsemÖarCaGñkRtUvnaMmux bnøWsUrs½BÞmuneKmYyXøasineTIb
]bkrN_déTeTotecjtameRkay .
kñúgeBlRbKMumþg² RséLRtUvedIrpøÚv ¬bT¦ tMEGtMGUj. rnatÉk rnatefag eRcInedIr
pøÚvceg¥ót ci®Ba©aMsac;bTmindkXøaeLIy Kgvg;tUcRtUvedIrpøÚvrayrabsa rnatFug nigKgvg;FM
eRcInedIrpøÚvkat;pþk;BImux pþk;BIeRkay ehAfasac;dk. cMENksÁrsemÖarmandMeNIreCIg
sÁr3Ebb³
EbbTI1 ³ ehAfaeCIgsÁr1Can;
EbbTI2 ³ ehAfaeCIgsÁr2Can;
EbbTI3³ ehAfaeCIgsÁr3Can;
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eCIgsÁr 1 Can; sac;bTePøg2Can; RtUvnwgeCIgsÁr2Can; sac;bTePøg3Can; RtUvnwgeCIgsÁr
3Can; minGaceRbIeCIgsÁrRcbUkRcbl;nwgsac;ePøg)aneLIy cMENkÉsÁrFMTaMgBIrminEmn
ecHEtvayRKb;bTePøgenaHeT manePøgxøHmincaM)ac;vaysÁrFMeT b:uEnþbTePøgxøHeTotRtÚvvay
sÁrFMBIedImbTrhUtcb;bT. bTePøgBiNBaTüeRcInmancgVak;4 b:uEnþ]bkrN_Qig eRbIcgVak;
dkmanEtBIrcgVak;eT KWcgVak;mansMenogqub nigcgVak;sMenogqwg. eKeKaHQigEbbenH
RKb;EtbTePøgTaMgGs;.

91
 - RséL
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eTAeTot BIeRBaHenAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTEdl)anksageLIgtaMgBIstvtSTI9enaHmanqøak;rUb
RséLkMBugRbKMrYmCamYynwg]bkrN_ePøgdéTeTot.
tamRBHbnÞÚlrbs;semþcRBHsgÇraCKN³mhanikay CYn Nat kñúgqña1M 965fa
:]bkrN_ RséLenH ExμreyIgeFVIRtab;tam]bkrN_ePøg\NÐaeQμaH Sahnai bJu naga svaram
kñúgcenøaHstvtSsUnü nig stvtSTI6 KWCasm½y\NÐamkrksIurs;enAelITwkdInKrPñM BIedIm
eyIgehAtam \NÐafa Sahnai Edr b:uEnþcMeNrtmkBaküenHk¾yarkøayCaBakü saéL
sBVéf¶eyIgnaMKñaehAfaRséLvij. dMbUgRséLExμrmanrUbragdUc Sahnai \NÐa suT§saF
KWCaRséLkøgqñH sBVéf¶enHÉg. b:uEnþeRkaymkExμr)anEkrUbragmYyEbbepSgeTotxusBI
RséLkøgqñH KW)anrUbragCaRséLtUc nigRséLFMeRbIsBVéf¶enH :.
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dac;eTkñúgeBlpøúMRbKMurYmmþg² BIeRBaHkareRbIxül;dac;GaceFVI[sMenogRséLkb;)at; bJuCan;
KñanwgsMenogdac;² rbs;]bkrN_eKaHdMTaMgLay. dUcenHehIy)anCaExμrRtUveRbIxül;Cab;
edIm,I[sMenogrbs;RséLelceFøaeLIgenAcenøaHsMenogdac;én]bkrN_TaMgLayenaHmü:ag
eTotdMeNIrsac;bT BiesssRmab;]bkrN_RséLmanlkçN³luj RKlWt tEm¥tm¥Új min
Rtg;²dUc]bkrN_eKaHdMeLIy. ]bkrN_enHmansMenogBJuxøaMgesμInwgsMenog]bkrN_eKaHdM
TaMgLay. RséLman2Ebb KWRséLtUc nig RséLFM RséLTaMgBIrEbbenHmanrebob
eFVIdUcKñanwgvtßúFatuedImykmkeFVIk¾dUcKñaEdr.
RséLtUcnigRséLFMmanrn§sMenog6dUcKña EdlmancenøaHXøatKñaBImYyeTAmYytam
kMritsMenogrbs;xøÜn. rn§nimYy²GaceRbI)an2eTA3sMenogtamrebobqøas;RmamédbiT bJu
ebIkKYbpSMnwgkareRbIbec©keTsGNþatrbs;GñkpøúMCamYynwgGNþatRséL. enAeBlpøúM

92
RséLmþg²eKEtgEtykcugGNþateTABitnwgGNþatRséLtic bJu xøaMgtamkRmitsMenog
EdleKcg;)an.
- rnatÉk
]bkrN_enHmanmuxgarsMxan;kgúñ vg;ePøgBiNBaTüpgkñgú vg;ePøgmeharIpg. tamTmøab;
BIbrmburaNmk)ankMNt;rnatÉkeTAtamvg;ePøgeK KWrnatÉkNaEdleRbIR)as;kñúgvg;ePøg
BiNBaTü rnatÉkenaHRtUvmansMenogTabCag rnatÉkEdleRbIR)as;kñúgvg;ePøgmeharImYy
sMenogedayyksMenogRtg;EpøTI1CacMNucsmÁal;Tabx<s;.
GñkRsavRCavBn§út®nþIviTüaxøHyl;faBaküfa rnat enHkøaymkBIBaküsM®sáwt
raghunâ tha-vinaâ EdlmantaMgBIdMNak;kaldMbUgénRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCa .

tamRbsasn_rbs;XunGkçraBiNBaTü s‘U Gin RkumePøgRBHraCRTBüCMnan;mun)an

R)ab;tmkelak]kj:a mhaFibtI mas DI RbFanRkumePøgRBHraCRTBü ehIyXun mas
DI )anmanRbsasn_kñúgqñaM1965fa :dUntaeyIg[eQμaH]bkrN_enHfa rnatÉk mkBI
rnatenHmanTMhMtUcmansMenogx<s;CagrnatmYyeTot ¬rnatFug¦ BakürnatenHyarmkBI
Bakürknaf ¬nat¦ CaBaküsM®sáwt nig)alImann½yfa rkGFibtI rkm©as; rkecAhVaynay
eKnaMKañehArknaf KWsMedAeTAelI]bkrN_rnatenHÉgEdlCa]bkrN_GFibtIelIeKCam©as;
CaecAhVayelI]bkrN_déT BIeRBaHtYnaTIrbs;rnatÉkKWenAeBlRbKMmþg²]bkrN_déTRtUv
EtrwtsMenogtamrnatÉkTaMgGs;yksMenogrnatCaFM CaeKal mü:ageTotebIrnatÉkmin
cab;epþImecjbTmuneKeT]bkrN_déTminh‘anepþImbTeLIy ebIrnatÉkmin[sBaØaQb;eT
]bkrN_déTk¾minhanQb;tamcitþEdr. ]bkrN_TaMgGs;nUvEteKarBsþab;bBa¢arnatÉk
dac;xat. karelIkdMekIgrnatÉkCaGFibtIkñúgvg;ePøgnimYy²KWmantaMgbrmburaNmkemø:H
sUm,IEtGñkEdlRtUvelgrnatk¾CaGñkEdlRtUvecHeRcInCageK Caemvg;ePøg CaGñkseRmc
kic©karFM²kñúgvg;CaGñkEdlRtUveKeKarBeFVItam :.

93
 tamGñkRsavRCavxøHyl;fa rnatÉkeFVItamTUkEdleRbIR)as;kñúgTenøedayeKsMGagfa
sñÚkdUcTUkkñúgTenøsuT§saF. GñkxøHeTotyl;faeFVIRtab;tamstVek¶akedaysMGagfa exal
rnatxagmanragdUcknÞúyek¶akBg;. b:uEnþtamTsSn³rbs;t®nþIburaNExμryl;fa rnatÉk
rbs;ExμrmanragRtab;tamstVnaK KWRtg;eCIgBanRTsñÚkCaknÞúynaKBIrEdlruMB½T§KñaRtg;sñÚk
KWCatYnaKBIrgakecjBIKña Rtg;exalsgxagKWCak,alnaKBIrEdlkMBugEtebIkBBa rIÉEpø
rnatKWCaRskanaK.
tamRbsasn_rbs;elak]kj:amhaFibtI mas DI niyayfa³ :CItarbs;Kat;niyay
faBYkrnatenHeyIgmineFVIRtab;tameKeT KWeyIgbegáItedayxøÜnÉgtaMgBIbrmburaNmk CadM
bUgExμreyIgykbnÞHrnabbJsSIsRmab;eFVIpÞHmkkat;xøI²dak;elIePøATaMgBIr ehIyeKaHelgCa
FmμtaeRkaymkeTIbykExScgrnabbnþKñalatsn§wgBIbegÁalmYyeTAbegÁalmYyeTot Gs;
kald¾yUrlg;mk eTIbeKykkRmgrnabenaHeTAcgelIxñgrUbnaKEdlqøak;GMBIeQI luHeRkay
mkeToteTIbExμreyIgeFVIdUcsñÚksBVéf¶enHKWenAEtCarUbnaKdEdl. ExμrcUlcitþniymnimitþrUb
stVnaK BIeRBaHstVnaKCastVRbkan;sc©Fm’ CastVesμaHRtg; Exμrcg;bBa¢ak;fakñúgsgÁmExμr
CasgÁmmnusSRbkan;sc©Fm’ CasgÁmmnusSesμaHRtg;Canic© ]bkrN_rnatÉkenH)ancUl
elgCamYy]bkrN_BiNtaMgBICMnan;manBiNcUlmkRsukExμremø:H :.
- rnatFug
tamTmøab;FmμtaeKGacehAeQμaH)anBIry:ag KWeKehAfarnatFugk¾)an b¤ rnatFMk)¾ an.
rnatFugmanmuxgarsMxan;kgúñ vg;ePøgBiNBaTünigkñgú vg;ePøgmeharI b:Eu nþrnatFugNaEdlyk
mkeRbIR)as;kñúgvg;ePøgmeharI rnatFugenaHRtUvEtmanEpøsMenogx<s;CagmYysMenogelIs
rnatFugEdleRbIkñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTücab;BIEpøTI1rhUtmk.
tamTsSn³rbs;t®nþkI rburaNExμr)an[nimti rþ bU eTAelIrnatFugdUcrnatÉkEdr KWrnatÉk
tMNagnaKjI ÉrnatFugtMNagnaKeQμal ehIynaKTaMgBIrenHRtUvEtenAEk,rKñaCanic©.

94
 rnatFugmandMeNIrsac;bT eXøgeXøag pþk;BImux pþk;BIeRkay ]bkrN_déTCYnkal
eRbIseM nogRtYtxøHEdredIm,IeFVyI a:gNa[sMenogrbs;xnÜø elceFøaeLIgkñgú cenøaHsMenogeKÉg.
- rnatefag
rnatefag bJrnatEdkKWCarnatEdlmanEpøseM nog21dUcKña sñÚkmanragdUcKñasuT§saF
EpøsMenognImYy²k¾mansUrdUcKñaEdr. b:uEnþeKehAfarnatefagmkBIrnatenHmanEpøsMenog
eFVIBIlgðinmanBN’Rkhmq¥ineq¥ARsedognwgBN’mas rIÉrnatEdkvijKWCarnatEdlmanEpø
sMenogeFVIGMBIEdksuT§manBN’exμARsGab;.
tamdwgt²Kñamkfa kalBIsm½yedImmanEtrnatefagmYyEbbeTEdleRbIR)as;Ca
TUeTA. b:uEnþeRkaymkedaysarkareFVIEpørnatefagBi)akeBkeKk¾bþÚrEpøsMenogBIlgðinmk
EpøsMenogeFVIGMBIEdkEdlgayrkgayeFVICag. rnatTaMgBIrenHeRbImYyNak¾)an b:uEnþeKmin
EdlykTaMgBIreTAeRbIenAeBlCamYyKñaenaHeLIy. tamFmμtaeKeRcIneXIjrnatefageRbI
R)as;enAkñúgvg;ePøgRBHraCRTBü rIÉrnatEdkeRcInEteRbIR)as;enAkñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTüeRkA
RBHbrmraCvaMg bJu tamvtþGaramnana.
rnatEbbenHmansñÚkRtg;mingdUcsñÚkrnatÉkeLIy EpøsMenogTaMg21minbiTduMRbmr
sRmab;rwtsMenogeLIy KWeK)ansøcak;FMEp[RtUvcMsMenogénEpønImYy²enaHeRscEtmþg. Epø
rnatenHminecaHrn§s‘kExSeT KweKykEpøTaMgenaHeTAtMrabtamlMdab;lMedayénEpøCaCYrtam
beNþaysñÚk b:uEnþenAeBlNaEdleKQb;elgeKerIEpøTaMgenaHecjy:agRsYlTukdak;eTAkñúg
sñÚk bJukñúgRbGb;fg;NamYyvij. EpøsMenogrbs;rnatenHmansMenogxøaMg ehIyeyal)an
q¶ayRsedogKñaeTAnwgEpøsMenogKgvg;Edr.
enAeBlelgmþg²eKykGnøÚgmanemlMrwgeFVIedayEs,kRkbI bJ Es,kdMrImkeKaH.
rebobeRbIGnøÚgTaMgBIrk¾dUcKñanwgrebobeRbIGnøÚgrbs;rnatÉksuT§saFEdr KWeKaHesμI²KñaeTA
elIsMenogKU².

95
 rnatefag bJu rnatEdkmandMeNIrsac;bTdUcrnatÉksuT§saF. GñkEdlBUEkelg
rnatÉkk¾CaGñkBUEkelgrnatefag bJu rnatEdkEdr.
]bkrN_rnatefagmancMNas;eRcInstvtSmkehIy. ebItamRbsasn_ Xun mas DI
kñúgqñaM 1965 elakniyayfa :CItarbs;elak)anR)ab;fa rnatefageyIgenHeFVIRtab;tam
rnat\NÐÚeNsIu enAhSav:a eQμaH Gendèr taMgBIExμreyIg)anTTYl\T§iBlvb,Fm’rbs;hSav:a
¬Java¦ kñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI2 enAcugstvtSTI8kñúgeBlEdlesþc)annireTseTA

Java ehIy)anRtLb;mkesayraCüenARsukExμrvij edaynaMmkCamYynUvvb,Fm’ Java mYy

cMnYndUcEdlmanqøak;eTAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrmank,ÜnEhrbs;t®nþIeRcInRkumrYmCamYynwg
]bkrN_rbs;xøÜn b:uEnþrnatefag Exμr)anécñrUbragxusBIlMnaMedIm Gendèr ehIy :.
- Kgvg;
]bkrN_Kgvg;manBIr KWKgvg;tUc nigKgvg;FM. Kgvg;TaMgBIrenHeRbIR)as;enAkñúg
vg;ePøgBiNBaTübc©úb,nñ. mansNæanragerAdUcKña manrebobeFVIk¾dUcKña manEpøsMenog16
EpødUcKña GnøÚgsMrab;eKaHEpøsMenogk¾dUcKñaEdr b:uEnþsMKal;faFM bJutUc sMedAeTAelIrgVg;KgFM
bJutUc nigsMedAeTAelIEpø sMenogFM bJu tUcb:ueNÑaH BiesseTAeTotKWKgvg;tUcmandMeNIr
sac;bTrarabsaedIrpøÚvsac;bTcM² rIÉKgvg;FMmandMeNIr sac;bTeXøgeXøagrebobbeBa¢Ic
pþk;BImux BIeRkay bJueRbIsMenogRtYt eFVIy:agNa[sMenogrbs;xøÜnelceFøaeLIgRtg;cenøaH
eKÉg. Kgvg;tUc nigKgvg;FM KWCaKgvg;EdlmanGayueRcInstvtSNas;mkehIy ehIy
vamansar³sMxan;kñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTüEdlCavg;ePøgsRmab;beRmI[RBhμBaØsasnakalBI
sm½yedIm.
kñúgqñaM1965 semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat )anmanbnÞÚlfa :Kgvg;TaMgBIrEbbenH
ExμreyIgbMEbkecjBIKgBak;kNþalvg;manEpøsMenog 8 nig 9 dMbUgbMEbkecj)an Kgvg;FM
muneK bnÞab;mkeTIbbMEbkecjCaKgvg;tUceTot kñúgcenøaHstvtSTI9 nigTI12 rIÉKgBak;
kNþalvg;ExμrmantaMgBIsm½ymunGgÁr :.

96
 - sÁrsemÖar
sÁrsemÖarenHCasÁrmYyRbePTEdlmanmuxBIrGgÁúyTHeday)atéd bJ Rmaméd.
sÁrenHeRbIR)as;)anEtkñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTümYyKt;ehIymanrebobTHEt3EbbKWEbbeCIgsÁr
1Can; 2Can; 3Can;. sÁrenHsMxan;CageKbMputkñúgcMeNam]bkrN_TaMgLaykñúgvg;ePøg
BiNBaTü. kñúgeBlRbKMbTsMxan;sRmab;BiFIFM²RtUvsÁrsemÖarcab;epþImehAbTmuneKmYyXøa
b¤JuBIrXøasineTIb]bkrN_déTecjtameRkay. muneBlRbKuMePøgBiNBaTümþg²eKEtgeFVIBiFI
skáarbUCaGuCeTonFUbenAnwgsÁrsemÖarEdltMNag[]bkrN_TaMgGs;kñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTü.
sÁrsemÖarExμrmanGayurab;Ban;qñaMmkehIy KWmantaMgBImunExμryksÁrenHmkqøak;Cab;
nwgCBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrkñúgstvtSTI9eTAeTot. GñkRsIbNÐit eBA savrs Edl)anmk
eFVbI zkfakalBIExkum³Ö qña1M 994 enAsaklviTüal½yPUmni vÞ ci Ri tsil,³)anmanRbsasn_fa
:tamsilacarik ExμrecHeFVIeRKOg ePøgtaMgBIstvtSTI6 KWecHeFVIBiN cabIu nig sÁrRKb;Ebb :.
)aysemÖareFVIeday)aykinlaynwgepH[hμt; bc©úb,nñenHxøHeKyknMb½uglaynwgTwk
[esImRc)ac;[hμt;mkbiTk¾)anEdr. elak Alain Danielou (2P.31) fasÁrsemÖardUcKña
nwgsÁr maddalam \NÐa. elak David morton (4 P.68) )anelIkyksmþIrbs; Dhanit
Yupho Edl)ansresrkñúgesovePArbs;Kat;GMBI]bkrN_t®nþIéfLg;fa kñúgesovePAcas;²

)anelIkkMBs;[tMél]bkrN_mYyehAfa Saphon EdlRsedog bJu dUcKñanwg Taphon

¬semÖar¦ vamantYdUcCa Muthing,Marithang bJu Mattala \NÐaEdr.
tamkarsnñidæan sÁrsemÖarenHmanmunstvtSTI 6 eTAeTot BIeRBaHCasÁrEdlsßitenA
kñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTüCavg;ePøgbeRmI[RBhμBaØsasna Edl)annaMcUlmkRsukExμreday
CnCatikøwgÁtaMgBIstvtSTI1énRKwsþskraC.

97
 - sÁrFM
sÁrFMmancMnYn2RbcaMkñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTünimYy². sÁrTaMgBIrenHmansMenogmindUcKña
eT ebImYyBJusUrTUg² mYyeTotRtUvBJusUrTIg².
sÁrFMnimYy²manmuxBasedayEs,kTaMgsgxagnigmanRbEvgrgVg;muxb:unKña b:uEnþman
sMenogmindUcKñaeT. sÁrenHmanCaRbcaMkñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTü b:uEnþmineRbIR)as;RKb;EtbT
ePøgenaHeTmanbTxøHmincaM)ac;vaysÁrFMeLIy manbTePøgxøHeTotRtUvvaysÁrFMBIedImbT
rhUtdl;cb;bT. sÁrFMTaMgBIrenHmansMenogxøaMgeRCAmanrwT§anuPaBCagsÁrnanakñúgvg;ePøg.
Tamkarsnñidæan sÁrFMenHmanGayurab;Ban;qñaMdUcsÁrsemÖarEdrBIeRBaHsÁrenH)ansßit
esßrtaMgBIkMeNItvg;ePøgBiNBaTümkemø:H ehIyCasÁrédKUnwgsÁrsemÖarkñúgkar[cgVak;nig[
sMenogeqøIyqøgKñaeTAvijeTAmky:agrNþMminGacGt;)ankñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTüenH.mü:ageTot
sÁrFMenHk¾manqøak;rUbCab;nwgCBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþsRmab;bBa¢ak;famanmunsm½yGgÁrehIy
sMxan;sRmab;sgÁmmnusSkalBIrab;Ban;qñaMknøgmkenaH.
- Qig
Qig KW Ca]bkrN_eKaHCacgVak;Edlmanrab;Ban;qñaMmkehIyKWmantaMgmunsm½yGgÁr
mkemø:H. dUntaeyIg)anyk]bkrN_QigenHeTAqøak;Cab;nwgCBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ edIm,ITuk
CaekrdMENlR)ab; dl;kUnecACan;eRkay.
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KWsRmab;EteRbIeKaHCacgVak;ePøgb:ueNÑaH. kñúgvg;ePøgExμrCaTUeTAsMenogqubsßitenAcgVak;TI1
rIÉsMenogqWgsßitenAcgVak;TI2 b:uEnþebIKitCacgVak;4rbs;GWrubqubenARtg;cgVak;T1I qWgenA
Rtg;cgVak;TI3 BIeRBaHcgVak;4rbs;GWrubExμrbMRBYjmkenAEtBIrcgVak;EbbExμrvij sMenogqub
KWeKaHQigTaMgBIrpÞb;muxKña rIÉsMenogqWg KWeKaHbegðIrRtg;EKmQigTaMgBIr.

98
 Qig manragdUcedaHRsIRkmuM eFVIGMBIsMriT§ bJu lgðinsuT§ bJu layKñak¾)anmanTTwgmat;
RbEhl 0/08 m. enAcMkNþalQignimYy²manecaHrn§mYysRmab;s‘kExSP¢ab;Kña edIm,I[
gaykan;TgÁicpg nigkuM[)at;KUvapg.
QigEbbeyIgenHCnCatikULaenAtMbn;éb:lin extþ)at;dMbgehAfaEsg eFVIedaysMriT§
ragsMEb:tCagQigrbs;eyIgbnþic.
2> ceRmogsRmab;kMdrr)aM
1>1> bTsaFukar
bTsaFukar KWCaeQμaHdMeNIrePøgBiNBaTümYy. bTsaFukar mkBIBaküsaFu ¬sM>)a¦
Ku> l¥RbéBRtwmRtUvEdl[seRmcpl bJu seRmcRbeyaCn_. CabTePøgEdlRtUvRbKMumuneK
bg¥s;kñúgBiFIsMBHRKUFMCabTsRmab;eFVIBiFIsμwgsμaFRbmUlGarmμN_[)anmUlRKb;²Kña edIm,I
skáarrMlwkKuNRKU)aFüaybYgsYgdl;)armIénGMNacTaMgLaykñúgelakEdlCavtßús½kþisiTi§
eTaHmanrUbkþI\trUbkþIsUmyagGeBa¢IjmkCYyeRCamERCg[BiFIsMBHRKURbRBwtþeTARbkbeday
eCaKC½y.
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tamTMenomTmøab;RbéBNIBIdUntarbs;eyIgtaMgBIyUryarNas;mkehIyenaHelakEtg
EteFVIBiFIskáar³bYgsYgCanic©muneBlRbKMePøgmþg². BiFIskáar³bYgsYgmanCadMbUg erobRBH
BisÑúkar GuCeTonFUb rYcRbKMePøgmYybTEdlCabTrMlwkKuNRbcaMtamTRmg;ePøgnimYy².
kareFVIBiFIskáar³bYgsYgenHKWedIm,I ÷
- eFVIskáar³bYgsYgcMeBaHbuBVbursExμrEdl)aneRbIGs;kmøaMgkaycitþR)aCJasμartI eTB
ekaslürbs;xøÜnkñúgkarbegáIt]bkrN_ePøgRKb;RbePT nigniBn§bTePøgnanay:agsn§wksn§ab;
TuksRmab;esckþIRtUvkarrbs;kUnecACMnan;eRkay.
- eFVIskáar³bYgsYgnwkdl;KuNRKU)aFüayEdl)anbgðat;beRgonBYkeKRKb;²Kña[man
cMeNHdwgxagbTePøgTaMgenH.
99
 - eFVIskáar³bYgsYgbn;Rsn;cMeBaHGMNacTaMgLayEdlCavtßús½kþisiT§i eTaHmanrUbkþI
\trUbkþI sUmyagGeBa¢jI mkCYyRTRTg;karRbKueM Pøgrbs;eK[RbRBwteþ TARbkbedayeCaKC½y.
- kareFVIskáar³bYgsYgbn;Rsn;mgþ ²muneBlRbKuMePøgenaH eRkABIsar³sMxan;TaMgbIxag
elIKWCaBiFImü:agsMxan;bMputkñúgkarsμwgsμaFRbmUlGarmμN_[)anmUlkñúgeBlRbKMuecosvag
GarmμN_Cab;CMBak;nwgbBaðasμúKsμajxageRkAEdlCaehtueFVI[mankarePøcPøaMgdl;karRbKM.
- kareFVIskáar³bUCaEdlmanGuCeTonFUbedayGñkePøgyl;faBnøWeTonEdlGuCenATI
enaHCaBnøWR)aCJasUm[R)aCJarbs;eKPøWciBa©acdUcePøIgeTon km©at;)annUvPaBggwt dUcCakm©at;
)annUvPaBePøcPøaMgPan;RcLMkñúgkarRbKMubTePøgEdr. rIÉEpSgFUb KWCaExSQamEdlrt;tam
srésQamkñgú srIragÁkayTMagmUledaysuvtßPi aBeFV[I ragkayTaMgmUlmansuxPaBbribrU N_
mankmøaMgxøaMgkøakñúgkarRbKMePøg.
- enAkñúgsil,³t®nþIBiNBaTüTaMgmUl)anbgáb;nUvTsSn³bIKWkñúgTsSn³RBhμniymEdl
¬1¦ GVI²RtÚvedaHRsayedayhwgSaTaMgGs; ¬2¦ kñúgTsSnBuT§niym KWGVI²RtÚvedaHRsay
edayGhwgSa nig ¬3¦ kñúgTsSn³exmrniymKWGVI²RtÚvedaHRsayedayR)akdniym.

