Thi Nghiem Dat Hien Truong Va Ung Dung Trong Phan Tich Nen Mong

Gs, Ts. VU CONG NGf.r • Ths.
NGUYEN THAI
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THI NGHIEM DAT HIEN TRUONG
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VA l1NG DUNG a
TRONG PHAN TICH NEN MONG
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NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HQC VA KY THU~T
HANQI
so NAM oAo
. -
TAO
40 NAM
.
THANH LAP -
Chiu trach nhi¢m xudt bdn: Pgs, Ts. To Diing Hdi

Bien t(ip: Thanh Dfnh, Quang Hung
Sua bdn in: Quang Hung
Trinh bay va chl bdn: Phi>ng may tinh
Trinh bay bia: Huong Lan
60-605
1288-120
KHKT-06
In 1000 cu6n, kh6 19 x 26,5 em t<;~i Xuong in Nha xu at ban Thong ke. Giay phep xu at
ban s6: 1288-120 cap ngay 12-9-2005. In xong va n¢p llJU chi&u quy II nam 2006.
. .• . .• . .•
"" , ........
lOI NOI -DAU
Trong nhung nam glin dJiy da c6 mqt so' sdch v~ Cd h9c ddt vii Nen m6ng
dzit.Jc xudt ban. Trong nhung sdch d6, cdc thi nghi?m hi¢n trziiJng thziiJng dzit.Jc
trinh bay hoi)c lit trong mqt chzidng ngdn, ho(tc lit rai rae d cdc phlin clin ltng
dZ;tng. Vdi nhung cu6n sdch c6 chua~ chung d6, dung lzit.;Jng cdc a~ ml!C lam cho
vi¢c trinh bay cdc thi nghi¢m hi?n trziiJng kh6 c6 the' ky cang, a6y au.
Con trong thl(c hiinh, theo cam nh¢n cua chung toi, nhie'u ky sli, ca nhung
nglidi lam khao sat vii nhung ngzidi phan tich thitt ke; chu:a chU tr9ng nhi~u den
thi nghi¢m hi¢n tru:iJng. Cu6n sach Thi nghi¢m ddt hi¢n truimg va {mg d!Jng trong
phdn tich ne'n mong trinh bay chuyen v~ th£ nghi?m ddt hi?n trU:iJng. Tuy vqy khdi
ni?m "thi nghi?m hi?n trU:iJng" rdt rqng vii phong phU, ni!n IJ day chUng toi chi
trinh bay ky hdn v~ nhung thi nghi?m dU:t.Jc dung phff bien nhdt. Mqt sff khia
r,;g,nh chuyen sau chu:a dzit.;Jc a~ c¢p d(n nhu: each xac atnh nang lU:t.;Jng huu ich
cua SPT difa vito thiet b.i SPTPC, each chudn hod thiet bt ECPT, hay each tie"n
hiinh thi nghi¢m tii!u tan dp life nude liJ riJng cua CPTU (piezocone).
ChUng toi danh phlin chU y dang ki!' cho vi?c dung cdc ket qua thi nghi?m
hi¢n trU:iJng trong phdn tich n~n m6ng. Trang sdch Clii gidi thi¢u rdt nhi~u cdc
tU:dng quan thl(c nghi¢m cua nhi~u tdc gia vii tit nhi~u ngu6n khdc nhau. Chung
toi nghf rfing, neu can Clt vito cdc a(tc trU:ng vqt ly, CO Slf phan log,i ddt thfch ht.Jp
thi cung c6 the' dung kinh nghi¢m cua nhung ngu:di nghien cr1u khdc. Ngu:di
phdn tich c6 the' dung nhiiu each diln dfch mit Mt qua chdc kh6ng hocm toan
trung nhau, nhu:ne n6 cho phep ta ch9n ll(a gid trt "ht.Jp ly cho d(tc trU:ng cua arit
mit ta muon ddnh gid.
Trit thi nghi?m xuyi!n tieu chudn, cdc thi nghi¢m khdc thU:iJng lit rdt it dung,
thqm chi hoan toan chu:a dzit.Jc dung 1J nU:dc ta. Nhu:ng Vi¢t Nam ta nhrit dfnh
phai phdt trii!'n cdc thi nghi?m ddt hi?n trU:iJng. Hy V9ng sdch nay se gay aU:t.JC Slf
chu y ndi nhilng ngU:di khao sat xay dl(ng, nhung ngu:di tu: vrin thii!t k( xay dl(ng
vii nhung ngu:di quan ly xay dl(ng.
M(tc du ngu:di viet dii het sue co' gdng trong qua trinh bien sog,n, nhU:ng do
nhung hie'u bitt con hg,n ch( vii kinh nghi¢m thi it oi, nen chdc chdn cu6n sach
nay con nhiiu thieu s6t. ChUng toi rrit mong nhf!n dzit.JC Slf g6p y cua dqc gia.
Cac tac gia

4 THf NGHI~M ElAT HI eN TRlfCJNG VA (lNG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6Nt>
MVC lVC
LOI NOI 8AU.; ............................................................................................·.............. 3

Ml)C Ll)C ................................................................................................................ 4
KY HI~U ................................................................................................................. 13 ·
cAc TH(f NGUYEN THVONG DUNG ..................................................................... 14
, & ,.._,. ,. .... ... .,
CHUONG 1. TOM TAT KIEN THUC D!A KY THU~T CO BAN

1.1. cAc TfNH c:H.AT co LY ................................................................................... 17
1.1.1. Tfnh chilt v~t ly ......................................................................................... 17
1.1.2. Tfnh nen 1un .............................................................................................. 18
1.1.2.1. Dq 1un c6 k€'t thi\m 6n djnh ............................................................... 19
1.1.2.2. Dq lun c6 ket thi\m theo thm gian ...................................................... 22
1.1.2.3. Dqlun tuc thcri ................................................................................... 22
1.1.2.4. Dqlun tU: bien .................................................................................... 23
1.1.2.5. H~ s6 n6n ........................................................................................... 23
1.1.3. H~ s6 ap Ivc ngang t!nh K 0 ........................................................................ 24
1.1.4. Sue ch6ng cil.t cua di\t ................................................................................ 24
1.1.4.1. Sue ch6ng cil.t cua dilt set ..........................................................., ....... 24
1.1.4.2. Sue ch6ng cil.t cua di\t cat.. ................................................................. 25
1.1.5. TY s6 ling sui\t chu trlnh (khang chi\n) ...................................................... 25
1.2.11fONG QUAN GIUA cAc TfNH c:H.AT co LY cuA DAT ............................ 26 ·
1.2.1. Tuong quan giil'a chi s6 deo PI v& sue kMng cil.t S" .................................. 26
1.2.2. Tuong quan v& tfnh bien d~ng cua di\t ..................................................... 27
1.2.2.1. Tuong quan giil'a h~ s6 Poisson (na hong) va <p, PI ............................ 27
1.2.2.2. M6dun kh6ng thoat nu&c cua set ....................................................... 27
1.2.2.3. Chi s6 nen .......................................................................................... 28
1.2 .3 . H y• so" ap
• 1u. c ng ang finh K 0 v'a h"'9 s6' qua• c6' k"
et OCR .............................. .. 28
Ml)C ll)C 5
1.2.3.1. H¢ so qua co k~t OCR cua cat ........................................................... 29

1.2.3.2. H¢ soap life ngang tinh Ko va h¢ so qua co k~t OCR cua dilt set ....... 30
1.2.3.3. Nh~n xet v~ gia trj K0 •••• ~ •••••.•.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••.•••••.•.•••••••.•••••• 32
1.2.4. Sue khang d.t cua dilt... ............................................................................ .33
1.2.4.1. G6c rna sat trong <p cua dilt cat .......................................................... 33
1.2.4.2. Sue khang dt cua dilt set ................................................................... 34
1.3; TOM TAT SUC CHllJ TAl DQC CUA CQC DON ............ ,................................ 37
1.3.1. Thi~t k~ c<,>c theo ti'ng suilt (hay sue chiu t<'ti) cho phep ............................. 37
1.3.2. Thi~t k~ c<,>c theo h¢ so thanh phiin (LRFD- Load and Resistant
Factor Design) ....................................................................................... 39
CHUONG 2. THi NGHII;M XUYEN CON (CPT)

2.1. GI6I THI:i;\U ....................................................................................................... .41
2.1.1. Nguyen 1y ................................................................................................ .41
2.1.2. Lich siX CPT ............................................................................................. .41
2.2. NQI DUNG THf NGHI:i;\M CPT ........................................................................ .45

2.2.1. Cac thanh phiin cua thi~t bj ...................................................................... .45
2.2.2. Ch<,>n d¢ sau rna xuyen c6 tM lam vi¢c .................................................... .45
2.2.3. Thf nghi¢m xuyen con do bimg ca h<,>c (MCPT- Mechanical Cone
Penetration Test) .................................................................................. .46
2.2.4. Thf nghi¢m xuyen con do bitng di¢n ECPT (Electric Cone
Penetration Test) ...........................................................................,. ...... .47
2.2.4.1. Bao hoa vong da thilm trong CPTU ................................................... .49
'
2.2.4.2. Hi¢u chinh sue khang mfii trong CPTU ............................................. 50
2.2.5. Chu~n hoa so d<,>c ...................................................................................... 51
2.2.6. So sanh MCPT va ECPT............................................................................ 52
_,""'>A _., N" A
2.3. UOC TINH CAC CHI TIEU CO LY CUA DAT Dl}A TREN
KET QUA CPT .... ,.............................................................................................. 54
2.3.1. Cac tfnh chilt v~t ly dva tren k~t qua CPT ................................................. 54
2.3.1.1. Phan lo~i dilt dva tri:n k~t qua CPT ..................... ~.: ............................. 54
2.3.1.2.Danh gia tr~ng th:ii cua dilt d!Ja tren k~t qua CPT .............................. 58
2.3.2.Danh gia tfnh thilm cua dilt d!Ja tren k~t qua CPT ..................................... 61
2.3.3.Danh gia tfnh bi~n d~ng cua dilt d!Ja tren k~t qua CPT .............................. 61
6 TH[.NGHI$M flAT HJ~N TRtfCJNG VA tJNG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
2.3.3.1. Danh gia m6dun bi€n d~ng cua cat d\fa tren k€t qua CPT ................. 61
2.3.3.2. Danh gia m6dun dim h6i (ttic thai) cua set d\fa tren k€t qua CPT ..... 62
2.3.3.3. Danh gia mOdun bi€n d~ng cua set d\fa tren k€t qua CPT ................. 64
2.3.3.4. Danh gia m6dun dt dva tren k€t qua CPT ........................................ 65
2.3.4. Danh gia h~ soap l\fc ngang tinh Ko va h~ so qua co k€t OCR ................. 66
2.3.4.1. Danh gia h~ so Ko cua dilt cat d\fa tren k€t qua CPT ......................... 66
2.3.4.2. Danh gia h¢ so K 0 va OCR cua dilt set d\fa tren k€t qua CPT ............ 67
2.3.5. Danh gia sue khang dt cua dilt d\{a tren k€t qua CPT .............................. 70
2.3.5.1. Danh gia sue khang dt cua dat cat d\fa tren k€t qua CPT ................. 70
2.3.5.2. Danh gia sue kMng ctlt cua dat set d\{a tren k€t qua CPT ................. 72
2.3.6. Danh gia tinh bi€n loang cua dat cat d\fa tren k€t qua CPT ...................... 74
.; A,; K ? ' "" N
2.4. ONG Dl)NG TRl)'C TIEP KET QUA CPT VAO THIET KE
MONG N6NG ................................................................................................... 75
2.4.1. Dl! bao sue chtu tai ctla n6n d\fa tren k€t qua CPT ................................... 75
2.4.1.1. Cach tinh cua Schmertmann (1978) .................................................. 75
2.4.1.2. Cach tfnh cua Schmertmann d\fa tren Terzaghi cho n6n cat .............. 76
2.4.1.3. Cach tfnh cua Meyerhof (1956) cho n6n cat ..................................... 76
2.4.1.4. Cach tinh cua Tand, Funegard va Briaud (1986) cho n6n set ............ 76
2.4.2. Dl! bao d¢ lun 6n d!nh cua m6ng dlfa tren ket qua CPT ........................... 77
2.4.2.1. Cach tinh cua Meyerhof cho n6n cat ................................................. 77
2.4.2.2. Cach tfnh cua Schmertmann cho n6n cat. .......................................... 77
2.4.2.3. Cach tinh cua Buisman va DeBeer cho n6n cat ................................. 79
,.. ...."' ? ... " / ?
2.5. ONG D{)NG KET QUA CPT V AO Dl)' BAO SUC CH]U T AI DQC
CUA CQC .......................................................................................................... 80
2.5.1. each t:fnh cua LCPC cho m<;>i lo~i C<;JC ...................................................... 80
2.5.1.1. Cach t:fnh LCPC cu (1982) (TCXD 205-1998) .................................. 80
2.5.1.2. Cach tinh LCPC m6'i (1983-1992) .... , ............................................... 80
2.5.2. Cach tinh cua Schmertmann CPT cho C<;JC ch€ san ................................... 84
2.5.3. each tinh cua De Ruiter va Beringen cho C<;JC che san .............................. 86
2.5.4. Cach tinh Alsamman (1995) cho c<;>c nh6i ............................................... 87
2.6. VI D\) TfNH TOAN ........................................................................................... 88

2.6.1. Vi d~;~ 1: D~c tnrng caly ............................................................................ 89
2.6.1.1. PMn lo~i dat.. ................................................................................. 89
. ·'
MI)C LI)C 7
2.6.1.2. Danh gia tr~g thai ........................................................................... 91

2.6.1.3. Danh gia sue khang eiit... .................................................................. 92
2.6.1.4. Danh gia h~ s6 K0, OCR ................................................................... 92
2.6.1.5. Danh gia mOdun bie'n d<.mg (k~ cii ytu t6 tu bien) ............................. 93
2.6.1.6. Danh gia h~ s6 Poisson ..................................................................... 93
2.6.2. Vi d~ 2: M6ng n6ng ................................................................................. 93
2.6.2.1. nv bao sue ehtu tai ··········································································· 93
2.6.2.2. Dv bao d¢ hin ... ~ ............................................................................... 95
2.6.3. Vi d~ 3: Sue eh!u tai eua mong eqe .......................................................... 98
2.6.3.1. Caeh tinh De Ruiter va Beringen ...................................................... 98
2.6.3.2. Caeh tinh Sehmertmann: ................................................................. 100
2.6.3.3. Caeh tinh LCPC m&i ....................................................................... 101
, ' "' uA ................................................................................... 102
2.7. TRlNHBAYKETQ
2.8. DQ TIN C~Y CUA THf NGHI$M CPT.. ......................................................... 105
2.9. GIA THANH .................................................................................................... 105
2.10. NHUNG cAr TIEN M6I V6I THI NGHI$M CPT ........................................ 106
2.11. TOM TAT THf NGHI$M CPT ....................................................................... 107
• I A A A ,.?
CHUONG 3. THI NGHI~M XUYEN TiEU CHUAN (SPT)

3.1. GI6I THI$U ..................................................................................................... 109
3.1.1.Nguyen1y ......................................................................... , .................... 109
3.1.2. L!eh su SPT ............................................................................................ 109
3.2. NQI DUNG THf NGHI$M SPT ....................................................................... 110
3.2.1. Cae thanh phan eua thiet b( ................................................................... 110
3.2.2. Trinh tv thi nghi~m .......................... ,..................................................... 110
3.2.3. Chutln hoa s6 dqe ................................................................................... 111
3.3. v6c TfNH cAc cHi TIEU co LY CUA DAT Dl/A TREN KET
QUA SPT ......................................................................................................... 113
3.3.1. Danh gia eae tinh eh<'lt v~t ly d\ra tren ket qua SPT ................................ 113
3.3 .1.1. Danh gia d() eh~t tuong d6i eua d<'lt r<ti d1Ja tren ket qua SPT .......... 113
3.3.1.2. Danh gia tr~ng thai eua dat dinh d1Ja tren ket qua SPT.................... 114
3.3.2. Danh gia tfnh bien d~ng eua Mt d\fa tren ket qua SPT ........................... 115
8 THf NGHJ~M BAT HI~N TRUONG VA O'NG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH NtN M6NG
3.3.2.1. Danh gia modun bie'n d~ng cua cat dlJa tn§n k€t qua SPT................ 115
3.3.2.2. Danh gia mOdun d(m h6i tuc thai cua set dlJa tren k€t qua SPT....... 116
3.3.2.3. Danh gia mOdun bi€n d~ng cua set dlJa tren k€t qua SPT ................ 116
3.3.2.4. Danh ghi mOdun dt cua da't dlJa tren k€t qua SPT .......................... 116
3.3.3. Danh gia h~
s6 K0 va OCR cua da't dlJa tren k€t qua SPT ....................... 116
3.3 .3 .1. Danh gia h~ s6 K0 va OCR da't cat dlJa tren k€t qua SPT ................. 116
3.3.3.2. Danh gia h~ s6 K0 va OCR da't set dlJa tren k€t qua SPT ................. 117
3.3.4. Danh gia sue khang d.t cua da't dlJa tren k€t qua SPT ............................ 118
3.3.4.1. Danh gia sue khiing ciit cua da't cat dlJa tren k€t qua SPT................ 118
3.3.4.2. Danh gia sue khiing ciit cua da't set dlJa tren k€t qua SPT ................ 119
3.3.5. Danh gia kha nang bie'n loang cua da't dlJa tren k€t qua SPT .................. 120
3.4. UNG DlJNG TRlfC TIEP KET QUA SPT v Ao THIET KE

MONG NONG ······························•·································································· 121
3.4.1. Danh gia sue chiu tai cua nen dlJa tren ke't qua SPT ............................... 121
3.4.2. Dv bao d¢lun dva tren k€t qua SPT ....................................................... 121
3.4.2.1. Cach tfnh cua Burland va Burbridge; m6ng tren nen da't h~t tho ..... 121
3.4.2.2. Cach tfnh cua D' Appolonia; m6ng tren nen da't h~t tho .................. 122
3.4.2.3. Cach tfnh cua Hough; m6ng tren nen dilt h~t tho ............................ 123
3.4.2.4. Cach tinh cua Peck va Bazaraa ........................................................ 124
3.4.2.5. Nghien CUu cua FHWA ve d¢ tin c~y cua cac each tinh ................. 124
3.5. UNG Dl)NG V Ao Dl/BAO sue CHlU TAI CUA CQC ................................ 126
3.5.1. Cach tinh cua Meyerhof (da't rai) cho CQC ch€ san va CQC nh6i... ............ 126
3.5.1.1. Sue khang ben ................................................................................. 126
3.5.1.2. Sue khang mfii ............................................ : .................................... 126
3.5.2. Cach tinh cua Schmertmann SPT cho CQC ch€ san .................................. 127
3.5.2.1. Sue khang ben ................................................................................. 127
3.5.2.2. Sue khiing mfii ................................................................................ 128
3.5.2.3. Chieu sau ngam du ......................................................................... 129
3.6. QUAN H:e: GIOA CPT VA SPT.. ...................................................................... 131

3.7. vf Dl) TfNH TOAN ......................................................................................... 133
3.7.1. Vi d\1 1: Xac dinh tinh cha't w hqc cua da't ............................................ 133
3.7.2. Vi d\1 2: Sue chtu tai cua CQC theo each tinh Schmertmann .................... 135
3.7.2. 1. Sue khiing ben chua hi~u chinh ....................................................... 136
. .•
M\JC L\JC 9
3.7.2.2. Sue khang miii chua hi~u chlnh ...................................................... 137

3.7.2.3. Hi~u chinh sue khang ····································································· 137
3.8. TRINH BAy KET QUA .................................................................... ;.............. 139
3.9. DQ TIN cAY CUA THf NGHI$M SPT ........................................................... 142
3.10. NHUNG CAI TIEN M6I V6I THf NGHI$M SPT ........................................ 142
3.11. TOMTATTHINGHI$MSPT ....................................................................... l43
CHUONG 4. THI NGHteM NEN NGANG DMT (DilATOMETER)

4.1. GI6I THI$U ..................................................................................................... 145
4.1.1. Nguyen ly .............................................................................................. 145
4.1.2. Lich sa cua thf nghi~m DMT ................................................................. 145
4.2. NQI DUNG THI NGHI$M DMT ..................................................................... 147
4.2.1. Cac thanh philn cua thie't bj .................................................................... 147
4.2.1.1. Miii xuyen ph&ng ............................................................................ 147
4.2.1.2. H¢p di6u khien ..... :......................................................................... 150
4.2.1.3. Blnh khf nen ................................................................................... 151
4.2.2. Thu th~p so dQc "hi~u chinh .................................................................... 152
4.2.2.1. Djnh ngh!a flA va flB ··········································'·························· 152
4.2.2.2. Xac djnh flA va !lB ......................................................................... 152
4.2.3. Quy trlnh dqc A, B, C ............................................................................ 153
4.2.3.1. Chu~n bj thf nghi~m ....................................................................... 153
4.2.3.2. Thf nghi~m ..................................................................................... 154
'
4.2.4. Thi nghi~m tieu tan ap l!Jc nu6'c 16 r6ng (dilt dfnh) ....·............................ 155
4.2.4.1. Phu<mg phap tieu tan DMT-A ......................................................... 155
4.2.4.2. Phll<mg phap tieu tan DMT-A2 ........................................................ 156
" ,
4.3. UU, NHU'OC DIEM CUA DMT ....................................................................... 157
4.4. u6c T1NH cAc cHi Tillu cd LY Dl/A TREN KET QUA DMT ................. 158
4.4.1. Chu~n hoa so dqc ................................................................................... 158
4.4.2. Danh gia cac tfnh chat V~t ly d!Ja tren ke't qua DMT ······························ 160
4.4.2.1. Phil.n lo~i dat d!Ja tren ke't qua DMT ............................................... 160
4.4.2.2. Danh gia tr~ng thai cua dat dJ!a tren ke't qua DMT ......................... 160
10 THf NGHieM BAT HI~N TRIJ()NG VA tJNG DVNG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
4.4.3. Danh gia tinh tham eua dat dJ!a tren ket qua DMT ................................. 161
4.4.3.1. Xac djnh mvc nude ngilm dJ!a tren ket qua DMT ............................ 161
4.4.3.2. Danh gia h~ s6 c6 ket phuong ngang Ch theo ket qua DMT ............ 162
4.4.4. Danh gia tinh bien d~ng cua dat dJ!a tren ket qua DMT ......................... 163
4.4.4.1. Danh gia mOdun dim h6i tuc thCii cua set dJ!a tren ket qua DMT .... 163
4.4.4.2. Danh gia m6dun bien d~ng eua cat va set dJ!a tren ket qua DMT ... 163
4.4.4.3. Danh gia m6dun eM dJ!a tren ket qua DMT .................................... 164
4.4.4.4. Danh gia h¢ s6 ni\n dJ!a tren ket qua DMT ...................................... 164
4.4.5. Danh gia h¢ s6 K 0 va OCR eua dilt dJ!a tren ket qua DMT ..................... 164
4.4.5.1. Danh gia h¢ s6 K0 va OCR cua dat set dJ!a tren ket qua DMT ........ 164
4.4.5.2. Danh gia h¢ s6 K0 va OCR eua dilt cat dJ!a tren ket qua DMT ........ 166
4.4.6. Danh gia sue kh:ing dt eua dat dJ!a tren ket qua DMT .......................... 167
4.4.6.1. Danh gia g6e <p eua dat cat dJ!a tren ket qua DMT.. ........................ 167 ·
4.4.6.2. Danh gia sue khiing dt Su cua dilt set dJ!a tren ket qua DMT .......... 168
4.4.7. Danh gia kha nang bien 1oang eua dat dJ!a tren ket qua DMT ................ 169
4.5. UNG DlJNG KET QUA DMT vAo m;BAo sue emu TAI cuA
CQC .................................................................................................................. 170
4.5 .1. Caeh tinh sue chju tai nen d<;>c tr"tc cua C<;JC due san trong dat set
cua Powell (200lb) ............................................................................ 170
4.5.2. Tfnh toan e<;>c chju tai tr<;>ng ngang ......................................................... 170
4.5.2.1. Gi&i thi¢u vi\ phuong phap duCing cong P-y .................................... 170
4.5.2.2. Cach xay d\filg duCing eong P-y cua Robertson va c¢ng S\f (1989) .. 171
4.5.2.3. Cach xay d\filg duCing eong P-y eua Gabr va Borden (1988) cho
e<;>c trong dat rCii.. ........................................................................... 172
4.6.TRINH BAY KET QUA .................................................................................... 173
4.7. DQ TIN CAYCUA THINGHI.e;M DMT ......................................................... 175
4.8. GIA THANH THf NGHI.e;M DMT ................................................................... 175
4.9. NHONG CAI TIEN M6I V6I THI NGHI.e;M DMT ........................................ 175
4.10. TifdNG QUAN V6I CAC THf NGHI.e;M HI.e;N TRlfONG KHAC .............. 176
4.10.1. Tuong quan v&i PMT ........................................................................... 176
4.10.2. Tuong quan v&i CPT ............................................................................ 176
4.11. TOM TAT THf NGHI.e;M DMT ..................................................................... 176
. ·' . ·' . ·'

Ml)C Ll)C 11
CHUCJNG 5. THI NGHieM NEN NGANG PMT

5.1. GIOI THI$U ········ ............................................................................................. 179
5.1.1. Nguy~n ly ................................................. :............................................ 179
5.1.2. Ltch su cua thf nghi~m PMT .................................................................. 179
5.2. NQI DUNG THf NGHI$M PMT.. .................................................................... 180
5.2.1. Gic thanh philn cua thi~t bt .................................................................... 180
5.2.2. Chuiln bj thi~t bt ..................................................................................... 181
5.2.2.1. Lam bao hoa h¢p diilu khie!n ........................................................... 181
5.2.2.2. Lam bao hoa d6ng h6 ap lt;rc (khong ciln v6i Pence!) ...................... 181
5.2.2.3. Lam bao hoa bu6ng PMT ................................................................ 182
5.2.4.4. Kie!m tra dq bao hoa.. ...................................................................... 182
5.2.3. Chuftn hoa thi~t bj .................................................................................. 183
5.2.3.1. Hi~u chinh ap h,rc: ............................................................................ 183
5.2.3.2. Hi~u chinh the! tfch ......................................................................... 183
5.2.4. Ti~n hanh thfnghi~m ............................................................................. 184
5.2.5. Chuftn hoa s6 doc ................................................................................... 185
5.3. Udc TfNH cAc CHI TIEU CO LY Dl/A TREN KET QUA PMT ................. 186
5.3 .1. DV bao mMun bi~n d;:mg cit a dilt dva tr~n k~t qua PMT ........................ 186
5.3.2. DV bao h~ s6 OCR va K0 cua dilt set d~ra tren k~t qua PMT ................... 186
5.4. Dl/BAO :DQ LUN CUA MONG NONG Dl/A TREN KET QUA
PMT .................................................................................................................. 186
5.5. :DQ TIN c.;Y CUA THf NGHI~M PMT .......................................................... 187
5.6. TOM TAT THf NGHI$M PMT ........................................................................ 188
CHUONG 6. cAc THI NGHieM KHAC

6.1. THf NGHI$M CAT CANH (VST) ................................................................... 191
6.1.1. Nguy~n ly thf nghi~m ............................................................................. 191
6.1.2. Thi~t bj va each thf nghi~m .................................................................... 191
6.1.3. Hi~u chinh Su do duqc tit thf nghi~m dt canh ........................................ 194
6.1.4. DV bao h~ s6 OCR ti'r k~t qua thf nghi~m d.t canh ................................. 194
12 THf NGHI~M DAT HI~N TRlfONG VA ONG Dt)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
6.1.5. D¢ tin c~y cua thf nghi¢m ciit canh ........................ , ................................ 195
6.2. THf NGHI~M NEN NGANG MDI XUYEN BAC (STEPPED

BLADE) ......................................................................... ;....... .- ......................... 195
. 6.3. THf NGHI~M CAT TRONG HO IOWA .. ,..... :............ ·; .................................... 196
' '
6 .4. CAC y·, . •
THI NGHI~M DlA V;;\T L ................................................................. , .. 196
A A
PHI.) LI.)C 1: VAl KHAI NI~M THONG KE 197

PHI.) LI.)C II: TOM TAT CAC THi NGHI~M HI~N TRUONG 197
PHI.) LI.)C Ill: TOM TAT CAC 8~C TRUNG VA LfNG Dl)NG 198
PHI.) LI.)C IV: eACH xAY Dl)NG DUONG GONG E-LOG (P) 205
PHI.) LI.)C V: THi NGHI~M NEN TTNH CQC 207
TCJ Ml)C ....................................................................................................................210
A
T I LIE;:U THAM KHAO ............................................................................. 213
A •
. .• . .• . .•
KY HI~U 13
" ~
KY HIEU
•
v hay J.L. ......... h~ s6 Poisson (116 ngang) CPTU ....................... , thi righi~rn CPT c6
y ................... tn;mg 1uQ'11g rieng tv nhien do ap lJ!c nude 16 n'ing

D 10 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• kfch thudc hi~u qua
yd (hay y .) ............ tn;mg 1UQ'Ilg rieng kh6
D 50 ••••••••••••••••••••••• kich thudc trung blnh
<p ••••••••••••••.•••••...•.•••.•••• g6c rna sat trong
D, ................... d¢ ch~t tuong doi (ty doi)
<pp ••·••••·•· g6c rna sat trong dlnh (qrc d~i)
e ............................................. h~ sor6ng
' rna sa't t rong d u
<p cv ........................... goc
E' hay E .................... rn6ciun thoat nude,
(6 bie'n d~ng 16n)
c6 n6 hOng
(j ,
vo•······ .. ··········· un'gsuaKt huu- h.1y·u dun'g Ell .................•.. rnOciun khong thoat nude
<J ' ho······· .. ········· un' g Kt
SUa hu-U h.·
1yU n gang E0 .•..••••.......••••.......••.••••...•. rnodun DMT
cr.', hay p, hay cr' P......... ap 1tJc ti6n c6 ke't ECPT ....... thi nghi~rn CPT do biing di~n
a ......................... ty s6 di~n tfch (CPTU) f, ....................... sue khiing ben cua CPT
ao hay rnv ........... h~ s6 nen hin tuong d6i F ................... ty, so" sue
• kh'ang c h uan
•' h oa•
Bq ............................. ap 1tJc nude 16 n'ing G ............................................ rnodun dlt
CPTU chuii:n hoa Gmax (hay G 0) ••.••••••••.• rnMun dt CIJC d(li
Ca············ ................... c h1., so" nen
' tu' b'K
1vn (tinh khang chiln)
CA ................ h~ so hi~u chlnh do gia hoa !0 ......••...........••..•.•... chi so dilt (tu DMT)
C, ................................ chi SO nen SCJ cifp I, .. :...................... chi sod¢ cU:ng (=G/S,.)
C,................................ c h1, so" nen
' thu' cap
" k ............................................ h~ sothilrn
C, ....... h~ so du<mg cong =D 30
2
/(D60D 10 ) Ko hays ....... h~ so nen ngang (cr' hjcr' VO)
Cll ................... h~ s6 d6ng nhilt = D 6o/D 10 K0 .......•.•...........• chi so nen ngang DMT
CD .............................. co ke't, thoat nude K, hay A., .............. h~ s6 ap 1tJc chu d(>ng
CU ................... co ke't; kh6ng thoat nude KP hay A.b ................. h~ so ap 1tJc bj d¢ng
CN ........ h~ s6 hi~u chinh d¢ sau cho SPT LL (Wu hay W,h hay Wnh) .. gi& h~n chay
Cq ........ h~ s6 hi~u chlnh d¢ sau cho CPT LI (hay Iu hay B) .......................... d¢ s~t
Cv • •• • • • •••• •. •• • • • •• h y• SO" CO"kKt vug dun' g
v phu~ M ........................ rnOciun khong n6 hong
~ ................. h~ so co ke't phuong ngang MCPT ... thi nghi~rn CPT do biing cCJ hqc
. crx
cov ................................................ - N .............. ke't qua (so nhat d~p tho) SPT
A.x
N 60 ... N chufin hoa theo 60% nang 1UQ'Ilg
14 TH[ NGHI~M DAT HI~N TRlfC1NG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
N' 60 hay (N 1) 60 •••. N chuiin hoa cu6i ciing R 1 (hay FR) .......... ty so sue khang (fJqc)
NC ............................... dat c6 ket thuang S" (hay C") ..... ll,rc dfnh khong thoat nu6'c
Nk ............................... h¢ so con (tfnh S") s u r " " ' " ' " " " " " " ' " " " ' su cua dat xao d(>ng
oc. ................................... dit qua co ket S, ............................. d¢ nh:;ty cam (SufS"')
OCR (hay Rc)h¢ so qua coket (cr'jcr',0 ) S, ..................................... d¢ 1tin tuc thOi.
pa ................................... ky hi¢u cua bar Sc (hay S) ............................ d¢ I tin co ket
(1 bar laap suit khi quytln) so ........................ :........... d¢ ltin tuc thai
PL (hay WP hay Wd) ........... gi6'i h~n deo uo .. ~ ....... ).... ap h,rc nu6'c 16 rbng tl!' nhien
PI (Ip, hay Iw, hay A, hay <D) •.. chi so deo ub, (hoZ\c Uy) ............ <ip h_rc nu6'c 16 rbng
q 0 . . . . . . . . . . . sue khang miii thi nghi¢m CPT do t~i vong tham sau c6 con CPT
qT ........ q 0 hi¢u chinh do c6 vong da tham UU ........ khong c6 ket, kh6ng thoat nu6'c
qcn·· ......................... qc (qT) chuiin hoa cii VST ................................... , ...... ciit canh
QT ......................... q 0 (qy) chudn hoa mai w (hay w.) ....................... d¢ iim tt.r nhien
"' d' -- ""' ....
CAC THU NGUYEN THUONG DUNG
100 kPa = 100 kN/m2 = 1 bar = 1 pa "' 1 kG/cm2 = 10 t/m 2 "' 1 tsf =2 ksf.
. .• . .•
CHlfONG MO DAU 15
CHVONG MO DAU
D~ philn tfch khi thi6t k€, xu ly khi thi c6ng n~n va rn6ng cac c6ng trlnh xily
dvng (diln dt,mg va c6ng nghi¢p ), giao th6ng va thuy lqi, ta ciin xac djnh cac tfnh chllt
cua dat n~n. Nhu ta da bi6t, c6 hai nh6rn phuong phap chfnh d~ xac djnh cac tfnh chilt
nay: thi nghi¢m trong phong va thi nghi¢m hi¢n tnt(mg.
D~
thf nghi¢rn trong phOng, ta phai thu duqc mtiu dat tu hi¢n tru<mg - ho~c m£\u
xao d¢ng ho~c mtiu nguyen d?ng.
Tu mau xao d¢ng, ta c6 th~ xac djnh rn¢t s6 chi tieu v~t ly nhu: th~mh philn h\lt
cua dat dfnh va dat rm, gi6i h\ln Atterberg cua dat dfnh (Wu Wp). N€u vi¢c lay rnau,
v~n chuy~n va Mo quan dung quy each thl cac k€t qua nay Ia ch~c ch~n (dang tin c~y).
Hilu h€t cac tfnh chat khac, nhat la cac tfnh chat ca h9C d~u phai duqc xac djnh
tren mau nguyen d\lng nhu: d~c trung bi€n d\lng (E, a0 hay mvo C" C" CJ, tfnh tham
(k), sue ch6ng dt (<p, c), h¢ s6 ri\ng ban diiu (e d¢ ch~t tuong d6i etta dat ri'ti (D,, vl
0
),
D, duqc xac djnh qua e 0

) , •••
Tuy nhien, v6i dat rm (cat, da, soi, ... ), ta hoan toan kh6ng th~ lay rnil.u nguyen
d?ng duqc. Do d6, cac bi~u thuc xac djnh cac d~c trung k~ tren theo thf nghi¢m trong
phong (hay theo ly thuy€t) it c6 y ngh!a th~rc hanh. Vl v~y, ta Mt bu¢c phai ti€n hanh
thf nghi¢rn hi¢n tru<mg tren dat tt,r nhien. Tu s6 do cua thf nghi¢m hi¢n tru<mg, ta suy
ra duqc cac d~c tnrng, tfnh cMt cua dift theo cac tuang quan tht,rc nghi¢rn (da duqc
thi€t l~p v6i rnuc d¢ ch~t che d?t yeu ciiu 1).
Ngay ca v6i dat dfnh, ta cling chi lay duqc nhfrng rnau xao d¢ng nhi~u hay ft, rna
kh6ng bao gii't lay dtrqc rnil.u.hoan toan nguyen d\lng. Va ta vil.n ciin thf nghi¢m hi¢n
tru<mg tren dat dfnh d~ ki~rn chling va b6 sung cac k€t qua.
Hon nfra, kich thu6c mil.u dat thf nghi¢rn trong phong thu<mg nho, kh6ng rnang
tfnh d\li di¢n cho n~n. Cac mau thu duqc thu<mg kh6ng phi\i trong rn¢t c¢t dat lien tl,IC
vl se rat t6n kern n€u s6 luqng rnau thf nghi¢m nhi~u. Do d6, thf nghi¢rn hi¢n tru<mg
(co s6Juqng cac di~rn d9c k€t qua thf nghi¢m nhi~U Va Jien lt"C) cang COY ngh!a quan
1 C3c tuang quan se duqc trlnh bay chi tiGt trong cu6n s3ch nay. ve nguyen ttk cac tuang quan thvc nghi$m ·duqc thi6t l~p 0 nai khac du~
vao Vi¢t Nam, do d6, can duqc ki€m nghi$m l~i cac tuong quan d6 trong dh3u ki$n d8t ciia Vi$! Nam. C6ng vi$c nay se dtrqc 18m khl c6 dit~u -·
ki$n. Trude m8t, trong khi chua c6 dieu ki$n ki€m nghi$m, ta t<;1m ap dt,mg nhang k6t qua da c6 0 cac nude kh3c.
16 THf NGHI~M DAT HI~N TRlJ('JNG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
tn;mg hon. SI,I c6 m~t cua s6 Ji~u thf nghi~m hi~n truemg Utm cho tai li~u khilo sat n6n
dat c6 d¢ tin c~y cao hon rat nhi6u. Ne'u ta c6 the dung hai ho~c nhi6u hon lo~i thf
nghi~m hi~n truemg thl cang nang cao chat lu9'11g ciia tai li¢u khao sat n6n dat.
nu6'c ta hi~n nay, ti6n c6ng lao d¢ng con thap, trong khi gia thie't bj l~i cao.
0
Tuy nhien, theo xu the' chung, nu6'c ta se. dan tie'n Mnthvc te' b cac mr6'c phat trien
hi~n nay: ti6n c6ng lao d¢ng cao, gia thie't bi thap - do d6, thf nghi~m hi¢n truemg l{ti
re hon thf nghi¢m trong phong rtlt.nhi6u. Ti:r d6, Mu nhu ngum ta chi thf nghi¢m hi¢n
trli'Cmg; cac thf nghi~m trong phohg chi dU<JC tie'n hanh khi thl,fC Sl,f can thie't.
Tru6'c khi trlnh pay 'cac thi nghi~m hi¢n truemg, de c6 m¢t each nhln t6ng quat v6
ca hqc dat, chuang 1 se trlnh bay viln tilt nhil'ng khai ni¢m hay g~p trong dja ky thu~t
c6ng trlnh. Cac d~c trung nhu, h~ s6 ap l~,Tc ngang tlnh K0 , h~ s6 qua c6 ke't OCR va
m6dun dan h6i kh6ng thoat nu6'c Eu thuemg ft khi duqc sir dt,mg b Vi¢t Nam. Nhung,
cht:ing vlin duqc trlnh bay 0 day d€ b~n dQC Jam quen v6'i CCI hQC dat day du hon.
Sau d6, chuang 2, 3 va 4 se trlnh bay v6'i b~n dqc ba lo~i thi nghi~m hi¢n truemg
phat tri€n va can chu y nhat hi¢n nay, d613.: SPT, CPT va DMT. Chuang 5 trlnh bay thf
nghi¢m PMT, m¢t lo~;~i thi nghi¢m chi ph6 bie'n b PMp. Chue1ng cu6i cung se trlnh bay
t6m tilt cac thf nghi¢m khac nhu: ciit canh, nen ngang miii xu yen b~c, ciit trong h6 va
thf nghi¢m dja v~t ly.
Vi¢c gqi ten cac thf nghi¢m b?tng nhfrng chu cai dau cua ti:r tie'ng Anh (CPT: Cone
Penetration Test, v.v ... ) 13. ten duqc dung ph6 bie'n b nhi6u nu6'c. Chung t6i nghl chung
ta c6 th€ cMp nh~n dung nhu the' - xem nhu m¢t thu~t ngu ky thu~t - !a thu~n ti¢n,
kh6ng c6 h~;ti gl cho Vi¢t ngu. Ngay nay, cac thf nghi¢m dat b hi~n truemg, ke ca.
nhfrng thi nghi¢m, quan triic giln v6'i nen m6ng, c6ng trlnh bao g6m rat nhi6u ki€u,
lo~;~i. Trong cu6n sach nay, chung t6i mu6n gi6'i h~;~n kh6i lu9'11g va chi trinh bay nhUng
n¢i dung da n6i tren. Th~,Tc te' b nu6'c ta hi¢n nay, do sv don gian cua thie't bj nen thie't
bj SPT duqc dung rat nhi6u. V 6'i thi nghi¢m CPT, do chung ta chi c6 nhfrng thie't bj
thap cap (do cCI hqc, ho~c l~,Tc xuyen ye'u, du6'i 10 tan), nen chi xuyen duqc nhfrng dat
m6m va duqc dilng rat it. Cac thi nghi¢m DMT va PMT hau nhu chua duqc dung. Gi6'i
thi~u tai Ji¢u nay, cht:ing t6l mong mu6n cac CCI quan nghien CUu, cac c6ng ty, cac b~;tn
d6ng nghi¢p se g6p sue vao vi¢c phat tri€n cac thf nghi¢m hi¢n truemg b nu6'c ta.
Cac kie'n thuc, cac th6ng tin trlnh bay trong cu6n sach nay rat phong phu, do d6
c6 tM hCii qua tai d6i v6'i nhil'ng ky su kh6ng ph:li chuyen m6n dja ky thu~t.
Trong th~,Ic hanh, ta kh6ng phai dung tat ca cac thi nghi¢m m¢t luc. V6'i m¢t lo~i
thf nghi¢m, c6 theta chi can dung de u6'c lu9'11g danh gia 1, 2 chi tieu can thie't cho bai
toan phtm tfch, di,I biio rna ta dang quan tam. Nhu the' tai li¢u nay c6 th€ duqc sir dt,mg
timg phan m¢t. f)~ giup b~n dQc c6 cai nhln khai quat', tac gia trlnh bay tom tat
nhUng thOng tin quan trqng VitO phl,l hJ!C 3 - va c6 th~ chlnh phiin nay ll;ai Ia phan
hay duqc b:;m dqc tham khao nhat.
. .• . .• . .•
CHlfONG 1. TOM TAT KI~N TH(IC fl!A K'? THU,I..T CO BAN 17
CHLJONG 1
... ..t .,..,! , ~ - ..... ?
. KY THUAT
TOM TAT KIEN THUC DIA . CO BAN
1.1. cAc TINH CHAT Cd l Y

1.1.1. TfNH CHAT VAT lY
H~t dilt duqc di,lt ten theo kfch thu&c h~t (thuong do biing mm), nhu b bang 1.1.
Bang 1.1
E>a tim1:1 I E>a cuoi I SOi san I cat I Bui I set

TC XD VN cil 200 mm 10mm 2mm 0,1 mm 0,005 mm
uses (tuang tv 300 mm 7.5 mm 4,75 mm 0,074 mm 0,002 mm
TCXDVN 5747-93)
Dva vao bang phan lo~i h{lt (bang 1.1 ), ta se pMn lo~i dat (xem trong ddt d6, lo~i
h~t nao chie'm da s6). B6n tieu chuftn phan lo~i dilt dtrqc dung ph6 bie'n hi~n nay Iii.:
USCS, BS 5930, AASHTO, TCXD VN.
Ham ltrqng tfch lily h~t thnO'ng dnqc bi~u dii\n qua d6 thj tren hinh 1.1.
100
Di~m A bd6 thj c6 80 A
to~ d¢ (x, y). Dieu nay

c6 ngh!a !a:
60 I
1) Px = y% (ham luqng 40 I
tfch lily cac h~t c6 I
20
dn0ng kfnh nho han I
x mm !a y%). 0
0 X -1 -2 -3 log d
2) Dy =x (mm). 10 1 10 0.1 0.01 0.001 d
Hinh 1. 1. Billu dii\n hi!m luqng tich luy

18 TH[ NGHI~M flAT HI~N TRLICJNG VA O'NG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
D¢ chi[tt cua cat dtrqc danh gia bbi d¢ chi[tt tmmg d6i D, qua bilng 1.2.
Bang 1.2. Tr')ng thai cua dat cat
emax- eo
Trl)ng thai t>c) ch~t D,( )
emax - emin
Ch~t 2/3- 1
Ch~t vCta 1/3-2/3
Roi rae 0- 1/3
Con lfi/-ng thai cua dtlt set duqc danh gia bi'!i d¢ s¢t LI (con ky hi¢u 1a IL hoi[tc B)
nhtr trong b:'mg 1.3.
W-W
trongd6 · Ll=B=l L = I P ,•
p
lp = WL- Wp = LL- PL.

Ba~g 1.3. Tr')ng thai cua dat dinh
Ll <0 0-0,25 0,25-0,5 0,5- 0,75 0,75-1 >1

Tran!1 thai Ran (cU'nol NLia cltnq Deo cU'ng Deo mem Deo chay Ch{:l)ljnhao)_
1.1.2. TlNH NEN LUN
D¢ lun cua n6n g6m ba phiin: lun tuc thai (50 ) , lun c6 ket thtlm (SJ vii lun tit
bien (S,):
(1.1)
D¢ lun tU:r.: thai la khi nuoc chua kip thoat di, dtlt bien dii-ng nhu v~t the d1m h6i.
D¢ hin c6 Mt ( thdm) 13. do s~J giam the tich 16 r6ng, do nuoc thoat dan ra ngoai.
D¢ lun tu bien do bien di!-ng cua b:'m thfln khung c6t cua dat (cua b:'m thftn hil-t).
Voi dat set, ba d¢lun tren lii ro rang vii c6 th6 tach bi¢t duqc. Nhfrng nghien cll"u
moi nhat cho thay:
• D¢ 1un tuc thai nho, tuy nhien c6 khi khong phai la nho qua d6 c6 th~ bo qua.
Trong m(>t s6 trtrang hqp chung c6 th~ chiem toi 10% d¢ lun t6ng. D¢ lun tuc
thm duqc tfnh qua mOdun dan h6i khong thoat ntroc, hay con g9i 1a m6dun dim
hoi U:tc thifi, ky hi¢u la Eu.
• D¢ lun tit bien khong nho, nMt Ia voi cac dat set yeu/ rat yeu. Doi khi, chUng
c6 th~ chiem toi 40- 50% d¢ !lin t6ng.
• D¢ lun c6 ket (tham) la phiin chil yeu, thuang chiem tren 90% d¢ lun t6ng. Tuy
nhien, trong m(>t s6 it truang hqp n6 chi chiem khoiing 50% d¢ lun t6ng. D¢
lun c6 ket duqc tfnh qua:
. .• . .• . ·'
CHlfONG 1. TOM TAT KI~N THl1C fl!A K? THU,3.T CO BAN 19
• Hoi[lc qua miidun bien dqng thoat mroc (E' - thuO'ng chi ky hi~u la E), ho~c
m6dun bie'n d1,1ng kh6ng n& hong M (cling c6 khi ky hi¢u !a E,);
• Ho~c qua C,, C, (cac chi s6 nen);
• Hoi;tc qua duO'ng cong nen ep e-p.
Voi cUlt cat, tinh thilm qua nhanh, do d6, khong the tach rO'i lun tuc thai va lun c6
ke't duqc. Vi v<!y:
(1.2)
So+c Ja d¢ lun tuc thOi va c6 ke't (thuO'ng vie't la S, va cilng thuO'ng hi6u la lun c6
ke't, vi lun tuc thai cua cat qua nh6 ), duqc tfnh qua m6dun bien d1,1ng Eo+c , thuO'ng
cling chi ky hi?u la E. V oi cat, thuO'ng ta kh6ng the tfnh lun So+c qua cac chi so nen C, ,
c, va duO'ng cong nen ep e-p nhu tren duqc, vl ta kh6ng the lily mi\u dat nguyen d1,lng
de tien hanh thi nghi¢m trong phong xac djnh C" C, hay e. Khi d6, trj s6 E se duqc xac
djnh qua thi nghi~m hi?n truO'ng (nhu se trlnh bay sau).
1.1.2.1. lEI? lun co ket tham 6n dinh

Ti'r thf nghi~m nen m¢t tr~c (con g9i Ja thf nghi?m oedometre ), ta thu duqc quan
h? gifra ung suat nen (ap h,rc nen) p (con viet la cr) va d¢ r6ng e. Quan h? p-e nay duqc
bieu di6n i'J d6 thj thuO'ng (hinh 1.2a) ho<!c bieu di6n d6 thi ban log (hinh 1.2b). a
Trong d6, duO'ng CD la duO'ng ke't qua thf nghi¢m, duO'ng Q> la duO'ng hi?u chirih de si'r
d~ng va tfnh cac h? s6 C,, C,.
a) e b)
I I
e1 --1----
1 I
. : : I
e2 -~---~-~
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I log p
p
P2 p
Hinh 1. 2. Quan h~ p-e
Ghi chu: Trong hinh 1.2.b, viii dat set qua co ket, do;;m nen tha cap (C,) kh6ng phai Ia tiep tuyen vai do 0n dau cila dudng CD
nhu nhieu ngudi lam tuong. Ve nguyen nhan t0i sao dudng CD nam thap hon dudng <ll, b0n d9c c6 th~ tham khao
them hinh 10.27, atrang 235, 236 • T~p 2 ·Co h9c flat- Whitlow.
Phv lvc 4 trinh bay each hi$u ch1nh dudng cong CD d<l duqc duang cong <ll. Tuy nhien, vi each hi$u ch1nh khil dai nen
t0m th<ii ta c6 th€1&y do0n nen tha cap Ia dudng tiep tuyen cila do0n dau dudng cong CD. Wi dat set c6 ket thudng,
ta khong hi$u chlnh.
20 . THfNGHI~M DATHI~N TRlfCJNG VA ONG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
Ti:r hlnh L2a ta c6: Trong do<:~n e, - e 2 nhO n~w d6:

• H¢ s6 rien liin tuang d6i (hay h¢ s6 nen th~ tfch) ao (hay mv) Ia:
__e,_,_-_e.,_2 _ _
a
o
= -(pz- p,)(l +e,)
• MOdun bien d<:~ng (c6 no hOng) Ia E = 1__ = _1_

a0 mv
M6dun nay ap d\Jng cho n6n dat du6'i m6ng dO'U, do di¢n chju tai be nen dat bj
nen ch~ttheo c~ieu dUng va no theo chi6u ngang (co no h6ng).
• M6dun bien d<:~ng khQngno hOng Ia M (hay E,) = - = ~.

1
' . ao mv
M6dun nay ap d\Jng cho nen dilt du6'i m6ng be, do di~n chju tai Ian nen ta coi
n6n dat du6'i m6ng kh6ng no h6ng.
Neu viet chfnh xac theo "ng6n ngu" U'ng suat hilu hi¢u thl:
M6dun thoat nu6'c:
E' = M' (I+[!') (1- 2[-t') I (I-f!')
,J M' = ~M'
2
211
jl- '
l l-11
trong d6 11'- h¢ s6 J;'ois$,(?,n, trong dieu ki¢p .thoat mr6'c;

ll'= 0,2 + 0.3 cho ·s
cat,
c·:'
[!' = 0,3 + 0,4 cho set.
•!• Lun khOng n& hOng cua 16'p diit day h, Ia:
s, e, -ez h.
(1.3a)
I+ e 1 '
I ~
S.=a
I 0
ph.=
I
-ph.
M I =-ph
E I (1.3b)
•!• Lun co n& hOng:

I
s. =-ph (1.3c)
' E '
Lun kh6ng no h6ng ap d\Jng cho truang hqp m6ng be (tai rat r(>ng), con hin no
o
h6ng ap d\Jng cho toan b¢ cac tnrang hqp khac. Tuy nhien, Vi¢t Nam, ta d6u dung
phuO'Ug trlnh (1.3b) (kh6ng no hOng) cho m9i truang hqp. Ket qua nay c6 th~ chap
nh~n duqc vl ~ = 0,8 xilp xl v6'i 1,0.
. ·' . ·' . .•
CHLfONG 1. T6M TAT KI~N THO'C fl!A K? THUAT CO BAN 21
Trong hlnh 1.2b, duemg cong CD thu duqc ti:r thf nghi¢m oedometre, con duong
cong ~ la duemg hi¢u chinh tu duemg cong CD. Sa d!, ta phai hi¢u chlnh duqc cong CD
a
vl n6 (va duemg cong hlnh l.2a) khong phi\n i\nh dung th~rc te lam vi¢c cua dat.
Nguyen nhiin chfnh la trong thf nghi¢m oedometre, vi¢c thu duqc milu dilt 100%
nguyen d~ng gan nhu la di6u khong tuang. Vi dl,l, miiu dat dang d¢ sau 20 m, ch!u a
ap ll;lc ban than la 300 kPa, nay duqc dem len m:;tt dat d~ lam thf nghi¢m. Vi¢c duy trl
ap ll;lc khong doi la 300 kPa doi v6'i miiu dat nguyen d(lng la rilt kh6. Do d6, miiu dat
"nguyen d(lng" nay viin b! xao d¢ng m¢t phan nao (ngoai ra con rat nhieu nguyen nhan
khac lam xao d¢ng milu rna ta khong th~ tranh khoi). N6i tom l(li, miiu dat rna ta g9i la
milu "nguyen d(lng" thl sl;l nguyen d(lng chi duqc gan 100% rna thoi.
Trong hlnh 1.2b ta c6:
Po (tuc la <J' , 0 ) - ling suat ban than (d!a tlnh) t<,~i hi¢n tnt0ng;
p, - ap ll;lc ti6n co ket;
C, (compression) va C, (recompression index)- chi so nen SCI cap va thu cap.
D¢ lun cua l6'p dat day h 1 Ut:
S1 = [c,logk+C
P,
2 log~]~
Po l+e
(1.4)
0
Neu p > p, ;?: Po: C, = C, va C2 =C, ;

Neu p, > p >Po: C 1 = C2 = C,.;
Neu p > Po = p, : C 1 = C2 == C,.
V6'i dat dfnh, ta c6 th~ lay miiu v6 d~ thf nghi¢m oedometer, tu d6, xac djnh e1, E,
a
M, C, ho:;tc C,. Tuy nhien, d~ tfnh lun, cac mr6'c Tay Au- Bile My, phuCJng trl.nh (1.3)
rat ft khi duqc su dl,lng, thay vao d6, h9 su dl,lng phtrCing trlnh (1.4) (vl duemg conga
a
hlnh l.2a va duemg cong CD hlnh 1.2b la khong dung th\tC te, can duqc hi¢u chinh).
V 6i dat rO.i, ta ~_{hOng th~ lay milu nguyen d(lng d~ thf nghi¢m oedometer duqc.
Do d6, ta su dl,lng pfmCing trl.nh (1.3b) hoij.c (1.3c) d~ tfnh lun, va E (ho~c M) bat bu(lc
phi\i duqc suy ra tu ket qua thi nghi¢m hi¢n tnremg.
TU hl.nh 1.2 ta ciing c6: H¢ so qua co ket la OCR (tuc la Rc) == p, I p0 ; va:
" Dat rat qua co ket (heavily over-consolidated - HOC) c6 OCR ;?: 4;
" Dat qua co ket it (lightly over-consolidated- LOC) c6 OCR tu 2 den 3 ho:;tc 4;
" Dat co ket blnh thuemg (Normally consolidated - NC) c6 OCR ==1, thi,im chi
t6'i 2 do nhfrng sai so khi tinh toan;
e Dat du6'i co ket c6 OCR < 1.
Khai ni¢m v6 S\l qua .CO ket cua cat, xin xem them philn 1.2.3 .1.
OCR luon phi\i nho hCJn gi6'i h<;tn tren la OCR 11m 1, nhu sau:
22 TH[ NGHI~M flAT HI~N TRlfClNG VA (/NG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
' [ 1 + sin<p ]•in~ (1.5)

OCR,.•mI""
t (l - Slll<p
· )2
1.1.2.2. eq lun co ket tham theo thCii gian

Vai d::ft co tinh tham kern, llin xay ra rat chi/.m theo thai gian. TSli thai diem t, d9
hin !a s, =u, * s,
trong do s- d9 lun c6 ket toan phfin (phuong trinh 1.3 va 1.4 6 phfin 1.1.2.1),
U, (co gia tri tit 0 den 1, tile !a tii: 0% den 100%) duqc xac d!nh nhu sau:
Buac 1: Xac d!nh h~ s6 co k€t Cv (Taylor, Casagrande, ... );
Buac 2: Tv =Cv. t I h2 ;
Buac 3: Tra bi~u d6 quan h~ Tv- U de tim U.(ho~c su d1,mg cong thilc
tinh U,).
Cv phv thu9c nhieu vao h~ so tham k, va k = v/ I (d!nh lui/.t Darcy
v& di6u ki~n dong chay tfing)
6 day v - Vi/.n toe cua nuac tMm trong dat;
I - gradien thuy hJc.
V& Mt cat, h~ so thiiin tuong doi lan (k > 10_. cm/s). Con v& dat set, h~ so tMm
rat nho (k <10"7 cm/s), Vl Vi/.y, thai gian lun CUa dat Set kh:i lau.
1.1.2.3. £><? lun tcrc thCii

Ta su dvng phuong trinh (1.3b) va (1.3c) de tfnh d9 lun tile thai, tuy nhien, ta
dung mMun khong thoat nuac. MOdun khong thoat nu&c thu duqc b?tng each thi
nghi~m oedometer (nen m9t trvc) ho~c triaxial (nen ba trvc) trong dieu ki~n khong
tho:it nuac; ho~c thu duqc bling nhi!ng tuong quan vai thi nghi~m hi~n truang trong tai
li~u nay.
MMun kh6ng tho:it nuac (cho dat set, gia tai khong tho:it nuac) co quan h~ sau
vai mMun bi€n d;mg kh6ng na hong M:
Eu =M (1 + J.!u) (1 - 2fl') I (1-fl')
=15M l- 2fl'
' 1-fl ' '
trong do flu- h~ so Poisson trong di6u ki~n khong tho:it nuac,

flu= 0,5 (b?tng cua nuac );
fl' - h~ so Poisson trong dieu ki~n tho:it nuac.
. .• . .• . ·'
1. r6M rAT KI~N rHac fl!A Kl' THUAT co sAN 23
1.1.2.4. B<) tun tU' bie'n