1>2> bTeRkvéN ¬bTeRkAéN¦

eRkvéN CaBaküExμrmYym:at; BaküesommYym:at;rYmKñamann½yfa³ sn§wkeh‘akñúg.
eRkv ³ ]> sUrERsk sUrh‘aBJuRsYc ERskeh‘a BJueRkv .
éN ¬s>fa :kñúg :¦ .
nk ³ Ku ¬s> n©k G>f> n:k :eRkA :¦
bTenHeRbIsRmab;karelIkT½BcUléRB bJ ecjdMeNIreTAc,aMg CabTsRmab;GMeBI
hwgSatamTsSn³RBhμBaØ sasna .

100
 1>3> bTya:nI
bTenHeRbIsRmab;rMgab;xagpøÚvcitþ eFVI[tNðaesþIg kielstic teRmkfycuH CabTqøúH
bBa©aMgGMBITsSn³ BuT§niym EdlkarRbRBwtþeTAsuT§EtGhigSa.
1>4> bTeCIteCIn ¬CaRbePTbTEvg¦
bTenHCabTEdlmanlkçN³dUcCaerOgelçanenAkñúgbTePøgenH. bTenHsRmab;
bkRsayGMBIdMeNIrcin. : eCIt : mann½yfa³ dMeNIrnig : Cin : mann½yfa³ cin. enHCa
bTqøúHbBa©aMgGMBITsSn³exmrniym EdlGVI²RtUvedaHRsayedayR)akdniym.

101
- bTePøgsRmab;beRmIkñúgelçanburaNEdlsßitkñúg256bT
1 bTRtak;FM 28 ePøgRsg; ¬Lúgsug ¦
2 ePøgpøik 29 EsnLav ¬EsneRBn ¦
3 BjaedIr ¬BüadWn¦ 30 R)aylaC ¬RbUyexAtk¦
4 ePøghk; 31 nagnaK ¬evóneFón¦
5 bTxøMú 32 eCItCUnRKU ¬eCItsugÁ¦
6 eraT_PBpat 33 eRkAraM ¬ePøgQb;¦
7 dMbgkan; 34 Rtak;tUc
8 kmμnþ 35 sμWr
9 mhab££T§i ¬riT§i¦ 36 cMNan
10 eraT_samla ¬eraT_Gs;mniÞl¦ 37 dMeNIreRkA
11 sμilxNÐsmuRT 38 mny:Undab
12 eCItqan 39 Exkmn
13 sn§wkkñúg ¬eRkAéN¦ 40 swgðmas
14 RBH)asKÁnI 41 tuktak;
15 eraT_PIrab;r:g 42 )araMgxYg
16 Exkvreqt ¬¬Exkbrextþ¦ 43 sarika
17 eCIt 44 xñikxñk;
18 eCItQwg 45 GUqaRKI
19 )aFM 46 GUt
20 rukrn§ 47 cugXwm
21 eCItRbcab; ¬RséL¦ 48 saém:
22 mhaC½y 49 nagNay
23 saFukar 50 esksarika
24 EperO ¬GMuTUk¦ 51 CIn)a:k;kYy
25 bTela 52 eTacyM
26 Bøúktn;m:ay 53 GUy:anI
27 RBahμN_kibEv:n ¬RBhμN_Bak;cei Ba¢ón ¦ 54 kVan;Gn

102
55 dMrIelgPøúk 83 CInlMpat;
56 sysun 84 GaeL
57 cugkabk 85 ela
58 ePøgGUttUc 86 XMuevon
59 ePøgGUtFM 87 emlwm
60 Exμrtm,aj 88 )avlut
61 GUBilab 89 sarak;bUr:ug
62 taLÚgb:Ug 90 ePøgqa
63 ExμreLIgRBHBnøa 91 bBa©úH
64 nYnRsI 92 la
65 páaRkg 93 sysun
66 xøgeyal 94 bu)aöelakIy_
67 saLÚm:a 95 eqamsaLat;
68 GURKYn 96 yakn
69 eCItQwg 97 ePøgela
70 Cinebwutm:aj 98 lIgLÚt
71 CinkVan;Gn 99 swgøtU
72 saLabdk 100 sIunYn
73 Cin)a:gLag 101 cugXwm
74 dMeNIrExμr 102 edImQwg
75 ehmLa 103 ecAdk
76 mncuHTUk ¬cinerO¦ 104 narIlEgVk
77 esog):ak;kYy 105 mntak;
78 Cin):ak;kYy 106 xül;bk;eCIgPñM
79 edtriT§ 107 páaRkg
80 Rty:yYn 108 )alwmsy
81 CInqa 109 GULav
82 Cintay:

103
 bTceRmogsIunYn
I- eyIgsUm eGIgGWy rYbrYm GwgeGIysamKÁI TaMgGs; GWgGWyCaTI GwGWGW RbeyaCn_
CaticeRmInrugerOg GWgGWyCaRkumjati sakleRBagRBat GwGWgGW edayBnøW .
ePøg 1
II- r)aMGWgGWy)acpáa GwGW GwgGWy CUnsirI sYsþI GwgGWydl;elak GwGwyRKb;GgÁa
sUm)anplmgÁl GwGWsmesaPa sBVTinTiva GwgGWGWy \tXøatGWy .
ePøg1
III- r)aMGwgGWy)acpáa GwGW GwgGWy CUnsirI sYsþI GwgGWydl;elak GWGWyRKb;GgÁa
sUm)anplmgÁl GWGWsmesaPa sBVTinTiva GwgGWy \tXøat GWy .

104
bTcugXwm

105
bTeCIt

106
bTsaFukar

107
108
 CMBUk2
sißtir)aM b¤ elçank,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü

I . bBa¢Ir)aM nig elçank,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü

sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmanCIvPaBminxusBIRbCaCnExμrb:unμaneLIy vamanTMenomTmøab;
GriyFm’ nig manevyükrN_k,ac;CamUldæanBisidærbs;va.
y:agNamiju karsikSar)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr karEsVgyl;[kan;EtsICu eRmAEfmeTotenaH
eyIgRtUvEsVgrkeQμaHr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrCacaM)ac;bMput BIeRBaHfar)aMk,ac;buraNExμr)annigkMBug
R)aRs½yTak;TgKñaerogral;éf¶CamYynig elak³ Pav³ sux³ rbs;sgÁmExμreyIgEdlCamUl
dæanRKwHpSarP¢ab;nUvlkçN³ citþKMnitmenaseBa¢tna nigmann½yBiessedayELkEbøkBIr)aM
nanaEdlmanenAkñúgelakenH.
1> eQVgyl;GMBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmank,ac;mUldæan 4500 k,ac;. k,ac;TaMgenaHburaNacarübMEbk
ecjCaeRcInTRmg;eTot b¤ k¾GacbRgYmmkvijy:agENnhab; nig s¥itrmYtBYtpSMCamYynwg
evyüakrN_k,ac;GgÁúlIhtßcat;eTAtamlMdab;epSg²eTot edayminrvatXøatcakBImUldæan
esaP½N nig tulüPaBCIviteLIy. eRBaHfa CIvitRtUvEtmanesaP½N : esaP½N KW kþIsgÄwm
nigtulüPaBrvagFmμCati buKÁl nigsgÁm rvagkaycitþ nigbBaØa.
y:agNamuij TsSn³FMcMeBaHr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KWCamUldæanCIvitd¾c,as;las;CaTIbMput
enaHehAfa³ { CIvitelakFatu } KWkar { ekIt cas; QW søab; }. Etmunnwgsøab; mnusS
caM)ac;RtUvbMeBjtYnaTIFmμCatiepSg²eTot ehAfa³ : CIviTayaeTa : EdlminGacxVH)anenaH
KWkarbnþevn ¬BUC ¦ .

109
 dUecñHehIy eTIbkñgú r)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr mank,ac;édCamUldæan eday)anEp¥kelITsSn³
énelakFatuenHÉg ehIynigsEmþgecjCa {søwk RtYy páa Epø } eBlEpøcas;k¾pÞúH
EbkecjCaRKab;Føak;cuH rYccab;epþImduH )anCa{søwk RtYy páa Epø } CabnþbnÞab;eTAeTot.

¬rUbelx88¦³ karbgðajk,ac;éd

2> n½yBakü
k> eTvta
enAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþEk,rRckTaVrecjcUl b¤ enAtamRCugnimYy²énCBa¢aMg eK
RbTHeXIjmanrUbcmøak;RsIþekμg²CaeRcInEdleKqøak;CaeTalEtmñak;Ég b¤ qaøk;CaRkumman
Kñaticb¤eRcInRbkbedaysMBt;l¥RbNIttubEtgkayedayeRKOgGlgáaEbøk²ya:geqItqay
bMput. eKmin)andwgfaetIrUbnag²TaMgenaHCaGIVBitR)akdeT. xøHfaBYknagCaGñkr)aM eRBaH
manRTg;eRKOgxøHfaCaBYknarIbeRmIenAtamR)asaTsRmab;erobdgVayRBHxøHeTotfaCaBBYk
RsIþenAzansYK’sßaneTvelak. eTaHCaBYknag²CaGIVk¾edayehIymantYnaTICaGIVk¾eday k¾
elakRsI sapU m:arsal; ¬Sapho Marchal¦ )anehArUbcmøak;nag²TaMgenaHfa :eTvta :
61
(Devatã )Edr .

61
SAPHO MARCHAL, Costumes et Parures Khmers (D'après les devatã d'Angkor Vat),
L'Harmattan, 1997.

110
 elakRsI)anniBn§esovePAmYymancMNgeCIgfa " Costumes et Parures Khmèrs
d'après les devatâ d'Angkor Vat " ERbmkfa : semøókbMBak; nigeRKOgtak;Etgkay

rbs;Exμr : ¬tamry³rUbcmøak;eTvta énR)asaTGgÁrvtþ ¦.

x> eTBGbSr
vcnanuRkmExμrrbs;semþcRBHsgÇraCKN³mhanikay CYn Nat eCatBaaØeNa
PaKTI1-TI2 rbs;BuT§sasnbNÐti üe)aHBume< nAPMeñ Bj ¬B>s> 2511-K>s>1967-1968 ¦
Rtg;TMB½r 1653 )an[dwgfa³ GbSr ¬G½b-bS ¦Canam. ¬sM®swát=GbSrs )alI=Gcära
mann½yfa : RsIþmansm,úrføaRss;pUrpg; b¤ RsIþmanmuxfaøRss;bMRBg :¦ RsIþsYK’ RsIGbSr
RsIeTBGbSr nagGbSr. tamesckIþtMNalkñúgKm<IrRBahμN_fa RsIþsYK’mYyBYkEdlpus
eLIgGMBITwkkñúgkalEdlkUrTwkGRmwt ¬bu:EnþtamkarBitminEmndUecañHeTEdlehAfa GbSr
b¤ GbSraenaHedayesckIþfa :RsIþsYK’mansm,úrPWøføapUrpg; b¤ RsIsYK’eqIteqam¦ :. Exμr
eRbIkøayCaGkSrk¾manRsIGkSr³ RsIeTBGbSrbvrkBaØa ¬KYrelIkElgeRbIRtUveRbIGbSr
b¤GbSra Gcära vij¦. GbSradUcKañnwgGcära RsIGbSra .
vcnanuRkmxagelIdEdlRtg;TMB½r1582 )an[dwgfa³ : eTBGbSr : Canam ¬sM-
eTv÷GbSr >)a> eTv ÷ Gcära¦ mann½yfa RsIþeTBta RsIsYK’ KWRsIeTBGbSr ¬ehARsIeTB
GbSrk¾)aneRbIkøayCaeTBGbSrk¾man.
kar[niymn½yelIBakü eTBGbSr b¤GbSramankarEbøkKañNas;. vcnanuRkmPasa
sM®swát-Gg;eKøs rbs;elak M. Monier Williams Rtg;TMB½rTI59 [n½yfa GbSra
CaeTvtaRsI b¤ eKehAfa " Nymph " 62. BYkenHrs;enAsaßnsYK’ CYneKcuHmkelgkmSanþ
enAÉEpndIEdr BYkeKGacpaøs;bþÚrrUbragkay)antamcitþeKcg; eKTaMgenaHCaPriyarbs;BYk
Kn§BV. BaküKn§BV CaBakü)alIÉsMRsáwtehAKn§vV³ " Gandharva " ERbfaBYkGñkelgePøg
62
M. Monier WILLIAMS, A Sanscrit - English Dictionnary, Delhi, 1999.

111
b¤ t®nþIkrenAsaßnsYK’. ÉBakü " Nymph " Pasa)araMgehAfa " Nymphe " EdlERb
fa : GrukçeTvI eTvta CaGñkrkSabwg Tenø nigéRBPMñ >kBaaØl¥eqItqayragerovKYrCaTIKyKn; :.
enHebItamvcnaFib,ay )araMg-Exμr rbs;GñkniBn§ sm faMg63.
K> GkSrsil,_
ÉksarxøH)an[dwgfaBBYkeTBGbSrTaMgenHekIteLIgmkBIkarkUrsmuRTTwkedaH edIm,I
EsVgrkTwkGRmwt KWTwkfaMñkarBarkMu[manesckIþsøab;. karkUrsmuRTTwkedaHenH)anRbRBwtþ
eTArvagBYk sur³ ¬KWBYkeTvta ¦ nigBYk Gsur³ ¬KWBYkykS¦ Gs;ry³eBlrab;Ban;qañM
¬ÉksarxøHbBaa¢k;faBIrBan;qñaM¦.
kalenaHBYkykSnwgBYkeTvta)anÉkPaBKñaykBs;naKeQμaH va:suKI eFVICaRB½RtB½T§
CMuvijPMñ mnÞr³ EdleKykeFVICasñÚlsMrab;karkUr. eyagtamcmaøk;CaeRcInBiesscmøak;enA
elICBaa¢MgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ Rtg;PaKxagt,ÚgTisxagekIt)anbgðaj[eXIjBYkykSTajxag
k,al ÉBYkeTvtaTajxagknÞúynaK va:sKu I.
elIpaÞMgcmøak;dEdlenaHsißtxagelI BYkykSnwgBYkeTvta eKeXIjBYk nageTBGbSr
rab;ryerraMya:gEsnsb,ayrIkrayRbkbedayPaBmenarmünigsuPmgÁl. Rtg;enHehIy
EdleKeCOfa GbSr ekItecjBIkarkUrsmuRTTwkedaH.
CMenOnigsasnaman\Ti§BlxaMøgkaøNas;enAkñúgsgÁmCatiExμr eRBaHfaCMenOnigkar
eKarBsasna)ancak;bJsya:gmaMkñúgCIvPaBrs;enARbéBNITMenomTmøab; nigenAkñúgsil,³
vb,Fm’Exμr. TRmg;sil,³ExμrPaKeRcInBak;B½n§eTAnwgeTvkfa KWCMenOsasnamanRBahμBaØ
sasna BuT§sasna nig GFiFmμCati EdlCnCatiExμrFaøb;eKarBbUCa.
tamkarsikSaRsavRCavR)asaTGgÁvtþ RtUv)ansageLIgkñúgraCüRBH)aTsUrüvrμ½nTI2
EdlCakSRteKarBbUCaRBhμBaØsasnaedayyknikayvisÑúCaFM. BIeRBaHmancmøak;erOgra:v
CaeRcInbnSl;Tuk[eyIgeXIjmanenAelIcmøak;EpþrehaCagb¤elICBaa¢MgmYycMnYnsuT§swg
63
sm faMg vcnaFib,ay )araMg-Exμr bNÑaKar KIm KI B>s> 2509 K>s> 1966 TMB½r879.
112
EtmankarBak;B½n§eTAnwgerOgra:vrbs;RBHvisÑú b¤ y:agehacNas;k_Tak;TgeTAnwgGgÁGvtar
rbs;RBHvisÑúEdrdUcya:gRBHRkwsѳ RBHram CaedIm. enAelICBa¢aMgEfvTI3TisxageCIg eyIg
eXIjmanrUbcmøak;tMNag[RBHRkwsѳ ehIyÉksarxøHbBa¢ak;faRBHRkwsѳGgÁenHCaGvtar
rbs;RBHvismúÑ anmehsIdl;eTAmYymunW R)aMmyY Ban;nak; ¬16000 nak;¦ ÉeNaH. cuHrUbnag²
EdlGñkRsI sapUma:rsal; rab;eXIj 1737 enaHCatMNagmehsITaMgenaHEdrb¤eT ?.
ebIeFVIkarBinitü[)anhμt;ct;eTAelIrUbcmøak;narIekμg²TaMgenaH eyIgGacvaytémø)an
fanag²TaMgenaHminEmnCaRsþIFmμtaenaHeT. sMBt;EdlesøokminEmnCaRkNat;sRmab;narI
samBaØeLIy KWsuT§Etsac;RkNat;Funl¥esþIgmanlm¥edaypáaKWCaRkNat;Edlmantémøx<s;
sRmab;EtGñkEdlmanGMNac manbuNüs½kiþx<g;x<s; ehIysißtenAkñúgRtkUlx<g;x<s;pgEdr enH
ebItamkarsresrrbs;Gkñ karTUtbreTsmñak;64 Edl)anmkTsSnaGgÁrkñgú stvtSTI13.
rUbragmantUcmanCMeTIrsuT§swg)anbgðajcMBImuxmanxøHEdrEtRtUv)anqaøk;bgðajEbb
BIcMehog3PaK4 ¬3¼4¦ edayviciRtkrEdlmaneTBekaslüx<s;. ÉeRKOgGlgáartak;
Etgkayvij BiessKWm:Udsk;mantaMgBIsk;sitFmμtaKμaneRKOglm¥sk;KYcCakMe)a:yCaCuk
TITuyrhUtdl;manBak;máúdEdll¥RbNItEfmeTotpg.
máúdEdlCaeRKOglm¥TaMgenHmanlaypáaehIyEbøk² eRcInEbbeRcInm:UdEdleyIgeCO
c,as;fasuT§EtCarbs;EmnETnminEmnCarbs;kaéLeT ehIyGñknagTaMgenaHk¾minmanvNѳ
efakTabEdr. rUbPaBnarIekμg²TaMgenaHmanekokédKña ekokcegáH rUbxøHekoksμa édkan;páa
b¤rbs;epSg²eTaHCaesøókdUcKañ b¤manBak;máúddUcKñaxøHk¾edayk¾eyIgsegáteXIjminman
PaBRcMEdl² b¤manrUbNadUcKañ b¤sÞÜnKñaeLIy.
cMnYnenHKWrab;EtrUbQreTalb¤CaRkumb:ueNaÑH minrab;bBa©ÚlrUbEdlraMkñúgcmøak;pÞaMgkUr
smuRTTwkedaHeT. edayeXIjmaneRKOgtak;Etgkayd¾sm,ÚrN_EbbRbkbedaysMBt;d¾l¥
RbNIt nigkayvikarEbøk²rbs;BYknagGbSraTaMgenaH.
64
Pelliot Paul, Mémoires sur les coutumes du Cambodge de Tcheou Ta Kouan, Paris, 1961.

113
 X> silacarwk
R)asaT)ay½n nigR)asaTmYycMnYneTotEdlsagkñúgraCüRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7suT§swg
CaR)asaTEdleK)an]TÞisfVaycMeBaHRBHBuT§sasna b¤ RBHBuT§raCEdlRBHmhakSRtCa
tMNagRBHsmμasm<úT§. eKeXIjmanrUbcmøak;narIraMehIyk¾manrUbnarIb¤RsIsYK’ b¤eTvtaQr
enAkñúgs‘ummanPaBRsKt;RsKM KYr[RsLaj;enAtamCBa¢aMgR)asaTTaMgenaHpgEdr.
xøHfaCaGñkbeRmIRBH xøHfaCaqμaM xøHfaCaGñkerobdgVayRBH b¤GaTieTB. silacarwk
sm½yenaH )an bBa¢ak;fa
- silacarwkR)asaTRBHx½n ³ :GñkbeRmIRbus GñkdaMsø nwgeFVIkargarepSg² cMnYn
4606 nak; GñkbeRmIRsI man 2298 nak;kñúgenaH 1 000 nak;CanarIr)aM :.
- silacarwkR)asaTtaRBhμ )an[dwgfa :RBHsgÄCaGacarüCan;x<s;cMnYn 18 GgÁ
GñkerobcMBiFIepSg² 2740 nak; CMnYykar2232nak; kñúgenaHmannarIr)aM 615 nak; mnusS
Rbus nigRsI 66625 nak;beRmIkargarnwg erobcMdgVayRBH >>> : .
tamkarRsavRCavBIÉksarmYycMnYn)anbgðajfa r)aMGbSr b¤ GbSraRtUv)ancmøgecj
BIrUbcmøak;enACBa¢aMgR)asaTburaNExμrBiessKWcmøgBIrUbcmøak;enAtamCBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ
Etmþg. tamkarsresrcgRkgTukCaÉksarrbs;RksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ Ék]tþm
eBRC TMuRkviul )an[dwgfa r)aMeTBGbSr b¤GbSra CaTsSnIyPaBEdleyIg)aneXIjenA
elIqaksBVéf¶enH KWCakarcmøgecjBIrUbcmøak;GbSraenAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ karcmøg
ykrUbcmøak;GbSraBICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ[køayCaTsSnIyPaBr)aMd¾rs;revIkenH KWCakar
eFVI[rUbcmøak;GbSraTaMgLayenAelICBa¢aMgfμR)asaTrs;eLIgvij hak;dcU CamanCIvti enAcMeBaH
muxTsSnikCnya:gdUecñaHenaHKWCaRBHraCtMrHi rbs;semþc RBHmhakSRtiyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³
narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna ¬RBHmataénGtItRBHmhakSRt neratþm sIhnu¦ kñúgeKalbMNgeFVI[
GtItkalmanRbeyaCn_cMeBaHbc©úb,nñ nigGnaKt.

114
 GñkRKU Ekv NarMu nigGñkRKU RBM sIusapanæa knøgmkk¾)ancgRkgnUvesovePAmYyman
cMNgeCIgfa r)aMGbSra (Apsara Dance) ehIye)aHBum<pSayBIEx sIha qñaM 2003.
BBYkeTBGbSr b¤ eTBGbSr bvrkBaØa EdlsBVéf¶niymehAfa : GbSra : KWCaGñk
r)aMénsßansYK’. BYkeTBGbSrTaMgenHmantYnaTIsMxan;Nas; KWEfrkSaelakenH[manbriya
kassb,ayrIkraysuxmenarmünigsuPmgÁl TMenomTmøab;RbéBNIExμr)anRbkan;ykrbb
mataFibetyü ehIyEtgmanCMenOfa RsþIKWCaGñknaMmknUvsirIsYsþI nig suPmgÁl. nageTB
GbSrsuT§EtCaRsIþbrisuT§ nagCaGñktMNagsaßnsYK’ sMukIþeR)asRbNI BIGaTieTB b¤ vtßúskþisiT§i
ehIyBaMnaMmkBIsaßnsYKv’ ji nUvBrsBVsaFukar esckIsþ xu cMerInPaBekSmkSanþmkCUnRbCaraRsþ
nigRbeTsCati.
3> eQμaHr)aM erOgelççank,ac;buraN
eyIg)andwgehIy GMBIRbvtiþsegçbénkarkekItr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü
manxøwmsar nig Gtßn½yy:agRCaleRCAenAkñúgsgÁmCatiCaTRmg;sil,³skáar³ ¬sil,³eTv³¦
mYyEdlmanv½ycMNas; ehIyk¾CaTRmg;sil,³EdlmantémøBitxagsμartI nigxagbec©keTs
kRmitx<s;kñúgcMeNamTRmg;sil,³TsSnIyPaBenAkm<úCa. BiessCagenHeTAeTotenaH
cMNgeCIg b¤ eQμaHr)aMTaMgenaH)anekþabnUvxøwmsarrYmrbs;r)aM b¤ erOgelçank,ac;buraNTaMg
enaHTaMgGtßn½y GtßrUb Gtßrs rbs;r)aM b¤ erOgnimYy²edaypÞal;. minRtwmEtb:ueNÑaHenA
)anpþl;CUnTsSnikCnGaceQVgyl;)anCamunkñúgcinþarmμN_rbs;xøÜnfahak;bIdUcCamanRbti
PasCamYyelak³mYyd¾Gs©arüpgEdr.
TaMgnimitþrU)armμN_pSMeTAedayseBa©tna eq<aHeTArkdMeNIrkarsMEdgr)aMk,ac;buraNkIþ
erOgelçank,ac;buraNkþIsuT§Et)anpþl;CUnTsSnikCnnUvebtiesamnsSCamunmYYyPaKFMpg
tamry³esati®nÞiyarmμN_muneBlEdl)anTsSnanUvkarsEmþgpÞaMgTsSnIyPaBTaMgenaH.
edaysareQμaHr)aMeQμaHerOgelçanr)aMk,ac;buraNmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgeTvkfaburaN
pgRbvtiþkalnanatamry³GkSrsil,_man\Ti§Blya:gxaøMgeTAnwgxwømsarsEmþgRBmTaMg
115
)anpþl;CYnTsSniknUvGVIEdlCasar³rbs;r)aMb¤erOgelçanEfmeTotmuneBlEdl)aneXIjkar
sEmþgCak;EsþgehIybnþeTAenHKWCabNþacMNgeCIgerOgmYycMnYnEdl)anbnSl;Tuk.

¬rUbelx87¦³ cmøak;eTBGbSrenAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTburaNExμr

116
 4> bBa¢Ir)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBüEdlrs;eLIgvijtamlMdab;GkçrRkm
k> bBa¢IeQμaHr)aM 65
l>r eQμaHr)aM kalbriecäT kalbriecäT GñktemøIg
sEmþg énkarrs;eLIgvij
1 r)aMkinñr
2 kEnSg
3 k,ac;)atykS
4 k,ac;)atsVa ¬)a:FM¦
5 éklas RBHmhakSRtiyanIkusum³narIr½tñ
m:mÉmdkBay - neratþm bu)aöeTvI
6 kRmgpáa 1986 elakRKUeRBOgeQog -GñkRKUsutsMGun
lI yuT§Lwg
7 xøMú ¬egaH ¦ ?
8 EKn ? m:m xat;
9 RKuD
10 -cuHRsg; ? GñkRKUmøiH Rkg
11 cm,:amaseTs b¤ GbSra semþcRBHknñidæarsμIesaP½N
-Xun ]sa- m:mÉm dkBay
GñkRKU Ca samI - GñkRKU Ém Fay
12 qabBa©úH tYnag nayerag
13 qμar GñkRKU dkBr
14 CUnBr ? m:mÉmdkBay
15 CUnBrTahancas ; ?
65
bBa¢IsareBIPNÐ ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIkm<úCa Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Cambodi ,
Ministry of Culture And Fines Arts And UNESCO /2004.
- dkRsg;ecjBIesovePA ³ Earth in Flower. a Historical an Descriptive Study of theClassical
Dance Drama of Cambodia rbs;elak CRAVATH, Paul Ruesel,University of Hawai, Phd.
1985. nig RBwT§acarür)aMmYycMnYnman GñkRKU suT§ sMGun/ Ém Fay/ rs; Kg;/ swum mnßa/ miuj kusnI/

eRBOg eQog

117
16 QUyqayqμa 1941
17 QUyqaybYgsYg 1949
18 QUyqayykS ? Xun-mit
19 QUyqayCMTg;
20 r)aMdav 1957
21 taEy: m:mRKU qavrI - m:m Ém dkBay
22 taxwg : r)aMRkma : ?
23 RtYtBl
24 fVayRBHBr 1999 semþcracbuRtIRBHeromneratþm bu)aöeTvI
elakRKU eRBOg eQog
GñkRKU sut sMGun GñkRKU rs; Kg;
GñkRKU Eb:n suxXYn/GñkRKU Ém Fay
GñkRKU sut sumalI
25 TivaRbéB GñkRKU Ca samI
26 eTevt 1941
27 eTvkBaØa
28 eTBkBaaØka
29 eTBnikr
30 eTBmenarmü ? semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanIkusum³narIr½tñ
m:m ywmy:an
31 Tahancas;¬dav¦ 1958 m:m ywmya:n;
32 narICaCYr ?
33 narIExμrEtgxøÜn semþcRBHknidñ aæ rsμIesaP½N
m:m Ém dkBay
34 nagEbøg ?
35 r)aM )acpáa
36 bYgsYgFM
37 bYgsYgRBahμN_ ?
38 e)A lwm 1931
39 e)A lut 1931
40 bu)aöelakIy_ ? semþcRBHkniñdæa rsμIesaP½N
GñkRKU Ca xan; - GñkRKUCa samI

118
 GñkRKU Ém Fay
41 páamas páaR)ak; 1931 1979-2002
42 pøit 1938 GñkRKU Eqm nig m:m Ém dkBay
43 RBabsnþiPaB GñkRKU Ca samI - GñkRKU sut sMGun
GñkRKU rs; Kg;
44 RBabs
45 RBHefag 1931
46 RBahμN_ 1943
47 RBahμN_tU
48 RBHnarayN_EbgPaK
49 BUefA {PUma} elakRKU b‘unr:ug
50 -r)aMRBHRtas; ?
51 PYgnarI 1950 m:m ywmy:an;
52 mNIemxlanigram\sUr
53 mNIemxla rkSasmuRT
54 menaseBa©tna ?
55 mitþPaB
56 r)aMman; 1956
57 már 1933 GñkRKU Eqm - Xun mit
58 emGMe)A b¤ Bs;
59 menaseBa©tna
60 ya:kn ?
61 la
62 lav
63 vrQunnigmNIemxla 1933
64 vaeyapaypat;
{GULMPMupat;}
65 esksarika GñkRKU dkBr
66 sara:k; )ar:ug 1931
67 suvNÑmcäa 1932
68 sVaRbcab ; 1939
69 hnumansuvNÑmcäa ? GñkRKUdkBr

119
 ¬eRcog¦
70
71 GbSra 1962 RBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtßi kusum³
narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna- m:mqavrI- m:m Ém
dkBay- semþcRBHeromneratþm
bu)aöeTvI - elakhgS Fn; hak;
72 ÉkraCüCajC½y b¤ páa RBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtßi kusum³
narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna
m:m sysgVan - GñkRKU Ca-xan;
x> bBa¢Ir)aMk,ac;buraN bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü Edl)an)at;bg;
73 kanIqa
74 Rkma 1943
75 r)aMkSRt 1950
76 r)aMek¶ak 1952
77 kMNaBübYgsYgnigr)aM
78 cab;r)aM
79 ecAyIgdada 1939
80 eqamkaLabus,a
81 qaynIs dU
82 CVa
83 dMeNIrk,ÜnGñkr)aM
84 r)aMnaK
85 b‘un LÚy¬raMrebobtøúk¦ 1938
86 )aeLLav 1942
87 )aeLkm<úCa
88 bYgsYgfVayeTvta 1946
89 r)aMpáa 1951
90 m©as;kSRtIbuTum
91 mitþPaBExμr-Gaemrik 1959
92 mitþPaBExμr-cin 1960
93 r)aMykS

120
94 r)aMrMlwkfVayRBHviBaØaNkç½n§ 1941?
RBHmhakSRt munIvgS
95 r)aMviLan;da 1948
96 r)aMsaLam:a b¤ saLÚma:
97 r)aMsIunYn ?
98 r)aMsVaKmn_ 1941
99 r)aMhVINal;
10 hukRksat? 1947
0
10 r)aMhgSas 1956
1
10 Gaeb:sasn_{ \NÐacuHsMeBA ?
2 }

K> bB¢aIerOgelçank,ac;buraN b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBüEdlrs;eLIgvij

1 kakI ?
2 éRkefag 1933
3 RBHcnÞeKarB 1945
4 RBHCinvgS
5 QutGnurutedjkinrñ ?
6 QutsuPl½kç ¬erOgGnurut¦
?
7 RBHefag nagnaK 1965 semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanIkusm³narIr½tñ
Xun may - m:mÉm dkBay/
GñkRKUmøiHRkg GñkRKU RBg
Gñkmñager:t elakRKU exμA
elakRKU hgS Fn;hak;
8 TiBVsgVa
9 ramekr×þ
91 Qutcm,aMgRkugraBN_
92 QutedjeRbIsmas

121
93 QutRBHramRtYtBl
94 QutRkugraBN_qk;nagsita
95 QutsuvNÑmcäa
96 QutsitaluyePøIg 1995 neratþm bu)aöeTvI- elak eRBOg eQog
GñkRKU Ém Fay- GñkRKU sut sMGun
GñkRKU sut sumalI-GñkRKUEb:n suxhYn
97 Qutcgs<an 1996 neratþm bu)aöeTvI -elakeRBOg eQog
GñkRKUÉm Fay-GñkRKU sut sMGun
98 Qutsita{dgTwk}kñúgéRB 1997 GñkRKUÉm Fay-GñkRKU miuj kusnI
elakRKU eRBOg eQog
99 QutramlkμSN_- ? m:m-ywmy:an;
Cb;lkμSN_
910 QutRBHramcUlekadæ
10 RBHlkSiNvgS ?
11 RBHevsSnþr 1957
12 RBHs½gç 1941 ?
13 RBHsamut 1936
14 sUriyavgS
15 RBHGnuruTÞ 1939
16 \sIdac;Qan 1963 semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanIkusum³narIr½tñ
Xun may-m:mÉm dkBay
elak m:Yt- GñkRKU møiHRkg
17 GIuNav 1958

X> bBa¢IerOgelçank,ac;buraN b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBüEdl)at;bg;

18 eknvILar:a 1948
19 éklas
20 cRkavgS
21 RBHecAdMrIs 1947
22 ecAsuris½kiþ
23 C½yT½t 1950

122
24 RBHC½yEsn 1956
25 RBH)aTC½yeCt 1944
26 edvkBaØa b¤ edvkanIka 1958
29 RBHbtßamasan;)a:FI 1952
27 p©aj;mar
28 RBHektumala
29 RBHeXabuRt
30 nagcm,:aefag
31 RBHnarayN_EbgPaK
32 RBH)aTFmμasmμaeBaFi
33 RBHbuTumsuriya
34 RBHlinefag
35 RBHs½gçh‘un
36 RBHsuT§INacRkriT§I
37 RBHsuTi§vgS
38 RBHsuTi§bJT§i
39 RBHsuTi§vgS
40 m:ak;fWg
41 BgSsuvNÑcnÞsaer:t
42 vgSsuvNÑ 1941
43 suFincRk 1933
44 suvNÑBgS ?
45 suvNÑhgS? 1939
46 suvNÑhug 1946
47 RBHsuFn-Ekvmenah¾ra ?

123
 5> briyaysegçbGMBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KW CanimitþrUbénGarüFm’d¾rugerOgrbs;Exμr Edl)annaMmknUvxwømsar
d¾eRcIn\tKNnasMrab;klu buRtkulFItaCMnan;eRkay)aneXIjRbtükStamkal³eTs³d¾sm
Rsb EdlminmanCatisasn_NaGaceRbobRbdUc)aneLIy.
k> r)aMkinñr
kinñrCaeQμaHbkSImYyRbePT EdlmanrUbCamnusSehIy
mansøabGacehaHehIr)an kinrñ manniyayEtenAkñgú erOgeRBgExμr
Etb:ueNÑaH. r)aMkinñrmansRms;EbøkRtg;kayvikark,ac;Edlman
lkçN³dUcstVehaHehIr nigCak,ac;sMxan;enAkñúgcMeNamk,ac;
ÉeTot²énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr .
x> r)aMkRmgpáa
r)aMkRmgpáa Car)aMsVaKmn_GbGrsarTrEdlsil,karinIr)aMraMkan;kRmgpáa CanimitþrUb
énmitþPaB. eKniymsEmþgr)aMenHenAeBlebIkBiFIFM² b¤semÖaFsmiT§iplsMxan;epSg².
K> r)aMkSRt
eyIgeXIjmanenAEtkñúgRkaMgsMEdgr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr { kSRt } Car)aMk,ac;buraNmYy
EdlsBVéf¶eKBMuEdleXIjsEmþgeT. r)aMenH)anbgðajGMBIsRms;d¾Rss;pUrpg;énGgÁkSRt
RKb;GgÁEdlRTg;Rbdab;RBHkayRbkbedayeRKOgGlgáarPøeW pøkdUcEdlmanEcgenAkñgú GtßbT
ceRmogburaNxageRkamenH.

124
 RKb;GgÁRTg;Rsg; CRmHR)aN
suKn§arsaylab kaypUrpg;.
sñab;]rUsgVa PUsaRTg;
qøgGgÁlm¥ Rss;eqItqay.
kgkan;suvNÑ elcrsμI
TRmg;eBRCRBay qøúHenRta.
RTg;máúdesotRkws b¤T§Ikøa
yaRtacUlKal; RBHeCosC½y.
X> r)aMcm,:amaseTs
ÉksarmYycMnYn)an[dwgfa r)aMcm,a:maseTsenHRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgmunr)aMGbSra
eTAeTot ehIyRtUv)ansEmþgedayRBHGgÁm©as;kSRtI neratþm suCati CadMbUgbg¥s;. eRkay
mkr)aMenHRtUv)ansEmþgeLIgedayRBHGgÁm©as;kSRtI neratþm vCra. r)aMcm,:amaseTs
EdlsEmþgenAeBlenHKWCasñaédénGñkRKU Ém Fay eday)anrkSax¢ab;x¢ÜnnUvGtßn½y nig
k,ac;edIménr)aM.
g> qabB©úaH
enAkñúglkçN³Gb;rMsuRkwtmYy sisSr)aMExμrcab;epþIm hat;hVwkhVWn cab;taMg BIekμg
Gayu5 b¤ 6 qñaM . Caerogral;éf¶ eKeronBt;éd Bt;eCIg edIm,I[ragkay nigGvyv³manPaB
Tn;Pøn;EdlCaesaPNPaB niglkçN³tRmUvsMxan;mYyenAkñúgr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr . qabB©úaH
rYmbBa©ÚlnUvk,ac;)atmYycMnYnEdlsisSr)aMRKb;rUbRtUvecHmunnwgeTAeronr)aMepSgeTot.

125
 c> r)aMqμa
r)aMqμaCar)aMsRmab;nadkakumartUc²sEmþgfVayRBHBrC½y nigekatsresIrBIRBHkitüa
nuPaBrbs;RBHmhakSRt.
q> r)aMCUnBr
r)aMCUnBrCaRbePTr)aMskáar³sEmþgsRmab;]TÞisfVayGaTieTBnigvtßús½kþisiTi§ edIm,IsuM
esckþIsux[cUlmandl;RBHmhakSRt RbCaCn nig RbeTsCati .

C> r)aMQUyqay
r)aMQUyqay )anbegáIteLIgedaysemþcRBHneratþm suFars edaymanGtßbT
erobrab;GMBIsRms;d¾l¥nigRBHsUresogd¾BIeraHrbs;m©as;kSRtiymYyRBHGgÁ. eyIgsegát
eXIjfar)aMQUyqayenHmankarbkRsayeRcInEbbmanr)aMQUyqayCMTg; r)aMQUyqayqμa
nig r)aMQUyqayGgÁrpgEdr.

126
 Q> r)aMtaEy:
r)aMtaEy: Car)aMeTv³EdlmanGtßn½ybrisuT§x<g;x<s;y:agRCaleRCACaTIbMput. Gñkr)aM
raMRbkbeTAedaykaybrisTu c§ ti eþ BareBjedayvisTu m§ KÁnaMnvU BrBIeTv³mkpþlC; nU mnusSelak
[smRbkbeTAedaysnþiPaB vibulPaB nigsuPmgÁl.
j> r)aMdav
r)aMdav ¬eKeRbIdavCa]bkrN_sMxan;enA
kñúgr)aM¦eKniymsEmþgr)aMenHenAkñúgTivabMBak;s½kiþ
eyaFa. Gtßn½yrbs;ceRmogerobrab;GMBIBrsBÞ
saFukarfVay nig CYncMeBaHfñak;dwknaMEdlmancitþ
esμaHRtg;RBmTaMgmankarebþCaJ cityþ a: gemaHmut
ts‘UkarBarCatimatuPUmi.
d> r)aMTivaRbéB
r)aMTivaRbéB)anbegáIteLIgedayGñkRKU Ca samI sRmab;kumarIr)aMenAkñúg»kas
buNüxYbTivakumarnaqñaM1979. eRkABIKuNPaBTsSnIyPaBr)aMenH)anbgáb;nUvlkçN³Gb;rM
BImitþPaB PatrPaB nigesñhaCatipgEdr.
f> r)aMeTBkBaØaka
r)aMeTBkBaØakaRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1992 edaynadka
nigtRnþIkrmYyRkum eRkamkardwknaMeday sM cnÞmUlI Edl
CacMENkmYyénKeRmagr)aMenA Jacob’s Pillow Dance
FestivalnashrdæGaemrik. xøwmsarénr)aMenHbkRsay

GMBIsRms;rbs;R)agÁR)asaTsilaburaNExμr RBmTaMgkar
ekatsresIrcMeBaHsñaédd¾eqñImrbs;sil,krExμr enAkñúg
127
GMLúgstvtSknøgmkenH. ÉkayvikarenAkñúgr)aM KWCakarbkRsayGMBIk,ac;Edlqøak;enA
elICBa¢aMgénR)asaTGgÁrvtþ.
D> r)aMeTBmenarmü
r)aMeTBmenarmü EdlCar)aMmYyd¾suRkwthμt;ct;tamk,ÜnxñatRbéBNIénr)aMburaNRtUv
)anerobcMEksRmYlCafμIedaysemþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtiß kusum³ narIr½tñ
sirIvDÆna. nadkaCatMNag[eTv³ nigeTvtaraMBt;EBn edIm,IbYgsYgsuMesckþIsux esckþI
ceRmInCUndl;RbCaBlrdæ nigRbeTsCati.
N> r)aMeTevT
r)aMeTevTCaRbePTr)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr. enAmunqña1M 946 eKehAr)aMenHfa³ r)aMeTvTasI
sRmab;GñkraMeTal. eRkaymkr)aMenHRtUv)anRBHmhakSRtiyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³narIr½tñ
sirIvDÆna rcnaécñ[eTACar)aMraMCaRkumvijehIymanlkçN³nigesaPNPaB BiessKWRkLa
r)aMceRmog nig tRnþI CaedIm.
t> r)aMnarICaCYr
r)aMnarICaCYr Car)aMbegáIteLIgsRmab;kumarIedaymann½ynigxøwmsarbkRsayBIlm¥
d¾RbNItrbs;r)aMk¾dUcCavb,Fm’ExμrpgEdr. Gtßn½ymüa:geTotrbs;r)aMnarICaCYr KWkarsMEdg
nUvktþBaØÚtaFm’ cMeBaHbuBVburseyIgEdl)anxMEfrkSaTuk[)anKg;vgS nigEckbnþekrtMENl
nUvmt’kd¾mantémøkat;éfømin)anenH.
f> r)aM)acpáa
r)aM)acpáaCaRbePTr)aMskáar³sEmþgsRmab;]TÞsi fVayGaTieTB nigvtßsú k½ sþi Ti §i edIm,IsMu
esckþIsux cUlmandl;RBHmhakSRt RbCaCn nigRbeTsCatiExμr.

128
 T> r)aMbu)äaelakIy_
r)aMbu)öaelakIy_ sMrab;kumarIerraMBt;eBneTAtamceRmog nigePøgBiNBaTüRbkbeday
sUresogd¾BIeraH. Gtßn½ykarsEmþgktþBaØÚtaFm’cMeBaHbuBVbursExμrEdl)anbnSl;TuknUvekr
mt’kd¾mantémøkat;éfømin)an.
Z> r)aMbYgsYgRBahμN_
tamTMenomTmøab;ExμreKsEmþgr)aMenHedIm,IbYgsYgsMuesckþIsux nig esckþIceRmInCUn
cMeBaHRbeTsCati nigRbCaCn.

n> r)aMpøit
pøitCa]bkrN_sMxan;EdlRtUveRbIenAkñúgr)aMenH eKsEmþgr)aMpøitedIm,IsMusuxsnþiPaB
sirIsYsþI nig suPmgÁl fVayRBHmhakSRt GñkdwknaM nigRbCaBlrdæ.

129
 b> r)aMBUefA
)anCaehAr)aMenHfa {r)aMBUefA } BIeRBaHBUefACa]bkrN_sMxan;EdlRtUvnaMmkeRbIenA
kñúgr)aM. ceRmogEdlkMdredayvg;ePøgBiNBaTüerobrab;nigrMlwkkUnExμrGMBIExμrEdlCaGñk
RsLaj; sil,³ RBmTaMgjúaMg[eyIgnaMKñaEfrkSanUvsm,tþiRbéBNId¾mantémøenH[)anx¢ab;
x¢ÜnnigRbkbedayemaTnPaB.
p> r)aMRBabs
{RBabs} CanimitþrUbénsnþiPaB. r)aMRBabsCar)aMnimitþrUb
énesckIþs¶b;suxnwgsnþiPaBrbs;;RbCaBlrdæTUTaMgBiPBelak
TaMgmUl.

B> r)aMPYgnarI
eKniymsEmþgr)aMPYgnarIenAkñúgBiFIbuNüsMxan;²epSg² nig sMrab;TTYlePJóvnana.
ceRmog nig kayvikarkñúgr)aMPYgnarIenHbgðajGMBIkareRbobeFobénPaBTn;Pøn;rbs;RsþIExμr.
eTAnwgsRms;FmμCati CaBiessKWpáa.
P> r)aMmenaseBa©tna
r)aMmenaseBa©tna)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgGMLúgqña1M 980 edaykvInignadkénsakl
viTüal½yPUminÞviciRtsil,³naTIRkugPñMeBjkñúgeKalbMNgpþl;meFüa)aynig»kasdl;sisS
r)aMeronsMEdgnUvmenaseBa©tnacMeBaHmuxTsSnikCn. eRkayBI)anhat;ecHsÞat;nUvk,ac;)at
rYcehIysisSr)aMk¾cab;hat;eronGMBIk,ac;dgxøÜnnigsMEdgnUvmenaseBa©tnaenAkñúgr)aMBiBN’na
k¾dUcCar)aMFmμtaEdr.

130
 m> r)aMmitþPaB
r)aMenHsEmþgeLIg edIm,IbgðajBImitþ
PaBrvagCatisasn_nana. Tg;CatitMNag
RbeTsnanacUlrYmenAkñúgTivad¾mehaLarik
enHbk;rvicekokkitKñaCanimitþrUbénTwkcitþ
siñT§sñalmitþPaBnigsnþiPaBPaBsuxsanþén
RbCaCnTUTaMgBiPBelakTaMgmUl.

y> r)aMemGMe)A
r)aMemGMe)A )anbegáIteLIgedayRBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtßi kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna
enACMnan;RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm suraRmwt. r)aMenHGaceRbICar)aMemGMe)Ak¾)anCar)aMnaK
k¾)antamEdleyIg)aneXIjenAkñúgGtßbTceRmogkMdrr)aMKWmanxøwmsarTak;TgeTAnwgstV
naK.
r> r)aMmár
r)aMmárCar)aMEdlmanGtßn½yBak;B½n§nwgeTBrkSa
elak nig CanimitþrUbénelakFatuTaMg bYn KW Twk dI ePøIg
xül;. eKeRbIclnapøitCaclnaxül;eFVI[manclnaTwk
edayTwkeFVI[manclnadI nig clnaePøIg. TaMgGs;enH
CaclnaEdlmanenAkñúgcRkvaLnasßannimYy²enAkñúg
FmμCatinigenAkñúgrUbénbuKÁlmñak;². eBlEdlclnaman
tulüPaB esckþIsuxnwgekItmandl;buKÁlmñak;²k¾dUcCa
sgÁmCati nigmnusSCatiEdr.
131
 l> r)aMvrQun
r)aMvrQunCaRbePTr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr. eBlEdlvrQunenAeronmnþviC¢asil,_saRsþ
epSg²mYyqñaMmþgeBlevlamYy)ankMNt;[sisSTaMgGs;mkCYbCMuKña. luHdl;eBlevla
ehIyeKk¾mkCYbCMuKñaedIm,InwgraMkmSanþ. eBlenaHk¾manmNIemxlaEdlenAEfrkSasmuRT
)aneLIgmkCYbCMunwgeKedIm,IraMkmSanþpgEdr.

v> r)aMesksarika
r)aMesksarikaRtUv)anbegáIt nig rcnaeLIgsRmab;kumarIr)aMCMTg; EdlmankarhVwkhVWn
nigBiesaFn_xøH²ehIy. lkçN³BiessmYyrbs;r)aMenH KWkareFVIRtab;tamGakb,kiriyarbs;
mnusS nigstVsøabdUcCaedIr nig ehIrCaedIm.

s> r)aMhnumanRbcab;
enAkñúgerOgramekr×þ manRbePTtYGgÁsMxan;4
KW nag nayerag ykS nig sVa. QutsVaRbcab;
bgðajBIcm,aMgrvagsVa s nig sVaexμA. ExμreyIg
snñidæanfa sVa s nig sVaexμAenH CatMNagsPav³
l¥ nig sPav³ GaRkk;. dUecñHCaFmμtaeyIgEtg
Et[sVasQñHsVaexμA EdlCanimitþrUbfasPav³l¥
QñHsPav³GaRkk;.

132
 h> r)aMGbSra
GbSra CaRsIeTBGbSrnigRsIraMsYK’a manRbPBedImBIkarkUrsmuRTTwkedaH rvag eTvta
nigykS edIm,IykTwkGRmwtEdlCa»sfGmt³.

L> r)aMÉkraCüCajC½y
r)aMÉkraCüCajC½yCasñaRBhsßénRBHGgÁm©as;
kSRtI knñdi aæ rsμeI saP½N. eKsEmþgr)aMenHedIm,IGbGr
saTrTivaÉkraCüCatiEdlExμr)anTTYlBI)araMgnaqñaM
1953 eRkamRBHraCbUCnIykic© nig RBHraCmKÁúeTÞsk_
d¾x<g;x<s;]tþúg]tþménRBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþc RBH
neratþm sIhnu RBHbitaÉkraCüCatiExμr.

133
 6> elçank,ac;buraN
k> erOgkakI
kakICaerOgmYyEdlCaRBHraCniBn§rbs;RBH)aTsemþc RBHhrir³rama \sSraFibtI
RBHGgÁDYg RBHbrmekadæ ¬1796-1860¦ enAqñaM1815 kalBIRBHGgÁmanRBHCnμ 19
RBHvsSa66enAeLIy.
erOgenH)anqøúHbBa©aMgBIlkçN³RsþIEdlCatYGgÁÉkeQμaHnagkakI. CaerOgmYyEdl
RtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlkñúgkmμviFIsikSaExμrkRmitmFümkñúgeKaledAGb;rMkUnExμrBIPaBesμaHRtg;
cMeBaHsVamIPriya.
x> erOgéklas
{éklas} CaQutmYydkRsg;BIerOg RBHsuFnnagEkvmenahra EdlbkRsayfa
sm½yéf¶mYymaneTBFIta5GgÁnaMKñacuHBIsßanéklas. mkdl;RsHRsg;eTBFItanaMKñaedaH
semøókbMBak;RBmTaMgkEnSgbg;kEdlCakEnSgsil,_ GaceFVI[eTBFItaTaMgenaHGacehaH
ehIr)anrYcehIycuHeTARsg;KgÁakñúgRsHe)akçrNI.
eBlenaHmankSRtmYyRBHGgÁRbkbedayrUbeqamy:agRss;sgða )anlYclbemIl
skmμPaBrbs;eTBFItaTaMgenaH ehIyk¾mancitþRbtiB½T§eTAelIeTBFItamYyGgÁEdls¥atCag
eKbMptu KWnageBA. edayR)afñacg;)annageBA kSRtGgÁenaHk¾lcY ykkEnSgbg;krbs;nageBA
edIm,IkMu[nagGacehaHRtLb;eTAsßanéklasvij)an.
eRkayBI)anB¤RBHraCbitaRtas;ehA[RtLb;eTAlMenAsßanvij eTBFItak¾naMKñarUtrH
mñImñaesøókBak;nwgvilRtLb;eTAsßanéklasvij. EtKYrGnic©acMeBaHrUbnageBAmñak;BMuGac
RtLb;eTAvij)anedaynagKμankEnSgTiBVbg;knwgeKedIm,IehaHehIr)an. nagk¾PitP½yyM
rhUtdl;snøb;)at;sμartI eXIjdUecñaHkSRtéføk¾ecjmkfñak;fñmbe)asGEg¥lniglYgelam

66
lag hab;Gan 1966³ 3-4.
134
nageBA. EtnageBA)ansþbI enÞasGgÁkSRtEdl)anRbRBwtGþ eM BIBKuM rY Kb,IceM BaHrUbnag GgÁkSRt
enaHk¾sasglYgelameTAnageBAfa ebInagRBmRsLaj;RBHGgÁRBHGgÁnwgRbTankEnSg
bg;kenaHfVayeTAnagvij. BMu)aneqøIytbnwgsMeNIrbs;kSRtGgÁenaHeT nagk¾ykkEnSg
enaHmkBak;. EttamkarBitnageBAk¾manRBHT½yRbtiBT½ c§ MeBaHkSRtGgÁenaHEdr.
K> erOgéRkefag
erOgéRkefag CaerOgeRBgExμrmYyEdlbkRsayfa nasm½yéf¶mYymanbuRtIrbs;
mhaesdæIBIrnak;eQμaHnagsMeBAEkvnignagsMeBAmas)ansMuGnuBaØatbitaedIm,IeTAmuCTwkenA
kñúgsÞwgmYy. GñkbeRmIRbusRsI)anhamnag sMeBAEkv nignagsMeBAmasfakMu[cuHeTAq¶ay
BIRcaMgTenøeBk. min)aneFVItamkardas;etOnrbs;GñkbeRmIeTnagsMeBAmask¾RtUvRkeBImYy
eQμaHqara:va:n; BaMyk)at;eTA. dMNwgGkuslenH)anelcB¤dl;esdæI esdæIk¾RbkasrkGñk
køahanedIm,IeTArMedaHyknagsMeBAmasmkvij edaysnüafanwgerobkarnagsMeBAmas[
bursGñkkøahanenaHEfmeTotpg.
esckþRI bkasenH)anB¤dl;éRkefagCaburskøahanGg;Gac nigmaneTBekaslüGac
edIrelITwk)annigmuCeTAdl;)atTenø)an. éRkefagk¾R)ab;esdæIfanwgeTArMedaHyknagsMeBA
masmkvij ehIysnüafanwgvilRtLb;kñúgry³eBlbIéf¶. EføgBIRkeBIqar:av:an;kalebIBaMM
yknagsMeBAmaseTAkñgú rUgrbs;vaehIyk¾ERbkaLaCamnusS rYcecjmkEccg;nagsMeBAmas
edayBaküEp¥mElðm. eBlEdléRkefagERCkTwkmkdl; qara:va:n;k¾yknagsMeBAmaseTA
lak;rYcehIyERbkaLaCaRkeBIvij edIm,ItTl;CamYynwgéRkefag. TIbMputRkeBIqar:ava:n;RtUv
éRkefagsmøab;)an. edayeXIjnagsMeBAmasKμaneRKaHfñak;GVI éRkefagk¾erobrab;R)ab;
nagsMeBAmasBIkic©snüaEdlesdæI)anRbkas ehIyk¾sYreTAnagsMeBAmasfa etInagRBm
RsLaj;xøÜnEdrb¤eT? nagsMeBAmaseqøIyfaRsLaj; rYcehIyGñkTaMgBIrk¾RtLb;eTACYb
esdæI eBlenaHesdæIk¾erobkarGñkTaMgBIrbþIRbBn§tamsnüa.