D¢ !lin tu bie'n t<.ti nam thU t2 duqc tinh theo cong thuc ly thuye't sau:
S, = Caelog .!l_ h 1 ( 1.6)

t,
trong d6
t1 - thai di~m ke't thuc co k{t tMm (tuc Ut di~m t 100 tren bi~u d6 e-log(t) cua
Casagrande);
Cae - chi so nen tu bie'n ci\i bien (Ia chi so nen tinh tir d6 thj tai trqng-bie'n d<.tng).
a, d'ay C ae-- -Cae
--
- e, - ez
1+ e 1 log( t 2 I t 1)(1 + e 1)
Ca, Ia chi so nen tu bie'n tinh tu d6 thj tai trqng - h¢ so r6ng.
Thong thttemg, Cae= (0,015 + 0,032). C, va trong khoang 0,025 Mn 0,1. V6i dilt
than bun va hfru ca thi Cae l6n han, khoang 0,065. C,, th~m chi cao han.
Vai dilt cat, Schmertmann cho r!ing:
S, = So+e. 0,2. log(10 t2 ) (1.7)
trong d6 So+c - t6ng cua d¢ !lin tuc thai va !lin co ke't, thuemg chi ky hi¢u Ia S.
Dva vao phtrang trlnh ( 1. 7), thi ngay ca
vai cat, d¢ !lin tu bie'n cling khong th~ b6
qua (vi d1,1, sau 30 nam thl 0,2 . log(300) = 0,5; tuc Ia !lin tu bie'n bang 50% cua lun co
ke't, hay bang 33% cua lun t6ng).
1.1.2.5. H~ so nen
Trong mo hlnh nl\n Winkler, h¢ so n6n theo phuang dung (k, hay C,) thuemg duqc
su d1,1ng d~ tinh toan m6ng bang (tuc HI dilm tren nl\n dan h6i), m6ng be; con h¢ so n6n
theo phuang ngang (kh,) d~ tinh toan cqc chju tai trqng ngang.
H¢ so n6n khong nhilng ph1,1 thu¢c vao cilp ti'ti trqng, rna con phi.J thu¢c vao kich
thuac m6ng. Vesic (1961) cho dng, c6 th~ uac luqng k, (hay c,) nhtt sau:
(1.8)
trong d6
B - chi6u r<)ng m6ng, m;
E; j.t - mMun bie'n d;,tng, kN/m2 va h¢ s6 Poisson cua dilt;
Et; 11 - mMun dan h6i, kN/m 2 va momen uon cua m6ng, m4 •
Theo phuang ngang, ta c6 th~ t').m lily: kh, = K 0 k, vai ~ Ia h¢ so nen ngang (xem
philn 1.1.3).
24 TH[ NGHI~M flAT HleN TRlJCJNG VA ONG DI)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
1.1.3. H~ SOAP U,JC NGANG TINH K0
Ap ll;fc ngang tac dl;lng l~n phan to dat (<J\0 )

nit kho duqc xac djnh tfi!C tie'p va chinh xac. Chung
thui"mg duqc xac djnh th6ng qua ap ll;fc dUng (ung 1
j~
suilt dung - (j' vo) bang bieu thuc:
'
(jho= K oO'vo~
'
«=K•o'
K 0 g<;>i Ia h¢ so nen ngang (cac tai li¢u w dilt
cu t:;ti Vi¢t Nam thucmg ky hi¢u Ia 1;). Gia trj cua Ko L}<ho o vo
kho xac djnh trl;fc tiep, do do thui"mg duqc uac tinh Hinh 1.3
gian tie'p qua thi nghi¢m hi¢n trui"mg. Ko duqc giCii
h:;tn Mi h¢ so nen ngang chu d<)ng (Ka, tuc A.c) va h¢ so nen ngang bj d<)ng (Kr, tuc A.b):
tgz( 45o- <p/2) = 1- s~n <p = Ka s Ko s Kr = 1+sin <p tgz( 45o+ <p/2)
1+ sm <p 1- sin <p
, ....... & ? ,...,
1.1.4. SIJC CHONG CAT CUA EIAT
1.1.4.1. Sue chong c~t cua dat set

Khi duqc gia tai nhanh va dilt hoan toan kh6ng thoat nuCic S
(UU), thl dilt set bao hoa kh6ng co rna sat trong (<flu= 0), sue uf--=--=::--
khang ciit hoan toan do ll;fc dinh sinh ra, ta g<;>i do Ia sue khang
ciit kh6ng thoat nuCic S" ("tmax = Su = quf2, h!nh 1.4). Khi gia tai
ch~m (CD), v&i dilt c6 ke't thui"mg, sue khang cih hoan toan do
rna sat trong, con ll;fc dinh c' = 0. Hinh 1.4
Tom l:;ti, taco ba lo:;ti sue chong citt tUO"l1g ung v&i ba SCI d6 sau:
• UU: Gia tai nhanh, tuc thm, kh6ng thoat nuCic: <flu= 0; Su>O (con g<;>i Ia c");
• CU: Gia tai co ke't ch~m, cih nhanh: 0; c > 0;
• CD: Gia tai va citt ch~m, thoat nuCic hoan toan: <p' > 0; c' = 0 (v&i dilt qua co
ke't, ta van co c' > 0, nhung c' tUO"l1g doi nho).
Khi dilt set bj xao tr<)n (vi dl;l do tac dl;lng dong CQC, ... ), sue khang citt kh6ng
thoat nuCic cua no giam xu6ng con S"' (sue khang ciit xao d¢ng). Dilt set co d¢ nh:;ty
cam cao rift d~ bj pha ho:;ti va s:;tt 16". Bang 1.4 phan lo:;ti muc d¢ nh:;ty cam do Michell
( 1976) d6 xuilt.
trong do S, - d<) nh:;ty cam (hay tinh nh:;ty) cua dilt set va co gia trj Ia SufSur·
Bang 1.4. £l9 nh'\IY (tinh nh'\IY) cua dat set
s 1 1-2 2-4 4-8 >8

£Jo nh;;ty cam khong ft vua cao rat cao
. ·' . ·' . ·'

CHL(:'JNG 1. T6M TAT KI~N THO'Cfl!A K?'THU~T CO BAN 25
1.1.4.2. SU'c chong d!t cua dat cat

Dtlt cat th'i khong c6 ltJc dfnh (c = 0), do d6, sue khang dt cua dat cat duqc bieu
hi~n qua g6c rna sat trong <p nhu sau: 1:m.,= cr' vo. tg<p.
Tuy nhien, g6c rna sat trong <p l?i ph~t thu9c vao muc d¢ bie'n d1:1ng - s - cua dttt.
M¢t lo?i dat cat nhung de & hai miiu c6 tr1:1ng thai khac nhau, m¢t miiu cat ch~t, m¢t
miiu cat rai. Sau d6, dem thf nghi~m nen ba tn.,tc ta se xac d\nh duqc g6c <p nhu hlnh
1.5.
Vai cat ch~t, ban dliu, g6c 
Tuy nhien, ci\. cat ch~t vii. cat rOi (cung lo?i cat, chi $
khac ve d¢ ch~t) se cung d?t gia tri <p <v ( cv c6 nghla la cat ch?t
the tfch miiu dat sau d6 khong d6i - constant volume) & $cv
m¢t bie'n d?ng e" kha lan.
Tuy thu¢c d¢ ch~t vii. ap life len miiu dat, <pr c6 the
Ian hon <p,v til 0 den 8°, th~m chf con hon. V Cli cat rOi, <pr Hinh 1.5
bang <p,v· G6c <p uac tfnh trong tai li~u nay khong duqc ghi
chep dliy du bdi cac nha khoa hqc la <pr hay <p,v· De an toan, ta chqn <p,v cho thie't k€.
Do d6 vm cac lo(li cat chijt, ta c6 thi trit b6t di vai di) khi uuc ttnh g6c <p theo tai li?u
nay.
? ,.,, ..... .... .. _,
1.1.5. TY SO !JNG SUAT CHU TRINH (KHANG CHAN)
De danh gia kha nang bie'n loiing cua dat cat khi c6 d¢ng d:it, nguai ta dtJa vao ty
s6 ling sutlt chu tr'inh (1:/cr'vol t?i cac d9 sau khac nhau cua dtlt. 1:/cr' vo duqc xac d\nh
bdi thf nghi~m ba tr1;1c chu trlnh ho~c thf nghi~m dt trtJc tie'p chu trinh. Tokimatsu vii.
. 'Yoshimi quathtJc nghi~m dtJ bao rang:
(1.9)
trong d6 1:1 (hay 1:,J - ung sutlt tie'p chu trlnh trung binh;
crvo, cr' vo- U:ng sutlt t6ng vii. U:ng sufft hihl hi~u do ban than dfft (dja tlnh);
M- cuang d¢ d¢ng dat (thuang la 7 den 8);
am., (hay HPGA) - gia t6c ngang max, tfnh bang g;
g - gia t6c trqng truang;
z - chi6u sau, m.
Ty' s6 1: !/cr' VO dUO'C
,
duno0 (j true
,
tung trong cac hlnh ve a m~tc 2.3.6, 3.3.5 va 4.4.7.
THf NGHit:M flAT HI~N TRlfClNG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
/11~~- TU'Ot..Jt:; QUAN GlfiA cAc TlNH CHAT Cd l Y CUA DAT

·1
<• - ? .,.., ? ' , , , .&
1.2.1. Til0NG QUAN GIU'A CHI SO DEO PI VOl SUC KHANG CAT Su
V&i dat c6 k€t thuang, Skemton (1957) d6 xuat quan h¢ sau giua chi s6 deo PI vm
set khiing cat khong thoat nu&c S, (hlnh 1.6a):
SJcr'vo"'0,11+0,0037PI (1.10)
trong d6 (}"' Vo- Ung SUat ban thilil (hiJu hi¢u).
Hinh l.6b minh hqa k€t qua v6'i mqi dift set. Ta thify rang, v6'i dat set huu CCJ thl
k€t qua rift khong 6n djnh, kh6ng theo m¢t tuoog quan n~w ca. Trong hlnh nay, cr' P 13
ap ivc ti6n c6 k€t.
a)
. ...
"' &!.
Sulu;01t.(UI + 0.003-71 111
o~~L-~~~~~~~_._.~
0 120
PI
b)
0.4
0
0
0.2
set voca 4li

set hrtu co •0
PI
Hinh 1. 6. Quan h~ chl so deo PI (tll"c Ia lw hay 1.) v<1i S,
a) datset c6 ket thuong; b) m<;>i lo9i dat set.
. .• . .• . .•
CHLJONG 1. T6M TAT KI~N THIJC D!A K1' THUfo.,T CO BAN
27
" , ..... ? 10,,

1.2.2. TIJONG QUAN VOl TINH BiEN D~NG CUA DAT
1.2.2.1. TL!'dng qu<m giua h~ so Poisson (nd hong) va <p, PI
H~so Poisson (Poat xong) cua dtit cat duqc uac tfnh thOng qua goc <:p Mi
Trautman va Kulhawy (1987) nhu sau:
v ""0,1 + 0,015 (<:p'- 25°) (1.11)
0.6 . - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
v 6i oat set bao hoa nude,
trong tho'i gian ngiin sau khi gia tai
thl nu6'c khong kjp thoat va the\
tich cua mftu dat khOng d6i. Do
d6, h~ so Poisson khong thoat
nu6'c !a vu"' 0,5.
Sau khi nu6'<;th9at~dang ke\ ra
khoi mftu dat, h~ so v giln nhu
tuye'n tfnh v6i chi so deo PI nhu a 0 20 PI (%)40 60 80
hlrih 1.7.
Hinh 1. 7. H~ so I! ella set qua co ket it
1.2.2.2. MOdun khong thoat nL!'Cic cua set
Khi dilt set chju

nen khong thoat
nu6'c, dilt bie'n d<;~ng
nhu m¢t v~t the\ dan
h6i va mOdun dan h6i
!a E,. Ta co v" = 0,5 100!! h-.-..+..;;.;.-+;:.,...~1-:-~-+-++....,H
do d6: r;;,"
-,III~Wh-_;,.,;.:.+..:..:;+...;...,;,.,.~~:....:.~,11-++....,H
Eu =2 G (1 + v u) = 3G >;t;;l
Duncan,
Buchignani (1976)
thie't l~p quan h~ gifra
EjS,, OCR va PI nhu
tren hlnh 1. 8.
OCR
Hinh 1.8. Quan h~ EJS, vai OCR va PI (Duncan va Buchignani, 1976)
28 THf NGHI$M DAT HI~N TRlJClNG VA ONG DI,ING TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
1.2.2.3. Chi so nen

Chi s6 nen S(J dp C, cua dilt set c6 th~ t').m thO'i lay nhu sau:
• Set t6t: C, < 0,2;
Set trung blnh: cc = 0,2 + 0,4;
. Set ye'u: C, >0,4.
Tren the' gioi, ngum ta da thie't l~p hoo 70 tuoog quan khac nhau d~ u6c tfnh C, va
C, dJ!a tren de tfnh chat v~t ly cua dat, va giUa cac tuoog quan, c6 SJ! khlic nhau 16n.
Vf dv m¢t s6 tuoog quan duqc dan trong bang 1.5. Trong bang nay, Kulhawy va
Mayne cho ding, c6ng thUc cua Terzaghi va Peck c6 sai s6 tuoog d6i 16n, nhung l<:ti
duqc dung kha ph6 bie'n.
Bang 1.5. Lf<'ic tinh C,, C, va Ca cua dat dinh
C, = 0,009 (w,- 10) (sai s6 ±30%) set d9 nh9y cam thap Terzaghi va Peck, 1967
C, = 0,5LI.Ip/100"' lp /74 Wroth va Wood, 1978
c, = 0,046 + 0,0104 lp cho dat c6 lp <50% Nasake va c(ing stf, 1988
C, = 0,009w + 0,005LL cac lo9i set Koppula, 1986
C ..o, 139 fS I cr' J·0 ·58 = 0,5 d6n 0,05 S /cr' = o,1 den 4 Xap xl W bang cua Schmertmann
c, "'0,2 c, Wroth va Wood, 1978
c,"' (0,05 den o, 1) c, Bowles, 1996
c = 0,00194(lp- 4,6) cho dat c6 lo < 50% Nasake va c6ng slf, 1988
c.= 0, 00168 + 0, 00033 lp Nasake va c(mg stf, 1988
c.= 0,0001w NAFAC DM7 (My)
c = (0,03 aen 0,09) c
1.2.3. H~ SOAP LVC NGANG TiNH K 0 VA H~ SO QUA CO KET OCR
Dat c6 kha nang "ghi nh6l[ch si':r Un.g suat". Hlnh 1.9a tuoog d6i quen thu¢c voi
m¢t s6 nguOi, trong do ke't qua nen ep (p-e) duqc trlnh bay tren d6 th[ ban log. Tren
hlnh 1.9b, khfa qnh "ghi nh6 l[ch si':r Un.g suat" duqc giai thfch chi ti€t hoo: Ta lay vf
dv qua tdnh dilm ch!iit, Ide dilm Un.g suat dUn.g cr\o tang len (duO'ng nen S(J cap a-b),
rrng suat ngang cr\o dlng tang len. H¢ s6 nen ngang Ide nay Ja KoNC: KoNC la d¢ d6c
do').n a-b va Ja cr\jcr' vo· Khi th6i di!m (duO'ng d5' tai b-e), m!iic du Un.g suat dUng <J\0
giam di, nhung dat van "luu" l').i Un.g suat ngang cr\o (cr\o c6 giam, nhung kh6ng giam
nhi~u nhu cr\0 ) , do d6, h¢ s6 nen ngang tang len (Kou Iii d¢ d6c do<).n a-c); Khi d6 dat
chuy~n sang tr<).ng thai qua c6 ke't.
Voi dat c6 ke't thuO'ng, K0 (td'c Iii/;) duqc ky hi¢u Ja KoNc· Jaky (1948) cho rAng:
1-sin<p .
KoNc"" . (1 + 0,67 sm <p) (1.12)
l+sm<p
Phuoog trlnh nay duqc doo gian hoa hoi Brooker va Ireland (1965):
. .• . .• . .•
CHVONG 1. T6M TAT KI~N THI1C fl!A K? THUM CO BAN 29
KoNc"' 0,95- sin <p' ho~c"' 0,9 (1 -sin <p') (1.13)
Tuy nhien, phuong trlnh (1.14) la d<!ng don gilm hoa thuang duqc dung nhat:
KoNc"' 1 - sin <p' (1.14)
vm dat qua co ket thl:

Ko s Kou "' ( 1- sin<p ') . OCR sio<p · , KoNc
(OC) .JOCR (1.15)
(Ne'u !ad& tai !fin dfiu tien thl Ko(oq=Koul (u la viet t~t cua unloading- da tai)
0
-.c:
b
Pc og p a A''
U'.s uilng I
O'vo
Hinh 1.9. H~ so nen ngang K0 thay d6i tuy thugc vi10 tr9ng thai co ke't
1.2.3.1. H~ so qua co ket OCR cua cat
Dat cat da tung bj nen tru6'c cfing se bj qua c6 ke't, va cfing t6n t'!i gia trj ap h!C
ti6n c6 ket p, (hay cr'J. Tuy nhien, vita kh6ng th~ lay mll.u cat, nen ta kh6ng th~ xac
djnh duqc p, trong phong thf nghi~m. Do d6, vCii nhi6u nguO'i, h~ s6 OCR cua cat c6 ve
nhu m¢t khai ni~m trliu tuqng, kh6ng c6 thJ.!c.
Ta h1nh dung m¢t trong nhfrng qua trlnh "qua c6 ke't" don gian sau: Khi dam dat,
cac h<!t dat bj nen ch~t l<!i. Sau khi dfim xong, K 0 = cr\o I cr' , 0 tang len va 16'n hon gia
a
trj phuong trlnh (1.14). Dat dii bj "qua c6 ket".
Nhu v~y, dat cat qua c6 ket c6 th~ djnh nghia don gian 18. dat c6 h¢ s6 ap ]J.!C
ngang tinh, K 0 , l6'n hon nhi6u so vm (1 - sin<p'). Cho phep c6 sai sot so thf nghi~m va
tinh toan, dat cat c6 ket thuO'ng c6 the coila dat c6 K 0 = (1+1,5)x(l - sin<p'). VI cat c6
tinh tham l6'n, nen hau nhu kh6ng c6 truang hqp cat du6'i c6 ke't.
OCR duqc uCic tfnh qua K 0 nhu sau (Bullock 1983; Kulhawy va Mayne, 1990):
K ] 1,25 I sin <p'
0
OCR= (1.16)
[ 1-sin<p'
30 TH[ NGHJ~M flAT HleN TRUONG VA l1NG DI)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH NtN M6NG
1.2.3.2. H~ soap h,rc ngang tinh Ko va h~ so qua co ket OCR cua dat set
Ban dilu, nhit\u tac gia lien h~ K 0 v6'i LI hoi,lc PI. Vf dt.J, Alpan (1967) cho r!ing:
K 0 NC "' 0,19 + 0,233 !og(Ir) (1.17)
Holtz va Kovacs (1981) cho r~ng:

K 0 NC "' 0,44 + 0,0042 IP (1.18)
Ngoai ra con m¢t so tac gia nua nhu Larsson, Brooker va Ireland. Nhung sau d6
Mayne va Kulhawy (1990) cho r~ng, cac quan h~ do c6 di) tin ci;ly nit thap.
48 cloys
Z.Of-
1.51- -
Hlnh 1.10. Kilim nghi<?m phuong trinh 1.14, 1.15 (Mayne va Kulhawy- 1982)
Ko cua dat set nen u6'c tfnh qua thf nghi~m hi~n truemg hoi,lc qua cac phu<mg trlnh
(1.14) va (1.15)- khi d6 <p' Ia g6c rna sat trong hii"u hi~u (thu duqc qua thf nghi~m dt
chi,lm co ke't- CD). Hlnh 1.10 ch(mg to r~ng phu<mg trlnh (1.14), (1.15) c6 d¢ tin ci,ly
tu<mg doi cao.
Doi v6'i dat set, OCR u6'c tfnh trvc tie'p qua thf nghi~m hi~n truemg Ia tu<mg doi
tin ci,ly. Truemg hqp kh6ng th~ u6'c tfnh tn,rc tiep duqc thi su dt.Jng nhii"ng u6'c tfnh gian
tie'p cua cac tac gia sau:
" Stas va Kulhawy ( 1984) d6 xu at quan h~ sau giua ap h,rc ti6n c6 ket vii d¢ s~t LI
. .• . .• . ..
CHlfONG 1. T6M Tii.T KI~N THL1CD!A KY'THUAT CO BAN 31
(con g9i lit IL ho~c B):

a', lpa= 10l.lt-t,62LI (l.l9a)
hay OCR= 10l,lt-t,62 L1 I (cr'jpa) (Ll9b)
e Mayne va Bachus (1989), dva tren thf nghi~m PMT tV khoan cho rling:
OCR= 0,76 (Sjp,) ln(I,) · (1.20)
· trong d6 I, - chi s6 d(\ cti'ng,
I,= GIS" (th6ng thuemg, I,~ 150+200, voi dilt chiu tiii tr9ng ngang
thl I,"' 75+ 100);
G - mOdun khang d.t cua dilt;
su - sue khang dt kh6ng thoat nuoc.
e Con Schmertmann ( 1978) de xuilt each uoc tfnh dVa vao hlnh Lll. Trong d6:
L lJ6c tfnh S" .
2. Tinh Sufcr'vo(con ky hi~u la: (Sufcr'vo)oc)·
3. Tfnh (Sjcr'vo)Nc = 0,11 + 0,0037 lp (hlnh 1.6);
Neu kh6ng c6 Ip thl gia su (Sufcr'vo)Nc= 0,33.
4. Tfnh Sjcr' VO roi tra hlnh 1.11 de\ tlm OCR.
(Sulcr'vo )Nc
Quan h~ nay la: (Su I cr'VO )oc ""'OCR 0,8
(Su I cr' vo )NC
0,6
Mayne c6 quan h~ tUO'Ilg tV cho K" la: K 0 = 0,51 (S" I cr:vo )oc.
· [
(Su I cr vo )Nc ]
e Cvc ky thu~t Hii.i quiln My (NAVFAC, 1982) d€ xuilt quan h~ gifra cr', va LI a
hlnh 1.12, trong d6 s, lad(\ nh<;ty cam (sensitivity) cua dilt set.
5
SuI cr'vo
4
(SuI cr'vo )Nc
3
2
2 3 4 6 8 10 OCR
Hinh 1.11. lfac tfnh OCR (Schmertmann d\fa tren Ladd, 1971)
32 THf NGHieM flAT HI eN TRlfClNG VA O'NG Dt,JNG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
1.4
1.2
'
0.8
-:::;
,,.
"'
<0•
0.6
0.4
Ci:l
0.2
ap h,tc lien c6 kilt d '(!sf" bar " kg/cm 2 )

Hinh 1.12. Quan h~ u',, Ll vas, (NAVFAC, 1982)
1.2.3.3. Nh~n xet ve ghl trj K0

Ap d~ng phuong trlnh (1.14), ta se co bimg san:
Bang 1.6. Gia trj K0 va v cho dat co ket thllilng (NC)
set deo,
flat Cat chat cat roi Set cltnq Setoha nhao mtoc
Kn (hay~) 0,25-0,33 0,33-0,43 0,25-0,43 0,49-0,59 0,61-0,72 1
u (hay v) 0,20-0,25 0,25-0,3 0,20-0,3 0,33-0,37 0,38-0,42 0,5
(voi dat c6 ket thuong thi K0 " vi (1-v))
Bi'mg 1.6 thtt<mg duqc trfch dan trong cac tai li¢u co h9c dilt cu. Tuy nhi~n, bang
tr~n chi phu hqp v6i dift co ke't thu(mg --NC. (cac tai li¢u CCI h9c dift cii hie'm khi de
c~p de'n da't qua co ke't--OC). Trong bi'mg ~ .6, dilt cang tot thl K 0 cang nho.
Nguqc 1'!-i, v6'i da't qua co ke't, thl dilt cang qua co ke't (OCR, tuc Ia Rc cang 16'n)
thl dilt cang tot, va K0 cang Ian .. Tu phuong trlnh (1.15) ta se l~p duqc bang 1.7.
Bi!mg 1. 7. Gia trj K 0 cho dat qua co ket
flat Set qua c6 ket flat dam chi;lt

K, (hay 1;1 1,0-4,0 0,7-2,0
. .•
CHVONG 1. T6M TAT KI~N THO'C fl!A KY'THUAT CO BAN
" , ..!. ? ......

1.2.4. SUC KHANG CAT CUA BAT
1.2.4.1. G6c ma sat trong <p cua dat cat

NAVFAC (Ct.~c kythu~t Hai quttn My) lien h~ giua g6c <p v6i tr9ng lm;mg rieng
khO cua tirng "lol).i dat ky hi~u theo USCS b hlnh 1.13. Trong d6, trt.~~ hoanh Ia kh6i
luqng rieng kh6 'Yo (tuc la yk). Ben du6i trt.~c hoanh con c6 thang chia Vl).ch cho h~ s6
r6ng e va d¢ r6ng n; e va n duqc tinh toan v6i gia thie"t ty tr<?ng rieng D. (con ky hi~u Ia
G hay G,) btlng 2,68.
Con Schmertmann (1978) (Phiit tri.Sn tit Burmister- 1948) lien h~ giua g6c <p v6i
d¢ ch~t cua cat nhu b hlnh 1.14.
cat, sci lan

ft h<;ln m!n
()
•o
0
trl
khoi IU'gng rieng kho T/m3
('1 1.2 1.28 1.44 1.6 1.76. 1.92 2.08 2.24 2.4
1.2 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.15
h~ so r6ng e (coi6.=2.68)
~--~----~----~--~----~----~----~--~dor6ngn
0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15"
Hinh 1. 13. Xac djnh g6c til' D, cua dat cat
1.2.4.2. Sue khang ciit cua dat set

Goc rna sat trong thoat nuac (thi nghi¢m CD, c' R' 0) cua dat set <p'cv (CD) duqc
Michell uac tinh (hinh 1.15) lil:
<p'" =arcsin (0,8- 0,094lnPI) (1.21)
trong do PI- chi s6 deo (tuc Hi. IP hay IP hay <D).

Con sue khang c~t khong thoat nuac su (tuc la Cu trong thi nghi¢m UU, <pu=O) co
tM co m¢t trong cac li~n h¢ sau: .
• Li~n h¢ vai PI (con ky hi¢u la A) (hinh 1.6).
f
• Li~n h¢ vai LI (con ky hi¢u laB) (hlnh 1.16).