135
 X> erOgTiBVsgVa
eRkayBI)aneroncb;viC¢asil,_viC¢akarCamYynwgta\sIecHcb;sBVRKb;ehIy RBHPiruNk¾
fVaybgÁMlaelaktamha\sIRtLb;eTARsukvij. enAkñúgRKaCamYyKñaenaHÉg esþcykSmYy
eQμaH Binura:t manbMNgnwgcUlsþIdNþwgnagTiBVsgVarBIm©as;kSRtiy_RBHépsum:alI[kUnRbus
eQμaH v½yr:at. bnÞab;BIdwgfa RBHépsum:alIBuMRBmelIkbuRtI TiBVsgVa [v½yr:atRBHBinur:at
k¾RbkassRgÁamCamYyRBHépsum:alI. RBHépsuma:lIk¾eTArkesþcnaK[CYyesþcnaKFana
fanwgCYyRBHépsum:alI nigkaLaxøÜnnagTiBVsgVar[eTAemT½Bd¾køahanmñak;. enAeBl
EdlsRgÁamkMBugekIteLIgrvagRBHBinur:at nignagTiBVsgVarRBHPiruNk¾)anmkdl; ehIyCYy
nagTiBVsgVa[manC½yCmñHelIT½Brbs;RBHBinur:at. TIbB©ab; RBHPiruNnignagTiBVsgVark¾man
citþesñha nwgKña .
g> erOgRBHcnÞeKarB
eRkayBIeroncb;viC¢asil,_saRsþehIy RBHcnÞeKarBk¾fVaybgÁMlaelaktamha\sIvil
RtLb;eTARBHnKrvij. mha\sI)anRbKl;dnøab;eFVIBIt,ÚgEkvmra:mYy ehIyhamfakMu[
ebIkdnøab;enaHemIlenAeBleFVIdMeNIr edayRTaMBMu)anRBHcnÞeKarBk¾ebIkdnøab;enaHemIleBl
ebIkdnøab;eLIg RsþIrUbs¥atmñak;k¾puseLIgEdleK[eQμaHfanagEkvmr:a tamdnøab;t,ÚgEkv
mr:aenaHÉg. RBHcnÞeKarBk¾yknag Ekvmr:aeFVICaRbBn§cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk.

c> erOg RBHCinvgS

eRkayBI)aneroncb;viC¢asil,_saRsþnwgmha\sIehIy RBHCinvgSk¾sUmfVaybgÁMla
mha\sIedIm,IvilRtLb;eTAnKrvij.munnwgecjmha\sIfVayRBHx½nmYyedImdl;RBHCinvgS
edayGs;kmøaMgeBkRBHCinvgSk¾sRmakenAeRkamedImeQImYy. eBlenaHmansVasmYymk
lYcykRBHx½nrbs;RBHCinvgS. bnÞab;mkesþcykSnam RBH)aTciRta)anCYbnwgsVas rYck¾
smøab;sVasehIyykRBHx½neTAnKrrbs;RBHGgÁeTA.

136
 RBHCinvgSetIneLIg)at;RBHx½neXIjsVassøab;k¾Rbs;sVa[rs; rYcsYrrkehtuplehIy
naMKñatameTArkRBHx½nmkvij. RBHCinvgSnigsVas)anmkdl;RBHraCvaMgrbs;RBH)aTciRta
)aneXIjnagGBa¢an;citþ ¬GBa¢an;BiciRt¦ kMBgu yagkmSanþkñúgsYnc,ar. RBHCinvgSk¾ERb
kaLaCastVsVas[eTACakUnsVa ehIyrt;tRmg;eTArknagGBa¢an;citþedIm,I[nageRbI[sñM
beRmIedjtamcab;kUnsVaenaH sñMbeRmITaMgGs;vegVgpøÚvelIkElgEtsñMÉkeQμaHnagmartI
Edl)antamkUnsVarhUtdl;TkI EnøgEdlRBHCinvgSenArg;caM. eRkaymkGñkTaMgBIrRsLaj;Kañ
ehIyRBHCinvgS)ansUm[nagmartIykRBHx½nmk[vij. nagmartIsUm[kUnsVaeTACamYy
nagvijRBHCinvgSk¾yl;RBm. nagmartIfVaykUnsVadl;nagGBa¢an;citþ ehIynagGBa¢an;citþ
RTg;kEnSgesayesakasMuGnuBaØatBIRBHbitaedIm,ITukkUnsVa[enACamYynag. RBHCinvgS
enAcaMkñúgéRBEtmñak;Ég. TIbMputkUnsVaRtLb;mkvijCamYynwgRBHx½nrYcehIyRBHCinvgSnwg
sVask¾bnþdMeNIreTARBHnKreTA.

q> erOgRBHefag
RBHefag CatYGgÁmYyenAkñúgerOgeRBg
Exμr CasVamIrbs;nagnaKEdlCabuRtIrbs;esþc
PuCgÁnaK. maneBlmYy RBH)aTGaTitüavgS
)anRtUveKTUlfa buRtc,grbs;RBHGgÁRBHnam
RBHefagmanbMNgnwgrMlMraCüRBHGgÁ. RTg;
RCabdUecñaHRBH)aTGaTitüavgSk¾bBa¢a[buRt
eBArbs;RBHGgÁerobcMk,ÜnehIydak;RBH
efagedIm,IbMe)aHbg;ecal.
RBHefagk¾TlU eTARBHGnuCfaedIm,Ik[uM manbBðaaRBHGgÁngw nireTsRBHGgÁÉg. Ehhm
edayBYkBlbrivarRBHefageLIgKg;elIk,ÜnehIyeFVIdMeNIrkat;mhasmuRTd¾FMeFg . TIbMput

137
RBHefag )anmkdl;ekaHmYyedaysuvtßiPaB rYcehIyRBHGgÁk¾)ansagsg;mhaR)asaT nig
rs;enAedaysuxsanþ.
cMENkesþcGasuéc EdlRKgraCüenAelIekaHenaHeRkayBIRTg;RCabGMBIRBHefag)an
mkdl;elIekaHrbs;RTg;dUecñaHehIyRBHGgÁk¾Rtas;bBa¢a[mRnþIm:aeLbYnrUb[ecjeTAyk
kar. RBHefag)anR)ab;eTAmRnþITaMgbYnfa RBHGgÁRtUvnireTsedayRBHvrbita\LÚvRBHGgÁ
)anmkdl;ekaHenHehIyRBHGgÁKμanbMNgGVIGaRkk;nwgcg;QøanBanekaHenHeLIy KWRBHGgÁ
sMuEtesckþIsuxEtb:ueNÑaH.
minyUrb:unμanekr×þeQμaHl,IrnÞWrbs;RBHefagnigesckþIRsLaj;d¾elIslb;BIsMNak;RbCa
raRsþ eFVI[RBH)aTGasuécRTg;manRBHT½yRcENnnwgRBHefag. RBH)aTGasuéck¾bBa¢a
[kgT½BbeNþjRBHefagecjGMBIekaHenaH. edayminGacecos)anRBHefagk¾erobkgT½B
ehIyecjtTl;nwgkgT½Brbs;RBH)aTGasuécmanC½yCMnHEfmTaMgnireTsRBH)aTGasuéc
[cakecjGMBIekaHenaHeTotpg. cab;BIéf¶enaHmkRBHefagRKb;RKgTwkdIkm<úCarhUtmk
d;l;sBVéf¶enH.
C> erOg RBHmhaevsSnþrCatk
enHCaerOgcugeRkaybg¥sé; nkarsnSM)armI edIm,I)anseRmcnUvsmμasem<aFiBaØaN énRBH
smNeKatþmbrmRKUéneyIg EdlmankñúgKm<IrTsCatknigCaerOgmYy Edlman\T§iBly:ag
RCaleRCAeTAelIpñt;citþKMnitnigebHdUgExμrRKb;rUb. erOgenHsgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarbMeBjTan
)armIéntYGgÁRBHevsSnþr. eRkayBIRBHevsSnþr)andak;TandMrIsEdlCasm,tiþrbs;rdæmk
RBHGgÁkR¾ tUvRbCanuraRsþ nigRBHvrbitanireTs[eTAenAÉPñMKirIvgÁtCamYynwgRBHraCGKÁmehsI
mRTI RBmTaMgbuRtaCalI nig buRtIRkwsña pg. kñúgkareFVITanenHRBHevsSnþr)anTaMgdak;
Tan[eTAtaCUCknUvRBHGKÁmehsI RBmTaMgbuRtTaMgBIrpgEdr.

138
 Q> erOg RBHs½gç
erOgRBHs½gçlatRtdagBIRBH)aTsamlraC RTg;)anbB¢aa[raCGamatüeTARbkasrk
GñkEdlmanb¤T§ixøaMgBUEk[cUlmkRBHbrmraCvaMg edIm,I[RBHraCbuRtITaMgR)aMBIrRBHGgÁTt
nigeRCIserIsykCaKUsVamI. buRtITaMgR)aMmYyRBHGgÁEdlCaeromc,g)aneRCIserIsykburs
TaMgenaHeFVICasVamIRKb;²GgÁ elIkElgEtbuRtIeBARBHnamrcnaEdlminRBmyksVamInwgeK.
Ttyl;dUecñaHRBH)aTsamlraCRTg;xJal;y:agxøaMgeTIbRBHGgÁRTg;sYreTAraCGamatüfa etI
enAmansl;bursÉNaeToteT? raCGamatük¾RkabTYltbeTAvijfa enAsl;EtegaHmYy
b:ueNÑaH. edayRTg;xJal;xøaMgeBkRBH)aTsamlraCRTg;Rtas;bBa¢a[raCGamatü eTAehA
egaHenaHmk[RBHnagrcnaTt. luH)anTtyl;rUbegaHenaHehIy RBHnagk¾elIkkRmgpáa
eLIgehIypSgfaebIegaHenaHBitCaKUeRBgrbs;nagEmnsUm[kRmgpáaenaHeTAFøak;Cab;nwgk
rbs;eKcuH. enAeBlEdlnagpSgrYceRscehIyRBHnagk¾)anTtyl;nUvrUbsm,tþiBitR)akd
rbs;egaHEdlCabursd¾sgðamñak;. TIbMputRBHnagrcnak¾RtUv)anecAegaHenaHCaRBHsVamI
rbs;RBHnag.
j> erOgRBHsuFn nagEkvmenah_ra
efμrI éRBbuNrÐ ki )annaMRBHsuFneTAcaMemIlnageTBkBaØa 7 RBHGgÁ EdlkMBgu sb,ayelg
Twkkñgú e)akçrNI. eqøót»kasenaH RBHsuFnlblYcykés,nagEkvmenah_ralak;Tku . rMeBc
enaHsUrs½BÞsMeLgeXμaHlan;B¤rMBgeLIg EdlCasBaØasnμtdl;eBlevla EdlnageTBGbSr
RtUvRtLb;eTAsßanéklasvij. nageTBGbSrTaMg7k¾mñImñaeLIgBIRsHerobcMxøÜnBak;és,
edIm,IehaHRtLb;eTAsßanéklasvij. edayELknageBAEkvmenah_rayMesakrhUtdl;
snøb;edaynagrkés,BMueXIjehIyRtUvbgehaHeTAecal)at;. )an»kasl¥RBHsuFnecj
mkCYyykGasar ehIylYgelamRbelamesñh_rcY ehIynaMnagEkvmenah_ramkrYmrs;kñúg
RBHraCvaMgteTA.

139
 éf¶mYy nKr]tþrbBa©alekItmanklyuKedaymansRtUvcUlQøanBan. RBH)aTvgSa
Gnic©³CabitaRTg;)anRtas;bBa¢a[RBHsuFnerobcMBlesnaeyaFaecjc,aMgkm©at;sRtUvyk
GasaRBHnKr[rYcputBIeRKaHP½y .
EføgBIRBHmataénRBHsuFn RBHnagcnÞaeTvIRTg;yl;subinnimitþeXIjehtuKYrrn§t;.
ehtuEtkmμevraBICatimunbNþal[RBahμN_mancitþRbTUsþniyaybMepøIssubinnimitþEdll¥[
eTACaGaRkk;edayeBalfaebIminRbharnagEkvmenah_raeTenaHRBHnKrnwgekIteRKaHP½y
céRgehIyRBHsuFnnwgRtUvkS½yRBHCnμEfmeTotpg. RBHbitaRBHmataénRBHsuFn eday
mancitþsenþasRbNImin)anRbl½ynagEkvmenah_raeTRKan;Ete)aHbg;RBHnag[cakecjBI
RBHnKrb:ueNÑaH. eBleFVIdMeNIrtampøÚvRBHnag)anCYbnwgmha\sImYyGgÁ ehIy)anedaH
RBHTRmg;epJTI ku fVayRBHsuFnERkgRTg;yagtamrkRBHnag. eRkayBIRBHsuFneFVsI RgÁamman
eCaKC½y RBHGgÁk¾yagcUlRBHnKrvijedayGMNrsaTrBInamWunsBVmuxmRnþInwgGaNaRbCa
nuraRsþRKb;Kña. luHRTg;RCabBIehtukarN_)at;RBHmehsIRBHGgÁsøútsμartIy:agxøaMgeTIbRTg;
sUmGnuBaØatBIRBHbitamatatamEsVgrknagEkvmenah_raenAsßanéklas.
enABak;kNþalpøÚv RBHsuFn)anCYbnwgmha\sI ehIy)anTTYlRBHTRmg;EdlCabeBaØI
rbs;nagEkvmenah_ra. RTg;bnþdMeNIry:agEvgq¶ayedayCYbRbTHnUv]bsKÁCaeRcInrhUt
)andl;sßanéklasdUcR)afña. RBHsuFnRTg;Kg;kñúgsalasMNak;Ek,rRsHRsg;mYyGs;Ca
eRcInéf¶ ehIy)anTteXIjRsIsCMñ aeRcInmkdgTwkkñgú RsHenaH. RTg;ks¾ RU tmnþGaKmKafa
eFVI[k¥mTwkrbs;sMñmñak;manTm¶nF; ¶n;elIkminrYc. luHRsIsñMÉeToteTAecalGs;enAEtsñMmñak;
EdlelIkk¥mminrYc eTIbRBHsuFnyagecjmksaksYrCYyelIkk¥mehIyk¾)anlYcdak;RBH
TRmg;enAkñúgk¥mTwkenaHpg.
edayeRBgnisS½yCaKUBbI eu BV enAeBlEdlsñcM ak;Tkw k¥meRsacsuKn§varIfaV yRBHnagEkv
menah_raykRBHhsþeRCagRBHeksa. RKaenaHRBHTRmg;k¾Rsab;EtFøak;cUlCab;RmamRBH

140
hsþkSRtIy¾. eRkayBIRBHnagRTg;RCabesckþIBIRsIsñMehIy RBHnagEkvmenah_raminbg¥g;
yUreLIyesþcyageTArkRBHsuFnenAÉmat;RsH.
enAeBlEdlkSRtTaMgBIrGgÁkBM gu sasgedaykþnI kw rB¤k RBH)aTTum<r nigRBHGKÁmehsI
EdlCabitamataénRBHnagEkvmenah_ra RTg;k¾)anesþcyagmkdl;RsH ehIy)anTteXIj
nigdwgnUvehtukarN_TaMgGs;rvagbuRtI nig RBHsuFn. edayRTg;yl;rUbeqaménRBHsuFn
FibtImanb¤T§iecsþarugerOgsmnwgraCbuRtIRBHGgÁ RTg;sBVRBHraChbJT½yRBmTTYlGPiesk
RBHsuFnCaraCsuNisa[enACasuxterogeTAehag.
d> erOgmNIem {QutmNIemxlarkSasmuRT}
QutmNIemxlarkSasmuRT bgðajBItYGgÁmNIemxlanageLIgelIRBHsuvNÑBnøasßan
EdlnagmantYnaTICaGñkcaMEfrkSasmuRT. edaykþIesamnsSrIkrayBn;RbmaN nagk¾RTg;
Rbdab;kayedayeRKOgEkvkgBiTUrüsUrükanþ edIm,IeFVIdMeNIreTAKal;vrQun EdlCaesþcén
eTBnikr. eday\T§iBlénEkvmenahraenAkñúgédmNIemxlaehaHecjBIsßanrbs;xøÜnedIm,I
eTACYbnwgvrQun.
f> erOgmNIemxla {Qutram\sUr}
erOgmNIemxlaCaQutmYy dkRsg;BIRbePTelçank,ac;buraNExμr latRtdagBIkIþ
elaP³ eTas³rbs;mnusSeXareXAeTAelImitþP½kiþ nigGñksøÚtRtg; ehIyenATIbBa©b;k¾RtUv
vinasGnþray. ram\sUrCamitþrbs;nagmNIemxla ehIyFøab;)ansikSaeronsURtBIRKUCa
mYyKñaEtmancitþRcENnk¾tamsáat;vaydeNþImykEkvmNIBInagmNIemxla. TIbMput
ram\sUrRtUvcaj;bBaØanigmhiTbi§ T¤ éi§ nEkvmNIrbs;nagmNIemxla. tamerOgniTannigCMenO
rbs;Exμr pÁr epøkbenÞar nig rnÞH CanimitþrUb énCemøaHrvagram\sUrnigmNIemxlaenaHÉg.

141
 D> erOgramekr×þ
erOgramekr×þCaesckþIERbénerOgramayN³ EdlCaBaküeXøagerOgcm,aMgy:agFMkñúg
RbeTs\NÐaburaN ehIyEdleK)anTukdak;faCasñaédrbs;kvIvalμiki. BaküeXøagenHEtg
CaPasasMRsáwtkñúg rvag B>s> RbmaN 750 qñaM ¬K>s>207¦.
GaRs½yedayk,ac;cmøak;enAR)asaTGgÁr nigenAR)asaTbntrn_kñúgRsukCVaenaH eyIg
Gacdwg)anfa³ kalBIrvag B>s 1700 ¬K>s>1157¦ erOgramayaN³)anpSayBas
eBjTUeTA. EtmankEnøgxøHCaeRcInmanbBa©ÚlesckþI nigerOgra:vsMrab;RsukmkbEnßm dUcCa
enAkñúgerOgramekr×þenH edIm,I[mansPaBCaerOg sRmab;Rsuk.
]TahrN_³ dUcCaenAkñúgerOgramekr×þCaedIm kaknasUrrbs;valμikikaLaxøÜnCastVEk¥k
ehIyqk;yk)aymYydMu. brsuramasMRsáwtenaHkñúgesckþIExμr eKTukfaCaykSehIyRtg;
kEnøgbBa©kayenaH minmankñúgeXøagsMRsáwteLIy. ¬ramekr×þ 1964³ PaK1 TMB½r X ¦
tamkarRsavRCavrbs;Gkñ R)aCJkgúñ Rsuk\NÐa nigRsukGWrbu: eyIgdwgfaeXøagramayN³
pSaymkedayesckþIERbCarbs;Rsukbwgháal nig kñúgtMbn;\NÐaxagt,ÚgmktamRsukCVa nig
m:aeLsIcu lU mkdl;RsukExμrehIy)aneTABIRsukExμreTARsukesom. ¬ ramekr×þ 1964 ³PaK1 TMB½r g ¦
erOgramekr×þEdlmann½yfa³ { ekr×þeQμaHrbs;RBHram } latRtdagGMBITMnas; nig
s®gÁamrvagRBHram nigRkugraBN_.
enAkñúgTRmg;elçank,ac;buraNExμrerOgramekr×Rþ tUv)aneKkat;tamQutepSg²eTotdUcCa ³
- RBHramedIreTsn_
- RbedjeRbIsmas
- RkugraBN_qk;nagsIta
- suvNÑmcäa
- cm,aMgRkugraBN_ b¤ cm,aMglgáa
- RBHramRtYtBl

142
 - ramlkμSN_Cb;lkμSN_
- sitaluyePøIg
- RBHramcUlekadiæbeBaäatnagsita.l.

F> erOgs½gçsil,_C½y
erOgs½gsç li ,_Cy½ CaerOgburaN
EdleKTukCakRmgsñaédd¾l,I nigman
kRmitx<s;énGkSrsil,_Exμr. vNÑkmμerOg
s½gçsil,_C½y)anlatRtdag BITMnas;
rvagbNÐitnigBal. kalenaHnKrbBa©burI
maneRKaHTurPikSvwkvr edaymanykScab;
RbCaraRsþsIuCaerogral;éf¶. RBHecARkug
bBa©burI manmehsInigbuRtCaeRcInRBH
GgÁ.
éf¶mYyykSkumÖ½NÐ)ancab;nag EkvsumnÞa EdlCaGnuCénRBHecARkugbB©aburI ykeTA
eFVICamehsIrbs;xøÜn. RBHecARkugbBa©burImanTukçkþIeTamnsSy:agxøaMg edayRBat;R)asBI
nagEkvsumnÞa. EføgBImehsIÉeTot² edayesckþIRcENnQñanIs manesckþIesamnsS
CaGenkb,kar Edlnag Ekv sumnÞa RtUvykSkumÖ½NÐcab;ykeTA)at;enH. CabnÞab;mk
mehsIyg;XñgTaMgenaH )ancak;rukRBHecARkugbBa©bru I [bMe)aHbg;mehsImYyRBHGgÁeTot
Edl)anRbsUtRBHraCbuRtbIRBHGgÁmYyGgÁCaKCsIh_ mYyGgÁeTotCaxügs½gç nigmYyGgÁ
eTotCamnusSFmμta edayecaTfacéRgNas;. dUecñHehIy)anCanKrmanTurPikSmanykS
mkcab;RbCaraRsþsIural;éf¶.

143
 éføgBIbuRtBal4GgÁ)ancUlmkKal;RBHbita edayFanafanwgeTArMedaHRBHmatucäa
RBHnag Ekv sumnÞa BIykS kumÖ½NÐ mkvij. bnÞab;mkk¾EkøgRBHraCsarykeTA[KCsIh_
xügs½gç nigs½gçsil,_C½y edayeBalBakümusafaCaRBHraCsarBIRBHbitaRBHecARkugbBa©burI
bBa¢a[GñkTaMgbIeTA rMedaHRBHmatucäaBI ykSkumÖ½NÐ mkvij.
tampøÚvqøgsmuRT buRtBalTaMg4GgÁ sMu[KCsIh_enACamYyedIm,ICYyEfrkSaxøÚnÉnay
smuRT. cMENkÉ s½gçsil,_C½y k¾CiHelIxñgxügs½gçqøgkat;smuRTeTAnKrkumÖ½NÐtamrkRBH
matucäaEkvsumnÞa. enAnKrkumÖ½NÐbRmugnwgelIkbuRtIRBHnagsuBN’eTvI [eTAesþcPuCgÁnaK
kñúgeKalbMNgcgs<anemRtIBRgwgmitþPaB. enAeBlEdlkumÖ½NÐykRBHnagsuBN’eTvIeTA
fVayesþcPuCgÁnaKenaH s½gçsil,_+C½y nigxügs½gç k¾)anmkdl;nKrkumÖ½NÐ ehIy)anCYbnwg
RBHnag Ekv sumnÞa kñúgRKaenaHÉg.
N> erOg suPlkçN_
suPlkçN_manrUbragBak;kNþalCamnusSRsI nigBak;kNþaleTotCaykçiNI. nagecH
sil,_viC¢akar nigCaGgÁrkSrbs;bgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyrbs;nageQμaHnag]sSah_. éf¶mYy eTvta
)annaM GnuruT§ mk[nag]sSah_ ehIydak;sil,_eFVI[GñkTaMgBIrniyayminekIt edIm,IkMu[«Buk
nag]sSah_dwgerOg. eRkayBIenACamYyKña)anmYyyb;mk eTvtak¾naMyk GnuruT§ eTAvij.
eBlPJak;eLIg nag]sSah_rk GnuruT§ mineXIj ekItTukçeTamnsSeRkomRkMCaGenk. nag
]sSah_k¾sMu[suPlkçN_ykkEnSg nigcieBa©ónrbs;nageTArkGnuruT§ enAÉRsukCitxagERkg
maneKsÁal;. kñúgerOgenHsuPlkçN_BYnenAkñúgbnÞb;rbs; GnuruT§ rYcehIynagbk;kEnSgrbs;
nag]sSah_ edIm,IbegðIrkøinkEnSgenaH[Paykøindl;eTAdl;RBHGnurT§. PJak;dwgxøÜneLIg
suPlkçN_bgðajkEnSg nigcieBa©ón ehIysUmGgVr[GnurT§ [RtLb;eTACYbnwgnag
]sSah_vij. GnuruT§ yl;RBmehIyk¾RtLb;eTACYbCMuCamYynag]sSah_vij.

144
 t> erOg GiuNav busS)a
erOgGIuNav b¤GIuNavbusS)aCaerOgmYy EdlRBHmhakSRtExμrsBVRBHraChbJT½y
xøaMgNas; CaBiessrvagGMLúgqñaM1900 dl;qñaM1940. bc©úb,nñeKBMusUveXIjmankar
sEmþgerOgenHeLIy. erOgGIuNav Edl)ansegçbenAeBlenH KWdkRsg;ykRtg;Qut
y:ara:n;edjek¶akEdlmantMNalfa éf¶mYyenAkñúgéRBsIuy:aRkaCaRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBH)aT
daha )aneXIjstVek¶akmYy EdleTvtabBa¢Únmk EdlenHCaRbpñÚlfaRBHGgÁnwg)anCYbCMu
RKYsarEdlRBHGgÁ)anEbk Gs;ry³eBlCayUrqñaMNas;mkehIy. RBHGgÁRBmTaMgGs;BkY
Blesna)anedjtamcab;stVek¶akenaHrhUtdl;RBMEdnRbeTskaLaMg. RTg;)anEkøgRBHkay
Cay:ara:n;ehIyRBHGgÁ k¾)anCYbnwg]tþmesnIy)_ a:n;yInigb¥nÚ RbuseQμaH sgçaemata rYc)an[eK
CYynaMRBHGgÁ eTAsUmbeRmIRBHmhakSRt. kñúgRKaEd;ly:ara:n;)anenAbeRmIRBHmhakSRt
enaH)anTTYlgarCamRnþICan;x<s;mñak;pgEfmeTotpg.

145
II . ePøgsMrab;bMerIkñúgelçanburaN bJ RBHraCRTBü
1 bT Rtak; FM 27 RBahμN_kibEv:n ¬RBhμN¾Bak;cieBa¢ón ¦
2 ePøg pøik 28 ePøgRsg; ¬Lúgsug ¦
3 BjaedIr ¬BüadWn¦ 29 Esn Lav ¬EsneRBn ¦
4 ePøghk; 30 R)aylaC ¬RbUyexAtk¦
5 bTxøMú 31 nagnaK ¬evón eFón¦
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7 tMbgkan; 33 eRkAraM ¬ePøgQb;¦
8 kmμnþ 34 Rtak;tUc
9 mhab££T§i ¬riT§i¦ 35 sμWr
10 eraT_samla ¬eraT¾Gs;mniÞl¦ 36 cMNan
11 sμilx’½NÐsmuRT 37 dMeNIreRkA
12 eCItqan 38 mny:Undab
13 sn§wkkñúg ¬eRkAéN¦ 39 Exkmn
14 RBH)asKÁnI 40 swgðmas
15 eraT¾PIrab;r:g 41 tuktak;
16 Exkvreqt ¬¬Exkbrextþ¦ 42 )araMgxYg
17 eCIt 43 sarika
18 eCItQwg 44 xñikxñk;
19 )aFM 45 GUqaRKI
20 rukrn§ 46 GUt
21 eCItRbcab; ¬RséL¦ 47 cugXwm
22 mhaC½y 48 saém:
23 saFukar 49 nagNay
24 EperO ¬GMuTUk¦ 50 esksarika
25 bTela 51 CIn)a:k;kYy
26 Bøúktn;m:ay 52 eTacyM

146
53 GUy:anI 82 Cintay:
54 kVan;Gn 83 CInlMpat;
55 dMrIelgPøúk 84 GaeL
56 sysun 85 ela
57 cugkabk 86 XMuevon
58 ePøgGUttUc 87 emlwm
59 ePøgGUtFM 88 )avlut
60 Exμrtm,aj 89 sarak;bUr:ug
61 GUBilab 90 ePøgqa
62 taLÚgb:Ug 91 bj©úH
63 ExμreLIgRBHBnøa 92 la
64 nYnRsI 93 sysun
65 páaRkg 94 bu)aöelakIy_
66 xøgeyal 95 eqamsaLat;
67 saLÚm:a 96 yakn
68 GURKYn 97 ePøgela
69 eCItQwg 98 lIgLÚt
70 Cinebwutm:aj 99 swgðtU
71 CinkVan;Gn 100 sIunYn
72 saLabdk 101 cugXwm
73 Cin)a:gLag 102 edImQwg
74 dMeNIrExμr 103 ecAdk
75 ehmLa 104 narIlEgVk
76 mncuHTUk ¬cinerO¦ 105 mntak;
77 esog):ak;kYy 106 xül;bk;eCIgPñM
78 Cin):ak;kYy 107 páaRkg
79 edtriT§ 108 )alwmsy
80 Rty:yYn 109 GULav
81 CInqa

147
 III . QutxøHkñúgerOgGuINavbusS)a

eyIg)aneFVITMnak;TMngesIubsYrRsavRCaverOg\NavbusS)a BIsMNak;RKUcas;² dUcCa

GñkRKU Ém Fay GñkRKU suT§ sMGun GñkRKU saerOn )an[dwgfa³ elçanRBHraCRTBü
BuM)ansEmþgerOg\NavenHtaMgBIedImrhUtdl;cb;enaHeT KWeRCIserIsykEtQutl¥b:ueNÑaH.
dUecñHdMeNIrerOgk¾eyIgrkminTan;eXIjGs;.
- GñkRKUcas;² Kat;)anecHcaMEtdMeNIrerOg EdlelçanRBHraCRTBüyksEmþgEt
b:ueNÑaH ¬y:ar:an; cab;ek¶ak¦.
- sil,krcas;² Epñkelçan)asak;k¾CaGñkecHcaMerOgEdr b:uEnþminRKb;RCugeRCay
enaHeT.

segçberOg\Nav EdleyIgdak;CnU mkenH manEtedImerOgbnþci cugerOgminTan;cb;bnþci

b:ueNÑaH. dUecñHGVI²EdlRsavRCavminTan;eXIj eyIgnwgbnþkarRsavRCavenHCabnþbnÞab;eTot
eRBaHtamB½t’man EdleyIgTTYl)anKWmanEtextþkMBg;cammYyb:ueNÑaH Edlmansac;erOg
enH. eyIgsgÇwmfaeBlNamYyenaH eyIgcgRkgbMeBjbEnßmsac; erOg\NavmYycb;
CasßaBr.

1> RbPBerOg GIuNavbusS)a

erOg\NavbusS)a KWCaerOgeRBgniTanmYy EdleKEtgEtniTant²Kña nigsEmþgt²
KñarhUtdl; ftCaPaBynþeTotpg kñúgenaHmansuT§EtCataral,I²RbcaMRbeTsdUcCa elak
Kg; sMeGOn nigGñknag esamv:an; sudanI RBmTaMgtaral,I²epSg²eTotCaeRcInnak;eTot .
EbøkBIerOgeRBgniTanepSg²eTot EbøkBIerOgbBaØasCatk EbøkBIerOgTsCatk Edl
mankarcgRkg nige)aHBum<pSayCaesovePAedayviTüasßanBuT§sasnbNÐitü CaGtßbTtam

148
kaEst bJu RBwtþibRt .l. eFVI[eyIgmankarcab;GarmμN_cg;dwg cg;sÁal;RbPBedIm
rbs;erOgenHNas;.
cMNucEdleyIgcab;GarmμN_sMxan;²enaHKW ³
k> eQμaHrbs;tYGgÁ
cMeBaHeQμaHrbs;tYGgÁGIuNavbusS)aenH eyIgsegáteXIjfa³ suT§EteQμaHEdlman
lkçN³ xusEbøkBIeQμaH rbs;ExμreyIg ¬\Nav ÷ busS)a¦ dUcCa ³
- )a:n;yI ¬CaemecarEkøgedayGIuNav¦ nigb¥Ún²TaMgR)aMnak;eTot KW sgça marINa snþa
)a:ra:Nakug év:y:ada.
- «Bukmarbs;\Nav RtUvCabitarbs;RBHnagbusS)aeQμaHm:an;y:a. emecarQμaH
mMkligÁ buRtIesþc m:an;y:a eQμaH Cin Nar:a sIuy:aRta b¥Únrbs;nagbusS)a esþc karer:)a:n;
bitarbs;\Nav elaktakaLaCabrmIEfrkSaRBHjativgS\Nav BiTUcrka enAnKrkaer: bJGaer:
rIÉeQμaHedImrbs; busS)a KW eknLúg.l. nig.l.
x> RbéBNITMenomTmøab;
kñúgerOgGIuNavenH eyIgsegáteXIjtYGgÁ GIuNavnigbusS)a RtUv)anmatabitaTukdak;
eFVCI aKUdNþgw taMgBIenAtUcemø:HEdlminEdlsÁal;mxu Kñapg. RbéBNITeM nomTmøab;enHvaRbhak;
RbEhlnwgExμreyIgEdr eRBaHkñúgerOgecARsTbeck tYGgÁTaMgBIrRtUv«BukTukdak;taMgBItUc
mk. ÉerOgmYyeTotKWerOgsuvNÑsam :nukUl nig)arika : RtUv«BukmþaypÁÚpÁgtaMgBIminTan;
manKP’mkemø:H.
b:uEnþRbéBNIEdleyIgcab;GarmμN_CageKenaH KWkarTak;llk. karTak;llkenH
vaTak;eTAnwgceRmogmYybT kñúgTsSvtSr_qñaM 60 ExμreyIgelIkTMnuk edaydak;namGñkTak;
llkenaHfa :PUmaBIrnak;edIrTak;llk :.

149
 K> sasna
cMeBaHsasnaEdlmanenAkñúgerOgenHeyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa Casasna\søameRBaH
eBlEdl\NavsuMesñh_nagbusS)amin)anenaH k¾RtUvrU:vCamYyb¥ÚnRbusrbs;nagbusS)afanwg
cab;BRgt;nagenAeBleKfVaybgÁMRBHkñúgRBHvihar kñúg»kaseKBnøt;eTon[ggwtenaH. Rtg;
enHeyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa erOgenHminEmnCaerOgExμreyIgsuT§saFenaHeT.
X> eQμaHnKr
nKrdaha eQμaHenHBuEM mnRbDitbJnu kw eXIjdak;enaHeT. dahaCaTIRkugmYyrbs;RbeTs
mYyEdlsßitenAGar:ab;ÉeNaH. RbEhlCaTIRkugkan;daharbs;RbeTsGIur:ak;sBVéf¶.
GaRs½yedayeyagelIeQμaHnKrenHehIy eyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa erOg\NavenH
CaRbePTerOgmYy dUcKñanwgerOgGab‘ulkaesm bJuerOgGaLadaMgcegáógTiBVEdrEdlCaerOg
rbs;Gar:ab; 1001 yb;enaH.
ehtupldUcxagelIenHehIyeyIgelIkCasMNYrenHedIm,Idas;GarmμN_ nigCaKnøHw sRmab;
eyIg BicarNaeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavelIcMNucBiess² rbs;\NavbusS)a.
k> Car)aMerOg bJuCaelçank,ac;buraNExμrmYy Edl)at;bg;eTAehIy.
x> Car)aMerOgmYy bJu Caelçank,ac;buraNExμrmYyEdltMNag[erOgdéTeTot.
eyIgGacvaytémøerOgenHfaCatMNag bJuCaKMrUdl;erOgdéTeTot KWsm¥agelIlkçN³
Biess² rbs;erOgdUcCa ³
• k,ac;
eyIgdwgfa erOgenHCasñaRBHhsþénRBHmhakSRtiyanI sIusuvtßi kusm³ narIr½tñ
sirIvDÆna dUecñHRBHGgÁ)anykRBHT½yTukdak;dwknaMkarsMEdgedaypÞal;RBHhsþ. kñgú cMeNam
k,ac;)atCag4500k,ac; EdlmanKWRBHGgÁRTg;eRCIserIs nigcRmaj;yksuTE§ tk,ac;kMBUl²
l¥²ykmkdak;[sil,kr sil,karinI sEmþg.

150
 • ceRmog
eyIgdwgehIyr)aMerOg bJJelçanRBHraCRTBü KWCaRbePTelçanraMpgeRcogpg. dUecñHGñk
ceRmogmanPar³viessvisalkñgú kareRcogCUndMeNIrerOg. RKan;EtvKÁya: ra:ne; djcab;ek¶akenH
bTceRmogmanrhUtdl;Cag 20 bT ¬25-27¦ enHminTan;Kti bTePøg EdlRbKMCaeRcInsa
dUcCaeCItrYT.I l. nig.l.
• menaseBa©tna
tamRbsasn_rbs;elakRBwT§acarü eqg pun GtItrdæm®nþIRksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³
kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM80 elak)anelIkeLIgfakñúgcMeNamr)aMerOgTaMgGs;rbs;elçanRBHraCRTBü
manEterOg : \Nav : mYyenHEdll¥CageKRKb;RCugeRCay BIeRBaHk,ac;RtUv)ancRmaj;yk
mkdak;ceRmog RtUv)aneRCIsedayl¥ti l¥ny; keRcogCUndMeNIrerOg BiessCagenH KWmena
seBa©tnaEdlrujk,ac;l¥ ceRmogl¥ nigsac;erOgkan;EtmanPaBRss;bRM Bg Rbkbeday
esaPNPaBd¾RtkalrujerOg[kan;EtrMePIbCk;cti .þ
eyIgdwgehIyfar)aMk,ac;buraN bJur)aMRBHraCRTBüenH raMmineFVITwkmuuxeT EteRbIk,ac;
CaPasa. dUecñHsil,karinI GñksEmþgtYGgÁnImYy² mantYnaTIeFVI[k,ac;enH ceRmogenH
menaseBa©tnaenHRCabcUlkñúgRkeGAebHdUgGñksþab; nigTsSna)anedaymin)ac;bgçMeLIy
eTaHbICaCnbreTsEdlminecHsþab;PasaExμry:agNak¾edayk¾eKemIlyl;BrI )aM bJeu lçank,ac;
buraNenH)anEdr.
srubesckþmI kerOg\NavbusS)aenHCaerOgmYyEdll¥k,ac; l¥ceRmog l¥menaseBa©tna
eRBaHskmμPaBrbs;tYGgÁ Pasarbs;tYGgÁRBmTaMgmenaseB©atnaTaMgGs;kñúgerOgsuT§Et)an
cRmaj;eRCIserIsedaym:t;ct;bMput.

151
 2> Rbvtþisegçbrbs;r)aMerOgGIuNavbusS)a ¬elçanRBHraCRTBü¦
tamRbsasn_rbs;GñkRKU Ém Fay nigGñkRKU suT§ sMGun )anBa¢ak;fa³
TsSnIyPaBerOg ¬elçanRBHraCRTBü¦ \NavbusS)a enHKWCasñaRBHhsþénsemþcRBH
mhakSRtIyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna EdlRtUvCaRBHmataénRBH
mhavIrkSRtExμr RBHneratþm sIhnu nigRtUvCaRBHGyükaénRBHkruNaRBH)aTRBHbrmnaf
neratþm sIhmunI RBHmhakSRt énExμreyIgsBVéf¶. kaleNaHRbEhlCaGMLúgTsvtS
qñaM40RBHGgÁRTg;)anecjRBHraCbBa¢aRbmUlRKUcas;² dUcCa³
- m:m ywm y:an; RKUbgðat;tYnayerag
- m:m Ém dkBay RKUbgðat;tY nag
- elakRKU m:Ut ehA xμÚt kvIniBn§kñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg

mkRbCuMeRCIserIs nig niTanerOg edaykat;kgykEtQutqakNaEdll¥² mktemøIg

CapÞaMgTsSnIyPaBr)aMerOg edaydak;
bnÞkú [RKUcas;²CaGñkbgðat; edayeRCIs
erIsykk,ac;l¥² mkbBa©Úlkñúgsac;
erOg. cMENk elak m:Ut EdlCakvI
niBn§enaHmantYnaTI CaGñkcgRkgTMnuk
eRcogtamRBHraCsvnIy_ énsemþcRBH
mhakSRtIyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³
GñkRKURBwT§acarü Ém Fay
narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna EdlRTg;Kg;enATt
Cab;CaRbcaMenaH.

152
rIÉsmasPaBtYsEmþgBiess²enaHman³
- GñkRKU Ekv yutfU sEmþgtYya:ra:nan;
- GñkRKU sux suxn sEmþgtY\Nav ¬):an;yI¦
- GñkRKU Ekm b‘unNak sEmþgtY busS)a ¬eknLúg¦
eRkaymkGñksEmþgtYbnþevn KWGñkRKU
swum mnßa sEmþgtYCMnYs GñkRKU Ekv yitfU
GñkRKURBwT§acarü sIum mnßa
¬tYy:ar:an;¦.

sUmbBa¢ak;fa r)aMerOgGIuNavbusS)aenH BuM)ansEmþgCajwkjab;dUcCar)aMFmμtaenaH

eTTal;EtmanePJóvbreTsBiess² eTIbRBHGgÁecjRBHraCbBa¢a[hat;erOgenHeLIg eday
eRCIserIsykEtBIrQutl¥²Etb:ueNÑaH KWQuty:ar:an;ecjcab;ek¶ak nigEkøgeFVIecarduterag
karcab;BRgt;busS)a.
BitEmnEterOg\NavbusS)a RtUv)ansEmþgecaH²edayvKÁ²k¾edayk¾erOgenH bJuelçan
erOgenHmanlkçN³l¥dac;eK CatMNagénerOgTaMgLayEdlelçank,ac;buraN bJelçanRBH
raCRTBüelIkykmksEmþgEdr.
2>1> segçbQuty:ar:an; edjcab;ek¶aksil,_
éf¶mYyy:ar:an; )annaMesnaecjeTARbBatéRBhIy)anCYbnwgstVek¶akmYyEdlCaek¶ak
sil,_ EdlRBH\®nÞaFiraCRTg;)annimμitehIyecHEtehIreKcBI y:ar:an; rhUtdl;nKrRBHnag
busS)a ¬eknLúg¦. cMeBléf¶enaHRBHnagbusS)a )annaMPIelogRsIsñMmkRksalsYn ehIy
)anCYbKñaeBlenaHeTA.

153
 enAkñúgeragCMnuMénnKrrbs;RBH)aTkaLaMg mankarCYbCuMRBHjativgSanuvgS eBlenaH
y:ar:an; nig\Nav edayminTan;sÁal;KñaCabgb¥Únk¾)aneQøaHRbEkksmþIKña CaehtueFVI[RBH
)aTkaLaMgRTaMmin)an k¾ecjmkXat;.
eRkayBI)ansYrrkehtuplTaMgsgxagnwgeRkayBI y:ar:an; )anelIkRkwsfVayeTAesþc
kaLMag mkeTIbTaMg Gs;KñasÁal;KñaCakμÜy nigCabgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYynwgKña.
2>2> segçberOg \NavbusS)a ¬vKÁ 1¦
RBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav CaraCbuRtac,ab;rbs;RBH)aTkaer:):an; RTg;manbgb¥ÚnR)aMnak;
eTot KWsgça marINa snþa )a:ra:Nakug nigGnuCRsIeBARBHnam év:y:ada.
RBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav RtUv)anRBHbitaRBHmatapSMpÁMútaMgBIRBHGgÁenACaRBHraC»rsemø:H
CamYynwgRBHGnuCRsI EdlRtUvCabgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyRBHnamfa busS)a nigCabuRtIrbs;esþc
m:an;y:a. erOgehtuEdlKYr[hYscitþenaHKWkSRt TaMgBIrGgÁBuMEdlsÁal;bJuCYbRBHP½®kþmþg
NaeLIy.
éf¶mYyRBHGgÁm©as;GIuNav)annaMRBHGnuCTaMgbIGgÁ RBmTaMgeBlesnaCaeRcIncUleTA
RbBatéRBedIm,Ibr)aj;stV ¬Tak;llk¦ k¾)anCYbnwgBYkecarmYyRkum EdlmanemeQμaHfa³
maMligÁ kMBug RbyuT§CamYyT½Brbs;nKrdaha.
RBHGgÁm©as;GIuNavTteXIjdUecñaH k¾ecjraCbBa¢a[BlesnacUleTACYyRbyuT§vay
b®gáabBYkecarrhUt)aneCaKC½y. esþcnKrdahasb,ayRBHT½yNas; k¾naMRBHGgÁm©as;
GuINav cUlRBHnKr edIm,IerobcMelogePaCnahar nig)anEføgGMNrKuNdl;m©as;kμÜypg.
RBHnag CinNara CabuRtIrbs;esþcdaha. RBHnagmanRBHeqamelamBN’l¥Nas;.
enAeBlEdl)aneXIjRBHGgÁm©as;GN Iu avPøam RBHnagk¾cab;cti þesñhaelIRBHGgÁPøamEdr b:Eu nþ
RtUvRBHGgÁm©as; GIuNavbdiesF eRBaHRBHGgÁm©as;manKUdNþwgrYcehIy. RBHnagCinNar:a
dwgk¾rkRKb;meFüa)ay edIm,IykRBHGgÁm©as;\Nav[)an. TIbMputRBHnag)ansMercRBHT½y

154
niyayerobrab;BIrUbragd¾GaRkk;rbs;RBHnag busS)a fVayRBHGgÁRTg;sNþab;rhUtdl;RBH
GgÁm©as; GuINav eCOCak;elIsmþIrbs;RBHnag. eBlenaH GuINav k¾ERbcitþmkRsLaj;RBH
nagCinNar:avij.
eRkayBI)at;buRtayUr RkyagRtLb;mknKrvijenaH RBH)aT kaer:)a:n; )aneFVIraCsar
eTARBH)aT dahaCab¥Ún edIm,I[dMNwgdl;RBHGgÁm©as;GuINav qab;vilRtLb;mkRBHnKr
vijedIm,IerobcMxøÜneTA nKresþcm:an;y:aeRtomerobcMGPieskCamYyRBHnagbusS)a.
eBl)aneXIjraCsarRBHnag CinNar:a xMraraMgRKb;meFüa)ayedIm,IkuM[RBHGgÁGIuNav
)aneTAerobGPiesk. RBHGgÁm©as;GuINav)anepJIraCsarmYyeTAfVayesþcma:n;ya: kñúgn½ysuM
pþac;BaküBIRBHnag busS)a eRBaHfaRBHGgÁBuMGacTTYlykRsIrUbGaRkk;mkeFVICamehsI )an
eLIy.
luH)anTtyl; nigsNþab;BaküeBcn_rbs;RBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav ehIyRBHnag busS)a
xwgxøaMgNas; RBHnagsuMRBHraCanuBaØatBIRBHbita[BYkviciRtkrKUrrUbRBHnag ehIycat;[
GñkkarTUtnaMykrUbnageTApSBVpSaydl;nKrnana faebIesþcGgÁNaeBjcitþcg;erobGPiesk
CamYyRBHnagsUm[cUlmksþIdNþwgnagcuH. BYkGñknaMpÞaMgKMnUr)aneFVIdMeNIrdl;kNþaléRB
edayGs;kMlaMgeBkk¾sRmaklg;lk;eRkamedImeQImYyeTA.
EføgBIelakta kaLaEdlCa)armIEfrkSaBUCBgSvgSRtkUl énRBHjativgSrbs;RBH
GgÁm©as; GIuNavnigRBHnag busS)a enaH)anxwgsm,ay:agxøaMgcMeBaHRBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav
EdlxVHkarKitBicarNa RBmTaMgh‘anRbmafmak;gayRBHjativgSxøÜnÉgenaH. eBlenaH
elakta kaLa k¾)anxab nigpøúMbBa¢ÚnpÞaMgKMnUrrbs;RBHnag busS)aeTAdak;kñúg RBHdMNak;
esþc BiTUcrkar énnKrkaer: ¬KWCaCnCatimYyEdlmansm,úrexμAeBaHkMe)a:gehAfaGaer:²¦.
enAeBl)aneXIjpÞagM KMnUrd¾ls¥ a¥ trbs;RBHnagbusS)aPøam BiTUcrkark¾vegVgvgVan;sμartI
eRBaHQøk;nwgsMrs;RBHnagbusS)a ehIy)aneTArMGku matabita[cUleTAsþIdNþwgRBHnagbusS)a
eFVICamehsI.

155
 2>3> segçberOg GIuNavbusS)a ¬vKÁ 2¦ sßitkñúgkarRsavRCav
2>4> segçberOg GIuNavbusS)a ¬vKÁ3¦
enAeBlBiFICb;elogRtUvbB©ab; RBHjativgSxagRBHGgÁm©as;\NavRtUvyagRtLb;eTA
nKrvij EtRBHGgÁm©as; \Nav mineGIeBInwgkarvilRtLb;enHeLIy.
cMENkRBHmatarbs;RBHnagbusS)a yl;citþm©as;kμÜyfaR)akdCalg;esñh_elI busS)a
CabuRtI rbs;xøÜn ehIyRTg;k¾eFVICaetOn\Nav [RtLb;eTAnKrvij b:uEnþRtUv\NavRbEkk
ehIysuMRBHmatucäasñak;enAbnþrhUtdl;BiFIbuNüéf¶xagmuxeTot RBHmatucäak¾RTg;GnuBaØat.
kñúg»kassñak;enaH ehIyEdlGIuNav)aneRbIb¥ÚnRbusrbs;busS)a [cUleTAlYcpah‘umnag
ykmk[xøÜn .
BiFIbuNü)anmkdl; RBHGyüekaRBHGyükayagmkdl;. RBHmatarbs;RBHnag
busS)a )ansuMyagbgRbusrbs; kaer:):an; eQμaH BiTUcrka mkEdr nig)anyagRBHGgÁm©as;
sIuy:aRt b¥Únrbs;GIuNav RBmTaMgRBHjativgSTaMgGs;mkcUlrYm. eqøóteBlenaH GIuNav
)ansuMesñh_RBHnagbusS)a eday)ansarPaBnUvkMhusrbs;xøÜnb:uEnþRtUv)anRBHnag busS)a
bdiesF eRBaHsMGagfanagmanKUdNþwgrYcehIy.
dwgfaxønÜ BuGM acsMeu sckþeI sñhaBIRBHnag)an RBHGgÁm©as;\Navk¾rmY KMnitCamYysIyu a: Rta
Cab¥Únfa³ enAeBlEdlRBHnagbusS)acUlfVaybgÁMRBHkñúgvihar eqøót»kaseBleKBnøt;ePøIg
eTon[ggwtenaH RBHGgÁnwgcab;BRgt;RBHnag[)an. b:uEnþKeRmagkarRtUvbraC½y eRBaHRtUv
)anRBHmataRBHnag busS)a dwgTan; ehIynwgeFVIkarsþIbenÞasy:agxøaMg.
RBHmatucäaRBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav EdlRtUvCamataRBHnagbusS)aRTg;xJal;xøaMgNas; nig
GMeBIrbs;RBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav mü:agedaycg;RBmannigbBaÄWcitþdl;\Navpg RTg;k¾ehA
BiTUcrka EdlCabgRbusrbs; kaer:)a:n; [eRtomerob cMGPieskkñúgevlaéf¶Es¥kenH.