Trong hlnh 1.16, Jamiolkowsky va Mesri nhi!-n xet dmg vai dat co k€t binh
thuemg (NC) thl (Sjcr'vo)NcR' 0,23 ± 0,04.
v ai dat qua c6 ke't (OC) thl Ladd va c¢ng SlJ ( 1971) nhi!-n xet nlng (hinh 1.11 ):
(SuI cr' vo )oc R' OCR o.s (1.22a)
(SuI cr'vo )Nc
dodo: (Sjcr' vo)oc R' (0,23±0,04). OCR0 ·8 (1.22b)
vai OCR R' 2 thl

(Sulcr'c)oc = (SJcr'vo)oc I OCR R' (0,23 ± 0,04). 2·0 •2 = 0,2 ± 0,03 (1.22c)
. .• . .•
CHVONG 1. T6M TAT KI~N THtJC fl!A KY'THUAT CO BAN 35
o Milu nguyen d<;mg

A Mau chebj
sin ~ev'lll! O.S-0.0941n PI
~:t'i6~~"'
~~~
PI
Hinh 1. 15. Xac djnh q>'" cua dat set
0-~~--~~~--~~---L--~~
0 1 2 3 4
LI
Hinh 1.16. Xac djnh Su tli Ll (Bjerrum va Simons, 1960)
38 THfNGHI~M tlAT HleN TRlJCJNG VA lJNG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
Dva vao phucrng trlnh

( 1.22b), ta c6 nh:tm xet sau:
a) b)
Gia thie't dilt co tr\)ng
luqng rieng khong d6i, khi d6,
bieu d6 U'ng suat ban tMn se
c6 di!-ng d hlnh 1.17a. Do d6,
v6i dilt c6 ke't blnh thuimg
(NC, c6 OCR = 1 tu tren NL-----1 N
xu6ng), bieu d6 S" se c6 d~_mg

d hinh 1.17c.
Tuy nhien, vi bi6u d6
OCR thuimg c6 d;;mg d hinh
1.17b (cite I&p dat & vo wii dat
tlmimg la qua c6 ke't), khi ta ap
d\lng phucrng trlnh ( l.22b) v6i
dat qua c6 ke't, bi6u d6 S" se c6
di!-ng d hlnh l.l7d. N NL---~
Hinh 1. 17. Bi!i' u do OCR, Su thea chieu sau

a) o-',; b) OCR; c) Su(NC); d) Su(OC)
De xac d}nh d¢ nhi/.Y cam

cua dat set (S, = SJS"', xem
ph an1.1.4.1 ), . ta c6 the ap
d\lng hlnh 1.12 ho~c hlnh 1.18
(Michell, 197 6).
::;
-
<<D·
til
<0·
0
-o.s:-;-.........,'"'"'-'~-~,_...........!.J..~=--'........_..&.~.J..wJ
0.1 10 100
Lfng suat d(ing d "' (bar)
Hinh 1.18. fl.i? nh:(IY cam cua diit set (Michell, 1976)
CHLIONG 1. T6M TAT KI~N THCfC B!A K'i'THUM CO BAN
37
,. .!',; ··' - ? .,
1.3. TOM TAT SUC CH!U TAI DQC CUA CQC DdN
Sue chju tiii qrc h<;~n cua cqc duqc chia thanh sue kh:ing Mn va rniii nhu sau:
(1.23)
Sue kh:ing b~n:
Q1 =u L: fi. L'.zi (1.24)
aday fi - Ia rna sat b~n d<m vj cua cqc (con ky hi¢u Ia , i ho~c q, ho~c f.);
u - chu vi than cqc;

t.zi - chi~u dai do<;~n phan t6 cqc rna tr~n d6 fi duqc coi Ia Mng s6;
u L'.zi - di¢n tfch xung quanh cua d0<;111"phan t6 coc.
. .
Sue kh:ing rniii:
(1.25)
aday qP- sue kh:ing rniii d<m vj cua cqc (hay ky hi¢u la Ri );
A, - ti€t di¢n ngang rniii cqc;
N€u cqc chju keo, rniii cqc c6 rna r¢ng chan thl A, la philn rna r¢ng chan,
rn~t ti€p xuc giua cqc v&i dlft phia Mn tr~n ebb rnb r¢ng. N€u cqc kh6ng
rn& r¢ng chan thl A,= 0.
De dlf b:io sue chju tiii, ta c6 the dung ba nh6rn phu<mg ph:ip chinh sau:
I. Dva vao c:ic d~c trung caly cua dat n~n;
2. Dva vao J.s:et qua ,thi nghi¢rn dilt hi¢n tru0ng. C:ic philn 2.5, 3.5 va 4.5 se trlnh
bay c:ic each d\f b:io sue chju tili kh:ic nhau theo thi nghi¢rn dilt hi¢n tru0ng;
3. Dva vao c:ic thi nghi¢rn ki6rn ch1Ing cqc, nhu nen tlnh cqc (xern ph1,1 l1,1c 5),
PDA, PIT, thi nghi¢rn d¢ng (biing dong cqc).
1.3.1. THIET KE CQC THEO U'NG.SUAT (HAY SU'c CH!U TAl) CHO PHEP
Sue chju tili nen cho phep cua cqc Ia:
[Q] (hay Q,, hay [PJ) = ~u - (w,9,- wM,)"' ~u _ w (1.26)

s s
trong d6
F, - h¢ s6 an toan, thu0ng lily tir 2 den 4;
w _ hi¢u s6 giua kh6i luqng ban than cqc va khoi luqng ban than dilt do n6 chi€rn
. ~
. .• . .• . .•
38 THf NGHII;M flAT HI~N TRL!ONG VA liNG D\)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH NtN MONG
ch6, c6 xet den I!JC dliy Acsimet cua pMn CQC du6i mvc nu6c ngilm;
VI dl,l, CQC c6 ti€t di~n 0,09 m 2 , dai L == 20 m, pMn CQC nam trt:n nu6c ngilm Ia
12 m, philn CQC nam trong nu6c ngiim Ia 8 m. Tren ffilJC nu6c ngiim, y,9,-Yd!it""
2,5- 1,8 =0,7 t/m 3 • Du6i mvc nu6c ngiim, y, 9,-YMr"" 1,5- 1,1 == 0,4 t/m 3 th!:
3
w == 0,09 . (8 m. 0,4 t/m + 12m. 0,7 t/m 3)"" 1 tan.
Ghi chli: Neu ta tinh sue chju tai keo, thi:

• Slic khang mOi chl c6 neu mOi cqc ma r(ing chan. Lilc d6, sue khang mGi c6 aphan trim cila de mui. Neu khong ma
r¢ng chan thi: [Q] = ~~ + w09, ;
f
• H$ so an toan F, thttdng ldn han twang h9P CQC chju nen.
Nhieu nghit:n CUu thay rang (hlnh 1.19): Du6i tai trQng cho phep, chuy.:!n vj cua
CQC [S] kha nho. M~c du chuy.:!n vj nho, sue kMng bt:n cua CQC vfu1 duqc huy dQng kha
16n. Tuy nhit:n, t(li chuy.:!n vj d6, sue khang mili m6i chi duqc huy dQng m(lt philn nho.
Do d6, ta nen dung hai h~ s6 an toan nhu sau:
[Q] == Qf + Qp - w (1.27)
F1 FP
H~
s6 an toan cho sue khang ben F 1 thuiing bang khoang 2 + 2,5, con h¢ s6 an
toan cho sue kMng mili FP trong khoiing 2,5 + 3,5 (thl).m chf t6i 6 nhu phuang pMp
Schmertmann SPT, phiin 3.5.2).
sue khang
Qu
I
\tF'<0 :
:0,\\<0 I
"'IJ0..._'0 i
I
I
I
I
I
Qf ~~-"I
I
I
I
[Q] I
I
I
Qf/ Ff - I
I I
Qp - L--------------------
1 I
I ()\I
I , ~" (\1 I
I , \f,.'(\0' ,-, I
I <;;,\10 I
I I
I I
I I
I I
Qp/ Fp I
I
chuyiln vl tvqng doi
s giCia CQC & at
Hinh 1.19. Slf huy dgng sue khang
CHlfQNG 1. T6M TAr KI~N THlJC D!A K? THU,I..T CO BAN 39
Ta can thiet ke sao eho tai trqng tae d1,mg len eqe nho hon sue eh!u tai, tuc Ia:
. Q Q
P S: [Q] hay P =P0 + PL S: _r +-P- w (1.28)
Fr FP
trong d6 P0 - tlnh tai;

PL - hoi:_lt ti'ti;
P- t6ng tiii trqng (finh tiii vii hoi:_lt tiii) tac dl)ng len cqe.
1.3.2. THIET KE CQC THEo H~ s6 THANH PHAN

(LRFD- LOAD AND RESISTANT FACTOR DESIGN)
Trong thiet ke theo cae M s6 thiinh phan, phuong trlnh "c6 ve tuong U!" nhu
phuong trlnh (L28):
(1.29)
trong d6 P0 , PL- tlnh tiii vii hoi:_lt tiii;

y0 , YL- h¢ s6 tinh tiii (Yo= 1,25) vii h¢ s6 hoi:_lt tiii (YL= 1,75);
<Dr, <Dp- h¢ s6 sue khang ben vii h¢ s6 sue khang mili.
Theo AASHTO 1994-2001 thl cae h¢ s6 <Dr, <DP ph\! thu¢e vao phuong phap dl!
a
bao sue ehju tiii, vf dl) nhu biing 1.8. H¢ s6 sue khang <D eua eqe thep thu<mg thilp
hon cua cqc betong.
Bang 1.8. Cac h~ so sac khang ,, "'• cqc betong dong
LO\Ii
dat
Phuong phiip dlf biio
sli'c chiu tai
,
"'·
a-API 0.45
H')t min a-Tomlinson 0,35

0,60+0,70
(dlnh) 8 0,32
'!.. 0.45
H')t tho Nordlund 0,35

0.40+0,60
(roi) p 0.45
Schmertmann SPT(phan 3.5.2) 0.45
Cac lo')i Schmertmann CPT (phan 2.5.2) 0,55
ctat Thi ns:~hiem n€m finh 0,80
Thl nghiem PDA 0,70
. ·' . ·'
40 THf NGHI~M flAT HleN TRlfCJNG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~t-1 M6NG
•
II--CON
CHlfONG 2. TH[ NGHI~M XUY~N CON 41
CHlfONG2
; ..... ..... ......

THI NGHieM XUYEN CON (CPT)
2.1. GIOI THI~U

2.1.1. NGUYEN LY
Thi nghi~m xuyen c6n (CPT- Cone Penetration Test), con duqc g<;>i !a thi nghi~m
xuyen tlnh rna & d6, nguM ta xuyen vao trong dat m(>t chuy xuyen hlnh c6n; lt!c lam
xuyen !a lt!C ep tlnh. Trong qua trlnh xuyen, nguai ta do sue khang xuyen cua dat ling
v6'i mfii xuyen - ky hi~u !a qc - va sue kMng cua dat v6'i M m~t mang s6ng thanh ben
cua xuyen - ky hi~u !a f,.
2.1.2. L!CH Slf CPT
Thi nghi~m CPT do bilng w hqc (MCPT, tuc !a mechanical CPT) diiu tien duqc
thl!c hi~n vao niim 1931 t~i Ha Lan. Nam 1946, w cau gia lt!c t6i da cua CPT !a 2,5
tan thl nam 1948 da tang len den 10 tan. Niim 1953 C<1 cau gia 1\!C bang thuy 1\!C !lin
diiu tien duqc gi6'i thi~u & Phap.
Nam 1948, nhi6u c6ng ty & Ha Lan biit diiu nghien cll'u dua ra lo~i c6n do bang
di~n (ECPT, tuc !a Electric CPT). Nam 1964, C6ng ty Furgo (Ha Lan) biit diiu sir d1,1ng
ECPT r(>ng rai.
Nam 1975, m(>t vong da tham d~ do ap h,rc nu6'c !6 r6ng (u) liin diiu tien duqc thir
nghi~m. Thf nghi~m nay g<;>i !a CPTU hay Piezo-cone CPT. Ngay nay cac thie't bj CPT
hi~n d~i d6u duqc do bilng di~n va c6 kha nang do duqc ap lt!c nu6'c 16 r6ng, do d6
CPTU thuoog duqc hi~u Ia ECPTU.
Nhfrng thf nghi~m CPT th6 sa thuoog kh6ng xu yen qua duqc cac 16'p cat tmmg d6i
ch~t, set deo cling/ nira cling. V6'i S\! ph at tritin nhu vii bao cua tie'n b(> khoa hQC ky
thu;:tt, S\! tinh xiw va khit nang cua thf nghi~m CPT ngay cang duqc nang cao. Hi~n
nay, CPT sir d1,1ng d6i tn;mg 16'n (40 tan, th;:tm chf 16'n h<Jn) c6 th~ xu yen qua m<;>i lo~i
. .• . .• . .• . .•
42 TH[ NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRlfdNG VA ONG DI,ING TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
da't, ttr set ra't cung, cat rift ch~t Mn ngay ca soi cu¢i
ch~t vua cling nhu m¢t s6 lo9-i da. May xuyen
AMAP'sols cua Phap [1] (mili con biing thep t6t de
tranh bj ph:i ho9-i), v&i d6i tr<;mg 26 u1n, da c6 the ··
xuyen con qua m<;>i 109-i dilt, da, soi rna sue khang
mui len t6i 148 MPa. Khi g~p da cung hem nua, may
AMAP'sols se chuyen sang che' d¢ xuyen d¢ng de
cong pha nhling lap da nay. T9-i mi,it vitng dat 0 Lyon
(Phap), may xtiyen Gouda chi c6 the xuyen t&i 3 hoi;ic
4 m vl. g~p lap da phan thi may xuyen AMAP'sols c6
the xuyen silu khoang 35 + 45 m v6'i 15 + 24 m nlim
trong da phan [1]. V&i sue cong pha l&n nhu v~y, cac
may xuyen hi~n d9-i th~m chi con su dlfng de xuyen
kiem tra Xem lf\f V~t Ji~U roi (lf\1 da SOi, CQC cat) CO
duqc thi cong dtl cMt hay khong. Con v6 di,i sau, mi,it
trong nhung thi nghi~m CPT silu nhilt la 0 Bologna
(Y)- d¢ sau 300m [2].
Cac hlnh dum day minh ho9- ciic lo<:~i gian khoan
CPT c6 d6i tr<;>ng n~ng nhy khiic nhau; th~m chi c6
lo<:~i gian khoan banh xinh dung de thi cong tren m<;>i
dja hlnh.
Hinh 2.1. Thi nghi~m xuyen con MCPT
(doi cu) Jo~i quay tay cua Thuy, Dil\n
Hinh 2.2. Giim ECPT Jo~i nh~
Hinh 2. 3. H~ th6ng nen

thuy h,rc dii'y can xuyen
CHLIONG 2 THf NGHieM XUY!:N CON 43
Hinh 2.5. Cilng MCPT (J hinh 2.4, c6 thEl d(it n6

Hinh 2.4. Neo lrtfc tiep MCPT xuong dat len thung 1 chiec xe tai dE! tang them doi trQng
Hinh 2.6. Xe CPT lo~i trung binh Hinh 2. 7. Gifm CPT banh xich
Hinh 2.8. Xuyen dang thtfc hii~n duCii gam xe va may tinh ghi ke't qua xuyen
. .• . .• . .• . .•
44 TH( NGHI~M flAT HI~N TRlJCJNG VA (lNG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TICH Ntl "
Hinh 2.9. Mgt solo~i xe CPT hl)ng ni;ing (trim 40 tan)

CHtfONG 2. THf NGHieM XUYt:N CON 45
.. ' ~ ? ;..'
2.2.1. CAC THANH PHAN CUA THIET B!
Nhfrng b¢ pMn chu ye'u cua may xuyen Ut chuy (hay dau miii) xuyen, mangxong,
can XU yen, C(J dtU gia liJC Va do liJC, gia d6' va h~ neo.
Chuy xu yen c6 miii con nhqa g6c lJ dlnh 60°, tiet di~n ngang tit 5 den 20 cm 2 (may
AMAP'sol c6 th~ l&p de lo~i con tit 10 den 50 cm 2). Lo~i con ph6 d~ng nhfft c6 tie't
di~n ngang Ia A,= 10 crn (duemg kinh Ia d, = 35,7 mm).
2
Mang song (di;it phia tren miii, dung d~ do sue khang ben) c6 .duemg kinh Ia d, va
phai thoa man: d, < d, < d, + 0,35 mm; Mang song c6 chi6u dai Ia 132,6 mm va c6 di~n
tfch xung quanh Ja AF= 150 ± 0,03 cm 2 •
6 CP'TIJ, d~ do duqc ap Ivc nu&c 16 r6ng u, tren miii con hoi;ic mang song, nguO'i ta
g&n them m(>t hoi;ic vai vong thffm b~ng da r6ng (hoi;ic lam b&ng v~t li~u r&n va r6ng
bat ky). Vi tri cua vong da thffm thuO'ng (J ngay phia sau c6 cua miii con (Uy tren hlnh
2.16).
Can xuyen Ja nhfrng 6ng r6ng tii:ng do~n dai 1,0 den 1,5 m n6i v&i nhau b&ng ren.
V&i con lo~i 10 cm 2 thi can xuyen c6 duO'ng kinh 35,7 mm va duO'ng kinh r6ng Ia 16
mm. D6i v&i MCPT, trong long "can ngoai" c6 m¢t "can trong" (Xem pMn MCPT)
duemg kinh 15 mm. Con v&i ECPT, trong long "can ngoai" Ia loi cap d~ truy6n ket qua
b&ng di~n. V&i ECPT, sue khang q, va f, duqc do b&ng di~n, va duqc truy6n vao may
tfnh.
Co cffu gia lvc ph6 bien hi~n nay Ia thuy lgc.
A ... '\. A T ,.? ' A
2.2.2. CHQN £>9 SAU MA XUYEN CO THE LAM VI~C

· Tuy thu¢c vao kha nang cua may xuyen rna ta xem xet d¢ sau rna may xuyen CPT
c6 th~ xuyen t&i duqc. 0 nu&c ta, thong thuemg may xuyen CPT c6 kh:i nang gia liJc tit
5 den 10 tffn, vi v~y ta chqn. gia trj lJ bang 2.2 hoi;ic l&n hon m¢t chtit.
Bang 2. 1. Kha nang xuyen cua CPT dung xe tai 20 tan [3]
set cat
Do sau lml Mem CCma Riln Roi Chat vita Rat chat
.(' .(' .(' .('
5 .(' .('
.(' .(' .('

10 .(' .(' .('
.(' .('
18 .(' .(' .(' .('
27 .(' .(' .(' .('
.(' .('
36
45 .(' .('
.('
76
,, . ·' . ,,
. ·'
46 TH! NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA liNG DVNG TRONG PHAN T!CH N~N M6NG
Bang 2. 2. Kha nang xu yen cua CPT dung may m\n 5 tan [3]
09 sau set Cat

(m) Mem Ctl'nQ Riln RC!i Chat vtia Rat chilt
1,5 ,; ,; ,; ,; ,; c6 thEi
3,0 ,; ,; ,; ,;
4,5 ,; ,; ,; ,;
6 ,; ,; ,;
9 ,; ,;
15 ,; ,;
21 ,;
2.2.3. THI NGHI$M XUYEN CON DO BANG Cd HQC

(MCPT- MECHANICAl CONE PENETRATION TEST)
Trong thf nghi~m xuyen con do ccJ h9c (MCPT), cu 20 em thl ta d9c ket qua m¢t
hin. Mui xuyen va mangxong duqc d~y d¢c l~p v&i nhau, cho phep tach bi~t lqc do
tren mui va life do tren mangxong:
Ao
Tren hlnh 2.11, t<,li vj tri b), chi miii c6n tien xu6ng do t<k d\lng
an cua can trong. Ap life do duqc tren d6ng h6 do la G (kPa). Cii xy lanh
lllldll
Tlr hlnh 2.10, taco sue khang mui la:
=G X Tiet di~n ngang xy lanh ap Ivc (Ao)
q, Tiet di~n ngang mui xuye n (Ac)
TMng thuimg, A 0 = 20 cm 2 va Ac = 10 em\ do d6 qc = 2 G. Ac
T<,li vj tr1 c), an tiep can trong. Ap life do duqc tren d6ng h6 do
Hlnh 2.10
. Ia B (kPa) hay con viet laG+ L'>G.
Tiet dien ngang xy lanh ap hrc (A 0 )
Sue khang ben f, = i>G x · ·
Di¢n tfch xung quanh'mang x6ng (Ap)
Thong thuimg, Ao = 20 cm 2 va Ar = 150 cm 2 , do d6, f,= 0,133 I'>G.
T:;ti vj trf d), dn ngoai n6i v&i mangx6ng duqc an xu6ng, do d6 cau t:;to Clh
MCPT triY l:;ti hlnh dang dau (vj tria), chl khac la ad¢ s:iu 20 em tiep theo.
Tuy nhien, vl mangxong nam cao hon mui 20 em, nen I'>G cung nhu f, phai duqc
tinh toan l~ch nhau 20cm nhu vf d'1 du&i diiy:
G (bar"' q, (bar) · f, (bar)
z (m) B=G+AG AG f, (kPa)
kg/cm 2 )
0,2m 3 =27-23 =4 0,53 53
0,4 m 23 27 =41-38=3 46 0,40 40
0,6 m 38 41 =13-8=5 76 0,67 67
0,8 m 8 13 16
---
CHlfONG 2. TH[ NGHieM XUYr=N CON 47
a) Vj trf b) 8&y can c) f)ay tiEip d) f)ay can

ban dau trong ciin trong ngoai
:1:
II
II
II
II
Miingxong khong ca cOn va mang

chuy~n dqng, xOng uen xu6ng
cOn tie'n xueing d~ do B
Hinh 2. 12. Con Ha Lan
Hinh 2. 11. Nguyen ly diy cua MCPT
(Dutch friction cone)
2.2.4. THI NGHI~M XUYEN CON DO BANG DI~N ECPT

(ELECTRIC CONE PENETRATION TEST)
Trong thf nghi¢m xuyen c6n do di¢n (ECPT), kh01ing each gifra cac s6 d<;>c tuy
thu(lc vao nguO'i si'r d~ng thie't bi (th6ng thuO'ng !a 5 em). Sue khang miii q" sue khang
ben f, (va ap l\fC ntr6'c 16 n'ing u trong trtrOng hqp CPTU) duqc do rieng bi¢t qua nhfrng
transducer (b(l chuy~n tfn hi¢u) rieng bi¢L
Trong thie't bi CPTU, can c6 m(lt vong da tham d~ do ap l\fc ntr6'c 16 r6ng. Tuy
nhien, v! tri cua vong tMm nay l<,ti chua duqc chuiln hoa. Ph6 bien nhat Ia vong tham
ngay phfa sau c6 cua miii c6n (uT tren hlnh 2.16). Trong chtrong nay, cac phtrong trinh
d6u duqc phat tricin d\fa tren vi trf nay cua vong da tham.
_, . .• . ·' . ·'
48 THf NGHI~M DAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA liNG D\JNG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N MONG
b)
c) d)
Hinh 2.13. Chi tiet mui con do di~n
a) con do qc; b) con do qc, fs, u; c) mOi con c6 g~n vong tham (CPTU);
d) mOi con kh6ng g~n vong tham
Hinh 2.14. Hinh dang cac lo"i con khac nhau va vj tri cua vong da tham
CHlfONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUYI:N CON 49
Hinh 2. 15. Cac bi? ph~n trong xe CPT
Hi~n nay, m¢t lo~i ECPT m6i ra dCii. Trong d6, q,, f, v3/hoij.c u duqc do tnJc tiep
Mng cac sensor va transducer dij.t trong mfii con nhu & tren. Di~m khac duy nhilt la tfn
hi~u truyen tit cac sensor va transducer nay v6 may tfnh kh6ng phai qua loi cap di~n
nhu & hinh 2.15 rna bling i\m thanh nhu sau: q" f, va/hoij.c u duqc chuy~n thanh tin hi~u
am thanh, i\m thanh truyen len dqc theo ciin xuyen, sau do, l~i duqc chuy~n nguqc l~i
thanh qc, f, va u d~ ltru vao may tfnh. Lo<,~i nay c6 uu di~m !a khong phai lu6n 16i cap
di~n vao dn xuyen.
2.2.4.1. Bao hoa vong da tham trong CPTU

Dl do dtrqc ap l$C nu6c li'i r6ng chfnh xac, vong da thilm ph&i tuy~t d6i biio hoa.
Quy trinh biio hoa tuy~t d6i vong da thilm rat kh6 khan:
1. Di;it vong tham trong dung djch dij.c bi~t chan kh6ng ft nhat ba tieng. Qua trinh
bao hoa "nen" duqc trq giup bAng song sieu am;
2. Dung djch dij.c bi~t thtrCing la glycerin dii nit het kh6ng khl;
3. Khi Hip vong thilm vao con, lu6n Ju6n giil' cho ca con va vong tham kh6ng bj milt
dung djch b&ng each nhUng chting vao trong m¢t ch~u dung djch;
4. Neu rove nu6c ngiim kh6ng phii.i ngay be mij.t dat, ta phi'ti khoan !8 tru6c khi tien
hi'tnh thf nghi~m CPT. Tru6c khi h~ c6n xu6ng !8, ta phai bqc con trong m¢t
. ,, . ·' . ,,
50 TH[ NGHI~M flAT HI~N TRUONG VA iJNG 0$NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
mimg cao su d€ con khong bi m<ft dung dtch. Khi con b~t dliu tie'n xu6ng dat,
mang cao su nay se bt thllng ra.
Vong da tMm 18. m¢t c6ng c~ hfru 1ch d€: xac dtnh ap h;cc mr6'c 16 r6ng u (tir d6,
giup philn lo~i dat, giup xac dtnh IDIJC nu6'c ngAm), xli.c dinh d~c tfnh tMm cua dilt
(Mng thl nghi~m tieu tan - dissipation test). Tuy nhit~n, neu khOng c6 kinh nghi~m,
ta se gay ra nhieu sai sot loo do co viing da tnam trong CPTU. D~ tranh sai sot,
nen thl nghi~m CPT duroog (mtii con kMng co v?mg d:i tham), ho~c t~J eM t~o
m(lt vong thep bjt kin xung quanh vong da tnam.
2.2.4.2. Hi~u chinh sU'c khimg mi:ii trong CPTU
u.
ap hJc nU6'c 16 r6ng Us
l6'p each nu6c
ap life nU6'C 16 r6ng UT
' so''d''
TY • h a = -AN
1en tlc
. AT
Hinh 2. 16. Hi~u chlnh di~n tlch con CPTU
Hlnh tren ve vong da thilm d hai vt tri: ngay sau c6 con (uT) vii ngay tren
mangx6ng (us)· Tuy nhien, phlin nay chi d€ ci).p den vi trf ngay tren c6 con (u.r).
Ap llfC rna. transducer do duqc d mui la q,. Tuy nhien, trong CPfU, d<iy khong
ph:ii ap life thlfc tac d~ng len mui con. Ap life th!Jc tac d~ng len mUi con lii qT. Ta c6
lien h~ sau:
trong d6 qT - SUC khang hi~U Chlnh;

~- tie't di~n ngang mui con (thuO'ng bang 10 cm 2 );
A,b - tiet di~n ngang vong da tMm; A,b =AT -. AN;
AN - tiet di~n ngang mui con phia trong vong da tMm.
(2.1)
CHlfONG 2. THf NGHieM XUY~N CON 51
a= ~N ; thong thuang, a = 0,80 + 0,82. Tuy nhh~n, v6i. m¢t s6lo\ti con
T
cua hang Geotech va Pagani thi a = 0,58.
Uy (con ky hi~u !a u ho~c ub, tuc Ia ubeh;nd tip) Ia ap lJ!c nuac 16 r6ng do t\ti vong
da thifm ngay phia sati c6 con.
N€u vong da tham khOng 6 sau c6 cOn rna l<').i 6 miii ho~c lung chung mfii
con; ap lJ!c nuac 16 r6ng t<').i vong thfim nay Ia ul thl Uyduqc quy d6i nhu sau:
UT = Uo+ k (ul- U0 )
uo Ia ap lJ!C nuac d!a tinh; k = 0 + 0,9 tuy thu¢c lo<').i dift va v! tri cua vong
tham.
Lu'U y sac· kh~ng ben f, cOng phai hi$u chinh neu c6 vong da tham phia tren mangxong (vi tri u,);
Da so cac phiin mem luu gia t~ q, i'r file soli$u goc (raw data); m¢t so phan mem (cila hang di kern v(1i thiet b!) c6
thi\ da hi~u chinh san va IIIU giii trj q, i'r file nay.
..:! .. ,.,
2.2.5. CHUAN HOA SO E>QC
Ngoai vi~c hi~u chinh qT = q, + uT (1 -a) d6i v6i. CPTU nhu 6 phmmg trlnh (2.1)
(vai CPT thuemg, qT = q,), d~ di6n d!ch k€t qua CPT, ta dn m¢t s6 chu!ln hoa sau:
1. TY s6 sue khang Rf = f, I qy X 100%..
2. Suckhang mili chuilnhoa (cii): q,n =qT/ ~cr'vo (q,, cr'vodo biingbar).
3. Bi~u thUc nay con duqc vi€t la - qT/pa (pa Ia ky hi~u cua 1 bar).
q,"-1•;
vcr vo pa
4. 1/ ~cr'vo duqc viet 13. Cq va gqi Ia h~ s6 hi~u chlnh d¢ silu. H~ s6 nay tuong duong
vai h¢ s6 eN cua thi nghi~m SPT; q,n = qT X Cq.
5. Sue kMng miii chuiln hoa (m6i.- Robertson 1990):
6. TY s6 sue kMng chuiln hoa: F = __f,'---xlOO%.
7. Ap IJ!c nuac 16 r6ng chuiln hoa:
trong do
uo - ap IJ!c nu6'c dja tinh;
CJ,0 (hay CJ 0 ) - Ung suift t6ng do ban thiln dat gily ra (dja t'inh);
cr' vo (hay cr' 0 ) - Ung suat hih! hi~u do bin thiln dat gily ra:
. .• . ·' . .•
52 THf NGHII;M flAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH NtN M6NG
2.2.6. SO SANH MCPT VA ECPT
Xuyen con do di¢n c6 d¢ chfnh xac cao hon h~n xuyen con do co h9c vi nhi6u
nguyen nhftn, trong d6 c6 cac nguyen nhAn chfnh sau:
1. Ket qua cua ECPT duqc truy6n twc tiep vao may tfnh; Ket qua. tren dong ho do lqc
cua MCPT thl duqc dQC biing milt thuOn.g - trong khi d6 - khi ta dang dQC thl so
d9c tren dong ho l~i luon dao d¢ng.
2. Ket qua cua ECPT do tft!c tiep t~i mui va t~i mangxong cua xuyen; Con ket qua
cua MCPT l~i duqc d9c gian tiep tren dong hO do ap h,tc cua xy lanh. Neu dong h6
do ap chi 100 bar (bar con ky hi¢u Ia pa), thl. c6 khi ap hJc len xuyen chi con 90
bar do mfft mat h,tc dQC theo cftn xuyen.
3. Mui xuyen va mangx6ng cua ECPT Ia m¢t khoi g~n li6n, so do duqc xac djnh bling
cac dilu do tr!Jc tiep. Con mfii xuyen va mangxong cua MCPT c6 hai tu th€: rai va
tach; trong khi d6, dn xuyen lam bling thep c6 bien d~ng dan h6i. Neu xuyen t~i
d¢ silu 30 m, ap l!Jc truy6n tu h¢ gia h,rc Ia 100 kN, m6dul dan hOi cua thep Ia
2x108 kN/m2 , thl. dn trong bj nen l~i Ia:
PL 100 Kt"\f x 3000 em
ilL- - 8,5 em
- AE- n x 1,52 /4cm 2 x 2 x104 KN/cm 2
Khi ciin trong duqc tin xu6ng (vj trf c. trong h!nh 2.11), do bien d~ng nen Jan,
mangx6ng c6 khi kh6ng bj keo xuong theo, ho~c bj keo rat ft, do d6 di\n den cac sai
so.
a
Con so 8,5 em n6i tren la hci cao, vi nuoc ta, thuang ta chi xuyen du&i 25 m, tai
gia l!Jc khoang 30 +50 kN, nhu v~y ilL"" 2,1 + 3,5 em.
4. Thiet bj di¢n cua ECPT (cac diiu do-sensor) c6 d¢ chfnh xac hon h~n dong h6 do
11Jc cua MCPT. Tuy nhien, sensors cling la m¢t nhuqc diilm cua ECPT: Neu ngu(Ji
sir d~ng khong biet bao quim dilu con (ben trong c6 nhilng sensor rilt nh~y cam),
khong biio du5ng thuOn.g xuyen, kh6ng chwln hoa (sensor calibration} thl cac
sensor nay se th~m chf dua ra j<:et qua sai.
Ngoai ra, ECPT con c6 nhilng m.1 the khac so v&i MCPT, vf d~ nhu, ket qua cua
ECPT lien We hon so v&i MCPT (5 cm/1 liln d9c ket qua so voi 20 cm/1 liln d9c ket
qua cua MCPT).
Theo Kulhawy va Mayne (1990) [5], sue .khling ben f, do duqc ti:r ECPT thuOn.g thilp
hon f, do ti:r MCPT; Doi khi fs(MCPT) len toi 2 v&i m(>t so dat cat. Th~m chf f, cling khac
f,(ECPT)
nhau kha nhi6u khi cling thf nghi¢m ECPT v&i cac lo~i con c6 kfch thu&c khac nhau.
Sue kh:ing mui q, do duqc ti:r MCPT va ECPT chi khac nhau d6i chut: adilt r(Ji, q,
do bling ECPT thuOn.g Ian hon; nguqc l~i a dat dfnh, qT <ECPT) nhO hon q, IMCPTJ" Hinh
CHlfCiNG 2. THf NGHI~M XUY~N CON 53
2.18 cho thay qT(ECPT)"' 0,47 q,(MCPT) 1' 19 (q, do bling bar).
TrM hinh 2.17 (theo Schmertmann), khi qc(MCPT) < 48 bar thl ap h!C mui do Mng
MCPT c6 xu hrr6ng Ian han do biing ECPT va nguqc li).i.
IDnh 2.18 cling cho m9t trrang quan trrang tlf: khi qo(MCPT) <53 bar thi ap llfc miii
do bling MCPT c6 xu hrr6ng 1&1 han do biing ECPT va ngrrqc l<:ti.
2 . 0 . - - - -..... ,----,,----r,---.,--
,---,
..
\ +
\ ;c
1.5t- \ -
"
~
.,
,,. ..,.
"". (!) II! "'
1~t-~~~·:·"~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~t.f~~~~
" ........ '//////////4::<
..... (!) "'
v m~,.,_-
... A -...,.- --..,_ tr.nd.Jfml
0
A, .,..... -...~-
@
.II. f) -- --
._ r f)lf(lng lien h~
1 1 1 Iii giii'a MCPT va
·o,s.l----~----=-~---±--'--:---:;j:;----:;l~n
n so 100 150 200 4-
ECPT
q, (MCPT) (kg/cm2 )
Hinh 2.17. Ty so v~ so dQc giii' Delf MCPT va Fugro ECPT (Schmertmann)
500- -
200r- -
~
.52 . I OOi:-
,£'
~ sor-
e""
~ 20r- -
O<
MCPT cat set I b\li '"
q, McPr (bar"' kg/cm2)

Hinh 2. 18. Tll'ong quan v~ so dQc q, gifra MCPT vii ECPT (Kulhawy & Mayne)
. .• . ·' . .•
54 THf NGHI$M OAT HI~N TRL1CJNG VA t:fNG Dt)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
,. "" ,. '1 ..... I'
2.3. UdC TINH CAC CHI TIEU Cd l Y

? ,., ? A ,.,
CUA DAT DV'A TREN KET QUA CPT

2.3.1. cAc TiNH CHAT V ~T LY DI/A TREN KET QUA CPT
2.3.1.1. Phim lo~i dat d!fa tren ket qua CPT
Tir vai chvc nam gan day, thf nghi~m CPT da duqc dung de phil.n lo~i dilt t~i hi~n
truemg. (T~ Vi~t Nam, vi¢c phan lo~i dift hi~n tnremg theo thf nghi¢m CPT l~i chua
duqc sir dvng nhi6u).
Da c6 hang ehve tae gia kh:ie nhau d6 xuilt nhi6u d6 thi pMn lo~i dift khac nhau,
d6 thj sau cang ehfnh xac va ch<;it che hon so vdi d6 thj tru6'c. Nhfrng bii!u d6 phil.n lo~i
dat dau tien (eu6i nhUng nam 1970) dva tren d<;ie trung sau: vdi dift set, ty so gifra sue
khang ben f, va sue khang mili qc thuO"ng 16'n; nguqe vdi dift cat, ty so nay thuemg w
nho. Hinh 2.19la hai vf dv eua nhfrng bii!u d6 so khai do. Tren hlnh nay ta thify ty so
Rr (trvc tung, ve ben tay phai) thuemg c6 gia tri tu 1,1% de"n 10% eho eaelo~i dat tu
cat tho (ky hi~u a) de'n bJ)n (ky hi~u m).
Hinh 2.20, 2.21, 2.23 la eae bii!u d6 phil.n lo~i dift ehfnh xac h<m. Bi6u d6 hlnh
2.23 la m¢t trong nhfrng bi6u d6 chinh xac va thOng dvng nhift eho de'n niim 1986. Cac
bii!u d6 nay vii.n dva vao sue kh:ing chua duqc chu~n hoa. .
40o.------------r---.-.
I
MCPT I
I
1.3
I
300 ,----~-----
1
I
I
,-- 1.6
I
300
I I I
I I
I
---,---+-- -
I I
I
I
I
100 ----1-
1 2 3 4
fs (bar)
'
Cac vung: 1: cat a: cat tho g: cat byi m: bun
2: B~i b: cat min h: set ian byi a*: cat trung
3: set c: cat llln byi i, k: set qua c6 ket
4: Bun, hCtu co d, e, f: cat pha 1: hltu co
Hinh 2.19. Biil'u do phiin lo~i dat sci bQ theo CPT (Laboratorium voor Grondmechnica)
CHlfONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUYtN CON 55
I ~ I
Chat I I I I I
~-:- ---L--~---~---L __
4<M ho bt,Ji ya ca~ : :
I I I I I I
i5
E
Ol
l:
•CO
::2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R, = f,lq, (%)
Hinh 2. 20. Ph an lol)i dat (MCPT) theo Sehmertmann (1978)
iS
E
Ol
l:
•CO
::2 10
.g 6
U) 4
4
bun
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ty so sue khang f, I q, (%) Ty so sue khang f, I q, (%)
a. Bii1u do.nam 1981 b. Biilu do adn gian hoa
Hinh 2.21. Phan lo~i dat theo Douglas va Olsen (1981-1984)
. ·' . ·' . ·'

56 THf NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRIJCJNG VA aNG Ol)NG TRONG PHAN TICH NtN M6NG
----------------------------
OfMPa) Au (kPa)
400 \
10
7, 300
'
cat ch?t
"
'· :·
...·-:
5
cat trung, ro
bl,li liln set, ct1ng
2
V///// buinho,setdeo
" set milm set nha0
I I
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Bq
a. Senneset va Janbu (1984) ' b. Jones va Rust ( 1982)
Hinh 2. 22. Phfm lo<;~i aat dlfa tren ket qua CPTU
Bi~u d6
& hlnh 2.22; 2.23b va 2.24b ra diri khi CPTU Mt dau duqc tri~n khai r¢ng
hon. V6i cat riri (khi bi c:it th! tM tich miiu bi nen 1i;!i), u (hay uT) xilp xi 16'11 hon va
biing ap hJc nuac d!a tinh U 0 , do d6 Bq"" 0,1 + 0,3. V6i dat set, do tinh thilm kern, khi
.xuyen tie'n xu6ng da't, mrac kh6ng kip thoat, do d6 uT 16'11 hon kha nhi6u so vai uo (do
d6 Bq > 0,6). Di6u nay phim anh hlnh 2.22a; 2.23b va 2.24b. a
Tuy nhien, Vl qua trlnh biio hoa vien da thtlm va giil du:qc cho n6 wln biio hoa
trong qua trlnh thi nghi¢m la rat kh6, bifi v<fry nhilu tac gid khuyen chl nen thi nghi¢m
CPT, kh6ng nen thi nghi¢m CPTU va do d6 khong dung cdc bilu d6 2.22a; 2.23b vel
2.24.b.
Sau d6 con nhi6u tac gi<1 khac ci\i tie'n bi~u d6 phfm 1oi;~i dilt theo cac s6 di;>c
chuiln hoa, tuy nhien bi~u d6 theo Robertson (1990) 6 hinh 2.2413. th6ng d~ng nhilt.
Tuy nhien bi.Su d6 hlnh 2.24 khOng phu hqp v6i d¢ sau nhO hon 2 m (khi chuiln
hoa theo QT= q, ~crvo , d d¢ san nhO hon 2m, thl cr',o thu:ang nho hon 0,35 bar, vi tM
(J vO
QT rift 16'11 m~c du di!t ye'u). V6i d¢ sau nhO hon 2m, ta nen dung bitSu d6 2.23.
Cac vung tren bili'u do 2.23:

1. flat h?t mjn, nh;ey cam 7. cat bvi !Cii Bvi cat
2. Hil'u. cd; bun 8. Bvi cat toi cat
3. set 9. cat
4. Set tai b\li set 10. Cat tai S6i cat
5. B\li set !Cii set bvi 11" flat h?t mjn rat c(lng (*)
6. set bvi toi cat b1,1i 12. Catia cat rat c(lng (*)
(*) flat bj xi mang hoa hoi\\c qua c6 ket

CHlfONG 2. TH[ NGHI~M XUYI:N CON 57
0
0"
i5
E
C)
..,c:
.s::
-"'
,g
(f)
Ty s6 sltc khang f, I q, (%) Ap 11/C nl!Oc lo rong chuiln hoa Bq

Hinh 2.23. Phan lo~i dat theo Robertson (1986)
.0.,
_g100
c:
'"'-5
::l
'"c:'
'0
,.,
<Q)
::l
X 1Q
Ol
..,c:
...c:
X
()
'~
(f)
T:Y s6 chuiln hoa F= f, (%)

qT-crvo
Hinh 2.24. Phan lo<!i dat theo Robertson (1991)
Cacvung:
1. 8at h?t mjn, nh?Y cam s. cat ran byi
2. Hllu co; bun 6. cat
3. Set, set lan it byi 7. Cat ti'ii sci cat
4. Byi, byi Ia~ set;set nhiilu byi B. cava cat rat cltng (qua c6 k€it)
9. 8at h?t mjn rat cltng (qua c6 ket)
. .• . .• . .•
58 THf NGHieM DAT HleN TRlfCJNG VA O'NG DVNG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
2.3.1.2. £>anh gia tr~111g thai cua dat d1,1'a tren ket qua CPT
Quan h¢ sam nhat giil:a q, va D, (d¢ ch~t ttrong doi cua dift cat) duqc dtra ra vao
khming 1956 bbi Meyerhof nhu abang 2.3.
Bang 2.3. Tr~jng thai cua cat theo Meyerhof
q, (bar"' kg/cm 2 ) Bo chat D

0-20 Rat riJi <20%
20-40 RiJi 20-40%
40- 120 Chat vua 40-60%
120-200 Chat 60-80%
> 200 Rat chat >80%