156
 eBlenaH\Navk¾)anpSMKMnitCamYyb¥ÚnRbus sIuy:aRtamþgeTotedayeRbIkll,ickuhk
fanaMT½BecjeTATak;llk[)aneRcIn edIm,IykmkeFVIRBHRkyabEnßm CaelsedIm,Icab;
busS)amþgeTot. luHeTAdl;éRBehIy k¾naMKñabiTmuxEkøgxøÜnCaRkumecareQμaH ):an;yI ehIy
elIkKñaeTAcab;busS)a EdlkMBugerobcMGPieskenaH. enAeBlecarcab;enaH RBHnagbusS)a
)anERskehARBHnamRBHGgÁm©as; \Nav [CYycMENkmYyRkumeTot eFVICanaMT½BBIraCvaMg
mkCYyvayCamYyecar. emecar):an;yI bJuGIuNavk¾eFVICacaj;rt;eKcxøÜncUléRB ehIy)anbþÚr
semøókbMBak;mkCaGINu avvij ehIyvilmkCYyvaybeNþjBYkecarrhUt)anC½yCMnH. RBHnag
busS)asμanfaGuN
I av)anmkCYynagBitR)akdEmn k¾)anEføgGMNrRBHKuNcMeBaHRBHGgÁm©as;
\NavCaBn;eBk. eBlenaH BiTUcrka )anmkdl;RBHnag busS)a )anRbEkkBuMRBmerob
GPieskCamYyeLIyedayRBHnagelIkehtufaeBlmanGasnñ BiTUcrka Bu)M anecjmuxmkCYy
RBHnageLIy. BiTUcrkayMERskGgVrRBHnag busS)a b:Eu nþRBHnagenAEtminyl;RBmdEdl.
ehIyyl;RBmmkerobGPieskCamYyRBHGgÁm©as;GIuNavvij.
2>5> GtßbTerOgGuINavbusS)a
qak - Quty:ar:an; edjek¶ak
- bTePøg ³ sμWn y:Undab ¬eRcog 1 ePøg 1¦
÷ kaleNaH
y:ar:an; surivgS RTg;skþa sßitenATIETn Ekvrcna RBmTaMgBYkesnaeyaFapg.
- bTePøg ³- RtavnigrayminFYn
÷ kaleNaH
y:ar:an; d¾RTg;rsμI esþcKg;sn§b;GCaenyü Rtas;év [elIkBleyaFa.
- bTePøg ³ eCItrYTi_ ek¶akecj
- bTePøg ³ eCIt y:ara:n; edjek¶ak

157
- bTePøg ³ pHm:aeh ¬eRcog 1 ePøg1¦
÷ esþcTteXIjCak;myUrI rUbl¥esaPI KYresñha
÷ sy ³BYkGWy Gs;Blesna EsnesamnsSa nwgbkSaGWy
÷ RBHT½ycg;)anstVbkSa RTg;cg;yaRtaedjtamcab;
sy ³ BYkGWy Gs;Blesna eLamcab;bkSa bwgkSRtaGWy.
- bTePøg ³ eCItqan ¬edjcab;ek¶ak¦
- bTePøg ³ eCItcUlkñúgqakvij
qak-enAnKresþc kaLaMg
- esþc kaLaMg eCItecj
- bTePøg ³ kaleNaHRBH)aTkaLaMgmhakSRt
qakBIftray³ ecjcrTTYly:ar:an; RTg;skáa edayesamnsSa eBjRBHT½y.
- bTePøg ³ eLIgRBHBnøa ¬eRcog 1 ePøg 1¦
÷ kaleNaH
÷ y:ar:an;fVayxøÜn Kab;beRmI enAeRkam)armIkSRtRbesIr eTaHebIman
karGVIsUmGasa .
- bTePøg ³ rayminFYn
- RTg;RbTan s½kþiysx<s;]tþm smRTg;RbTaneTA ):anyI[enArYmKña RBmTaMgBIr
RtYtBleyaFI CaRbRktI .
- )a:nyITTYlRBH»gáarRBmEfrkSay:ar:an;fVay
FYn ³ karBarsRtUvpgTaMgLay eTaHbICitq¶aytambBa¢a .
- bTePøg ³ sμI esþc kaLaMgcUl
- bTePøg ³ eCIt y:ar:an; nig ):anyI cUl

158
qak -enAmuxdMNak;RBHnag busS)a ¬eknLúg¦
QutecjRksalsYn
- bTePøg ³ sμW s³minefag ¬eRcog 2 ePøg1¦
- RBHnagesþc eRtcRtg; RTg;RbBat rukçCatidUcC½r l¥esaPa
PiKunrIkray edayBsuFa kMNan;kñúgnaMKña erIsEtgGgÁ .
- savyut BuTÁqat nigRtyg; duHsñitcitRtg; CaCYrKYrTsSna
eknLúg ¬busS)a¦ RTg;ebHpáacm,:a RbTannagGrsa esoteksI .
- bTePøg ³ Qwgla
- bTePøg ³ mncuHTUk ¬eRcog 2 ePøg1¦
÷ kaleNaH
- y:ar:an;eRTIsRTg; BgSskþa esþcB¤sUresogelgexJóvxJaR)ab;sgçamn tam
emIlRsI
- bTePøg ³ eCItQwg
- bTePøg ³ quMeqam
÷ Kn;RBH»sæEsnsmhak;jjwm b:RbwmsmnwgRBHnasal¥dak;kayapÞúMsméRk.
- bTePøg ³ eGv)a:g bJu eso)a:k;KYy
÷Kn;GVIk¾eXIjl¥TaMgGs; segátNas;EtRbusKYrPism½y RTg;Kn;minEq¥tkñúg
RBHT½y sÞúHévRT R)agPñagPirmü
- bTePøg ³ rayminFYn
÷ kaleNaH
- eknLúg ¬busS)a¦ RTg;eqamknidæa
FYn ³ RTg;PJak;sÞúHeRkak edaymñImña RTg;Rtas;sYrfa nrNaenH
- bTePøg ³ qaRKI

159
 ÷ kaleNaH
- ya:r:an; RTg;esam eqamm:arsIu
- bTePøg ³ cincuHTUk ¬eRcog1 ePøg1¦
busS)a ³ nrNah‘anmkdl;ETnTI
y:ar:an; ³ masesñh_KUCIvit KWxøÜnbg
eRcog 2 ³ eBledk bgedk TaMgTwkEPñk RTUgtwgesÞIEbk segVKéRk s‘UbþÚrCIvit
\tGal½y cUréfønagsμ½RKedayRbNI.
- bTePøg ³ qaRkg ¬eRcog1 ePøg 1¦
÷kaleNaH
-eknLúg ¬busS)a¦ RTg;lkçN_GKÁnarI RBHT½yGMBl; xVl;EsnTVI RTg;
kEnSgesak BilabeBkéRk
- bTePøg ³ cincuHTUk ¬eRcog 1 ePøg 1¦
-Rtas;faGRFaRtraRtIeRCA):an;yIminenAeTANabeNþay[ecarcitþemaha
lblYc klüaTaMgGMNac.
- CYCatimaryaT efakGRbiy smGVICatikSRt minekatxøac )a:n;yI eCdæabJT§i
Gg;GacRTg;GMNacRbhar[kSINkS½y.
¬eRcog 1¦ = s‘UbþÚrCIvit\tGal½y cUréføRbNIedaykþIsμ½RK
- bTePøg ³ eCItcrca
- bTePøg ³ v½rriecäT ¬eRcog1 ePøg 1¦
- evIuy² y:ar:an; Ghgáa Tabefaksamanü Gg;GacéRk rwgrwtEtxwg kñúg
RBHT½y sÞúHév:tyuT§ edaykøahan htßsþaMcab;eRtIy ehIykeBaäg
htßeFVgkEnSgCUtP®kþa.
-bTeCIg ³ kaLaMg

160
 - kaLaMgRTgXat; GñkTaMgBIr kuMeFVIvrvI c,aMgKñafVI rUbrUmCamitþsñiT§emRtI
samKÁIPkþICaKñaeTA ¬crca¦ kaLaMgsYr \NavcUlfVayeRkIs kaMLaMgsþI
benÞas[y:ar:an; ¬bTExkLak;¦ .
- y:ar:an;)anlWs½BÞvaca ekþAkñúg»raBn;eBkéRk elIkeRkIsfVayeTA
RBHPUvéN kSRtéføRTg;RCabsBV kic©karehIyTUlfakSRtTaMgBIr )anCa
h‘ansμ½RK edayesñha.
- bTePøg ³ crca bJu BüadWncUl

¬cb;vKÁ y:ar:an;edjcab;eRbIs¦

161
162
 CMBUk3
TsSn³vis½ykñúgkarGPirkS nig GPivDÆn_sil,³
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü
I . TsSn³vis½ykñúgkarGPirkS

sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü67 KWCaRbePTsil,³r)aMtnþIExμrmYy

EdlmanRbPBecjmkBICMenOsasna nigmanRbvtþid¾yUrlg; nigmanGayukalmunsm½y
mhanKr68. R)asaTGgÁr manPaBl,Il,ajb:unNa sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrk¾manPaBl,I
l,ajb:unenaHEdr. enHKWCaesckþIGHGagrbs;GñkRKUcas;² EdlkñúgmYyCIvitrbs;elak)an
bUCaTaMg RsugcMeBaHkarEfrkSanigkareFVI[rs;eLIgvijnUvsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr.
1> témøGmt³
témøCaGmt³énsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KWsßitenAelIesaP½Nd¾kMBUlénbec©keTs
sEmþg nigGtßn½yGb;rMcitþKMnitd¾x<g;x<s;énr)aMenH. tamÉksarRsavRCavrbs;sakl
viTüal½yPUminÞviciRtsil,³ kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM60 EdleKenAcaM)anfa esaP½Nxagbec©keTs
énsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KWsißtenAelIPasak,ac;TaMg4500k,ac; EdlmansuRkwtPaB
d¾l\¥ tex©aH. tamCMenOrbs;RbCaBlrdæ Pasak,ac;TaMgenH KWCanimitþrUbénk,Ünxñatr)aM Edl
manRbPBmkBItRmanadsa®sþcMnYn108k,ac;rbs;RBH\sUr Edl)ancat;TukCatRma[

67
KWCasil,³r)aM EdlRtUv)anEfrkSa edayRBHraCvgSanuvgSénRBHmhakSRtExμrtaMgBIburaNkal.
68
sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr RbEhlCaekItenAelITwkdIkm<úCataMgBIsm½ynKrPñM ¬s>v>TI1-6¦
edayeKKas;rkeXIj rUbcmøak;RsIr)aMeFVIBIdIdutenAvtþKMnUr GgÁrburI RsukéRBkb,as extþtaEkv
¬Éksar)aMburaNExμrRsavRCaveday eBRC TMuRkviul TMB½r 32 ¦.
163
mnusSelakhat;erontameTvbBaØtþi69. tRmanadsa®sþTaMg108k,ac; rbs;RBH\sUr
KWCak,ac;r)aMd¾kMBUlmYyEdlBN’naGMBI { PaBbrisuT§xagpøÚvkaynigpøÚvcitþ } tamEbbTsSn
viC¢asasna. k,ac;tRmaTaMgenHKWCakarsEmþgecjnUvGarmμN_d¾brisuT§rbs;GaTieTB. enaHKW
Catémø énkarGb;rMPaBbrisuT§xagpøÚvkay nigpøÚvcitþénsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr.
2> elakTsSn³GMBICIvit
CakarN_BitNas; Pasak,ac;r)aMburaNExμr KWCatMNagénelakTsSn³GMBICivit
(Cosmos de la vie) . ebIBN’natamTsSnviC¢asakl Pasak,ac;r)aMburaNExμr KWCakar

bkRsayGMBIRkwtüRkmrbs;FmμCatiEdlEtg { kekIt - vivtþ - rIkceRmIn nigvinas

sabsUnüCaFmμta } smdUcTsSnviC¢a rbs;RBHBuT§ EdlEtgniyayGMBI { Cati Cra BüaFi
nig mrN³ ¬ekIt - cas; - QW - søab; ¦.
karEdlsnñidæandUecñH edayehtuplfak,ac;r)aMburaNExμrTaMgGs; tamkarRsavRCav
suTE§ tRbmUlpþeúM TAelI Gtßny½ 4 y:agKW ¬1¦ k,ac;cg¥lú sMedAbgðajfa {RtYy} KWCakarekIt
¬2¦ k,ac;)atéd CanimitþrUbénsøwk ¬karvivtþ¦ ¬3¦ k,ac;CIb mann½yfa { Epø } ¬karrIk
FMFat;¦ nig¬4¦ k,ac;pÞat; CanimitþrUbénkar {TMu RCuH} ¬vinassabsUnü¦ EtbnÞab;mk
RKab;EdlTMuRCuHenaHnwgcab;BnøkduHsaCafμIeLIgvij tamRkwtüRkmFmμCati ekItsøab;² ekIt
CabnþbnÞab;. enHKWCaGtßn½yénPasak,ac;buraNExμr tamEbbTsSnviC¢a EdleKkRmnwg
yl;)an .

69
ÉksarRsavRCavsþIBI kRmgsikSaviFIsa®sþRsavRCavGMBItémøBitrbs;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr RksYgvb,Fm’
nigviciRtsil,³ qñaM 2007 TMB½r 55- 57.
164
 3> eTvPaB
PaBd¾Tn;Pøn;énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr nigmenaseBa©tnad¾s¶b;rMgab; EdlsEmþgecjtam
ry³r)aMenH70 rYmTaMgTsSnaTanGb;rM Edlbgáb;nUvGtßn½yTsSnviC¢ad¾RCaleRCAenHeFVIeGay
sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmantémøCasaklmYy. enaHKW { PaBCaeTv³ } énr)aMk,ac;
buraNExμr. RBwT§acarü eqg pun )anmanRbsasn_fa³ enAsm½ymhanKrd¾rugerOg RsþIr)aM
k,ac;buraNExμr EdleKehAfa { GbSra } RtUv)ancat;Tuk Ca { eTvTasI } b¤ { ®sþIbeRmI
GaTieTB}. eTvTasI KWCaeTBFItad¾brisuT§. GaTieTB ¬eTvraCa ¦ BMuR)aRs½yTak;Tgeday
pÞal;CamYymnusSelakeT KWR)aRs½yTak;TgCamYyeTvTasI ¬GbSra¦ eRBaHmnusSelak
BMmu ancitbþ risTu §71. KWmanEtCnbrisTu e§ T EdlGacniyayCamYyCnbrisTu )§ an. dUecñaHehIy
Gñkr)aMGbSra b¤RsIeTBGbSr KWCaGñknaMsarBImnusSelakeTAkan;eTvelaktamry³kar
sEmþgrbs;eK. ral;karbn;Rsn;b¤karGgVrkr b¤karRbsiT§BrC½yrbs;mnusSelak eTAkan;
BiPBsYK’ KWRtUveFVIeLIgtamry³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMGbSra.
PaBCaeTv³énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr GacqøúHbBa©aMg)antamry³karsEmþgCaeRcInenAÉ
breTs. kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM60 sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr)aneTAsEmþgCUnRbFanaFibtI
shrdæGaemrikTsSna. kñúgsm½yenaHtamkarR)ab;[dwgeday RBwT§acarü eqg pun
EdlkaleNaHelakCaRbFanKN³RbtiPUpÞal;énRkumr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrfa³ shrdæGaemrik
kMBugeFVIs®gÁamCamYyevotNam. elak Richard Nixon RbFanaFibtIGaemrik)anTsSna
karsEmþgenaH. kñúgeBlEdlsEmþgcb; manGñksarBt’manGnþrCatimñak;)ansYreTAelak

70
karsEmþgmenaseBa©tnakñúgsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KWCakarsEmþgtamPasak,ac; BMuEmntamTwkmuxeLIy
¬kic© smÖasCamYy RBwT§acarü eqg pun RbFanmCÄmNÐlvb,Fm’ nigvibsSna kalBIéf¶TI 22 Ex emsa qñaM
2007.
71
EtgelaPln; ekgRbvB½a©n_ nig xwgeRkaFCaFmμta .

165
RbFanaFibtIfa { etIelakRbFanaFibtI)anTTYlkarsb,ayrIkraydUcemþcEdr CamYynwg
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμ?} elakRbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMgeqøIyfa³ {RKan;ebI r)aMburaNExμr)aneFVI[
´ePøcs®gÁamenAevotNamBIrema:g}. mtirbs;RbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMgmann½yfa³ r)aMk,ac;
buraNExμrKWCar)aMs¶b; TaMgk,ac;r)aM nigmenaseBa©tna EdlsEmþgecjtamPasak,ac;enaH
qøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvsnþiPaBpøÚvcitþmYy. enaHehIyKwCaeTvPaBkñúgr)aMk,ac;buraNExμreyIg.
4> ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbI
sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr)ankøayCa { sñaédÉkénebtikPNÐvb,Fm’evaharekaslü
nigGrUbIrbs;mnusSCati } tamesckþIseRmcénmhasnñi)atelIkTI29énGgÁkarenH
kalBIéf¶TI 7 Exvicäika qñaM 2003 GgÁkar UNESCO )anvaytémøfa r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
KWCasñaédÉk (Masterpiece) énebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIrbs;mnusSCati. edaysMGageTAelI
ehtuplfa³
¬1¦ r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KW CasñaédÉkéneTBekaslüécñRbDitd¾kMBUl rbs;mnusSCati
¬2¦ r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmanbJsKl;d¾RCaleRCAeTAkñúgRbéBNI vb,Fm’ b¤RbvtþiviTüa vb,Fm’
rbs;shKmn_ énRbCaBlrdæExμr
¬3¦ r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr mantYnaTIqøúHbBa©aMg [eXIjnUvGtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’rbs;RbCaBlrdæ
Exμr nig shKmn_rbs;eK Edlmansar³CaRbPBénkarTak;Taj nig karpøas;bþÚrvb,Fm’ nig
naMmknUvPaBsuxdumrmna rvag R bCaBlrdæ nigRbCaBlrdæ rvagRbCaBlrdænigshKmn_ .
¬4¦ sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KW Ca]tþmPaBénkarRbtibtþi nUvbBaØaBaØaN nig eTBekaslü
écñRbDit RbkbedayKuNPaBbec©keTsd¾x<g;x<s;.
¬5¦ sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrKWCanimitþrUbnigCaB½sþútagEtmYyKt; énRbéBNIvb,Fm’ rs;rbs;
RbCaBlrdæExμr.
¬6¦ sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrkMBugTTYlPaBrgeRKaHCaTm¶n; GaRs½yedaykgVHmeFüa)ay
nig FnFan kñúgkarEfrkSa nigTb;sáat;rlkcrnþfμI énvb,Fm’saklkmμ. enHKWCakarvaytémø

166
 rbs;GgÁkar UNESCO munnwgbBa©lÚ sñaédsil,³r)aMk,ac;bru aNExμrCasñaédÉkén ebtikPNÐ
vb,Fm’GrUbIrbs;mnusSCati.

rhUtmkdl;eBlenHGgÁkar UNESCO eBalKWmhasnñi)aténGgÁkarenH )anRbkas

TTYlsÁal;sñaédÉkxagevaharekaslü nigebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbI (Masterpiece of the
72
Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage) TUTaMgBiPBelak)ancMnYn 90 sñaédehIy .

sñaédÉkxagevaharekaslüEdlykPasaCameFüa)aysEmþg nigCaebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbI
rbs;mnusSCati Edl)anRbkasrYcehIyenHmanenAkñúgbNþaRbeTscMnYn 71 EdlkñúgenaH
manRbeTskm<úCaeyIgmYyEdr EdlmansñaédÉkBIrKW r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr Edl)ancUlCa
ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIBiPBelakkñúgqñaM 2003 nig sil,³Es,kFM kñgú qña2M 005. karEdl
)ancUlCaebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbéI nBiPBelakenH KWCaemaTnPaBd¾x<g;x<s;mYyrbs;CatieyIg
EdlRbCaBlrdæeyIgRtUvTTYlsÁal; nig rkSakarBar.
eKaledACaskþanuBlrbs;GgÁkar UNESCO kñúgkarbBa©Úlsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
[eTACaebtikPNÐxagevaharekaslü nig CaebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIrbs;mnusSCati73 enH
BMuEmnRKan;EtedIm,IsEmþgnUvesckþIeKarB cMeBaHmhasñaédEdl)anmkBIeTBekaslüécñ
RbDitd¾kMBUlrbs;mnusSCatib:ueNÑaHeT EtKWedIm,IelIkTwkcitþ nigCMruj[raCrdæaPi)alk¾dUc
CaGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil nigRbCaBlrdækm<úCa pþl;témøx<s;cMeBaHebtikPNÐvb,Fm’rbs;CatixøÜn
nigxitxMnaMKñaCYyelIktemáIgrkSakarBar nigeFVI[rs;eLIgvij nigepÞrsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
eTACMnan;eRkay. karEdl)ancUlCaebtikPNÐ evaharekaslü nigGrUbIrbs;mnusSCatiKW
CakitüanuPaBrbs;CatieyIgmYyehIy k¾bEu: nþKN u RbeyaCn_sxM an;Edl)anmkBImhakityiþ s
72
Éksar yUeNsáÚ ³ ITH / 07 / 1. EXT. COM / CONF . 207 / 7, Paris 15 May 2007
73
eKalkarN_ENnaMrbs; UNESCO’s Guideline for The Presentation of Candidati Files )

sRmab;bgðajnUvÉksarebkçPaB esñIsMucUlCaebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIrbs;mnusSCati
167
enH KWkarGPirkSnigPaBsßitesßrKg;vgSénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr. CaTUeTAbnÞab; BI)ancUlCa
sñaédÉkénebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIrbs;mnusSCatiehIyGgÁkar UNESCO tRmUv[samI
RbeTseFVIEpnkarskmμPaBedIm,IelIksÞÜyPaBsßitesßrKg;vgS tamry³karbegáItKeRmag
kmμvFi ICaeRcInEdlBak;B½n§dl;karsikSaRsavRCav karcgRkgrkSaTuk karEfrkSakarBar
karelIktemáIg karBRgwg nigBRgIkkarGb;rMpSBVpSay nigkarepÞrcMeNHdwgsþIBIsñaédÉk
TaMgenHeTACMnan;eRkay. skmμPaBTaMgenHesÞIrEtmYyPaKFMRtUv)anCYyCMruj nigKaMRTeday
GgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,IGb;rM viTüasa®sþ nigvb,Fm’ EdlehAkat;fa UNESCO enH.
dUecñHehIysñaédÉkénebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIrbs;BiPBelak EtgRtUv)anBiPBelak]btßmÖ
KaMRTedIm,IPaBsßitesßrKg;vgS nigvDÆnPaBebtikPNÐenHeTAGnaKt.
II . GPivDÆn_sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü
CakarN_BitNas;karGPirkS nigGPivDÆsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr BMuGacXøatcak
)anBIeKalneya)ayrbs;raCrdæaPi)alelIvis½ysil,³vb,Fm’eT. eKalneya)ayrbs;
raCrdæaPi)alelIvis½y sil,³ vb,Fm’ KWCaRtIvis½ykñúgkarGPirkSnigkarGPivDÆenH.
sRmab;GaNtþiTI3énrdæsPa ¬2003-2008¦ enHkmμviFIneya)ayelIvis½yvb,Fm’
RtUv)anRbmUlpþMúeTAelIkargarsMxan;²dUcxageRkam ³
- elIktemáIgBhuvb,Fm’RbéBNInigTMenomTmøab;CatielImUldæanénkarrkSakarBar nig
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- bnþCMrujkarGPivDÆvis½yvb,Fm’ edaypþl;lT§PaBRKb;RKan; nUvfvikanigsmÖar³
epSg² edIm,IERbkøayRbeTskm<Cú a[eTACamCÄmNÐlénkarpSBVpSayvb,Fm’Exμr nigeRbIR)as;
skþanuBl énsm,tþivb,Fm’Cati nigebtikPNÐCati eTACafamBlsRmab;karGPivDÆ
esdækic©nigvb,Fm’.

168
 - begáInkarykcitþTukdak; nigcat;TukCakatBVkic©énkarEfrkSakarBarR)asaTburaN
vtßúsil,³buraN Eklm¥rmNIydæanRbvtþisa®sþ nigelIktemáIgmt’kvb,Fm’ nigGriyFm’Exμr
EfrkSavb,Fm’RbéBNI Pasa nigCMenOrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic[manPaBsßitesßrcIrkal
enAkñúgcrnþd¾xøaMgkøaénsaklPavUbnIykmμ pþl;»kasnigTak;TajCnCatiPaKtic eGay
skmμcUlrYmkñúg kic©karGPivDÆRbeTsCati elIkTwkcitþdl;karplit nigeRbIR)as;plitpl
vb,Fm’ExμrRBmTaMg xitxMTb;sáat;karhUrcUlénvb,Fm’»nfyBIxageRkA.
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karRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB edIm,ITb;sáat;nigdak;eTasy:agmWugm:at; cMeBaHbTelIμsbMpøaj
sm,tþivb,Fm’Cati. brievNR)asaTburaNnana k¾dUcCaebtikPNÐ Edl)anbBa©ÚlCa
ebtikPNÐBiPBelak RtUvcat;Tku CatMbn;GBüaRkwt nigGPirkS edayminGnuBaØat[mankar
bMpciø bMpaø jkareFV]I sSahkmμGaCIvkmμ nigBaNiC¢kmμNaEdleFVI[xUcxatsm,tþiCatiTaMgenaH
nigbrisßaneTscrN_CMuvij…
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sμartI sIlFm’ KuNFm’ nig vb,Fm’snþPi aBCUnRbCaBlrdæ edIm,IFana)ankarrYmrs; Rbkbeday
PaBsuxdumrmnaenAkñúgsgÁm. enHKWCaeKalneya)ay CaskþanuBlrbs;raCrdæaPi)al kñúg
karrkSakarBark¾dUcCakarelIktemøIg nigGPivDÆvis½ysil,³vb,Fm’Exμr kñúgkalcMeBaHmux.
KWeKalneya)ayCatienH ehIyEdlCamUldæanénkarGnuvtþrbs;eyIg. CaskmμPaBCak;
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buraNExμr KYrEtRbmUlpþMúeTAelIeKalkarN_mYycMnYn dUcxageRkam³
1> karGPirkS
ral;karEfrkSakarBar BiessKWkarGPirkSsil,³r)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr cMa)ac;RtUvecosvag
dac;xatnUvkareFVIeGay)at;bg;témøBitrbs;va. karEfrkSa KWBMuRKan;EtrkSa)annUvrUbPaBTaMg
Gs;énsil,³r)aMk,ac;bru aNExμrbue: NÑaHeT EtKWRtUvrkSa[)annUvsar³Biténsil,³k,ac;buraN

169
enHpg. sar³ KWCa xøwmsar b¤ CaRBlwgénsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr. tamkarsikSa
RsavRCavrbs;eyIg kñúgdMNak;kal dMbUgénKeRmagkmμviFI enH)anrkeXIjfa74
sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr EdlRtUv)anGgÁkar UNESCO bBa©ÚlCa {sñaédÉk -
Masterpieces} énebtikPNÐevaharekaslü nigGrUbIrbs;mnusSCatienaH KWedaysar

sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN enHmantémøBitCaskþáanuBld¾kMBUlbIy:agKW
- témøBitxagbec©keTs
- témøBitxagsμartI
- témøBiténesaP½NcRmuH

1>1> karGPirkStémøBitxagbec©keTs
témøbec©keTsKWCatémøesaP½Nk,ac;r)aMminticCag 4500 k,ac; Edl)andl;PaBl¥
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rab;rybT75 rcnabTsemøókbMBak;eRbóbsßaneTvelak nigmeFüa)ay b¤rebobrbbsEmþg
tamEbbburaN EtmanlkçN³suRkwt nigviTüasa®sþ.
tamTmøab;knøgmk karEfrkSar)aMk,ac;buraNExμr eRcIneFVIeLIgtamry³karhVwkhVWn
edaypÞal; BIRKUmñak;mksisSmñak; nigBIRKUmañ k;mksisSeRcInKña. enaHKWCakarhVwkhVWn
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BMuTan;RtUv)ankt;RtaTuk[)anKt;mt;l¥ nigl¥itl¥n;enAeLIy. emøa:HehIykarepÞrcMeNHdwg
énsil,³k,ac;buraNExμrBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan;kan;Et)at;bg;eTA. m:üageTot karcgcaM
rbs;mnusSEtgmankarePøcPøaMg. karRsavRCavrbs;eyIg)anR)ab;[dwgfa Pasak,ac;TaMg
74
ÉksarRsavRCavRkumGñkRsavRCavénvKÁhVwkhVWnbec©keTs nigviFIsa®sþRsavRCavsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN
énRksYg vb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ qñaM 2007.
75
tamkarRsavRCavt®nþI nigceRmógBiNBaTüExμrmanminticCag 500 bT ¬ÉksarRsavRCav qñaM 1964 - 1965¦.

170
4500 k,ac; enaHmYycMnYnFMRtUv)an)at;bg;eTAehIy. karN_BitPasak,ac;Edlesssl;
dl;sBVéf¶ KWmancMnYnBMueRcIndl;enaHeT. karGHGagenHmanPaBsmrmü edayehtuplfa
karEfrkSatamry³karcgcaMt²KñaKWBitCamanPaBxVHcenøaH.
dUecñHBIeBlenHeTA edIm,Iecogvagkar)at;bg;bnþeTot karGPirkSsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN
Exμr KYrEtRbmUlpþMúeTAelIviFankardUcxageRkam ³

k> kareFVIbBa¢IsareBIPNÐ
kareFVIbBa¢IsareBIPNÐ mansarsMxan;dl;PaBsßitesßrKg;vgSénr)aMenH. eKKYrEtkt;
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Edl)at;bg;eTAenAkñúgbBa¢IsareBIPNÐmYy. eFVIdUecñaHKWedIm,IkarBarkMu[)at;bg;bnþ nig)an
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enaH BMuGacrs;ranmanCIvit)aneT. y:agNamijsil,³vb,Fm’RKb;RbePT dUcCasil,³r)aM
k,ac;buraNExμrCaedImenHk¾dUecñaHEdr. karEfrkSakarBarsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrEtkñúgrgVg;
rcnasm<½n§fñak;elIBMuRKb;RKan;eT KWRtUvEfrkSakarBarenAfñak;eRkampg enaHeTIbmanPaB
sßitesßrKg;vgS. kareFVIRbCaRbiyPavUbnIykmμsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤karyksil,³
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr eTAeFVICarbs;RbCaCn KWCameFüa)ayd¾RbesIrbMput sRmab;FanaPaB
sßitesßrKg;vgSénr)aMenH.

171
 K> karelIkm<s;karyl;dwgrbs;RbCaCn
m:üageTot karelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgrbs;RbCaCn CaBiess KWkaryl;dwgrbs;
yuvCnKWCafamBld¾xøaMgkøa dl;PaBrs;ran nigsßitesßrKg;vgSénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr. drab
NayuvCnCMnan;eRkayBiess KWyuvCnCMnan;saklPavUbnIykmμenH BMumankaryl;dwgGMBI
sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμreT enaHr)aMTaMgenHBMuGacrs;ranmanCIvit)aneLIy. KWmanEtkar
eFVI[yuvCnmankaryl;dwgGMBItémøBiténsil,³r)aMenHeTenaH eTIbyuvCncUlrYm]btßmÖKaMRT
nigrkSakarBarsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNeyIg)an. sßab½nTTYlbnÞúkKYrEtykcitþTukdak;cMeBaH
bBaðaenH.
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karepÞrcMeNHdwg GMBsI li ,³r)aMk,ac;bru aNExμreTACMnan;eRkay BiessKWyvu CnCaviFankar
caM)ac;mYyBMuGacxVH)an. karepÞrcMeNHdwgenH KWCakarhVwkhVWnRKUbgðat;bnþevnTaMgkñúgRbB½n§
nigeRkARbB½n§. drabNaBMumankarepÞrcMeNHdwgenHeT drabenaH cMeNHdwgenaHnwgkan;Et
ercrilnig)at;bg;eTA. karepÞrcMeNHdwgGMBsI li ,³r)aMk,ac;bru aNExμrkñgú RbB½n§ enaHKWCakar
hVkw hVnW sil,karnIsEmþg nigRKUbgVkw bnþevnenAkñúgsalaeron BiessKWenAkñúgkmμviFIsikSa
GMBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr enAmhaviTüal½ynadsa®sþ énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞviciRtsil,³.
rIÉkarhVwkhVWneRkARbB½n§enaHKw CakarhVwkhVWnkñúgCYrmhaCn nigRbCaBlrdætamkmμviFIbNþúH
bNþaltamEbbmhaCn. viFankarhVwkhVWnkñúgRbB½n§ nigeRkARbB½n§enH BitCanwgCYyGPirkS
sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr eGay)anKg;vgSeTAGnaKt. sßab½nTTYlbnÞúkKYrykcitþTukdak;
GMBIkarepÞrcMeNHdwgtamry³karhVwkhVWnenH.

172
 g> karbegáItmUlniFiGPirkSsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü
CakarBitNas;kgVHmUlniFi b¤ hirBaØvtßú KWCabBaðaRbQmd¾FMbMputénkarGPirkSsil,³
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr. bBaðamUlniFienH KWCaktþasøab;rs;énkarEfrkSasil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN
eyIg. RbsinebIKμanfvikaeT skmμPaBsikSaRsavRCav karEfrkSa nigkarhVwkhVWn k¾dUcCa
skmμPaBsEmþg nigkarpSBVpSayTaMgGs;nwgmanPaBraMgsÞH. CaeKalkarN_sRmab;kar
EfrkSa nigskmμPaBhVwkhVWn k¾dUcCakarsEmþgTaMgGs; KwCamuxcMNayrbs;rdæ. k¾bEu: nþebI
manEtfvikardæ EtmYyEpñkenaHBMuRKab;RKan;eT. RksYg nigsßab½nBak;Bn½§k¾dUcCaGgÁkar
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kan;Etrs;revIk nigRbRktIPaB. sßab½nTTYlbnÞúk KYrmankarpþÜcepþImKMnit GMBIkarbegáIt
mUlniFienH.
1>2> karGPirkStémøBitxagsμartI
témøBitxagsμartI KW)andl;témøénkarGb;rMcitþ tamry³sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr.
dUc)anBN’narYcmkehIyfa karsikSaRsavRCavrbs;eyIg)anrkeXIjfa sil,³r)aMk,ac;
buraNExμrKWCasil,³eTv³. sil,³eTv³ KWCasil,³EdlmanxøwmsarGb;rMPaBbrisuT§xag
pøÚvcitþKMnitCacm,g. siwgRKb;r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrTaMgGs;suT§EtmanTsSnaTanGb;rM citþKMnit
brisuT§ dUcCar)aMtaEy: r)aMGbSra r)aM mNIemxla r)aMmkr r)aMeTBmenarmü nigr)aMCa
eRcIneTot.l.
témøBitxagkarGb;rMsμartIenH KW)anmkBIkarhVwkhVWnKuNFm’pøÚvcitþKMnit rbs;sil,
karin76I . r)aMGbSraKWCaplitplénkarkUrsmuTÞTwkedaH. BBuHTwkEdlGENþtecjBIkarkUr
76
tamkarsmÖasrbs;RkumGñkRsavRCaveyIgCamYyRKUcas;²)aneGaydwgfa³ karhat;hVwkhVWnedIm,IsEmþgmena
seBa©tnakñúgsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr manry³eBlyUrNas; KWminticCag10qñaMeLIy.

173
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¬TwkEdlminecHsøab;¦ mann½yfaPaBbrisuT§enaHÉg. KWmanEtPaBbrisuT§BitRtg; nig
sc©Fm’eTEdlminsøab;enAelIelakenH. témøGb;rMxagsμartIénsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KW
EsþgecjeGayeXIjPaBs¶b;rMgab;kayvikar nigmenaseBa©tnasEmþg RbkbedayPaBnwgnr
nigtulüPaBkñgú eBlEdleKTsSnar)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr. dMeNIrb¤xøwmsarGb;rMxagsμartIenH
caM)ac;RtUvEtEfrkSaeGay)antamry³karhVkw hVnW nigkarGb;rcM ti Kþ nM ti rbs;sli ,kr. drabNa
sil,krBMumankarGb;rMcitþKMnit tamEbbsmaFieT drabenaHeKBMuGacsEmþg[eXIjnUvtémøBit
xagsμartIrbs;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr)aneLIy. dUecñHCamYynwgkarEfrkSatémøxag
bec©keTs karEfrkSatémøxagsμartIén sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr[Kg;vgS KWCakarcMa)ac;.
1>3> karGPirkStémøBiténesaP½NcRmuH
témøénesaP½NcRmuH KWtémøénTMnak;TnM grvagesaP½Nxagbec©keTs nigesaP½N
xagsμartI. RBwT§acarü eqg pun GtItrdæm®nþIRksYgvb,Fm’ EdlCaBhusSÚRtd¾l,Il,ajmYy
rUbelIvis½yvb,Fm’RbéBNI )anmanRbsasn_fa karGPirkStémøénesaP½NcRmuHenHman
sarsMxan;Nas;. sil,karnIEdlGacedIrtYrCaeTvTasI)anenaH KWcaM)ac;RtUvTTYlkar
hVwkhVWnbec©keTsry³eBl 10 qñaM karhVwk hVWn xagkarsEmþgmenaseBa©tna 10 qñaM
nigkarhVwkhVWnTMnak;TMng énkarsEmþgbec©eTsnigpøÚvcitþ b¤ menaseBa©tnaenH 10 qñaM
srubmkry³eBlénkarhVwkhVWnedIm,IsEmþgsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr [)anRtwmRtUvtam
k,Ünxñat nigRtwmRtUvtamTsSnaTanburaN KWmanry³eBl 30 qñaM. témøénesaP½N
cRmuHenH KWCatémøGmt³ b¤témøt®nþI (Classical Value) énsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr
EdlcaM)ac;RtUvrkSakarBareGay)anKg;vgS enaHeTIbsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrenAmantémø
Bitrs;revIkenAkñúgqakCatinigGnþrCati. esaP½N cRmuHrvagtémøxagbec©keTs nigtémøxag
sμartIénsil,³ r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrBitCa)anmkBIkarpSIbú Ba©lÚ Kña énsuRkwtPaBxagbec©keTs

174
sEmþg nigkarsEmþgmenaseBa©tnad¾s¶b;rMgab;énsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr. clnaebHdUg
nigk,ac; KWCaclnaEtmYyEdlEsþgecj[eXIjnUvRBlwgBitd¾BitR)akdmYy enaHKWCaPaB
CaeTv³énsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr. enAsm½ymhanKrd¾rugerOgBiessKWenAR)asaTRBHx½n
manTIsßand¾skáar³mYyEdlsRmab;EteTvraCa b¤RBHraCnITtsil,³r)aMeTv³ EdlmanGñk
sEmþgEtmñak;Kt;. KWCaTIsßanénqaksEmþgtUcmYy nigGasn³d¾tUcmYysRmab;EtGñksEmþg
Etmñak; nigGñkTsSnaEtmñak;b:ueNÑaH KWGasn³ nigqakd¾Ca TIskáar³enHehIyEdlCa
kEnøgqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjPaBCaeTv³d¾kMBUl EdlEsþgecjtamsuRkwtkmμ esaP½NcRmuH
énsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr.
srubesckþmI k karEfrkSakarBartémøBiténsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr caM)ac;RtUvEtrkSa
[)antémøBti TaMgbIRbePTenH. RbsinebItémøTaMgenHBMRu tUv)anEfrkSa[)anl¥eT enaHKWCa
kar)at;bg;mYy. dUecñHkic©GPirkSd¾sMxan; EdlBMuGacxVH)anelIvis½ysil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN
ExμrenaH KWkic©GPirkS[Kt;mt; nigsßitesßrKg;vgSnUv témøBitTaMgbIenH.
2> karGPivDÆ
RkumGñkRsavRCavrbs;eyIg)aneFVIkarsÞg;mti nigsmÖasn_CamYyRKUcas;² elIvis½y
sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr CamYybBaØvnþvb,Fm’RbéBNI KN³sa®sþacarüsaklviTüal½y
PUminÞviciRtsil,³ GñksikSaRsavRCavnigfñak;dwknaMsMxan;²xagsil,³RbéBNI sþIBIkarGPivDÆ
sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr. BhusURtTaMgenaHPaKeRcIn)anpþl;mtifa ³
2>1> eKBMuKYrGPivDÆr)aMtnþIeLIy
sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KWCasil,³t®nþI eBalKWCaRbePTr)aM EdlmankarGPivDÆdl;
kMBUlrYceTAehIy. TaMgbec©keTssEmþg k¾dUcCaxøwmsar nigkartubEtg sil,³r)aMk,ac;
buraNBMumanPaBxVHcenøaH EdlGac[eKeFVIkarEkERbb¤Eklm¥)aneT. sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN
ExμrKWCasil,³dl;TIbBa©b;ehIy. dUecñHsil,³tnþIenHBMutRmUv[mankarGPivDÆGVIeToteLIy.

175
 2>2> GVI²enAelIelakenHsuT§EtERbRbYlnigpøas;bþÚr
RBwT§acarücas;TMumYycMnYn)anpþl;TsSn³fa enAelIelakenHKμanGVIEdleFVImin)an b¤enA
nwgfál;mYykEnøgeT. GVI²TaMgGs;suT§EtERbRbYlnigpøas;bþÚr. KWmanEtkarpøas;bþÚreTEdl
minpøas;bþÚry:agNamiuj sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr k¾sßitenAkñúgRkwtüRkmFmμCatienHEdr.
sil,³r)aMenHGacnwgvivtþeTAtameBlevla nigTIkEnøg. k¾b:uEnþ ebInwgvivtþ b¤ebInwgERbRbYl
KYrEtvivtþb¤ERbRbYledaymank,ÜnxñatRtwmRtUv b¤eTAtamrUbPaBnigxøwmsaredImrbs;va. kar
vivtþenH caM)ac;RtUvvivtþenAelIexOncas; enaHvanwgeFVI[)at;bg;nUvtémøBit EdlBiPBelak
TTYlsÁal; nigCaRBlwgvb,Fm’GrUbIrbs;mnusSCati77.
2>3> etIeKKYrGPivDÆsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrdUcemþc ?
edaysil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr )ankøayCaebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIrbs;mnusSCatieTA
ehIytRmUvkarénkarGPivDÆ BMumaneTKWmanEttRmUvkarEfrkSakarBar[Kt;mt; nigKg;vgS
b:ueNÑaH. KWmanEtbMeBjbEnßmtamry³karRsavRCav eTAelIGVIEdl)at;bg;enAkñúgrUbPaB nig
xøwmsaredImrbs;va[eXIjvijeTenaHeTIbCakarsMxan;CagkarGPivDÆ.
k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebImanKeRmagkmμviFIGPivDÆn_vij karGPivDÆenaHKYreFVIEtkñúgkRmit
sakl,g tameKalkarN_dUc xageRkamenH ³
k> sakl,gGPivDÆeTAtamk,ÜnxñatnigRkwtüRkmedImrbs;va
edIm,IeFVIkarsakl,gGPivDÆenH)an eKcaM)ac;RtUvmankaryl;dwg[)anc,as;las;
nigRtwmRtUvbMputnUvrUbPaBnigxøwmsar b¤ témøBiténsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr. RbsinebIeK
BMmu ankaryl;dgw c,as;las;GBM IrbU PaBnigtémøenHeT karsakl,genaHKμan)anKuNRbeyaCn_
GVIeRkABIkareFVI[)at;bg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNeLIy.

77
sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr)ancUlCa { sñaédÉkénebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbrI bs;mnusSCati (Masterpiece of Intangible
Cultural Heritage of Humanity) EdlRbkasedayGgÁkar UNESCO enAéf¶TI 7 Ex viciäka qñaM 2003.

176
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rUbPaBnigxøwmsarsñaédfμéI nsil,³r)aMk,ac;bru aNExμr caM)ac;RtUvEtEp¥kelIrbU PaBnigxømw
saredIm. rUbPaBnigxøwmsaredIm KW)andl;meFüa)aysEmþg Pasak,ac;r)aM t®nþI
nigceRmógk¾dUcCakartubEtg nigsemøókbMBak;TaMgGs; EdlCaGtþsBaØaNénr)aMk,ac;
buraNExμr. eKBMuKYrmanrUbPaBfμIEdlR)ascaknUvrUbPaBedIm EdleFVI[ERbkøaybec©keTs
edIm nigtémøBitrbs;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNeLIy enAkñúgkarsakl,gGPivDÆenH. ral;kar
sakl,gGPivDÆsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrTaMgLayNa EdlbdiesFecalnUvexOnsil,³r)aM
k,ac;buraNenaHKWCakarbMpøajGtþsBaØaNedIm énsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr EdlCaRBlwg
rbs;CatiExμr nigrbs;mnusSCati .
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kñúgTsvtSqñaM60RksYgeXasnakarvb,Fm’ nig Bt’man78 )ankMNt;EpnkarEfrkSa
karBar nigeFV[I rs;eLIg vijnUvsil,³vb,Fm’buraNExμrCa3dMNak;kalKW ¬1¦ dMNak;kal
EfrkSa10qñaM EdlmanTaMgskmμPaBsikSaRsavRCav karhVwkhVwnnigkareFVI[rs;eLIgvij
¬2¦ dMNak;kalsak l,gbegáItfμIelIexOncas;10qñaM nig ¬3¦ dMNak;kalbegáItfμI
manry³eBl10qñaM. srubmk karsakl,gTaMgbIdMNak;kalenHKwCakareRtómGPivDÆn_
mYyd¾Rby½tñRbEygbMputelIvis½yvb,Fm’. karsakl,gd¾yUrenH KWedIm,IKitBicarNa[)an
l¥itl¥nn; gi sÞabsÞg;mtirbs;mhaCnnigRbCaBlrdæpg. RbsinebIkarsakl,genaHBMuRtUv)an
mhaCnBiessKW mtifñak;Cati nigGnþrCatiTTYlyk)aneT enaHeKnwgGacEklm¥ b¤p¥akkar
sakl,gGPivDÆedIm,IBicarNab¤Qb;sakl,gEtmþgeTA. karsakl,gGPivDÆ eTAtam
kalkMNt;KWCakarsÞabsÞg;mtisaFarN³nigkarRby½tñRbEygdl;kareFVIeGayxUc b¤kar)at;
bg;témøBiténsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr. knøgmkrhUtmkdl;eBlenH KWGs;ry³eBl
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177
RbmaNCag2000qñaMehIy Edlsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr mankarERbRbYly:agtic
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EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgswgRKb;sm½ykalknøgmk. niyaydUecñH BMuEmnmann½yfa eyIgman
PaBceg¥ótcg¥l; kñúgkarGPivDÆsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμreT. b:uEnþebInwgmankarGPivDÆ
karGPivDÆenaHcaM)ac;RtUvsßitkñúgkarsakl,geTAtamkalkMNt;mYy .
srubesckþImk TsSn³cMeBaHkarGPivDÆsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN BMumankarebIkTUlayeT
KWmanEtkarGPirkS[)anl¥RbesIrnigsßitesßrKg;vgSb:ueNÑaH EdlCatRmUvkarcaM)ac;nigCabnÞan;.
karGPirkSenHKwCaTisedAcm,gbMput kñúgEpnkarskmμPaBTaMgLayrbs;RksYgvb,Fm’ nig
viciRtsil,³ bnÞab;BIsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrRtUv)ansm½ymhasnñi)atrbs;GgÁkar UNESCO
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GVI²TaMgGs;enAelIelakenHsuT§EtERbRbYlnigpøas;bþÚr k¾b:uEnþebInwgERbRbYl b¤pøas;bþÚr

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pþMú)antamry³karsikSaRsavRCavknøgmkenH .

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178
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elImUldæanbnÞat;Qr edaymantulüPaB. edayEp¥kelIk,ac;)atd¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab;Ca
evyüakrN_RKwHenaH ExμrGacbegáIt)anCaPasak,ac; b¤Pasakayvikar CMnYsPasaniyay
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karesaP½NCacaM)ac; . esaP½N KWCatulüPaBrvagFmμCati nigsgÁm.

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rYcehIy)anbnþRKb;CMnan; KWCa : GtþsBaØaNrbs;CatiExμr :Bit².

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rbs;CnCatiExμrRKb;tMbn;Edlrs;enAelITwk. bnÞab;mkeTotmankarBak;B½n§nwgsasna ehIy
)anqøgkat;karvivtþCaeRcInsm½ykalmkdl;sm½yBuTs§ asna mhayan rYcbnþmkhinyan
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180
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)aneKykmksEmþgkñúgBiFIFM² rbs;Cati nigGnþrCatikñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ.

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suMbBa©Úlr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrenHCasm,tþivb,Fm’GrUbIénmnusSCati. eBlenaHGgÁkar
UNESCO nigbNþaRbeTsCasmaCik)anseRmcbBa©Úlr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr CaebtikPNÐvb,Fm’
GrUbéI nmnusSCatinaéf¶TI 07 vickiä a qña2M 003 . ÉTRmg;sli ,³buraNepSg²eTotk¾kBM gu
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181
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RKwHGarüFm’bnþBUCBgSvgSRtkUlRbmUlpþMúnUvsBVk,ÜnKm<IrdIka ]sSah_sgVat begðIbbgðaj begðIy
edayRkajnenoly:agbþÚrpþac;bMputkñúgkarEfrkSaTukekrtMENlmkdl;sBVéf¶enH.
b:uEnþyuKsm½ycugeRkayedayeRKaHFmμCatipg edaycm,aMgraMgClpg )anpþl;[ExμrnUvkþI
vibløasRBat;R)asRkumRKYsar vinask,ÜntRma EdlCamrtkdUntaesÞIrrlaysUnü. buBVCndUnta)an
pþaMTukehIyfa : vb,Fm’rlt;Catirlay vb,Fm’BNÑrayCatiefáIgfáan :. dUecñHsßitkñúgkIþ)armÖeday
sucänÞ³manbMNgcg;bNþúHnUvmnsikarsμartICUndl;exmrCn[mancitþRsLaj; hYgEhgEfrkSanUv
exOnvb,Fm’ GriyFm’d¾Rss;pUrpg;rbs;dUntaeyIg Edl)anbnSl;TukenH[sißtenAKg;vgSteTA
GnaKt. ral;ktþaTaMgLayCasarvnþenAkñúgGtßbTteTAenH KWcg;bgðaj[kUnExμr)anyl;dwg nig
sÁal;BItémøénvb,Fm’Exμr ehIyenAeBlEdleK)ansÁal;témøBitcMeBaHrbs;GVImYy ehIyeKnwgecH
RsLaj;RBmTaMgCYyrkSa karBarrbs;enaH min[)at;bg;eLIy.
elak Lam:arTIn )aneBalfa : kalNa
eyIg)at;rbs;CaTIesñhaéneyIgeTA GVI²enACMuvij
xøÜneyIgnwgkøayeTACaTIvalrehazan eFV[I CIvit
eyIgrs;enA\tn½y :. kñúgTsSnaTanenHeTIbeyIg
RbmUlGs;nUvÉksarcas;-fμI rYmpSMCamYy nwgÉk
eTsCMnajpÞal;xøÜn nigmenaseBa©tnaesñhasil,³
vb,Fm’Cati)anseRmccgRkg nUvsRmaMgGtßbT
:kRmgeQμaHRKUr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr : enHeLIg.

183
 1> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBHGgÁDYg ¬1840-1859 79¦
RBH)aTGgÁDYg KWCaRBHraCbuRteBAénRBH)aTsemþcRBHGgÁeGg ¬K>s>1779 dl; 1796¦
RTg;RKgraCüsm,tiþenAraCFanI]tþúgÁmanC½yBIK>s>1840-1859. RBHGgÁ)ansagnUvsmiT§iCaeRcIn
sRmab;Cati kñúgenaHmanTaMgr)aMraCRTBüpgEdr. RBHGgÁRTg;CakvIniBn§d¾eqIñmTaMgpøÚvelakpøÚvFm’.
edaysar EteyIgsl;RKUr)aMrbs;eyIgxøH ²
Edlrs;enAEGbGgÁRBHraCa kñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg
ehIy)anrkSax¢ab; nUvTMenomTmøab;BIbrmburaN nig
ecHcaMk,ac;mUldæany:agsÞat;CMnajpg eFVI[eyIg
begáIt)an nigbBa©ÚlbEnßmnUvk,ac;fμI² eTotCaeRcIn
kñúgr)aMburaNExμr[rwgrwtEtmankarGPivDÆy:agRbéB
éRkElg. RBH)aTsemþcRBHGgÁDgY )anbegátI semøók
bMBak;fμI²eTot nigEkécñsemøókbMBak;cas;² [sm
l¥Cagmun mandUcCa Rkma)a:k; máúd eRKOgGlgáar sil,karinICMnan;RBHkruNaRBH
sRmab;tYnayerag b¤ tYnag tamRKb;lMdab;fñak; . )aTsemþcRBHGgÁDYg

sil,karinI CMnan;RBH)aTGgÁDYg.