Sau do, cac tac gia khiic ciii tie'n duqc quan h¢ chfnh xac hon (hinh 2.25 de'n
2.27). Kulhawy rna Mayne (1990) t~p hqp so li¢u cua Robertson & Campanella
(hinh 2.26), cling nit nhi€u soli¢u khac d€ xuift quan h¢ khii thong dt,mg sau (tuong tl!
phuong trinh (3.7) cua thi nghi¢m SPT):
1
D, = . qcn (2.2)
305. Qc. OCR 0 •18
trong do OCR - h¢ so qua co k€t (xem pMn 1.1.3 - Tr~ng thai ling suilt cua dift);
Q, - h¢ so d~c tnmg kha nang co do nen cua cat:
Q, = 0,91 cho cat co kha nang b~ co cao (nhi€u h~t min, h~t mica ... );
Q, = 1,0 cho cat co kha nang bi co trung binh (it h~t min, ... );
Q, = 1,09 cho cat co kM nang bi co it (cat th~ch anh, ... ).
'
Quan h¢ ahinh 2.27 (Jamiolkowsky) duqc dung ph6 bi€n hon ca:
Neu q, va cr'vo do bftng bar thi D,, "'68 X [ log(q,n)- 1 ];
Neu q, va cr'vo do bttng t/m 2 thl Drl "'66 X 1og(q, I ~cr'vo)- 98.
Jamiolkowsky con cho rang, gia tri chinh xac hon cua D, phai duqc hi¢u chinh
bbi Kq = 0,9 + D,/300 theo cong thUc sau:
D,"' 68 x [log(~~)- 1 ] (2.3)
M~c du chua co nghien CUu nao v€ anh hu6ng cua gia Ma (tu6i cua dift) den D,,
tuy nhien, Kulhawy va Mayne (1990) cho rang, ta ciing ciln giam D, di m('>t d~i luqng
la CA (phuong trinh 3.8) nhu ta lam vm ket qua SPT (phuong trlnh 3.7).
CHLfONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUYI:N CON 59
60
0
q,
"
a.
.:.> 100 ~c,J !1(1 ".:.a.
0
.b .b•
til
,§
:!:!.
200. 100 .
til
c
"'
.!:.
'"'" ..."
....c-c .-
J:
J:
:liOO
".
.c
..~::>
"'"'
..
'<10
::>
.::;,c 200
"'
c
.::;,
c, = 157; c, = o,55; C2=2,41; R=0,96

Hinh 2.25. £l(? ch~t tmmg dOi D, cua cat Ticino co ket binh thttCing (Gia si! K 0=0,45)
(Robertson va Campanella, 1983; Baldi va c(?ng Slf -1986) .
CD: Cat d mo Hilton tinh co do nen cao (Schmertmann, 1978);

®:Cat Ticino tfnh co do nen !rung binh (Baldi va c¢ng st,t-1982):
®:Cat Monterey tinh co do nen !hap (Ville! & Michell, 1981).
Hinh 2.26. Quan h' D, va qr (Robertson va Campanella, 1983)
. ·' . ·' . .•
60 THf NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRlfONG VA IJNG Dt)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
q, va cr',, do bang Um 2 =0,1 kg/cm 2 "' 10 kPa

Hinh 2.27. D, cua cat co ket blnh thu'bng (Jamiolkowsky va c(?ng Sl!-1985)
Ve tr~ngthai cua dat dinh, quan h~ giii'a LI (d¢ s~t, con ky hi~u Ut IL ho~c B) va
q, c6 tM sa b¢ theo bi'mg sau (Szechy va Varga, 1978):
Bang 2. 4. Tr~ng thai cua dat dinh
'-
q, (CPT) Ll trang thai
<5 > 0,5 mem
5-15 0,25 + 0,5 deo cCmQ
15-30 0 + 0,25 nil'a cCmg

30-60 -0,5 + 0 cCmg
> 60 < -0,5 rat riin
Tu biing tren, ta c6 th~ thi8t l~p phtrang trlnh x:lp xi sau:

u = (-0,06 . q, 3 + 6,36 . q,'- 357 . qJ. w·• + o,66 (2.4)
CHlfONG 2. TH[ NGHI~M XUYtN CON 61
' , I" I" A' ') A; A ..._,- -?
2.3.2. f)ANH GIA TINH THAM CUA eAT Dl/A TREN KET QUA CPT
Dva vao d6 thj phan lo').i dift hlnh 2.24, Robertson cilng de nghj bilng duai day
uac luqng h~ s6 thifm k d6i vai 9 vitng dift tn~n d6 thj 2.24. Bang nay cilng cho ta m6i
lien quan giUa cac ket qua cua thi nghi~m SPT vm thi nghi~m CPT.
Bang 2.5. H~ so tham k; tY so qr I f\1 60
Nh6m Ten dat Ty so qT/ Nso H~so

(CPT so voi SPT) . tham k
lcm/sl
1 Elat h~t mjn, nhay cam .
2 1Q•5
2 Hiiu cd; bun 1 10·5
3 Set. set liln ft bui 1,5 10"'
4 Bui, bui liln set;set nhi<lu bui 2 10-"
5 cat lan bui 3 10-4
6 cat 4,5 10"'
7 Cat !Oi soi cat 6 10"'
8 Cat! a cat rat cCtng (qua co ke't) 2 10-5
9 Elat hat min rat cCtna (aua co ket) 1 1o·•
' , ' A; ') #0,. A ,._,y ')
2.3.3. f)ANH GIA TINH BIEN DJ?.NG CUA eAT Dl,l'A TREN KET QUA CPT
2.3.3.1. f>anh gia mOdun bien d~ng cua cat difa tr€m ket qua CPT
M6dun biln dq,ng kh6ng nil hOng M (con ky hi?u lil EJ:
Nhieu tac ghi kien nghj each uac tfnh mOdun bien d<).ng kh6ng ni'J hbng nhu sau:
M=aq, (2.5)
H~ s6 a thui'mg tu 3 den 8. Tuy nhien, M s6 a thay d6i kba mi).nh, tuy theo dq
ch~t, d<? c6 ket:
Vm dift c6 ket thui'mg (NC) thl: a , 101.o9 . o.o01s . o, ;

Con vm dift qua c6 ket thl a ,
101,1s • o.o122. o, .
trong d6 D, (%)- dq ch~t tuctng d6i.
Nhu v~y, vm cat ch~t, thl a= 3,3 + 5,5 .
Vai dift c6 ket thui'mg (NC), Baldi va cqng SlJ (19S1) uac tfnh mOdun bien di).ng
kh6ng ni'J h6ng M qua q, va cr' , 0 nhu i'J hlnh 2.28. Tu hlnh nay, ta thify a= 3 + 11.
Con vm Mt qua c6 ket (OC), hlnh 2.28 cua Jamiolkowsky va cqng S\! (1988) nen
duqc Slr dvng. Trong hlnh nay, cr' m la trung blnh chung cua ba tlng suift chinh:
, _, . _, . _,
62 TH[ NGHI~M BAT HleN TRlJCJNG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
cr' x +cr' Y+a' z

(j'
m
= -----'--- (2.6)
3
MOtlun bien d{lng nit hOng E:

So sanh v6i thi nghi¢m nen ba tf\IC, Robertson dua ra quan h¢ (j hlnh 2.30 d6i v6i
cat c6 ket thuemg (OCR= 1). Tren d6, ta thay: E25 "" 2 q, va Eso"" 1,33 q,.
E25 va E 50 duqc djnh nghia nhu sau: Trong thi nghi¢m nen ba tn,Ic, (mg suilt eve
d\li rna mfiu c6 th~ chju duqc 13. cr' max; E 25 la m6dun bien d\lng tucmg (mg v6i di~m c6
cr' = 25% cr' max; Tucmg tV nhu v~y v6i E 50 •
Khi OCR;;o:l, Baldi va c¢ng sv dua ra d6 thj 2.31 d~ u&c luqng E (tren hlnh ve, E
tucmg (mg v6i bien d\lng s = 0,1% trong thi nghi¢m nen ba tn,Ic ).
2.3.3.2. Banh gia mOdun dim hoi (tuc thCii) cua set dl!a tren ket qua CPT
Hi¢n t\li, chua c6 tucmg quan nao c6 d¢ tin c~y t6t d~ u&c tinh mOdun Eu tn;rc tiep
tit ket qua cua CPT.
200Qr---------------------------------~
o ch~t vua . o. • «!~!~%
+ ch~t ' n. • 'I'O'o/.,
1:, ~t ch~t • o, • 'lm% i-\....--t-
1500r-----------------~~~~--
::;[
Ol
c:
<0
.c
•'0
c:
g> I 00 0 t-----tc.,r
<0
.c
""c:
Ol
(I)·
"0
c:
""c:
:0 500
::J
'0
<0
:2
0~----~------------------~----~
0 200 300 GlOO :)OC
q, (bar= 100 kPa)
Hinh 2.28. Modun bie'n d11ng khong nd hong cila cat coke'tthll'ilng (NC) (Baldi-1981)
CHlfONG 2. TH[ NGHI~M XUY~N CON 63
co =14,48
c,=0,116
C2 =0,313
c, =-1,123
R =0,95
cr' m: xem phlfcmg

lrinh (2.6)
Hinh 2.29. M: MOdun bien d;:tng khong nc':l hong cua cat OC
(JamioJkowski Va c{>ng Slf ·1988)
soor-~--------~------r-----------~soo
o ch;:;it vim • D, • <IM!%

500 + Chi[lt • D, • TO%
b n'it ch;:;it ' o, ·'lim%
400
?fi(ti
O,o
"' .
"'' ~
·-
-w
0)
0
c:
:g 200
•'0
c:
'8 a-,
c: I
,S I 00
•0
::;;:
0~----~----~----._----~--~o
ro
0 100 200 300 400 500
qr (bar)
Hinh 2.30. MOdun c6 nc':l hong cua cat co ket thll'ilng
(Baldi va c{>ng slf • 1981, Robertson & Campanella· 1983)
. _, . _, . _,
64 TH[ NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRUONG VA O'NG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
24
I €,.=0.1% I
20 Clc}
a~.. IN kPa
e••
i6 o,
....0
'\;>.
E' oo:('..<:>
12 <;
q,
ll
q,
0--3~0-0--~5~0~0-L-4-4~1~0~0-0_______2_0~00---3~000~cr'vo
Hinh 2.31. MOdul c6 no hOng cua cat (Baldi va c(mg slf-1991)
2.3.3.3. £h1nh gia mOdun bien d~mg cua set dl,ll'a tren ket qua CPT
Mayne (1988) sir d1,1ng ECPT va kie'n nghj tucrng quan sau:
M = 8,25 (qT- cr 0
) (2.7)
trong do cr 0 - Ung suat ban thin (tdng);

qT = q, + UT (1 - a);
v6i. xuyt?:n con kh6ng co vong da tMm thi qT = q,.

Sanglerat (1972) d~ nghj each tfnh m6dun bie'n d!).ng khOng nb hong cua set va ca
cat theo bang 2.6.
Bang 2.6. MOdun bien d~ng khong no hong M
Cl. {bar) a at a=M/Q,

<7 3+8
7 + 20 Set c6 di) deo thap (CL) 2-;-5
>20 1 + 2,5
>20 3+6
Bt,Ji c6 di) deo thap (ML)
<20 1 + 3.
<20 Elat dlnh do deo cao (MH, CHl 2+6
<12 Bui chlta hllu cd (Ol) 2+8
CHlJONG 2. TH[ NGHieM XUY£N CON 65
Bun va set chua hllu ctJ (P,, OH)

<7 50<w<100 1,5+ 4
I 100<w<200 1 .,. 1,5
W> 200 0 4 +1
20-30 £Ja phan .
2+ 4
<50 2
> 100
cat 1,5
Chil y: Sanglerat da g¢p ca d() !tin t(l bien khi lllic luqng M theo bang 2.6. N6i i<hiic di, khi ta sii dvng M (I blmg 2.6 d~ dtf
biio d()lun, thl d61a t6ng d()lun fin djnh (800).
2.3.3.4. flanh gia modun ciit dt!a tren ket qua CPT
Gmax (hlnh 2.32) Hi modun cih dum bi€n d~ng nho (d(>ng). Khi chju tinh tlli dlti
h~n (bi€n d~ng 16n), mOdun d.t thu®g be hon nhieu (G = 5 + 10% Gm.,).
V6i cat c6 k€t thu®g (NC), Imai va Tonouchi ( 1982) cho rang:
. 0,6ll b
Gmaxs::.: 0 ' 5 • qc (2.8)
' , ar
Con Jamiolkowsky va c¢ttg sv (1988) cho rfmg:

G "'30 1 cr' -o,os e·l,84 Dr bar (2.9)
max ' m '
(j, m tfnh theo phuang trlnh (2.6)

1000
0 oL---~~o~o--~~~o~o--~s~o~o~~4~o~o--·$~oo
qc (bar)
Hinh 2.32. Gm, cua cat co kat thltCSng (Robertson va Campanella, 1983)
. .• . .• . .•
66 THf NGHI~M£lAT Hll:;N TRU'ClNG VA (lNG 0\)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N MONG
2.3.4. DANH GIA H~ SOAP U,i'C NGANG TiNH K 0

vA H~ so auA coKer ocR
2.3.4.1. B!mh gia h~ so K0 cua dat cat dl!a tren ket qua CPT
H~ so qua co k~t OCR (tU:c la R 0 ) cua dat cat rat kh6 uac tfnh duqc Mng thi
nghi~m hi~n truemg ci'ing nhu trong phong, vl v~y ta phai su
d~ng phuong trlnh (1.16)
d~ xac dtnh. H~ so nen ngang K 0 duqc x;ic dtnh bi\ng phuong trinh (1.14), (1.15) ho~c
bilng cac phuong trlnh cua Marchetti ho~c Kulhawy du&i day.
Marchetti (1985) de xuat hlnh 2.33 d~ uac tfnh K0 • Nhu v~y, ta phili ke't hqp k6t
qua cua ca CPT va DMT, vl v~y de xuat nay hie'm khi duqc dung, vi rat it khi ca hai
lo~i thf nghi~m nay l~i cling duqc th!Jc hi~n b lan c~n nhau. Phuang trlhh dan gian hoa
cua hlnh nay la:
Ko = 0,359 + 0,071 K 0 - 0,00093 (qjcr'vo) (2.10)
trong d6 K0 - chi so nen ngang DMT.
Kulhawy vii c¢ng SIJ ( 1989) de xuat hlnh 2.34 cling phuong trinh sau:
1,25
K - (qc I pa ) I , (2.11)
o- Dr/20 avo
35.e
Chi so nen ngang l<o cua DMT

Hinh 2.33. Vdc trnh K, t(t thi nghi~m CPT va DMT (Marchetti, 1985)
CHtfCJNG 2. THI NGHI~M XUYI:N CON
67
Stl'c khang mm q, (bar) ·

Hinh 2.34. lfoc tfnh K, tl!thf nghirrn CPT (Kulhawy va cgng s\f-1989)
2.3.4.2. f>anh gia h~ so 1<0 va OCR cua dat set thfa tren ket qua CPT
Mayne (1986) u&c tinh OC'R dJ!a vao s6li¢u thu th?p duqc iJ hl.nh 2.35:
OCR"' 0,29 q, I cr'vo (2.12)
Con Robertson ( 1990) d6 xutlt du<tng cong u&c tinh OCR iJ hl.nh 2.36 dJ!a vao sue
khang chuiln hoa QT q T ~ cr vo .
cr vo
Oin cu vao thf nghi¢m CPTU cling cac s6li¢u iJ hinh 2.37, Mayne va Holtz de
xuat quan h¢ sau:
OCR"' 0,325 QT = 0,325 (qT- crvo) I cr' VO (2.13)
. .• . .• . .•
68 TH( NGHI~M flAT HI~N TRlfONG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
O'p=0.~9qc
ln=ll3, r:a=o.asa,
S.D.~ 2.31 p l
0
39 lo<;li set kh6ng nUt ne

10 lo<;li set nUt ne
q, (bar)
Hinh 2.35. Quan he• ap va q C (OCR=

I
a p 1 a' 0 ) (Mayne ' 1986)
OCR
Hinh 2.36. Quan h~ OCR va Or (Robertson, 1990)
CHlJONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUY!:N CON 69
0Cii!•o.321~10'..,
la•ill!, ~0.752, C)
$.0.•0.7111
!Tp •O,S;!tq-r- cr110)
In• 74, r 2 •0.904,
S.D.•I.OZ Pal
26 set kh6ng
n(rt n6
9 set nUt ne
10
Hinh 2.37. Quan h~ OCR(= u', I u' , 0 ) viii Or (Mayne va Holtz, 1988)
1<0 "0.10 (q,.-v110 )/0:110

(tt!0$7, r 2 .,0.I!U6.
S.D.= 0.54)
••
Hinh 2.38. Quan h~ K 0 viii Or (Kulhawy, 1989)
Kulhawy ( 1989) diJa tren s6li¢u ahlnh 2.38 d6 xuilt quan h¢ u<'tc tfnh Ko sau:
(2.14)
. .• . .•
70 THf NGHI~M DAT HI~N TRVCJNG VA liNG DI)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
Ko cling co the u:oc tfnh qua phu:ang trlnh (1.15), v&i <p' 13. goc rna sat trong htiu
hi~u cua dat set (thi nghi~m d.t CD). Thong thu<m.g, <p' Clh set co_gia tri tu 20 d€n 30°
(phuang trlnh (1.21), phiin 1.2.4.2).
Ngoai ra con nhieu quan h~ khac gifra OCR, Ko va ap ll)'c nuoc 16 r6ng (ub,, ... ) do
duqc trong thf nghi~m CPIU. Tuy nhi~n, ap Ivc nu6'c 16 r6ng chi do duqc dum mtJc
nude ngilm, han nua, vi~c giu cho vong tham bao hoa rat kM khan trong CPTU, n~n
c<k quan h~ d6 kMng duqc trlnh bay d:ly. a
... ... ... ... ..! ? _... ... ""'' i ?
2.3.5. DANH GIA SUC KHANG CAT CUA DAT OljA TREN KE"fQUA CPT
2.3.5.1. Banh gia sue !<hang cl:lt cua dat cat diJa tren ket qua CPT
Ban dilu, Meyerhof (1956) de xuat each uoc tfnh <p dtJa tr~n bang 2.7 (tuang
duang v&i phu:ang trlnh <p = 10·5 q/- 0,0038 q,2 + 0,4458 q, + 22,5). Tuy nhi~n, bang
nay nay chi con phu hqp v&i d¢ s:lu nho han 2 ho~c 3 m. V&i d¢ s:lu 16'n han, ta sir
dJ.Illg nhiing d6 thi quan h~ chinh xac han nhu: (j hlnh 2.39 va
2.40.
Bang 2. 7. Bang U'oc tinh 200
trang thai rat roi roi chat viJa chiit rat chat
<!> < 30 30 + 35 35 +40 40 + 45 > 45
Quan h~ ahlnh 2.39 duqc de xuilt Mi Robertson and Campanella (1983) la:
<p"' arctg[O, 1 + 0,38 . log(qcf cr' ,0 )] (2.15)
Quan h~ ahlnh 2.40 duqc tl).p hqp ti'r nhieu ngu6n s6 li¢u b,bi Kulhawy va Mayne
(1990) la:
<p"" 17,6 + 11 .log(q,n) (2.16)
Tr~n hlnh 2.41 minh ho~ each tfnh cua Marchetti (1985). Ta dong tu trt_Ic tung ghi
trt qjcr, VO' ti'r tn~c hoanh gia tri Ko. Giao diem cua hai du:<m.g dong la diem tuang ting
voi gia tq Ko Nc)-
Nguqc l~i, neu ta bi€t q, va <p, ta c6 the dung hinh 2.41 d€ u:oc lu:qng K 0
•
CHlJONG 2. THI NGHI~M XUYtN CON 71
Hinh 2.39. Quan h~ giil'a slic khang mUi va g6c ma sat trong <p
(Robertson, Campanella 1983)
so•
45°
:;
Ky hi~u di;lc: oat (OC)

Cac ky hi~u khilc: dat NC
10 20 50 100 200 500

Hinh 2.40. Quan h~ giil'a tY s6 qc I cr' vo va g6c ma sat trong 'I'
(Robertson, Campanella 1983)
. .• . .• . .•
72 THf NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRlfONG VA O'NG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
-
. "' (00
0.2
Hinh 2.41. Quan h~ qc, a'vo• K 0 vii q> (Marchetti, 1985)
2.3.5.2. £limh gia sue khang c~t cua dat set diJ'a tr(m kll't qua CPT
s. thuemg duqc uac tinh qua thi nghi~m CPT qua bi8u thUc sau:
S = qT -cro (2.17)
"· Nk
Tuy nhi6n, Nk thay d6i rift nhi€u ph\1 thuqc vao lo<;ti c6n va lo<;ti dat (hlnh 2.42).
Konrad va Law, sau d6la Keaveny va Michell cho r<lng, Nk c6 the uac tinh nhu sau:
Nk = 2,57 + 1,33. [ ln(G I S.)+1] (2.18)
Trang phuang trlnb tr6n, G Ia m6dun dt cua dat. Con s. dUQ'C tinh l~p qua
phuong trlnh (2.17) sir d\Jng gia thiet ban d4u la Nk = 11 vm MCPT va Nk = 15 vm
ECPT.
0 10 20 30 40 50 q,- 0', (bar)

0
Hinh 2.42. Ciic gia trj cua N,

CHlfONG 2. THf NGHieM XUYI:N CON 73
Ngoai ra, Su con duqc uac tfnh (l~p) qua ap h!c nuac 16 r6ng thu duqc ti:r CPTU
nhu b hlnh 2.43. Trong d6, A1 lay theo bang sau:
Bang 2.8. Gia tr! A.

eat set nh<IY cam co ket thtJong Qua c6 ket rt rat QUa CO ket
A 1,5 + 3,0 0,7+1,3 0,3 .,. 0,7 -0,5+ 0
-
500
21'10
100
50 Vong tham b
20 <I·!{.! = sau cO cOn
lO 'C t.!)
h~ stS 1a rang Af ":l!C'I
•>.5
nap 11,1t: nlltlc .a
r6ng u
~ ao ngay sau cd con
1-U
500
Vong tham b
:100 mOi con
lOCI
so
20
=
<I·!{.!
lO : t.!)
rJ)C'I
h$ ·siS 1a r6ng Af •>.5
1-U
nap ll,lt:
nlltlc rong.a
Uu ao o miii con
8 6 2 '-'
T'yso"N ~uo
t-u=s u
Hinh 2.43. lfoc tlnh Su tit CPTU
D¢ nhl).y cam cila dat set c6 tM tl).m thm uac tfnh bm hlnh 1.9 (NAVFAC) ho~c
phu<111g trlnh tu<111g d6i sau cila Schmertmann (1978):
(2.19)
RpfJ qT .100% (xem pMn 2.2.5).
. ·' . ,,
. ·'
74 THf NGHI~M eAT HI~N TRVClNG VA t:ING DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
, '"' A,-.., ')

2.3.6. £lANH GIA TINH BIEN LOANG CUA
.
£lAT CAT DUA TREN KET. QUA CPT
D50 0.05 0.1
.
:;;.>"
~ "' " •" !, ..
·_Shibata"& Teparaska
(.1988)!
- - - Robe~on &
ci.Jrijianella (1985)
' I
Hinh 2.44; Kha nang hoa long cua cat

Hlnh 2.44 minh ho~'qifah di€rn cua Shibata-Teparaska (du<'mg li6n net) vacua
Robertson-Campanella (drt<'mg.dtit net) v6 kha nang hoa long (bien loang) cua cat.
Phv thu¢c vao D50 (kich ci."J trung blnh cua clip ph6i hl)t), neu diem c6 tol) d¢ (1: 1 ( .
ben
a' vo; q,n) nlim trai du<'mg cong cua hlnh 2.44 thi dat c6 kha nang bien loang du6i
. tac dvng cua d¢ng Mt.
PhUO'Ilg trlnh cua Shibata va Teparaska 13.: dlft c6 kha nang bien loang khi:
''tj/cr'vo-0,1
qcn :o; C2 [ 50 + 200 ' ] = qcndnc6 (2.20)
'tJ / a'vo +0,1
trong d6
Cz = 1 v6i d1lt cat c6 D 50 ;:: 0,25 mm;
C2 =D5of0,25 v6i d1lt c6 D 50 < 0,25 mm;
Cach xac dtnh 1:Jcr'vo xem phiin 1.1.6.
CHlfONG 2. TH[ NGHI~M XUY£N CON 75
, A' ,;,.T ?
2.4. UNG DI,.ING TRI)'C TIEP KET QUA CPT

' ,.,- A,r I' A
VAO THIET KE MONG NONG
2.4.1. ol} sAo sac CH!U rA1 cuA NEN DIJA TREN KET auA cPr
Cac pMn du6i d!ly trlnh bay nhiing phuong phap dJ! bao sue chiu tai CJ!C h~n qu
dum m6ng n6ng. Sue ehiu tai cho pMp se Ut [p] =q" IF,, vm F, Ia h~ s6 an toan.
2.4.1.1, Cach tinh ciia Schmertmann (1978)

Schmertmann (1978) eho d.ng vm m6ng n6ng e6 hm I B:::; 1,5 (Ty s6 ehi6u s!lu
eh6n m6ng va M r¢ng m6ng:::; 1,5), thi e6 th~ uac doan sue chiu tai gim h~n nhu sau:
1. Ne'n cat:
M6ng bang: qu = 28- 0,0052 (300- q,TB/ pa) 1'5 , bar (2.21)
M6ng don: qu =48 - 0,0090 (300- q, TB/ pa) 1' 5 , bar (2.22)
40
-;;::- 3
a.ri 20 M6ng bang
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 q,{bar)
Hinh 2.45. Stl'c chju tili cua m6ng nong tren nen cat
2. Nln set:
M6ng bii.ng: qu = 2 + 0,28 q, TB, bar (2.23)
M6ng don: q" =5 + 0,34 q, TB• bar (2.24)
q, TB duqc t:fnh nhu sau:

05
q, TB = (qdx q,2) ' (2.25)
trong d6
q, 1 - gia tri trung binh eua sue khang mili & lap dfft tir 0 den 0,5B dum de m6ng;
q, 2 - gia tri trung binh tir 0,5B den 1,5B dum de m6ng.
Caeh t:fnh nay e6 nhuqe di~m la sue chiu tai dJ! bao kh6ng phv thu<;>e k:fch thu6e
m6ng, vi v{!.y chi nlln ap dvng eho nhiing m6ng c6 M r<)ng nhb (:0:: 3m).
. .• . ~
. .•
76 THfNGHI~M BAT HI~N TRlfCING VA O'NG Dt)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
2.4.1.2. each tinh cua Schmertmann dlfa tren Terzaghi cho nen cat
q" =q Nq + 1/2 y B Ny (2.26)
trong d6 q- tai tn;mg ban tMn eac 16'p dilt tren day m6ng, ho~c tili tn;mg b¢ phan ap:
q =Y hro;
B, hm - b6 r¢ng va chi6u sau chon m6ng;
Nq = Ny = 1,25 q,TB·
2.4.1.3. each tinh cua Meyerhof (1956) cho nen cat

B h ·
qu =qcB -(1+~)
12 B
(2.27)
trong do q cB - gia tq trung blnh SUC khang IDUi d lB dU6"i d€ IDOng;

B, 11, - M r¢ng va chi6u sau chon m6ng, m.
2.4.1.4. each Unh cua Tand, Funegard va Briaud (1986) cho nen set
Tand va c¢ng S\1' d6 xuat each tinh sau:

1. Tfnh q, TB nhu each tinh cua Schmertmann. set tot
. 2. Tinh d¢ sau chon m6ng quy d6i nhu sau: 0.5
D =
e
~"t.h
L., '
:qci (2.28) .><:0.4
Z=0 qcTB 0::
trong d6 h"' - d¢ sau chOn m6ng th\rc;
0.3
De - d¢ sau chon m6ng quy d6i;
q,i - sue khang xuyen mili cua lap
dat co d¢ day h; . 1 2 3 4 5 6
Rd
3. Tra h<? s6 sue ch(u tiii Rk tu hl.nh 2.46 dJ!a tren Hinh 2.46. H~ so sue chju tai R,
Rd = D,/B.
4. Sue ch(u tili gi6'i h<;tn !a:
qll = Rk (q,TB- avo)+ avo
Ngoai cac each tinh tren, ta con c6 the uoc tinh <p ho~c S" tl! CPT, r6i tfnh sue
chiu tai theo cac each tfnh truy6n th6ng.
Ne'u m6ng chiu tai trqng l<?ch tam, ho~c m6ng tren mai d6c, ho~c d€ m6ng
nghieng, v.v. thl sue chiu tai Clin phili hi<?u chlnh (vf d\J theo cac h<? s6 cua Hansen,
Terzaghi).
CHlJONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUYtN CON 77
I' AI"~ ? -A,-?
. . CUA MONG Di.JA TREN KET QUA CPT

2.4.2. Oil BAO £>0 LUN ON DINH
~ .
2.4.2.1. Cach tinh cua Meyerhof cho nen cat
Cach tfnh nay cJ!c ky dan gian (va kem chfnh xac) nhu sau:
cr"I B
s = ---"'"- (2.29)
2qcB
trong d6 q cB - gia trj trung blnh sue kh:ing mili (j lB du6i de m6ng.
2.4.2.2. Cach tinh cua Schmertmann cho nen cat

at oat
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
lzp
B/2 vdi m6ng dCJn I
B vdi m6ng bang , ''
8/4-------'""',-
I
j jjJ'j
'' I
I
-1 I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
>::-0, I
'rl> I
~I
'0~ I
~I
I
38 I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
48
Hinh 2.47. BH~u do q. Hinh 2.48. Cach tinh Em
theo Schmertmann
D(l lun cua m6ng nong tren n6n cat sau t nam !a:
NI·L\z·
S = C, C2 cr' 81
21 1
1 X • qci
2.: (2.30)
trong d6 C 1 - h¢ s6 hi¢u chlnh do d¢ sau chon m6ng:

C1 = 1-0,5. cr' 1 I cr'g1;
. .• . .• . .•
78 TH{ NGHI~M BAT Hl~N TRlJCJNG VA iJNG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T{CH N~N M6NG
~ - h¢ s6 tfnh den d¢ lun ttr bien: .

C2 = 1 + 0,2log (lOt);
cr' gl - Ung sul!t gAy lun ade' m6ng:
cr ' gl =p- ~'
v
.
I'
cr' I - Ung suat b:J.n thAn b muc de m6ng (hlnh 2.47);

cr' 2 - t1ng suat ban tMn amuc B/2 (m6ng don) hoi).c B (m6ng bang) tfnh ttr de
m6ng;
N - s616'p dat phfin t6; & mbi 16'p pMn t6, ap h;rc xuyen la hilng so va Ia q,;;
~z; - oo day l6'p pMn t6;
x. qci - m6dun cua l6'p phAn t6 co xet Mn hinh d~ng m6ng:
x = 2,5 vai m6ng don;
X = 3,5 Vffi mong bang;
V Cti dat qua c6 ket, thl gia trj x duqc tang ttr 1,5 den 2 l<in tuy thu¢c
muc d¢ qua co ket.
~; - h¢ s6 lun c6 duqc ttr 1 trong 2 ducrng gap khuc & hlnh 2.48:
M6ng don: Ducrng gap khUc b:it d<iu ttr (0, 1; 0) di den (I,P; B/2) va ket
thuc a(0, 2B). ~P la h¢ s6lun qrc d\li c6 gia trj la:
(2.31)
M6ng biing: Ducrng gap khlic b:it dau ttr (0,2; 0) di den (I,P; B) va ket
thuc & (0, 4B).
Neu su d~ng may tinh d~ tinh 1un theo c~ch tfnh nay, ta kh6ng cAn chia l6'p va
tinh q, trung binh cho m6i l6'p nhu tren hlnh 2.47. Con neu tinh toan bilng tay, thi d~
di\ dang ta nen cllia 16'p nhu tren hinh 2.47.
Giford xem xet 10 m6ng thvc te, Briaud xem xet 37 m6ng khac va thay rilng, gia
trj trung blnh cua
s;hmertmonn la 1,59; d¢ l¢ch chulin Ia 0,74. Cach tinh cua
Ddthl}'c te'
Schmertmann trong khoang 30% cac truemg hqp 13. uoc doan d¢ lun Ian hon th1;tc te
(tuc la an toan).
Ngoai ra, ta c6 th~ uoc tfnh E (hoi).c M), C,, C, ttr CPT, r6i tinh lun theo cac each
tfnh truyen th6ng. Sanglerat (1972) xem xet 19 m6ng thvc te, Ong uoc tinh d¢ lun theo
phuong ph<ip c¢ng lun phfin to truyen thong (phuong trlnh 1.3b), vai gia trj mOdun M
trong bang 2.6. Ket quala gia tri trung binh cua SSangleM la 1,47; d¢ l¢ch chuiin la 0,53.
SDo f.hl}'c t€
CHlfONG 2. THf NGHieM XUY~N CON 79
2.4.2.3. Cach tinh cua Buisman va DeBeer cho n~n cat

DAy Ia phuong ph:ip c~ng lun ti!ng l&p, d~ lun m&i l&p pMn t6 Ia:
S =IS;= L Cr CR. !lhi . log a' vo ~ cr'zi (2.32)

CC (j' YO
trong d6 Llh;- M day l&p dlit phAn t6 thu i;

cr' vo• cr' zi- ling su<ft bi'm thAn va ling sulit do tai trqng ngoai tcyi giua l&p phAn t6;
Cc- chi s6 nen SCI c<fp;
c, - chi s6 nen thu cap;
V6i dat c6 ke't thu?mg thi CJ Cc = 1, con v&i dat quii c6 ket (OC) thi C,/ Cc < 1.
CR = 2,3 = 153 0'' vO ·

3.qc ' qc '
2.cr'v0
Meyerhof cho dng, CR nen lay nho hon va la:

'
CR = 1,21 (j' vO.
qc
. .• . .• . .•
80 TH [ NGH l~M BAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA CING D\.ING TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N MONG
2.5. ltNG DI.)NG KET QUA CPT vAo Dl/ sAo

s(fc CHIU TAI DQC CUA CQC
2.5.1. CACH TfNH CUA LCPC CHO MQI LO~I CQC
:2.5.1.1. Cach tinh LCPC eli (198:2) (TCXD :205-1998)

Cach tfnh LCPC cii cua Bustamante vii. Gianeselli (Laboratoire Central des Ponts
et Chaussees- Philp) duqc dua ra vao nam 1982t<;~i h¢i nghi chilu Au v6 "Thf nghi¢m
Xuyen". Sau d6 each tinh duqc hi¢u chinh vai lan. Tuy nhien, chfnh hai tac gia trong
h¢i nghi 1982 da neu ra r!ing, each tinh nay .c6 d9 tin ci_\y khtmg cao l~m. Cach tfnh
nay la each tfnh duqc trlnh bay trong quy ph\lm Vi~t Nam (TCXD 205-1998) cling nhu
trong m¢t s6 giao trlnh n~n m6ng hi¢n hii.nh.
2.5.1.2. Cach tinh LCPC mCii (1983-1992)

Cach tfnh LCPC m6i ve CCI ban van gi6ng each tinh LCPC cu. Tuy nhien cac bang
s6 duqc thay hang cilc d6 thi. Ciich tfnh m6i nay duqc danh gia la c6 d¢ ·tin ci_\y cao
han.
Ma sat ben (sac khting ben):

Cac buac tfnh toan nhu sau:
Bu6'c 1: Dt!a vao bang 2.9 do§ xiic dinh ky hi¢u nh6m cua CQC thiet ke.
Bu6'c 2: Tra bang 2.10 d6 tlm ky hi~u duang cong.
Bu:6'c 3: Tra ciic hlnh 2.49 a, b, va c do§ tlrri rna sat ben dan vi f; cth CQC. Sau d6,
iip d~;mg phuang trinh (1.24) d€ tim t6ng rna sat ben.
Bang 2.9. Bang phan nh6m cqc
Nh6m Loaicoc
1. FS C<;>c khoan nhoi khong sll dvng dung d!ch khoan. Chi phu h<;Jp voi niin set trem mvc
m!Cic naam.
2.FB Coc khoan nhoi c6 sll dung dun[l dich khoan (bentonite, ... ).
3.FT C<;>c khoan nhoi sll dvng casing (ong do thanh) suet d<;>c c<;>c nhoi. Khi rut casing thl
(FTU) cOnq d6 bet6ng xu6ng.
4. FTC C<;>c khoan nhoi dvong kfnh nho sll d~ng khoan guong xo~n (c<;>c augercast). Vlla
belong d(i S\)! ion dV<;JC phun qua lb ri)ng cua can guong xoi:\n, dong !hoi guong XO~n
vlta xoav v(ta rtlt len.
5. FPU Coc khoan nhoi vao Iii dao thu c6ng.
6.FIG-BIG Coc khoan nhoi dVonQ kfnh nho (" 25 em)_c6 casin1:1 (micro pile l~ai 1).
CHlfONG2. THf NGHI~M XUYI:N CON 81
7. VMO Coc xoan vao dat cat tren mvc nv6c naam hoac vao dat set.
.
8. BE Coc thep dong co pho ba mat bang viia xi mang.
9.BBA Coc betona (c6 thil (tnq lvc trv6c) dong hoac rung va dong.
10. BM Coc thep dong (khong pho mat bana viia xi mana).
11. BPR C<;>c r6ng, tron bang belong. Cac do~n c<;>c lhtJong dai 1,5+3,0 m, dtJong kfnh ngoai
70+90 em, dtJOng kfnh trong 40+60 em. Coc noi v6i nhau bang (tog llfc lrlfdc.
12. BFR C<;>c r6ng: Khi rut casing thi d6 viia xi mang d(l S\11 nho.vao va dam chl[lt len de belong
aday.
13 .. BMO Coc r6ng d6 viia xi mang do sut vlla.
14. VBA Coc ep betonq.
15. VME Coc ep thep. .
16. FIP Coc khoan nhoi dtJona kfnh nho (" 25 em) (coc micro pile loai II).
.
17. BIP Coc phun dl16i ap sual 16n, dtJOna kfnh coc > 25 em.
Bi!mg 2. 10. Bang ky hi~u dvC!ng cong
DAT SET VAIHOAC BUI

£htong q, nh6m
cong# (bar) (tll bimg 2.9) Ghi chu
1 <7,3 1+17
>7,3 1' 2 £ltJong cong 1 c6 ma sat ben thap nhat, do d6 thtJong dung
cho nhiina trlf(lnq hap xau.
2 > 12,5 4,5,8+11, Vdi c<;>c thep (so 8, 10, 15), neu dat c6 tfnh dfnh cao thi nen
13+15 dung dvong cong #1 cho an loan.
V{ji c<;>c dong belong, neu dat c6 tfnh dfnh !hap (dat ian nhieu
cat, cu(li), thi ma sat ben c6 thil cao han, ta c6 thil dung
dVOnq conq #3.
> 12,5 7
> 12,5 1' 2 Neu thi c<;>c c<;>c nhoi dlf<;Jc giam sat chl[lt che, thanh ho khoan
dV<;Jc lam s~ch va nham, belong d6 ngay, dat c6 q, > 47bar
thi c6 lhil duna dtJ(Inq conq #3.
> 12,5 3 Neu thi cong c<;>c nhoi dtJ6i mt,tc nlfdc ngam doi hoi bam hut
nlJ{jc lien t~,~c, do d6 ph<11i di chuyiln casing thi nen dung
dlf(lnq cona #1 cho an loan.
3 12,5:20,9 12
5 >20,9 16, 17 Duna neu chat ltJang thi cong tot.
. .• . .• . .•
82 THf NGHII;M !JAT HI~N TR\JCNG VA llNG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
£>AT cAT_ ·SOl --

1 <36,5 2-4, 6+15
2 >36,5 6, 7,9+15 W!i cat mjn:
• C9c thep: nen dung dtJong cong #1 cho an loan
• C9c belong: neu q, > 78,3 bar thi dung dlfong cong #2; ngll<;ic l<;~i,
dung gia trj giCia dllong #1 va #2
---
' >52,2 2,3 Neu c9c nhoi dai h<Jn 30m trong cat mjn, nen dung gia trj giCta dudng
#1 va #2 ..
' >52,2 4 - - - --
3 >78,3 6,7,9,10, ThtJong Ia v(Ji cat sci. Neu C9C belong, c6 thil dung gia trj ion h<Jn
13+ 15,17 dtJong cong #3.
--
>78,3 2,3 Cho coc nhoi nqan hdn 30 m.
--
Neu vao c'!_(ii sci c6 g, > 42 bar, c6 th§ dung dtJong #4.
4 >78,3 8,12 Cho cat sOi va cu6i.
--
5 >52,2 16,17 Dung neu chatJilil_r;_g_thi c6ng tot ___ -- "~-~=-~
- -- ·-·-
DA PHAN ···- --- -- -- - - - -·- '"
1 <31,3 1+4, 6+15

3 >31,3 7+11, Dung dl!ong cong #2 neu: q, < 73 bar, dtJoi miJc nude ngam, c9c thep
13+15 hoi;\c belong thanh nhil'n;
Dung gia tri ion hcln dLfong cong #3 neu q, >125 bar.
>47 6,8
---------------
>47 1+3,5,7 C9c nhoi tren miJc nude ngam va bet6ng dtJqc do ngay sau khi khoan;
Neu q, >125 bar va tren miJc nlloc ngam thi c6 thil dung gia tri ion h<Jn
dU'iJng cong #3.
----
Neu da dU'oi miJc nU'dc ngam, thanh h6 khoan nhan, hay da phan xao
tr¢n nhi<iu i'J thilnh ho khoan thi nen giam ma sat ben xuong bang
dtJonq conq #2.
4 >47 12
>47 16,17 Dung neu chat ltJ<;Jng thi cong tot.

------
a) SET; BUI .
-- -
.. - 5
..------- ---·
4 -,-~
,./"'
4
c v
/
-- 3
-"'
~2
...
2
If/
:;; 1 k~
~
1
- .- '"' -~·· -· q,
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 ksf
0 9.6 19.2 28.7 38.3 47.9 57.5 67.0 76.6 bar
CHIJONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUY!ON CON 83
' ,
b) CAT- SOl
~
co..._
.0 (/)
""""'
C')
c-J
---,--------;--
I
-------r--------,----,
I
I
I I
"' I I I
~~~
"? ""----- -------1---------
I --+----------~-------~-~-
1 I I
,5} I I I I
-
.0
(/)
")•
~(0 -=::1" ('i)
~
.
I I
I
I
I
I
1
I4
I
ctl
~
I I
I I I
"' N __ _
~
0 -~----------+---------+--------- IZ
~I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I 11
I
______.-+- I ~~~------------~
1
I
I I I I
I I I I
0
_'ipO 2QO 3p0 4QO 500 00 700 8bO sf
0 47.9 95.8 143.6 191.5 239.4 287.3 335.2 383 bar
-U)
I I I I
- I I I I
I I I I
I I I I 4
"'~ "'--------r-------r------ :~
I I -
~
'I
'---
I I I I
:~
c: ·<t I I
<(J) <0 I I 3
-
.0 ": -
•CO
~
I I I
:
I I I
:
(/)
"~--0-----
co I
~ "'
(J) I -- _j. 2
0 I
'
I I
co ~ -r-- I I I
"': :,.- I I I I 1
0
1-- ----;-- .I
.~
I -·1 I
ksf
*
300 4dJO
0 ' ' bar
47.9 95.8 143.6 191.5
Slic khling mUi q,
1-/inh 2.49. Ma sat ben cua CQC trong cac lo~i dati da ([.CPC)
. _,
. _, . -·
84 TH[ NGHI~M DAT HI~N TRLfClNG VA IJNG DI)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
Sue khdng mfli:

S(re khang mili dO'll vj la: qP =K, q, ;
K, la h¢ s6 quy d6i til CPT sang e9e ~ tra bang 2.11;
q, la sue khring mili do duqe til CPT, thuong la gia trj trung b!nh trong kho:?mg 1B
til mili e9e xu6ng. (B 13. du0ng kfnh c9c).
Sau do ap d~mg phUO'llg tr!nh ( 1.25) dt5 tlm t6ng sue khiing mili.
Bang 2.11.' H\i sa K, cho sue khiing miii
Loai dilt Set- bui Ciit- sci Dii pha'n

Coc nhoi 0,375 0,150 0,200
Coc d6ng 0,600 0,375 0,400
I ; ') 10,; ,:;'
2.5.2. CACH TINH CUA SCHMERTMANN CPT CHO CQC CHE SAN
Ma sdt ben (sue khdng Mn)

Trang dtft cat, sue khang ben dO'll vj f 1 13. gia trj t6i thit5u trong ba gia trj sau:
1
f 1 =K. f, . min(1, - ) (2.33)
SB
f 2 =0,12 MPa = 1,2 bar"' 2,4 ksf
f3 =e. q,. (2.34)
trong d6 q, va f, - ket qua thf nghi¢m CPT;
K - gia trj tra trong hlnh 2.50;
c - gia trj trong bang 2.12;
L c chi6u dai coc;
1 - d¢ sau ti:t m~t dilt de'n dit5m tfnh f 1;
B - du0ng kfnh e9e.
Neu f 1 13. gia trj t6i thit5u, dt;ta tren phuO'llg trl.nh (2.33) va (1.24), taco tM viet l<:~i
t6ng rna Sat ben cua CQe trong dat cat theo phUO'llg tr!nh dO'll gi{m sau;
Q1 =ul:f
·
1 .~z1 =u [ ~_2:K.fs.~i+
SB
_2:K.fs.~i
L ]
(2.35)
z=O z=SB
Bang 2.12. H~ soc cho sue khiing bim trong da't ciit (Schmertmann)
Bet6ng mb Thep Thep

Lo~icgc Be tong
r6nq mOi
Cgc rung Go (6nQ mOi kin) (_H, hoac 6ng_ mOi hb)
c 0,012 0,009 0,018 0,012 0,008
CHlfONG 2. THI NGHI~M XUYtN CON 85
Trong alit dinh, sue kh<ing Mn dan vj f 1 Ia giii tr\ t6i thieu trong 2 giii trj sau:
1
f 1 =a. f,. min( I, - ) (2.36)
8B
(2.37)
a Ia giii trj trong hlnh 2.51; S" Ut sue khiing ciit kh6ng thoiit nu6c (n€u bi€t S").
S ftc khang miU:

Theo Schmertmann, sue khiing mfii cua CQC lay theo each tfnh cua De Ruiter va
Beringen (pMn 2.5.3).
K K
oi---+1_ _-;2 0 3
10 10
~
aJ
:J
20 20
30 1- 1- 30 1- 1-
0.. 0.. 0.. 0..
() () () ()
2 UJ 2 UJ
C9c be tong CQC thep
40 40
Hinh 2.50. H~ sfi K tinh loan rna sat ben cua CQC trong dat cat (Schmertmann)
1.4 ! i 'I '

1
I ! l
1.2 .... . I' I i !
[ I
! --L·
.... I
I
- i
.j.._ -·
I
•~ l
I l_
i
1.0 l I_
" 1 !
I
!
- ~ i coc Mt6n~
" o.a i=t=+ ,~
\o
"' 0.6
~·
-·
'' 'l..J' ..
!
i l
'" 1
[">.. -.
i' ! i !
! I I y
fV~
!
~
l
·
0.4
···-
! ! II
,...cqc thep
..... !'>....
.... s~r-~~-
I -
I i' L' . I I j ' '
.
; ! '
0.2 l
I
I ~ ! l I
0.0 ! t '
i
li
~ ! I
0 i 50 100 150 200
Sue kh8ng ben f, (kPa) (til CPT)
Hinh 2.51. Ma sat ben cua CQC trong dat dinh (Schmertmann)
. ·' . .• . .•
86 THf NGHili:M BAT HleN TRVONG VA ONG DIJNG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
2.5.3. eACH TINH CUA DE RUITEr~ VA BER!NGEN CHO CQC CHE SAN
Ma stit ben (sue khang ben)

Ma sat ben cua C9C Hly hoi khac m~t chlit so vQi each tinh Schmertmann:
Trong ddt edt, sue khang ben dO'll vj f; la gia trj t6i thi.gu trong ba gia tri sau:
* f 1 =f, cua th1 nghi~m CPT ;
* f 2 = 0,12 MPa = 1,2 bar"" 2,4 ksf;
9 f3 =C · qc;
De tfnh sue chju tai nen: c = l/300 ;
De tinh.suc chju tiii keo: c = 1/400 .
Trong ddt set, f; =a Su ;
Dat set co ke't thu?mg (NC): a = 1,0 ;
Dat set qua co ket (OC): a = 0,5 .
Site khdng miii:

Sac khiing mui dO'll vj chinh bang giii trj
trung blnh cua sue kh:l.ng mui do du:qc tu CPT.
Tuy nhien, qua trlnh tfnh "trung blnh" rat d~c
bi~t va hoi phuc t::tp:
(2.38)
---;,
h,
I
trong do I
I
I
qd - giii trj nho nhilt trong cac gia tri q"; gl
I
q"- gia trj trung bl.nh q, (sue kh:ing mili CPT) f

tu L den L+xB (gia trj th!fc), r6i tu L+xB I
nguqc len L (gia tri nhO nMt). Vi d\1 tren