79
GñkniBn§Exμr RBH)aTGgÁDYg laghab;Gane)aHBum<elIkTImYy kñúgTsSnavdþIGkSrsaRsþqñaM1964 nigelIkTI2
edaybNÑaKar Gwug h‘un qñaM 1965.

184
 tRnþIkarinI CMnan;RBH)aTsemþcRBHGgÁDYg.
2> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm
RBH)aTneratþm esayraCüenAqñaM 1859 elçan
k,ac;buraN)anTTYlkarrIkceRmIn lUtlas;mYyPaKFM
Cagmun. kñúgRKaenaH manEtkUnmRnþIraCkarCan;x<s;
b:ueNÑaH Edl)ancUleTAhat;eron enAsalar)aMkñúgRBH
brmraCvaMg ehIyenAqñaMTI1 énrC¢kalenHmanEtkUUn
GñkmanbNþas½kþieT Edl)ankøayeTACatYÉkenAkñúg
Rkumr)aMRBHraCRTBü RkumelçanRBHbrmraCvaMg Edl
høÜgneratþm)an]btßmÖy:agxøaMg manTaMgR)ak;rgVan;dl;
Rkumr)aM RBmTaMgerIsRKUEdlcMNan²[mkCYybgðat;
RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm
bEnßmeTot edIm,IbegáInKuNPaBsmtßPaBdl;sisS[ qñaM 1859-1904
)anl¥RbesIreTVdg. RKUTaMgGs;enHeRcInmantYnaTICa
Xun m:m b¤k¾Ca Gñkmñag
¬CaPriya høÜg¦. Xun m:m nigGñkmñag Kg; [Kab;RBHT½yRBHGgÁ k¾xMrkSasm¥itsm¥ag Rkumelçan
k,ac;buraN[l¥sRmab;raMfVayTt b¤ RksalenAeBlbuNüTanepSg² sUm,IRkumelçanl¥ehIykþIk¾enA
EtxitxMrkbec©keTsy:agNa[)anEbøk²BIKña.
RKaenaHmanBakübeBa©cI beBa©rI bs;BkY cas;²enATIRkugPñeM Bj ehIyEdlFøab;ecjcUlkñgú vaMg BIedIm
niyaytMNalelgTal;EtcaMmat;fa³ { elçanXunfan;dUcpáaRtekot elçanQun RBHjatidUcCaRtkYn

185
elçanm:msYn dUcyYnhake)ay} eRBaHfaelakXunfan;CaTIsMNBV RBHT½yhøÜg neratþm manKMnit
Qøatév ecHrcnaelçan[)anl¥dUcCapáaRtekot.

RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm )annaMelçanRBH sil,karinICMnan;RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm

raCRTBü eTAsEmþgenAhugkug hVIlIBIn
nigRbeTsswgðburI qñaM1872.

* eQμaHsil,karinIr)aMRBHraCRTBü kñúgrC¢kalRBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm

GñkRKUbgðat;tYnag GñkRKUbgðat;tYnayerag
- Qunfan; ¬QunetambusS)a ¦ - m:mRKU sYn
- m:mRKU ywmy:an; - m:mRKU PU
- Qun RBHjati - m:mRKU Enb
- Qun ]sSah_
- m:m RKU qavrI
GñkRKU bgðat;ykS RKUbgðat;egaH
- m:mRKU sMrit - m:mRKU RBHRtImrN³
- m:m RKU biuc - XunRKU Lwk
- m:mRKU RCIm

186
 3> rC¢kal RBH)aTsIusuvtiß
enAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT sIusuvtiß RBHGgÁesayraCüenA
qñaM1904 ehIyRBHGgÁmineBjRBHT½ycMeBaHkarERbRbYl
énr)aMk,ac;buraNenHeT ehtuenHRBHGgÁ xitxMBuHBar erobcM
elçanburaN [)anRtwmRtUvl¥eLIgvij. r)aMRBHraCRTBü k¾
manrsμIy:agrugerOg dUckalenAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT GgÁDYg
edIm,IdwknaM[)anl¥kñúgkarcab;epþImenH RBHGgÁeBjRBHT½y
yagRBHmataénRBHGgÁma© s;suFars ¬Xunfan;¦ EdlkalBI
edIm CataraÉkkñgú Rbvtþsi aRsþelçanRBHraCRTBüeRkamnamfa RBH)aT sIusuvtiß qñaM1904-1927
{XuneqambusS)a } ¬busS)aCatYm©as;kSRtI kñúgerOgeRBg¦
EdlRBHGgÁsEmþg)anl¥\tex©aH\tKUpÞwmry³kal2qñaM EdlelakcMNaydwknaMnigbgðat;bgðajGñk
r)aMeTAtamcMeNH EdlelakFøab;TTYl)anenAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT GgÁDYg ehIyelakk¾)anfyxøÜneTA
kan;vtþGaramedIm,IbBa©b;nUvqakCIvitCacugeRkayrbs;elak.

187
 tYÉk elçanRBHraCRTBü TMag6nak; kñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTsIusuvtßi
* eQμaHsil,karinIr)aMRBHraCRTBü enAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBHsIusuvtßi
mandUcxageRkam³
RBHGgÁm©as;kSRtI smðtI CaRbFan

GñkRKUbgðat;tYnag GñkRKUbgðat;tnY ayerag

- Gñkmñag pU - GñkrMdYl - Gñkmñag Rbim
- m:mRKU PU - GñkPaEsm - XunRKU Lwk
- QunknñrI knñra -Gñkva:n - m:mRKU elom
- Gñkmñag nU Nm - Gñk sYn - Gñkmñag Eqm
- Gñk qMu - Gñkmñag nU QWn
GñkRKU bgðat;tYykS GñkRKUbgðat;tYsVa
- QunRKU sMrit - Gñk mI - GñkRKU nin
- QunRKU mit - Gñk G‘uy - GñkRKU p©at;
- QunRKU BURKIm - Gñk Rkmag - GñkRKU PYg
- XunRKU biuc - Gñk Rcy
- XunRKU Rkwm - Gñk KM
- Gñk sab; - Gñk dkdin
- Gñk élV - Gñk GaMm©va:
- Gñk Ecm - Gñk Bum
- Gñk karyin

188
 4> rC¢kalRBH)aTsIusuvtßi munIvgS
RBH)aTsIsu vu tßi munvI gSesayraCüenAqñaM1927 GaCJaFr
)araMgnigRBHbrmraCvaMg)anyl;RBmeRBog [Rkumr)aMRBHraC
RTBüeTAhat;eronenAsalaviciRtsil,³. kic©RBmeRBogEdl
yl;RbmedaymhakSRt KWedIm,ICameFüa)ayeRsacRsg;
sil,³buraNEdlRtUvKMramkMEhgenH. edaysarEtkarRbwg
ERbg nig karhat;hVwkhVWnrbs;Rkumsil,³buraN Rkumr)aM
buraN mankarerIkceRmInlUtlas;xagbec©keTsy:agxøaMg.
ehIyenAeBlbuNüBiBN’enARkugéRBnKrkñúgqñaM1928 )an RBH)aTsIusuvtßi munIvgS
TTYlnUvC½yCmñHy:agRtcHRtcg;. 1927-1941

sil,³r)aMburaN rC¢kalRBH)aTsIusuvtßimunIvgS

elak Xun maX Gñkmñag CasamIu GñkRKÚ G‘un bU

189
 *eQμaHsil,karinIr)aMRBHraCRTBüenAkñúgrC¢kalRBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBHsIusuvtßi
munIvgS ³
GñkRKU bgðat;tYnag GñkRKU bgðat;tYnayerag
- m:mRKU qavrI - Gñkmñag CasamIu - elak Qun maX
- m:mRKU dkBay - GñkRKU G‘unbU - m:mRKU ywm y:an;
- m:mRKU dkB - GñkGgÁm©as;sIusuvtßi sIusUda
- m:mRKU b:ug - Gñkmñag er:t
- Gñkmñag sy sgVan - GñkRKU møiHRkg
- GñkRKU xwm ENm
GñkRKU bgðat;ykS elakRKU bgðat;sVa
- elak Xumit - elakRKU cab
- GñkRKU Eqm
- GñkRKU RBg

5> rC¢kalRBHneratþmsuraRmwt nigsemþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna

rC¢kalRBH)aTRBHneratþm suraRmwt RBHmhakSRtiyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³narIr½tñ

190
 enAeBlsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 )anmkdl; RbeTskm<Cú a)anTTYlrgeRKaHedayesomQøanBan
qñaM 1940 ehIyRtYtRtaelIextþ)at;dMbg nig mYycMENkeToténextþesomrab nig extþkMBg;FM.
edaysarkarsgát;sgáind¾GkuslenH RBH)aTsIusuvtßimunIvgSk¾RtUvcUlTivgÁtenAqñaM1941. eRkaymk
rC¢kalfμI RBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnuvvμ½n EdlmanRBHCnμeTIbEt19RBHvsSa. kñúg»kasenaH
)anTamTarParkic©sBVEbby:ag[mkExμrkan;kab;vij. EpñkelçanburaNk¾dUecñHEdrRtUvRBHGgÁm©as;
kSRtIksu mu ³ ¬CaRBHmataRBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu¦ CYyykRBHT½yTukdak;]btßmtÖ aMgBIsemøók
bMBak; nig R)ak;ExsRmab;elçanRBHraCRTBüenHeTot. RBHGgÁ)anFanaGHGagehIyeBlenaHmanEt
Rkumr)aMÉkCnrbs;Gñkmñag {sy sgVan} eTEdlkøayCar)aMburaNBitR)akd RBHGgÁ)anTamTarR)ak;
ebovtSsRmab;Rkumr)aMburaN KW 600 erolkñúgmYyEx Etmin)anseRmc RBHGgÁm©as;kSRtIkusum³
)anR)ab;dMNwgdl;sil,kr. TaMgGs;KñasRmk;TwkEPñk ehIyGgVrRBHGgÁkMu[e)aHbg;ecalBYkxøÜnenA
cMeBaHkarGs;sgÇwmenH RBHGgÁm©as;kSRtIseRmcRBHT½yfa eTaHCay:agNak¾edayRkumr)aMburaN
minRtUvsabsUnüCadac;xat. edaycg;elIksÞyÜ sil,³vb,Fm’ RBHraCak¾sBVRBHhb¤Ty½ cUlrYm]btßmÖ
edaycMNayebovtSpÞal;RBHGgÁCyY dl;sli ,³ Rkumr)aMRBHraCRTBüEdlsßti enAeRkamkarbgðat;bgðaj
rbs;elakXunRBHnagmaymancMnYn48nak; EdlGacsEmþggCaerOgeRBgniTan.

* eQμaHsil,karinIr)aMRBHraCRTBüenAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT neratþm suraRmwt ³

RKUbgðat;tYnag RKUbgðat;ceRmog
- m:mRKU qavrI - GñkRKU bY rMu
- m:mRKU dkBay - GñkRKU xMu
- m:mRKU dkB - GñkRKU xat;
- m:mRKU b:ug - GñkRKU Em: mWun
- Gñkmñag Ca samIu - GñkRKU Gul
- GñkRKU G‘un bU - GñkRKU edon

191
 RKUbgðat;tYnayerag RKUbgðat;ePøg
- elak Qun maX - elakRKU Qun DI
- m:mRKU ywm y:an; - elakRKU lat;
- Gñkmñagm©as; sIusuvtßi sIusUda - elakRKU eBA
- Gñkmñag er:t - elakRKU G‘Uc
- GñkRKU møiHRkg
- GñkRKU xwm ENm RKUbgðat;tYsVa
RKUbgðat;tYykS - elakRKU cab esog
- elakRKU yit sarin - elakRKU mas
- elak Qun mit - elakRKU b‘ut
- GñkRKU RBg - elakRKU k¥at;

r)aMburaN kñúgrC¢kalRBHneratþmsuraRmwt sil,³r)aMburaNrC¢kalRBH)aTneratþm suraRmwt

tRnþIr)aMburaNkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTneratþm suraRmwt

192
 6> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu
eRkaymk RbeTskm<úCa)anrYcBIGaNaniKmni
ym)araMgenAqñaM1953 EdlmanRBH)aTsemþcRBH
neratþm sIhnu TamTarÉkraCüBI)araMg. r)aMRBHraC
RTBüsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu rhUtdl;RBHGgÁdak;raCüfVayeTARBHmata KW
semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³narIrtñ sirIvDÆna
k¾RBHGgÁxitxMbNþúHbNþalsm¥itsm¥agelçan[rwtEtl¥
eTVeLIgvij. sm½yenaH GnþrCatieK)an sÁal;RbeTs
km<úCa EdlCaRbeTstUcmYy edaysarRkumelçan
buraN)anecjeTAsEmþgCa mitþPaB b¤ kñúgkarRbLg RBHkruNa RBH)aTsemþcRBH
RbECgmehaRsBsil,³. neratþm sIhnuvrμ½n
eBlNaEdlsil,³elçanburaNecjsEmþgeBlenaH suT§Et)anTTYlrgVan;eCaKC½yy:agFMeFg
Canic©. enAqñaM1957 Rkumr)aMburaN)aneTAeFVITsSnkic©enARbeTscinCaelIkTI1enAqñaM1961
enARbeTsGar:ab;rYm. qñaM1962 eTARbeTsswgðbUrI edIm,IcUlrYmkñúgBiFImehaRsBsil,³rYcbgðÜs
dMeNIreTARbeTsm:aeLsIu RbeTs\NÐa. r)aMRBHraCRTBü)ansEmþgRKb; RbeTsTaMgGasIu GWr:ub
rhUtmkdl;qñaM1969. éf¶18mIna qñaM1970 manrdæRbharTmøak;semþcRBHmuxrdæ RBHneratþm
sIhnu edayelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; eLIgRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCa. Rkumr)aMRBHraCRTBü
eK)anERbeQμaHfaRkumr)aMburaNExμrvij ehIyeKykeTAbBa©ÚleTAkñúgsaklviTüal½yviciRtsil,³.
* eQμaHsil,karinIr)aMRBHraCRTBüenAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTneratþm sIhnu ³
RKUbgðat;tYnag
- Gñkmñag CasamIu - GñkRKU eray emOn - elakRsI yit fU
- elakRsI Ekm b:unNak - GñkRKU can; fn - GñkRKU muij kusnI
- elakRsI rs; Kg; - Gñk v½n saEv: - elakRsI swum mnßa
- GñkRKU G‘un bU - GñkRKU s saerOn

193
 RKUbgðat;tYnayerag
- elakRsI sM saxn - GñkRKU Kwm sUpn - GñkRKU Ca xan;
- GñkRKU m:m suvNÑaNU - GñkRKU CMu eGOn - GñkRKU Na tun
- GñkRKU xwm ENb
RKUbgðat;ykS
- GñkRKU sut sMGun - GñkRKU ÉmFay - GñkRKU eBj y:um
- GñkRKU sIun samadwkkU
RKUbgðat;sVa
- elakRKU cab esog - elakRKU mas - elakRKU b‘ut
- elakRKU k¥at; - elakRKU eRBOg eQog - elakRKU b:k; sux\
- elakRKU BMu b‘uncnÞrtñ - elakRKU yit sarin - elakRKU jwm s‘n

sisShat;k,ac;qabBa©úH kñúgrC¢kalsemþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³narIr½tñ

GñkRKU esg RsImMu nig elakRKU eRBOg eQog elakRKU eRBOg eQogtYsVas nigelakRKU
¬kalenAv½y10qñaM¦. b‘un BuMcan;r½tñ sVaexμA

194
 7> sm½y saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa
enAqñaM1979 éf¶ 7 mkra EdlmanrNsirSsamKÁIseRgÁaHCatikm<úCa )anvaykm©at;BYkRBay
bisac KW b:ul Bt eGog sarI ¬ExμrRkhm¦ EdlCarbbdac;éføRbl½yBUCsasn_vinasGs;eTA
r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrk¾)anRtUvKN³bkSRbCaCnbdivtþkm<úCa sþareLIgvij RbmUlsil,³ semøókbMBak;
r)aMxøHEdlcas;² nigenAtamekonekaH eRKOgGl½gáarxøHenAkñúgbnÞb; xøHkb;kñúgdIFIø EpSpSMbNþúHbNþal
elçanburaN[manPaBrs;eLIgvijenAqña1M 979. sil,kr)aMbru aN)aneTAsEmþgenARbeTsevotNam
lavCamitþPaB. mkdl;qñaM1980 KNbkSRbCaCnbdivtþkm<úCa)anseRmc[mansalaviciRtsil,³
eLIgvij.
* saRsþacarü elakRKU GñkRKUEdlenArs;dl;sBVéf¶ mantictYcNas;
RKU ykS RKUnag
- GñkRKU sut sMGun - semþcraCbuRtIRBHeromneratþmbu)aöeTvI
- GñkRKU Ém Fay - elakCMTav miuj kusnI
- GñkRKU siun smadwktU - GñkRKU v½n saév
- GñkRKU s saerOn
RKU nayerag
- GñkRKU swum mnþa - GñkRKU Eb:n suxhYn - GñkRKU Kwm sUpn
- GñkRKU Na tun - GñkRKU eBj y:um
RKU sVa
- elakRKU eRBOg eQog - elak BMu b‘uncan;rtñ½ - elakRKU yit sarin
- elakRKU jwm s‘n - elakRKU b:k; sux
GñkRKU eRcog
- GñkRKU pn FUer:n - elakRKU CMu Kg;
RKUePøgbgðat;ePøg
- elak eRBOg RBYn - elakRKU Ék sun - elakRKU Ehm sux

195
 ÉkeTstYnag

semþcRBHerom neratþm bu)öaeTvI

RBwT§acarü s saerOn RBwT§acarü miuj kusnI RBwT§acarü rs; Kg;

GñkRKU Tn; sav:ag GñkRKU «m yuvNÑa

196
 ÉkeTsnayerag

RBwT§acarü swum mnßa GñkRKU Kwm sUpn RBwT§acarü Eb:n suxhYn GñkRKU Na tun

ÉkeTseRcog ÉkeTsk,ac;sVa

GñkRKU pn FUern RBwT§acarü ywt sarin elakRKU bu‘n BMuc½nÞr½tñ

elakRKU jwm s‘n vrsil,kr eRBOg eQog

197
 ÉkeTsk,ac;ykS

RBwT§acarü Ém Fay RBwT§acarü sut sMGun RBwT§acarü Ca xan;

GñkRKU siun sma:dwkqU GñkRKU eBj y:um

ÉkeTsePøg

vrsil,kr eRBOg RBYn

elakRKU Esm sux elakRKU CMu Kg; elakRKU esog gYnlI

198
II . bBa¢IeQμaHRKUePøgburaN
l> eQμaH elakRKUePøg
1 elakRKU hYt Lay
2 elakRKU TUc
3 elakRKU y:a Luúg
4 elakRKU y:U RBwm
5 elakRKU eRBOg RBYn
6 elakRKU Ey:m swum
7 elakRKU Ey:m dUg
8 elakRKU Gib Ca
9 elakRKU eh‘A Fuc
10 elakRKU CMu Kg;
11 elakRKU Nul mic
12 elakRKU Ekv s¶Ün
13 elakRKU em:A ePOg
14 elakRKU Rkwk
15 elakRKU Nav
199
kan; CMnaj]bkrN_kñúgrUbft
kan;]bkrN_ sMePar
kan;]bkrN_ RséL
kan;]bkrN_ KgFM
kan;]bkrN_ KgFM
kan;]bkrN_ rnatÉk
kan;]bkrN_ KgtUc
kan;]bkrN_ sÁrFM
kan;]bkrN_ rnatÉk
kan;]bkrN_ rnatFug
kan;]bkrN rnatFug
kan;]bkrN_ RséL¬éN¦
kan;]bkrN_ rnatEdk
kan;]bkrN_ KgtUc
kan;]bkrN_ KgtUc
kan;]bkrN_ rnatFug
 elaRKU Ey:m dUg elaRKU Ey:m suwm elaRKU Gib Ca
kan;]bkrN_semÖar kan;]bkrN_KgFM kan;]bkrN_rnatÉk

elaRKU eh‘A Fuc elaRKU CMu Kug elaRKU em:A ePOn

RKYePøgBiNBaTü kan;]bkrN_sÁrFM kan;]bkrN_rnatFM

elaRKU Nul miuc elaRKU Ekv s¶Ün elaRKU Rkwk

kan;]bkrN_RséL kan;]bkrN_rnatEdk kan;]bkrN_KgtUc

200
elaRKU Nav elaRKUTaMgGs;RbKMbTePøgsMBHRKUFM
kan;]bkrN_rnatFM

elaRKU éf pat; elaRKU hYt Lay elaRKU TUc

kan;]bkrN_rnatÉk RKUePøgBiNBaTü kan;]bkrN_RséL

elaRKU y:a Lúg elaRKU eRBOg RBYn

kan;]bkrN_KgFM kan;]bkrN_rnatFM

201
 III . skmμPaBRsavRCav

1> skmμPaBRsavRCav)azkfa sþIBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr

fñak;dwknaM nigm®nþIraCkarRksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³Edl)ancUlrYm

2> skmμPaBRsavRCavr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrtamextþ-Rkug
elak R)ak; suNÑar:a elak DYg samut nigelak sM cnßa CaGñkRsavRCav
nigGñkftvIedGU)ancuHRsavRCavr)aMk,ac;buraNenAtamextþ-Rkug. RkumRsavRCavrbs;eyIg)anrk
eXIjfa³
- elakRKU GñkRKUCasil,kr sil,karinIcas;² BuMsUvmancMeNHdwgEpñkr)aMk,ac;buraNenH
c,as;las;suICeRmAenaHeT mUlehtuedayRbePTr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrenH kalBIGtItkal)ansEmþg
EtkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMgEtb:ueNÑaH.
- sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrBIGtItkalminRtUv)anpSBVpSayTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdæeLIy.
dUecñHehIy)anCacMeNHdwgxagr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmanya:gtictYcbMputenAtammUldæan. xag
eRkamenH KWCarUbftsþIBIskmμPaBsEmþg nigkarsmÖasCamYyelakRKU GñkRKU Casil,kr sil,karinI
enAtamextþ-Rkug.

202
203
204
 ÉksarBieRKaH
- vcnanuRkmExμr PaKTI1/ PaKTI2/ karpSayrbs;BuT§sasnbNÐit ¬e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj B>s>
2511- K>s> 1967¦ . TMB½r 1653-1034/ TMB½r 1582 .
- GñkRKU Ekv NaruM/ GñkRKU RBM sIusapanæa/ r)aMGbSra (Apsara Dance) ExsIha 2003
- tRnIþ nigCIvitExμrGñkRKU Ekv NarMu 1995
- eBRC TuMRkvil/ r)aMExμr/ qñaM 2001
- sm faMg³ vcnaFib,ay )araMg-Exμr/ bNÑaKar KIm KI B>s 2509 - K>s 1966 - TMB½r 879
- mKÁúeTsk_nKr 1957
- lMnaMsegçbénePøgExμrRkumCMnMuTMenomTMlab;énBuT§sasnbNÐitü 1970
- GaTieTBRkugGgÁr fac; va:n;pat nig Ekv suPun
sakl,gsikSaGMBIbuBVehtuEdlnaM[GriyFm’GgÁrrIdcMerIndl;kMBUlrYcFøak;dundabcuHmkvij .
- km<úCsuriya qñaM TI 31 elx 3 Ex mIna RKwsþskraC 1959
- ramekrþ× , PMñeBj , BuT§sasnbNÐitü , 1937 , 1962 , PaK1-10 nig 75-80
-segçbTsCattk bNiÐtmha Qwm sumn_ saRsþacarüenABuT§ikviTüal½y RBHsuraRmwt enA PMñeBj
karpSayrbs;BuT§sasnbNiÐtü
-RbCMuerOgeRBgExμr , PMñeBj , BuT§sasnbNÐitü , 1967-1974 , 9PaK
- erOgRBHCinvgS , PñMeBj , BuT§sasnbNÐitü , 1964
- GgÁDYg uerOgkakI , PMñeBj , BuT§sasnbNiÐtü ,1959
- erOgsgçsil,C½y , PMñeBj , BuT§sasnbNiÐtü ,1969
- erOgRBHefag nagnaK
- erOgRBHsuFn , PMñeBj , BuT§sasnbNiÐtü ,1963
- sM sMGag KHMER DANCE
- Bt’manshKmn_

205
- Adhemard LECLERE. Ancien Résident de France au Cambodge.(1974). by Librairie
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ère. D’apès Les Inscription Lapidaires, les Annales Chinoises et Annamites et Les
Documents Européens Des six derniers siècle.
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Cambodia ,Ministry of Culture And Fines Arts And UNESCO /2004.
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Classical Dance Drama of Cambodia rbs;elak ³ CRAVATH, Paul Ruesel,
University of Hawaii, Phd. 1985
- RBwT§acarür)aM mYycMnYn ³ GñkRKU suT§ sMGun - Ém Fay - rs; Kg; - swum mnßa
miuj kusnI - eRBOg eQog
- Christophe LOVINY ³ eTBGbSrénGgÁr (The Apsara of Angkor) RKwHsßane)aHBum<pSay
SIPAR/JAZZ - édition 2003

- C. M. BHANDARI: Saving Angkor (White Orchid Books - Bangkok - 1995)

- Le Ballet Royal du Cambodge, Ministère de la Culture et des Beaux-Arts - 2003

- M. Monier WILLIAMS: A Sanskrit - English Dictionary, Delhi, 1999

- N. STCHOUPAK, L. NITTI et L. RENOU, Dictionnaire Sanscrit - Français, Adrien-

Maisoneuve 1959, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient

- P. Stern, Les Monuments du Style du Bayon et Jayavarman VII, Presses Universitaire

de France, Paris, 1965

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Mémoire sur Les COUTUMES DU CAMBODGE DE TCHEOU TA-KOUAN. Librairie
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National, Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner .13 rue Jacob

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