-wI a'1
L
I .
hlnh 2.52, ta se tinh qcx trung binh tren c\rc · b fXl
X
quang du?mg a-b-c-d-e-e. Do::tn a-b-e-d "
la do::tn gia tri thvc tu xuyen CPT. Do::tn L+xB
d-e-e (di len) Ia do::tn chrCing theo gia trj
nhO nhat;
qc2 - gia tri trung binh tu L ngu:qc len L-8B Hinh 2. 52. Vi d\1 tim q•
(giii tri nho nhat). Trong hlnh 2.52, ta
L : chieu dai c9c, B : duiJng klnh cqc,
can tim q"'
theo do:;tn du:emg e-f-g-h-i. x = o,7+ 3,75 (aoi khi x lay tu o.? aen 4)
Trong ddt set, sue khang mui dO'll vj co the con dtrqc tinh lii.:
(2.39)
CHLIONG 2. THf NGHieM XUY!:N CON 87
-·-··------'------------2
T'rong m9i truemg hqp, q 9 phai nh6 hon gia trj gi6i h\ln q 9L:
q 9L = 150 kg/cm2 (15MPa) v&i dift riJi ch{lt, rift ch{lt;
qpL = 100kg/cm2 (10 MPa) v&i de lo~i dift khae.
2.5.4. eAcH TINH AlSAMMAN (1995) CHO CQC NHOI
Nam 1995, trong euon lul[ln an Tien sy day 300 trang t\li trui'mg Illinois- Urbana-
Champaign, Alsamman da trinh bay each tfnh sue ehju tai ei':ta e9c nh6i. Cac cong thUc
ci':ta Alsamman d!fa tren nhfrng tfnh toan nguqc ti:r ket qua nhi~u thf nghi~m nen tinh.
Phiin nay chl trinh bay tom dt ke't qua ei':ta Alsamman.
Ma sat ben (s(tc khiing ben):
Trong Mt dfnh:
f; =0,0225 q, neu q, ,:::; 37,8 bar ;
f; = 0,85 bar neu q, > 37,8 bar.
Trong dift cat, cat !an bvi:
f; = 0,015 q, neu q,:::; 47,2 bar;
f; = 0,71 + 0,00167[q,- 47,2] neu 47,2 <q,:::; 189 bar;
f; = 0,945 bar neu q, > 189 bar.
Trong da clam, Clift cat Ian soi:
f; = 0,02 q, neu q, :::; 47,2 bar ;
f; = 0,945 + 0,0025 (q,- 47,2] neu 47,2 <q,:::; 189 bar;
f; = 1,3 bar neu q, > 189 bar.
S(tc khting mUi:
Trong dift dfnh: q 9 "" 0,27 (q,b- CJ',0);
Trong dift rO'i: qp = 0,15 q,b neu q,b :::; 94,5 bar ;
qr = 14,2 + 0,075 [q,b- 94,5] neu 94,5 <q, :::; 283,4 bar;
q p = 28 , 3 bar . neu q, > 283,4 bar .
trong do q,b - gia trj trung binh CUa q, trong khoang lB kti ttr mfii C9C;
Gvo- ung suift ban thitn tl;li miii C9C.
Ghi chu: Cdc cong~thU:c tren, Alsamman ap dlfng v6i ket qud xuyen do bdngc(f
h<?c (MCPT). Ne'u sLt d~mg xuyen do b&ng di¢n, ta cdn sa
difng c6ng thU:c chuye'n ddi
Clla Kulhawy va Mayne (phdn 2.2.6):
qT(ECPT) eo 0,47 qc(MCPT/.JP => qc(MCPT) = j ,886 qT(ECPT)O.B4
Tat al cdc thU: nguyen diu /a bar.
. .• . _, . _,
88 THf NGHI~M flAT HI~N TRlfbNG VA tlNG D\,JNG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
2.6. VI DV TiNH TOAN

Cho ke't qua thf nghi¢m xuyt':n nhu a hinh 2.53. Mt!c nuac ngiim t(li 3 m. Tren
m\fC nuac ngiim t(lm H!y y = 18 kN/m 3; dudi m\fC nuoc ngiim 'Ynn = 21 kN/rrt3 •
C6 cac yeu ciiu sau:
VI dJ.i 1: Tim cac ~c trung ca ly cua dat tir 0 den 1 m, 3 de'n 4 m, va tir 8 den 9 m.
Vi d\1 2: Neu dij.t m6ng nong klch thudc b .. a= 1 . 1,5 m, ad¢ sllu h,.,= 0,5 m, tai
trqng tieu chu1ln N,, =54 tan, tai trqng tfnh toan N" = 64,8 tt:ln.
a. Tlnh sue chju tai ;
b. Dt! bao d¢ hin .
VI dli\1 3: Neu di).t m6ng cqc th6p tron bit kfn mili duemg kfnh <1>45 em, co chieu
dai L =9,5 m (hinh 2.53), sue chju tai cua CQC se khoang bao nhieu.
De giai ba vf d~;~ nay, neu dung cac phiin m6m may tfnh, ta khong can chia lap,
chu<mg trinh se tfnh dqc xuong theo tt'mg s61i¢u (q" f,) do duqc.
·'11 Tuy nhien, vi chU.ng ta tfnh biing tay, nen de don gifm chung ta chi a n6n di!t da
cho thilnh cac lap pMn t6 day lm. Gia trj q, va f, trung blnh cua cac lap dat phan t6
a
duqc trl.nh bay hinh 2.54.
l!
,...... _______ ..... _.,... __ ----------""" -·-
• ,.,.,!
4 "'
g~
N., l-8113 l
---------------·----------=--
II
Hinh 2. 53. Vi d\1 ket qua xuyen

CHlfONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUY~N CON 89
0.3
' ' • ' ' I I
• I I
' I
• I I
. o,03 IM cat b~i
.. ____ .... ___

ch~t v(Ja
1).051 .
I--------
'·$
o.oa'? 0*"1
• 1-
. o.oal .... !l.$ su ,.._. ________ set yeu
. 0.04
t-
---------------- ~
0.6
o.oJS o.s L-8B=5.9m 8 _,;. ________ bun set

- (),04
I :J:;:----------- ":::'
.
o.u 1 IU.!l cat chi;'!t
. o.on j· .IM c. il~;:Q ____

c.lll
10 .
.
cat rat
. o.u I I <l4 chi;'!!
;u ~,.
. lh &? 1 L+4B=11.3m
. o.l.. I .22.-0
14 . 1:1.211 L. 123.6
Hinh 2.54. Chia nen dat thimh cac ldp phan to
2.6.1. VI DI,J 1: fl~C TRIJNG CO l Y
2.6.1.1. Phiin ioll!i dat
Tit Otte'n lm:
Vl d¢ sau nhO, nen ta sir d1,mg

bitlu d6 phan lo~i dat cua Robertson
(1986) trenhlnh 2.23 (the\ hi~n l~i &
hlnh 2.55).
q, =62 bar; f, =0,3 bar ; 3
Rr =fj q, =0,484 % .
Tra d6 thi 2.55 ta duqc dat s6
hi~u 8, tuc Iii cat, c6 the\ li\n it b1;1i. 2 .. 6 8
Rr(%)
Hinh 2.55. Phan Iolli dat (O· 1m)
. .• . .•
90 THf NGHI~M DAr HI~N TRlfONG VA ll'NG DI,ING TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
Ti/:3 aln 4m:

Ta si't ctvng bitlu d6 phan lo<_li dat cua Robertson ( 1991) tren h!nh 2.24.
q, = 5 bar; f, = 0,23 bar ;
Ta coi day la thf nghi¢m khong do
ap JtJC lllf<JC J& r/Sng ~ qT"" 5 bar ;
cr,o,,; 3.sm"' 3. 18 + 0,5. 21

= 64,5 kPa ==0,645 bar ;
cr'vot,i3,sm"" 3. 18 + 0,5. 11
== 59,5 kPa =0,595 bar ;
4,355 =7 32.
0,595 , ,
f 023\
F- ' .100% ==-'-== 5,28 %.
qT- (JvO 4,355
Tra d6 thj h1nh 2.24 (the hi¢n l<.~i &

hlnh 2.56), ta duqc dat so hi¢u 3, 13. set /set ,[__._L~1JJ_U!~~~~
0.1 1 10
!lin ft bvi.
F (%)
Hinh 2. 56. Phi\n lo9i di'it
Ti/:8 dln 9m:

Ta Slf ctvng bitlu d6 phan lo<_li dat cua Robertson ( 1991) tren h!nh 2.24.
q, == 95 bar; f, = 0,92 bar ;
Ta coi day Ia thf nghi¢m khong do ap Ivc nu6c !& r&ng ~ qT = 95 bar ;
crvoc,;ssm"" 3. 18 + 5,5. 21 = 169,5 kPa =1,695 bar;
cr'voco;ssm"' 3. 18 + 5,5. 11 = 114,5 kPa =1,145 bar;
QT== qT -crvo == 93,305 81 ,5 ;

cr'vo 1,145
F == f, .100% = o,n 0 986 % .
qT- (JvO 93,305 ,
Tra d6 thj hlnh 2.24 (thtl hi¢n l<.~i & hl.nh 2.56), ta c1uqc c1ilt so hi¢u 6, l<.~i kha sat
v6i ranh gi&i' cua vung c1at 5, nen dilt nay duqc dq b6o Hi cat co the !lin It b9i.
Tren ca hai do thj 2.55 va 2.56, ta th!iy ding phan to dilt & 0,5 m la co k6t thuang:
ditlm tren c16 thj nlim dtt6i vi:mg co k6t thtrang; Hai phan to dat con l::ti (& 3,5 va 8,5 m)
CHlfONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUYtN CON 91
di\u qua c6 ke't ft: chung n~m gi\n vung c6 ket thuong (no1mally consolidated), c6 tM
phan doan OCR== 1,1 + 2,0. (Ghi chU: Vung co ket thui'mg la vung cheo tu g6c trai
triln xu6ng g6c phai du6i);
Can cu vao tfnh toan tu chuang trlnh may tfnh va eric h6 khoan lay mftu lttn c~n
d6, ten va tr~ng thai cua tat d. cac lap dat duqc ve tren h!nh 2.54. Cac chuang tr1nh
may tfnh phttn lo~i dat khong phai theo phucmg phap "cham di<'!m" trert d6 thj nhu vi:ra
trlnh bay b dtty. VI dlf, chl!ng sir d~mg thu~t toan sau:
thl dat thu(>c lo\li hih! co, bun;
1000
~ Neu QT> ------,--- th! dat thu(>c lo~i qua c6 ket, v.v ...
-4,481
---·-
30,65e F
Trong d6, cac phuong trlnh kil tren chfnh la cac duCing ranh gi6'i trong h!nh 2.24.
Tu Odtnlm:
cr'votaiosm"' 18. 0,5 = 9 kPa =0,09 bar;
qco =q~ I .[cr• v: = 62 I 0,3 = 206,67 .
Theo Jamiolkowsky (phuong tr'lnh 2.3), ta c6:
D, 1 '" 68 - [ log(qcJ- l ] = 89% ;
Kq = 0,9 + [lc~l 300 = 1,2;
D, = 68 . [ log(qcn I K0 )- 1 I= 84%::::; Dat lJ trang thai ch~t.
Luu y rilng, & d¢ sliu nho (~2m), cac gia trj qcn• Q1 tlnxon.g qua cao. Do d6, D, dg
bao theo each nay hoi 16'!1 (Cung v!ly do nay, iJ d¢ siiu s; 2 m, d~ phan lo'S'i Clift ta nen
dung d6 thj 2.23 chti' kh6ng clung d6 thj 2.24). Nteu theo bimg da t·Aq~rhof thl vCii
q, = 62 bar, D, se bling khoimg 50% (ch~t vi:ra).
Ket lu~n: C6 th~ la)'D,"" (50+ 84) I 2 ""70% (ch~t vita de'n ch')t).
Tit 3 tUn 4m:

Theo phuong tdnh (2.4) ta c6, v&i q, =5 bar:
D(> s¢t LI = (-0,06. q, 3 + 6,36. q, 2 - 357. q,). w-• + 0,66 = 0,5;
Nhu v~y oat & tr!!ng thai m6m.
Tu 8Mn9m:
q,,= qT I ;;;:v~ = 95 I Jli!,3 = 88,78;
Theo Jamiolkowsky D, = 68* I log(q,,)- l ]= 64 %:
D, = 6 J% :=;-. Dat & tr<:tng thai chat vira den chat .
. .• . ·' . ·'
92 THfNGHI~MBAT HI~N TRlJClNG VA O'NG D\]NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
2.6.1.3. eanh gia sue khang ci\t
Tit 0 dtn lm:

Theo Kulhawy va Mayne (Phuong trlnh 2.16):
cp' = 17,6 +11 .log(q,n) "'43°;
Tuy nhien, chi nen ket lu~n cp' "'37°v1 ba ly do:
• Dil.y la dilt cat co the lfin it b~i chU khong phai cat S\\Ch;
• v 6i dilt rai d tr\lng thiii chi).t, g6c CJld\1 ( CJlcy) thuang thilp hon g6c CJldinh ( <pp) ;
• V1 d d¢ sil.u nho, nen q,. qua cao. Tuong tv nhu tren, cac cong thUc lien quan
Mn a' Yo va a,0 thuang khong phu hqp cho d¢ sil.u :'::2m.
Tit 3 Mn4m:
Theo phU<mg trlnh (2.17), SUC khang cat kh6ng thoat nUOC Clh dilt set nay la:
q -a 0
Su= " ' 0,36 bar = 36 kPa .
T
Nk
Gia tri Su nay la cua set yeu.
Tit 8 dln 9m:

Theo Kulhawy va Mayne, cp' =17,6 + 11 .log(q,.) "'39°.
Vi d1lt d trl)llg thai chi).t vlial chi).t, g6c CJldu thilp hon g6c <pdinh, ta ch<;m cp' "' 37°.
2.6.1.4. f>anh gia h~ soK 0 , OCR
Tit 3 dtn 4m (set):

Theo phuong trinh (2.14) cua Kulhawy (1989): Ko = 0,1. QT = 0,1 . 7,32 = 0,73;
Theo phuong trlnh (2.12) cua Mayne:
OCR= 0,29. q, I a'Yo= 0,29. 5/0,595 = 2,44;
,----:-- · s Ia'
Sj va vo =36 I 0,595 "' 0,6 :::::> " , Yo "' 0,6 I 0,33 = 1,82 ;
· (S .fa yo )Nc
::::> Neu theo &hmertrnann (h'inh 1.11, philn 1.2.3.2) thi OCR= 1,82° 1 o,sJ = 2,11;
Neu theo Mayne va Michell (1986) thi OCR "'3,3 Su/a'vo"' 2,00;
Ket lu~m. OCR ""2,1.

CHtJONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUYI:N CON 93
Tit 8 din 9m (cat):

951,25
35e6vzo
Theo phuong trinh (2.11) cua Kulhawy va cqng SJ!: K-~ 0,35;
o- 1,145
Ta th!ly, 0,35 nho hon 1 -simp' = 0,4; rna day la d!lt cat, m~n khong xiiy ra tnt<mg
hqp du6i c6 ket, do d6, Ko =0,4 va OCR =1 (neu Ko 1&1 hon 1-simp' thl ta se sir dt.mg
phmmg trlnh 1.16 d~ tfnh OCR).
Cac ket quii OCR va Ko cua hai lo;:ti dat trl:n deu phil hqp v6i nh~n xet rut ra tu
hinh 2.56 (phiin 2.6.1.1).
2.6.1.5. f>anh gia mMun bien cl\lng (ki ca yeu to til' bien)
DJ!a vao bang 2.6 cua Sanglerat:
Tlr 0 + 1 m: cat blJi chi).t vtra: a= 1,8; M= 1,8. 62 = 111,6 bar;
Tu 3 + 4 m: set yeu khong biet d¢ deo: a= 3,0; M = 3 . 5 = 15 bar;
Tu 8 + 9 m: cat ch~t: a= 1,5; M = 1,5 . 95 = 142 bar.
2.6.1.6. f>anh gia h~ so Poisson

Tuphiin 1.2.2.1, v6i d!lt cattac6v =0,1 + 0,015(<p'-25);
Tu 0 +1m va 8 + 9 m: d!lt cat c6 v = 0,28 ;
Con tu 3 + 4 m: dat set u&c tfnh c6 v = 0,35 .
2.6.2. VI Dl) 2: MONG NONG
,
Ap1J!cti~pxuc:
. Ntc
Pte= - I z
+ y 1bhm = 54 + 2 . 0 ,5 =37tm;
ab 1 . 1,5
Nu 64.8 . 2
Ptt = -+Ytbhm = + 2. 0,5 = 44,2 t/m .
ab 1 . 1,5
2
Ap lJ!c gay lun: Psi = Pte - q = 37 - 1,8 . 0,5 = 36,1 t/m ( v6i q = y hm = 0,9).
2.6.2.1. Olf bao sue ch!u tai
TtJi day mong:

Cach tinh Schmertmann 1978:
Trung blnh qe tu 0,5 den 1 m: qc 1 "' 7 MPa = 70 bar (tu hinh 2.53);
. .• . ·' . ·'
94 TH[ NGHI$M BA<" HI~N TRii<'JNG VA (nqG DI)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH NEN M6NG
q, TB"' (70 X 75/· 5 = 72,45 bar;

q, ·"' 48 - 0,0090 (300 - q, T,Jpa) 1'5 "" 17, l bar"" !71 tlm 2;
=> H¢ s6 an toimla F, = q"l Pu = 171 I 44,2 =, 3,9 .
Cach tfnh Schmertmann d11a tren phu:ong trlnh cua Terzaghi :

Nq =Nr = 1,2.5 >< 72,45 = 90,56 ;
q, = q Nq + 0,5 y B Ny·= 1,8. 0,5. 90,56 + 0,5 .1,8 ! . 90,56 = 163 tlm 2 ;
=> H¢ so an toi:m la F, = qj Pu = 163 I 44,2 = 3,7.
Cach tinh Meyerhof 1956 :

q, 6 "" 80 bar (d~r bao tit hlnh 2.53);
qu =q, ~ (1 +I~,)= 6,67. 1,5 = 10 bar"' 100 t/m

6
2
(theo (2.27));
~ h ~ h ., d
Cac ~
tm sv . \]ng goc ~
ma sat trong cp =37 e'en'.~ ~9°
:J :
Theo Terzaghi: q" = 99,3 Mn !38 tlm 2 ;
Theo Meyerhof: o, = 121 den .171 t/m 2 ;

"
Theo Hansen: q, =96,2 den !30 t/m 2 ;
Theo Vesic: q, = 109 den 147 t/m 2 •
Torn lS~i, q, trong kho2mg 100 den 170 t/d va h¢ s6 an toan tl12,3 den 3,9.
Tl,li mijt l6p setylu (each day mong .l,S m; each mijt tidt 2m):
a', = ko. (Pu- y hm) = 0,245 . 43,3 = 10,6 t/m2 (k0 tra bimg tinh ring sul\t t!;li tam);
Ap life tiep xuc t~1i m<;tt lop yeu: p, '"' cr', +a' b< = 10,6 + 1,8 t/m
3
. 2m= 14,2 t/m 2.
Kich tlm6'c m0ng tHong dtrong t~i m<;tt lop y~u:
b,d= b/ Jk: == 2,02 m ;

a,d = a/ jk;, =3,03 m .
Cach tinh Schmertmann 1978:
qd = 7 bar; q" = 5,5 bar (tU: hl.nh 2.53) => q,Ta"' 6,2 bar;
2
qu = 5 + 0,34 q,TB = 7,1 bar =71 tlm ;
=> H¢ so an toim la F, = q, I p, = 71 I 14,2 = :5,0 .
CHLIONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUY!:N CON 95
Cach tfnh Tand, Funegard va Briand:

q,Ts =6,2 bar "' 62 tlm 2 (ket qua da tfnh iJ tri':n);
~~1 .62+1 .75
De"" L""-- = 2~L,1 '
(theo phll'O'ng tnnh (2.28));
(l 6,2 .
R0= Dj B,d =22,1 I 2,02 > 6 => RK ""0,5 (hlnh 2.46) ;

q" = Rk (qcTB- 0, + U, = 0,5. (62- 2. 1,8) + 2. 1,8 = 32,8 tlm 2 ;
0) 0
=> H¢ s6 an toan la F, = q" I p, = 32,8 I 14,2 = 2,3 .
Cach tfnh sue chju t<li tuc thiJi (khong thoat nu6'c) dJ!a vito S" = 36 kPa:
Theo Terzaghi: qu = 29,4 tlm 2 => F, = 2,07 ;
Theo Meyerhof: q" = 28,7 tlm 2
=> F, = 2,02;
Theo Hansen & Vesic: q" = 31,9 tlm 2 => F, =2,25.
Tom ll).i, mong an tolim ve khii nang chiu tai (cii iJ day mong va 16p yeu).
2.6.2.2. D!! bao d¢ Wn
Cach tinh theo (y thuylt:

Ti:r phm:mg trlnh (1.3b) taco d<;> h1n khbng n& hong Ia:
1
S,= Mph,.
Su d!fng ket qua u&c tfnh gia trj mOdun bien d;,mg M (v6'i a 1,5 + 3,0) & pMn =
2.6.1.5, ia co bang tfnh toa.n 2.13. Vl mong nay kha nho (1 X 1,5 m), cho nen d<)lun se
co sv n& hong, do dod<? lun co the l6'n han ket qua trong bang 2.13.
Bang 2.13. Vi d1,1 tinh d¢1Un theo mOdun M (co tinh den !U" bien) cua Sanglerat
Chieu sau !if f:liifm giii"a lop ___ili,_g_s~--t-b_a_n- r;;:;:;g sua! gay MOdun bien D/? lun phiin !61
mat_,d_a,_,··t=--t--"'-'
plh,_a,n"--'-"to'--'<c.:•m"--)+!::::h'-"a"-n-"cr-"'
; "--'(l,_,kc:._P,_,al'--t-.:.olu"-'n'-'cr'-'''"-'(1"-'k"--P"-'a)'-t--"d'-"'a"-ng..MJ.~ S (em)
0,5 1-·-'------+--------1------"'-3"'-61,_,_,0"-----1
r--- 0,625 -·---+- __1_:_:1-"',3'---+-----'3"-'5"'8",4,,_____ r-- 0,664
0,75 111,6
r------~
r----1~,0~-+----0-,8--7-5_.-1--~~--- -3-·15_._1-~---------i---0-,5-83-~
1--- 1,125
1-- -- 1,375
-t I
20,3
24,8
243,2
179,9
0,450
__ o,333 1
:__ -~~----±
'-'-c------'2"',0'---··------------------···- ______
~~:: ---~,~~-"~·:"'-:---'---- 135
T6ng-lun cua lop cat 1 =2,46:;;j
~:~:~ -~
. ,, . ,, . ·'
96 THf NGHI~M f:lAT HI~N TRUCJNG VA (/NG D\)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
2,125 38,3 78 0 0,929

2,375 42,8 61,7 0,735
2,625 47,3 49,8 21 0,593
2,875 51,8 40,9 0,487
3,125 55,4 34 2 0,570
3,375 58,1 28,9 15 0,482
3,5 T6ni! lun de'n 3,5m =6,26 em
3,625 60,9 24,8 15 0,413
3,875 63,6 21 4 0,357
4,125 66,4 18 7 0,390
4,375 69,1 16,5 0,343
4,625 71,9 14,6 12 0,304
4,875 74,6 13 0 0,272
5,125 77,4 11 7 0,293
5,375 80,1 10,6 0,264
5,625 82,9 9,6 10 0,240
5,875 85,6 8,7 0,219
6,0 T6nghln de'n 6 m =9,39 em
6,125 88,4 8,0 0,032
6,375 91,1 7,3 0,030
6,625 93,9 6,8 62 0,027
6,875 96,6 6,3 0,025
7,125 99,4 5,8 0,008
7,375 102,1 5,4 0,008
7,625 104,9 5,0 178,5 0,007
7,875 107,6 47 0,007
80 109,0
S =:ES =9,5em
1
Cach tinh Schmertmann:

cr' 1 (t~i O,Sm) = 0,9 t/m2 ;
cr ' 2 <t~i t.am)=
. 18./ 2
, tm ;
cl = 1-0,5. cr'/cr'gl = 1-0,5. 0,9/36,1 = 0,987;
Sau 10 niim thi h¢ s6 ~ Ia C2 = 1 + 0,2. log(lO. 10) = 1,4;
Tit hlnh 2.48 ta c6 h¢ s6lun eve d<).i 13.:
I,P = 0,5 + 0,1 ~cr·,g, =0,5 + 0,1 ~ 361,8• 1 = 0,948.

(J 2
CHlf0NG 2. TH[ NGHI~M XUYI:N CON 97
0.5 !../-"'-'
I
I
~ I
'0 1 I /ch~t ·;;;;). 5
'0 '· 7600
E I
'<(]) I
'0
l
~ --j~·---
I
---·--·
0.562
"1J
:J
<!!l I
lfJ
<0·~ I 700
Q I
I
I qc (kPa)
M ;_
. I
I
Hinh 2.57. Vi d!J tinh IUn theo each tinh Schmertmann
Ne'u bo qua d9 lun tu bie'n thl. d9 lun cua l&p cat 1 Ut:
S, = C, cr' gt LN Izi L'lzi

I X · qci
0,1 + 0,948 . 0,5 3 0,948 + 0,569 . 1,0 3

2 -m- +--:.=:..__ _ __ m
= 0,987 . 361 kN/m2
2,5 . 6200 kN 2,5 . 7500 kN
=0,0204 m =2,04 em .
Ghi chu: 1,, & 1 ttr oden 0,5 m (tlnh ttr day m6ng) chfnh Ia di~n tich ph~n g~ch cheo tren hinh 2.57. Tucmg tl! nhll v~y khi tlnh
II,, Liz,.
Ve nguyen ti\c, each tfnh Schmertmann kh6ng ap d\Jng cho dilt dfnh, d*c bii?t Ia
tfnh chilt tlt bie'n cua dilt set rift thay d6i. Tuy nhien, dJ!a VllO cac quan hi? giua cac hi?
s6 a 6 phiin 2.6.1.5, ta c6 thil tt;1m lily x = 4,0 cho l&p dilt set ye'u de tfnh Jun tie'p:
D9 Itin cua dilt tu 2 Mn 3,5 m (thu?c l&p set ye'u) Ut:
s2 = c, cr' gl IN rzi L'lzj
I X . qci
. .• . .• . .•
98 THf NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA ONG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH NEN M6NG
0,569 + 0,19 1, 0 3 0,19 . 0,5 3

__c__ _c___ •
2 m 2 m
= 0,987. 361 kN/m 2 +-"'----
4,0 . 700 kN 4,0 . 500 kN
= 0,0568 m =5,68 em .
Nhu v~y, t6ng d(> !lin khong k€ den tir bien !a: 2,04 + 5,68 =7,72 em;
:D(> lun cua 16'p cat l sau 10 nam (c6 tir bien) Ja: 2,04 . c2 = 2,86 em ;
T6ng d(> lun sau lO nam (co tir bien) 13.: 7,72. C2 = 10,8 em.
Tom tat
Trong bing 2.13, c6 tfnh d(> lun den cac d(> sau sau:
• 2 m: Mt l6'p cat. Ket qua nay kha phil hqp v6i. each tfnh Schmertmann;
• 3,5 m: Mt vilng anh hu&ng ~. tren d6 th! 2.57;
• 6 m: Mt vung anh hu&ng hin theo quy ph~m Vi?t Nam (cr'vo"' lO h1n cr'z;).
Ket lu~n: M~c
du m6ng du sue ch!u tai, nhung d¢ lun qua !an (khoang 8 + 1 1
em), do d6, m6ng khong an toan.
N6i chung, vcri n6n di\t da cho (l6'p di:ft t6t ben tren chi day 2 m, lop yeu ben ducri
day 4 m), neu thiet ke m6ng n6ng th! nen thoa man nhfrng di6u sau:
• M6ng be (1,0 x 1,5 m trcr xu6ng), d~t ri\t nong (0,5 m). Neu m6ng Ian han va
d~t sau hon, thl anh hu&ng cua l6'p da:t yeu se trilm trc;mg hon ;
• Tid trqng nho (10 + 15 t/m 2 trcr xu6ng).
2.6.3. vf 01,1 3: sac CH!U TA! cuA MONG cQc

2.6.3.1. Cach tinh De Ruiter va Beringen
Sire khting miU:

q, 2 la ghi tr! trung binh q, tu L di nguqc len L-8B (8B = 3,6 m) theo con du&ng c6
gia tri q, nho nMt, tuc Ia duang e-f-g-i tren hlnh 2.53:
Do an e-f f-g g-i

22+8 8+0,6
q". bzi . 0,5 =7,5 8. 2 = 16 . 1,1 =4,73 L: =28,23
2 2
=> q,2 =28,23 I 3,6 =7,84 MPa.
q" 1 la gia trj trung binh q, tir L xu6ng L + 4B (4B = 1.8 m) theo con dtrang thl,!c a-b-d
tren hlnh 2.53:
CHlfONG 2. THf NGHI$M XUYI:N CON 99
- -
Do an a-b b-d
qci . !l.z;
23,2+28
. 0,5 = 12,8 I 28+22 . 1,3 =32,5 L: = 45,3
2 I 2
=> qox 1 =45,3 I 1,8 =25,17 MPa.
q"2 Ut gia tri trung blnh q, tir L xu6rig L+4B (4B = 1,8 m) theo con duemg c6 q,
nho nM't a-c-d tren hinh 2.53. Ta c6 ngay q"2 = 22 MPa .
=> qox = (qcx 1+qox) I 2 = 23,58 MPa.
Th hlnh 2.53, ta thay rling tir 0,7B d€n 4B duai mUi cqc, gia trt q,x viTa tfnh la nho
nhit (vi khi xB < 4B thl cii q,x 1 va q'"2 d6u Ian hon). Do d6, qc! = q,, = 23,58 MPa .
=> qp = (qc~+q,2 ) I 2 = (23,58 + 7,84) I 2 = 15,71 MPa.
Tuy nhien, qP phai nho hon qpu do d6, qP = 15 MPa.
=>Sue khang mfii Qp = <lv. A,= 15. [nl4. 0,45 2] = 2,45 MN = 245 tan.
Sue khimg ben:

Chia cqc thanh cac do~n c6 !l.z1 = lm, rieng (; mfii c9c th1 !l.z1 = 0,5 m. Ket qua
tinh tmin duqc l*p thanh bang sau:
Bang 2. 14. Bang tinh toan silc khi.ing ben • De Ruiter & Beringen
q, (kPa) t, = f, t, f 3 (kPa) f 1 (kPa) ftAzl

sau(m) hinh 2.54 (kPa) (kPa) = q.f300 =min (kN/m)
0+1 6200 30 20,67 20,67 20,67
1+2 7500 50 25,00 25,00 25,00
cAT 6+7 3100 40 120 10,33 10,33 10,33
7+8 11900 110 39,67 39,67 39,67
8+9 9500 92 31,67 31,67 31,67
9+9,5 20000 180 66,67 66,67 33,33
q, (kPa) = qc- 0 vo f 1 (kPa)

8u fi*Azl
Sau(ml hinh 2.54 a . (kPa) 11-'?15 =aS (kN/m)
2+3 700 45 55 55 55
SET/ 3+4 500 64,5 36 36 36
B(JN 4+5 600 85,5 34 34 34
5+6 500 106,5 26 26 26
L: f 1 • !l.z1 = 311,67 kNim.

Ti:r phuong trlnh ( 1.24) ta c6:
Qr =u:L: f 1 • !l.z1 = [rc. 0,45]. 311,67 = 440,6 kN = 44 tiln.
V*y sue chtu tai CJ,I'C h~n HI: Qu = Qp + Qf = 245 + 44 =289 n!n .
. _,
. ·' . ·'
100 TH[ NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRUONG VA CfNG 0\)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
Cqc chi! yeu Htm vi~c nhCi sue khang mtii (cqc ch6ng), mil sue khang mui thuang
chi huy d(ing het khi chuy6n vt cua cqc l6n. Do do, sue chtu tai cho phep la:
[Q] =Q/3 + Qrf2- w = 245 I 3 +44/2- 3 = 100,6 tiln.
(w= 3 tiln la kh6i luqng ban than cqc thep).
2.6.3.2. Cach tinh Schmertmann:
Sue khdng miii:

Qr = 245 tan (theo phiin 2.6.3.1).
Sue khtlng ben:

Tuong tlf, ta l~p duqc bang tinh toan sau:
Bang 2. 15. Bimg tinh toan stl'c khang bEm - Schmertmann
q. (kPa) f,. Az,

Sau (m) hinh 2.54 f {kPa) f, (kPa) f,(kPa) = c. q, f, (kPa) (kN/m)
0+1 6200 3,2 74.4 3,2 3,2
1+2 7500 16,2 90,0 16,2 16,2
CAT 6+7 3100 31,2 120 37,2 31,2 31,2
7+8 11900 85,8 142,8 85,8 85,8
8+9 9500 71,8 114,0 71,8 71,8
9+9,5 20000 140,4 240,0 120 60
q. (kPa) fs (kPa) s, fi. A2:i

Sau (ml hinh 2.54 hinh 2.54 lkPal a f (kPal (kN/ml
2+3 700 27 55 0,92 17,25 17,25
SET/ 3+4 500 23 36 0,94 21,02 21,02
BON 4+5 600 40 34 0,80 27,2 27,2
5+6 500 35 26 0,85 22,1 22,1
Trong b:l.ng tr6n, f 1 duqc tinh dl,Ya tr6n h? s6 K = 0,78 (tra tu hlnh 2.50, cqc thep,
LIB= 21,1 su d1,1ng xuy6n ECPT); con f 3 duqc tinh d1Ja vao c = 0,012 ti:rbang 2.12.
Ti:r bang 2.15, taco: L: fi . f',zi = 355,8 kN/m ;

Qr = u L: fi . l'>zi = [rt . 0,45] . 355,8 = 503 kN"' 50 tan ;
Q, = Qr + Q1 = 245 + 50 = 295 tan ;
[Q] = Qr/3 + Qd2- w =245/3 + 50/2-3 = 103,6 tan.
CHlfONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUYi:N CON 101
2.6.3.3. Cach tlnh LCPC mdi

Sire khfmg miii:
Tit b{mg 2.11, dit t~i miii C<;JC Ia cat, C<;JC dong=> K, = 0,375.
q, trung binh trong khm!ng lB tit mi1i c9c xu6ng Ia 23,4 MPa (hinh 2.53).
:::> qP = K, q, = 8,8 MPa.
:::> Qp = 8,8 * rr./4 * 0,45 4 ;, I ,44MN =144 tin.
Sire khti.ng ben: ,
Tit b{mg" 2.9, C<;JC nay thu('>c lo~i nh6m 10 (C<;JC BM)
Tit bang 2.10:
• Dilt s~t/ biih (tit 2 MI;l Q lTI): Vrq, <7,3 bar va C<;JC nh6m 10 nen ta sir dl,mg
duang cong 1 (hlnh 2.49a). -.
'·. ! . • ..
• Darc~t: Khi q, >78,3 bar (ch~t), ta di:\'ng ducmg cong 3; n€u 36,5 <q,:-:;78,3 bar
(ch~t Vira) ta dung duang cong 2 (hlrih 2.49b).
Gia tr! tfnh toan l~p thanh biing 2.16.
Bimg 2.16. Bang tlnh toan sU"c khiing ben- LCPC
·----r·· I . -
f{Azi
Sau(m) q, (MPa) q, (ksf) ,.·,• •' f!lt<:lng
l:ong f 1 (ksf) f 1 (kPa)
(kNtni>
071 6,2 124 ' 1,30 65 65
2; hlnh
172 7,5 150 1,38 69 69
2.49b
CAT 677 3,1 62 1,14 57 57
778 11,9 238 2,24 112 112
3; hlnh
879 9,5 190 2,10 105 105
2.49b
979,5 20,0 400 2,40 120 60
273 0,7 14 0,48 24 24
SET/ 374 0,5 10 1"• 0,38 19 19
BUN 475 0,6 12 . ', hlnh ' 0,42 21 21
.
576 0,5 10 2.49b 0,38 19 19
2: f,. ilz, =551 kN/m .

Qf =u 2: f,. ilz, = [rr.. 0,45]. 551 = 779 kN = 77,9 tan.
Q, =Qp + Qf = 144 + 77;9"' 222 tan.
[Q] = QP/3 + Qr/2- w= 144/3 + 77,9/2-3 "'84 tin.
NMn xet: Trong vi dv C\} th~

nay, phuong phiip LCPC danh gia strc ch6ng miii
th::lp hon rat nhi~u so v6i hai phuong phap kia. Tuy nhien, rna sat ben tinh theo LCPC
l~i nhinh hon m¢t chut.
Tom l~i, c6 th~ dl,l" b:io riing sue chju titi ciia cqc tir khoang 85 Mn 100 tan.
. .• . ·' . .•
102 THf NGHI~M flAT HI~N TRlfONG VA (lNG DI)NG TRONG PHAN T(CH N~N M6NG
.... ..... ""'"' ?

2.7. TRINH BAY KET QUA
Hi¢n nay, c6 riCt nhit3u phan mem (chuang tr!nh) tfnh toan va dii\n djch ket qua thf
nghi¢m CPT, do d6 ta kh6ng can phai tfnh toan b:ing tay nhu ophi\n 2.6.
M¢t trong nhi'ing chuang trlnh 2 dii\n djch ket qua cua thi nghi¢m CPT duqc trlnh
bay dum day. Cac hinh 2.58 den hinh 2.61 xu ly ket qua CPT cua m(>t h6 xuyen khic
voi vf d1,1 trong phiin 2.6. Du li¢u dau vao cua CPT duqc luu o nhung 6 d~m mau (chi6u
sau, qT va fJ. Kit qua duqc tfnh toan va luu 0 nhfmg 6 mzm tning, sau d6 ket qua duqc
ve len cac d6 thj th6 hi¢n sl,llien We cua cac 16p dat. Trong cac d6 thi, d¢ sau duqc
a
bieu dii\n trvc tung, con c:ic chi tieu thf nghi¢m va chi tieu.co ly (ten diCt, qc, f,, Rf,
a
D, <p, Su, PI, K 0, OCR, G, M) duqc bieu dii\n timg tn_1c hoanh etta tirng d6 thj nhO.
NEW ECPT1 (ceg102) (oPEN)

Case# 1
Soil Classification Properties ?re
based on:. correlated in predicting Su:
c:-: ::-r=l
~ecommende~
b?sed on soil 1\lk=constant?
types in
0
F? 0 Density Dr is 0
15 corrected ?
depth qt fs Soil type .0' '0

friction Averag Sui PI L1 (T
.ratio
bar cr'c (F3.8) 2.14)
Hinh 2.58. Dii' li~u nh~p vi10 va ke't qui\ tinh toim
2 r.h1 rrmn trlnh f'A t<'li 86 m6n Cd hoc 8&1, 8$i hQc Xay dtfng. ctfe@fpt.vn; ngthai@tJfl.edu
CHLfONG 2. THI NGHI~M XUYtN CON 103
DELETE
Kulhawy& Mayne(recommen;;;) 1.,., ! Mayne 1986 (recommended)
Limit~
45 Ground Water GWT (m) 9.6
Dr% OCR Constr correlations

modulus
Mayne F5.16; 5.17; Poisson
Mayne(reco Ko 1986 6.10 (Pa) G ratio v
Hinh 2.59. Ket qua tinh toan (tiep)
ECPT1 lcel!1021 Soli Type qe(bar)

0 100
fs (kPa)
200 300 0 2
Friction Ratio j%)
4 6 8
3 5 7 9 11 0 50 100
(Aiii!ffi® nr++~+++-+-+++-~o
_, Layer legend:
_,
-·
--7
-·
-a
-10
11
-12
'
~-,---,--- '
-13
Soli Type:
1 %nsitlve fine gralnec
l Organic mater.
3C!ay
4 Clay/Silty clay
5 Snty clay/Clayey silt
6 Clayey slit/sandy silt
7 Sandy !rilb' Silty sand
a Silty sand 1Sand
"-l.?-----_:_ ,_
,---'---~---'---
·,,·
·:~
' ' '
"~--:----
s Sand ' - - 'i - - -,-
' - -
- -,-
10 Sand' gravelly sand
11 HeavllyOC clay
uoc sand 20
Hinh 2. 60. Do thl ket qua (ten dift, qc, t,, R,)
·'
104 TH[NGHI~M DAT HI~N TRlfClNG VA (/NG DI)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
Relative Density Dr(%) Internal friction angle G Undt<llm~d Shear Stra.nath Plafltlcity tnOOx PI (lndlr~tet c ECPT1 {ceg102}
Jam~ld(rnooggoondedl Ku\hawy&Mamc(~nded) Su(bar}
5 80 25 45 0.2 2.2
tow reHabU.w?
0 ~
_,
-J-·
. ,.,_..;____ :_ ---J ~ -------:- --
I ~ ._a,J:;Jl•
:._
I
:
I _,...... : •
_,
--·---·-·
_,
_,
--- _;_- :. - ---- -~~:-
~
,JJ \0
'II. • .,. '
...,_,.
"'~:t- - _:_--
' ' I' '
M---1----:rz.o.
I I I .
-------"'-:11- '' -------.,----It--.
6 ____ , ____ .,. ____ ,__ ' '
-- - _,_ -- - - - - - ,_-
'
- ~ -_ ~ 2.~ ..
~
. -_ -_ -_ -_ -_ -_ -_.,
'
- - - _,- - - - J - - ' - '- - - - - -- - - '- - - - - - - -'- - -
'
- - - _,_ - - - l - - - - '- - . ------ _,_------ _,_-- 40
- - - _,- - - - l - - - - '- -
' ' '
- - ---- - '- - - - - - - _,_ - -
50
" --- -,----;----

' ' ',-- ------ _,_------ _,_--
' '
' - - - i' - - - - ,-' - ------------------

' '
" - - - -,-
' '
20 ' '
---------------
'
At-rest lateral coef. Ko OY0r.Cooso1lda.tlon Ratio OCR Shear Modulus G (bar) Constnllrt ModuRn (bar) 1ECPT1 (ceg102)
Maynf 1966 {roeom"!Jlded)
0 500 1000 500 107;;, 1500
~~c:--....,_..~---..~0
;p:
c~- '
--;·---~-----
'
. ,_
iJll .-- tF "
;:.z_;,~- *- -- --..~:if -- --:- -----
__ l·:--~·~---- t·~~~·~~---:----'-- 20
--. i-.- --:- --- -

J ; :
~r:
:
---- -:- -----

;
-- i:• ~:-:--;-----
' ' r.·---:_---- _:_-.--- !...
' ' ~
~~
~ 'II. : : : :
---1~i~--;----- ~~~·:------:------ 40
«~ 0 0 I
--f~~---;_____ ----~-----:------
--~r---;----- £)-----:.-----
B'' x a , • 21 .Jig.• "'
31
a •
50
"'! ' , ' '

.~if·-- -.. p---.
Jl x 1
-~,-
A '4•
-~.-.--- -:---.--
t ,
6()
'/1. T I #""£l ' '
Hinh 2. 61. Do thi ke't qua (D., <p, Su, PI, K0 , OCR, G, M)
CHlJONG 2. THf NGHI~M XUY!:N CON 105
2.8. DQ TIN C~Y CUA THI NGHieM CPT
M~c
du CPT Ia m<)t trong nhUn.g thi nghi~m hi~n truang dang tin c~y nhilt, nhung
bilt ky thi nghi~m nao cling c6 sai s6. Sai s6 cua CPT duqc t6m tAt trong bang 2.17.
Bang 2.18 trlnh bay s6 li~u th6ng k!': v6 d¢ tin c~y cua CPT (xem them phiJ. IIJ.c 2).
Trong d6, khai ni~m ve cov xin xem phiJ. liJ.C 1; con suva <p 13. cac gia trj uac tinh tu
thi nghi~m CPT.
Bang 2. 17. T 6m tilt nhih1g sai so cua CPT
Sai so do kfch thUCic hlnh hoc cila c6n.

MOi c6n bi mon, !li, ... : Be milt c6n Qho Qhe hdn, do do, lam tanQ sue khan!l.
Do thiet Mangx6ngcila MCPT c6 thE'l bi t~c kh6ng_ di xuona khi dilv can trong.
bj Can trong cila MCPT c6 th.$ bl gl, do d6 kh6 an xuong dli<Jc.
Can trona cila MCPT bi nen dan hoi, mangx6na lien xuong ft.
Thiel bi di€m trona ECPT c6 thE'l bi han gl, hon_g_ hoc do qioana ch~n nuCic bi hd.
Do kh6ng chuiln hoa so d9c cila thiet bj. Do d9c so d9c 0 (zero reading) trliCic va sau khi
thi n!lhiem kh6nQ dunQ.
Do thf Vongtham kh6na bao hoa hoan loan, dim den sai so cila ap lllc nliCic lo rong.
nghii)m Toe d6 xuyen kh6ng dung theo treu chuiln (2 em Is).
C6n kh6ng di th~ng: Gach da, soi c6 thE'llam ch~ch huCing di cua mOi c6n, gay ra ket qua
sai lam.
Bang 2. 18. Thong ke ve d<? tin c~y cua CPT
n.
!. s
Coi G(ipca Coi G(ipca
crx 10% 5% 20%
COVroT=O COVroT COVe. =0 cov PT
cov 0,15-0,25 0,07-0,15 0,30-0,40 0,30-0,47 0,10-0,15 0,12-0,29
2.9. GIA THANH
Gia thanh cua thie't bj CPT chu ye'u t~p trung vao gia cua xe tai h~ng n~ng. Tuy
nhil':n, ci'tng m<)t gian gia l~Jc tren xe tai nay, ca ba thie't bj sau c6 the duqc !&p d~t va
thf nghi~m: CPT, DMT va selfboring PMT. Thie't bj CPT sir d1J.ng xe tai 20 tiln c6 the
thf nghi~m duqc 170+200 m m<)t ngay.
Vao thOi diem 1992, t~i My, gia cua m<)t chie'c xe tai 20 tiln (ke ca kfch thuy l~Jc,
v.v ... ) Ja 200.000 USD. Gia cua dilu c6n do di~n Ja 4.000 de'n 6.000 USD. Gili cua
thie't bj do (cac dilu do, may tinh, may in, v.v ... ) Ia 15.000-25.000 USD. Gia thanh thi
nghi~m la 20+30 USD/ lm chua ke c6ng chuyen cha. Gia thanh thf nghi~m t~i nuac ta
khoang 100.000 d6ng/ lm.
. .• . .• . .•
106 THf NGHI~M flAT HI~N TRlf<':JNG VA O'NG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
- ? A"' I , I A
2.10. NHO'NG CAl TIEN MOl VOl THI NGHII;:M CPT
Blmg du6i dAy li~t kt>: cac ci\.i ti€n cua cac thie't b! CPT khac nhau. Tuy nhit':n,-chi
hai Jo~i CPT d:lu tit':n (CPT thuang va CPTIJ) Ia thOng d~ng va do do duqc d6 c~p trong
chuO'ng nay.
Bang 2. 19. Cac thie't bj CPT khac nhau
1. CPT thlfc'Jng 6. CPT h~t nhan

8o sac khang mui q, va khimg ben f, f)o them kha nang d§n ph6ng X~ cap thap,
phat hii)n tr9ng lt1<;1ng rieng va d¢ ilm t~i hii)n
trllc'Jnq
2. CPTU (t(tc Ia piezo-cone CPT) 7. CPT nen ngang
8o them ap h,tc nVClc 16 r6ng u f)o them (/ng Xlt CUa d§t dlldi tac d\lnQ nen
ngang
3. CPT di$n trb 8. CPT 13'y miiu nlldc
f)o them di$n trb cua dat, tCt do tr<;1 giup vao vii)c Lay them mau nVC1c trong khi xuyen
phan lo~i dat; xac d!nh mtfc nvoc ngam; phat
hien nvoc thai o nhiem
4. CPT nhii)t 9. CPT am h9c
8o them kha nang dan nhii)t cua dat, til do tr<;1 8o them kha nang diin am cua dat, tr9 giup
_giup vao viec phan loai dat phan loai dat
5. CPT song chan cli)ng (hinh 2.62) 10. CPT phat hi$n ion, d¢ pH va ham lt1<;1ng
8o them kha nang diin song chan d¢ng trq giup muoi khoang
vii)c thiet ke m6ng trong vung d¢ng dat
11. CPT rung
@
(ng
bUa
nguon
I
.....
phats6ng
~
/ song
eM
ron SCPT
Hinh 2.62. CPT song chan dgng
CHVONG 2. THI NGHieM XUYtN CON 107
2.11. TOM TAT nd NGHI~M CPT
1) Thf nghi¢m CPT do sue khang mfii (qc) vi\ sue khang ben (f,) cua dat len miii
vi\ thanh ben cua thi€t bj con khi iln thi€t bj lien t~;~c xuong dat.
2) Trong khi m¢t so thf nghi¢m khac chi dqc k€t qua b cac khoang each 1 Mn 3
m (vi d~;~ SPT, PMT), thf nghi¢m CPT cho k€t qua lien t~;~c (5+20 em) vi\ chi ti€t.
3) Du thf nghi¢m CPT kh6ng chota mil.u dilt deS dem ve thf nghi¢m trong phong,
nhtrng CPT cho ta m¢t c¢t dilt lien t~;~c, kha chfnh xac. Hon nfra, cac thau kfnh dat (y€u
ho!Jc tot) deu duqc phat hi¢n duai m¢t miii xuyen lien t~;~c, ty my.
4) Li\ m¢t thf nghi¢m duqc nghien cUu nhi6u nhilt, bm v~y tu CPT ta ciing co tM
11UC tfnh dUQ'C nhieu nhift cac chi tieu CCI ly cling nh11 Ung dvng tfi;IC ti€p vao thi€t k€
n6n m6rtg (tu quan h¢ thJ!c nghi¢m).
5) D!Jc bi¢t, so do tir CPT Ia sue kluing (qc va f,)· Bm v~y nhihlg t!ng d~;~ng trong
11UC tfnh SUC chju tai (cua CQC ho!Jc mong nong), trong 11UC tfnh chi tieu khang cllt (<p,
S") cod¢ tin c~y kM cao. Cac t!ng dvng khac (u&c tinh d¢ lun, tr~mg thai t!ng suilt, ... )
co d¢ tin c~y thifp bon.
6) Cling nen luu y rfing, cac quan h¢ thJ!c nghi¢m thuO'ng dJ!a tren dilt n.rong d6i
d6ng nhilt (cat ho!Jc set). VI v~y ciln dn th~n khi Slr dvng CPT deS u&c tinh cac chi tieu
cho nhihlg dilt pha t~p (cat pha, set pha), ho!Jc dat phong boa khac thuO'ng.
. .• . .•
108 THf NGHI~ DJIT HI$N TRlJCJNG VA ONG D\,ING TRONG PHAN T(CH N~N MONG
thU'ng , d lf(jng
kinh25mm
SPT !d~u
nh~n
true di'in
ln!dng
de
J chieu cao
roi: 76cm
can khoan
Thie't bj SPT kitlu nh~n

CHLIONG 3. THI NGHI~M XUYION rn:u CHUAN 109
CHLJONG 3
; ...... ..... ...... ..:!

THI NGHIEM XUYEN TIEU CHUAN (SPT)
a . , •
3.1. GIOI THieu

3.1.1. NGUYEN LY
Trong thi nghi¢m x:·uye:n tie:u chuiln (SPT-Standard Penetration Test), ta dong m(lt
ong lify miiu (kfch thu&c "tie:u chuiln) vao trong dilt du&i nang luqng dong tieu chuiln.
Ta Mm so nhat d~p di! ong miiu dilt m¢t Ia 30 em.
3.1.2. L!CH s(f SPT
Nam 1902, c6ng ty

C.R. Gow thi nghi¢m SPT
d!\u tien voi ong lily miiu
duemg kfnh 2,54 em ( 1"),
qua t'!- d~ d~p SPT n~ng
50 kg. De'n nam 1922, thf
nghi¢m biit d!lu r(lng riii &
B~c My khi c6ng ty Gow sat
nh~p vao c6ng ty Raymond
Concrete Pile.
Hinh 3.1. Gian SPT nho
Nam 1927, thf nghi¢m SPT duqc chuiln hoa nhu hi¢n nay (ong lay miiu 2", quat'!-
63,6 kg). Nam 1948, Terzaghi va Peck m6 ta chi tie't thf nghi¢m SPT trong cuon sach
· "Ca hQc da't- Ly thuye't va Thl)'c tii\n". Tir d6 cho Mn nhihlg nam 1995/1996, SPT tr&
thanh thf nghi¢m ph6 thong nMt a B~c My. Tuy nhien, tilt ca cac nha khoa h9c a B~c
My deu cho riing, day Ia thi nghi¢m bj cac nhll th!lu 1<!-m dt,mg nhilt (theo nghia, nhe ra
nen k€t hqp ciing thf nghi¢m CPT, ho~c DMT ho~c thf nghi¢m khac, thl, vi qua quen
thu(Jc va c6 san thi€t bj, nguai ta 1<!-i chi ti€n hllnh SPT).
. _, . ·' . _,
110 THf NGHieM OAT HI~N TRUONG VA ONG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
3.2. NQI DUNG THI NGHieM SPT

,. .... ~ ? ..,,
Thie't bi SPT g6m co: thi6t b) khoan t~o 16 (co the! Ia khoan gu6ng xo{m, hoi).c
khoan dung dich), 6ng 11\y iniiu (hlnh 3 .2), quat~.
N6u khoan t~o 16 giu thii.nh Mng dung dich luan chuyt!n (bentonite), thi dung
dich phai co ty twng t6i thieu la 1,05, va 16 khoan luon luon phai dily dung dich. Nen
h~n eM dung 6ng casing giu thanh. N6u co dung casing, day cua casing phiii each vi
trf d~p SPT it nMt 1,5m.
6ng Hly miiu (d~ng bel doi) co duoog kfnh trong la 30,8 mm (1,5"), duoog kfnh
ngoai 50,8 mm (2,0").
Quat~ ni).ng 63,6 kg (140 lbs) va rai od¢ cao 76,2 em (30").
~\
dau dtt than 6ng dau tren
Hinh 3.2. 6ng lay miiu SPT -Hinh 3.3. Dat trong ong (sau khi bcS d6i)
3.2.2. TRINH Tl) THI NGHI~M
1) Khoan t~o 16 Mn d¢ sau thf ngtii~m.

2) Up 6ng !ii'y miiu vao can, dua xu6ng day h6 khoan.
'
3)Cho roi quat~ xu6ng dau ci\n.
• D~p 6ng xu yen de! ng~p 15 em. Ta khOng can de'm s6 nhat d~p nay;
e D~p tiep, dem s6 nh:it d~p N 1 de! 6ng xuyen duqc 15 em (tu em thu 15 den em
thU 30);
• De'm s6 nh3.t N2 de! 6ng xuyen tiep 15 em nua (tit em thu 30 den em thU 45);
• K6t qua cua thf nghi~m IaN =N 1 + N2 •
Nhu v~y, N la s6 nhat d~p de 6ng xuyen duqc 30 em, oVi~t Nam, chung ta ky hi~u
Ia N30 • Tuy nhien, day Ia ky hi~u sai, cac nu6'c phuang Tiiy se hieu la nang Iuqng
thlfc rna 6ng Hfy miiu nh~n duqc t~i cac cong trlnh o Vi~t Nam chi la 30% (xem
philn 3.2.3).
4) Rut 6ng l:fy miiu len, bel doi va thu l:fy miiu dat, dem v6 thf nghi~m trong phong.
CHl!ONG 3. THf NGHI~M XUY£N TlloU CHUAN 111
5) Li;ip l~i cac bu6'c 1 den 4. Thu<'mg, ta cu thi nghi~m 1,5 m sAu m(_)t hin.
6) N€u dad*p qua 100 nhat d*p r6i rna 6ng xuy~n van chua qua duqc 30 em thi ta
ding dirng thf nghi~m l~i.
.:? " ......

3.2.3. CHUAN HOA SO £>QC
Trong tift ca cac thf nghi~m hi~n tru<'mg, SPT !a m<?t trong nhfrng thf nghi~m
kh6ng chfnh xac nhat. Ne'u hai nguOi khac nhau, sir dvng. hai thie't bj khac nhau, thf
nghi~m !An c*n nhau tr~n n6n d6ng nh!lt, thl ket qua N the! khac nhau oen han 100%
(tuy nhi~n, N 60 se x!lp xi nhau, neu ta biet chfnh xac nang luqng hi~u qua).
Nang luqng toan philn do bua rai !a: E =63,6 kg x 0, 762m "'48,4 kgm.
Tuy nhi~n, nang luqng E nay kh6ng hoan toan chuyt!n t6'i 6ng l!ly mau. St;r m!lt
mat nang luqng xay ra b cac philn chfnh sau:
• Milt mat nang luqng do rna sat giua bua rO'i v6'i trvc dan hu6'ng; rna sat giua dAy
keo vffi rong IQC.
" Milt mat nang luqng do nguOi thi nghi~m (lo~i bUa keo Mng dAy qua rong fQC):
Khi tha dAy de bua rO'i, nguO'i thf nghi~m kh6ng thii tt;r do rna vAn hO'i nfu dAy
l~i (sq vang dAy, milt c6ng di nhi;it). D6i khi vi nguy~n nhAn nay rna nang luqng
m!lt den hO'n 20%.
" Milt mat nang luqng do rna sat giUa dilt !6 khoan v6'i din xuy~n, v.v ...
BAng 3.1 trinh bay nang luqng hi~u qua trung blnh th6ng k~ b mqt s6 nu6'c. 0 cac
nu6'c dang phat trie!n, thiet bj SPT ph6 bien vAn !a lo~i nhAn (donut), si'r dvng dAy keo
tr~n rong fQC. V6'i lo~i nay, b cac nu6'c ti~n tie'n, nang luqng hi~u qua !a 45+65%, b
cac nu6'c .dang phat trie!n, con s6 nay chttc con t6i hO'n. HO'n nua, gia trj trong bang !a
gia trj trung binh, do d6, ne'u c6 thf ngbi~m SPT rna nang luqng hi~u qu~ chi c6 20%
thi ciing kh6ng phiii di6u 1~ (nhu v*y, ne'u N =40, ta tubng !a da:t rift t6t, nhung tht;rc ra
Ht dilt xilu vi N 100 = 40. 20! 100 = 8, va N60 = 40. 20/60 = 13). T~i Vi~t Nam,?hung ta
chua c6 th6ng k~, nhung de! an toan, c6 the! t~m lily nang luqng hilu fch tit khoang 30
den 55%.
Bang 3.1. Nang Ju<;~ng hiE!u qua(%) ciia mqt so thie't b! SPT
Lol!li SPT Loai nhAn ldonutl Loai an toan safetvl

Dav+rono roc Tlldonq Dav+rona roc Tl1d6na
Bile Mii 45 70 + 80 80 +100
.
Nhiit 67 78
Anh 50 60
Do d6, ta phai chuiln hoa N v6 m(_)t gi<i trj c6 cung nang luqng hi~u qua. 0 cac
nu6'c ti~n tie'n, nguOi ta coi 60% !a nang Iuqng hilu fch trung binh. Do d6, thu<mg quy
d6i N ve N60 (60% nang luqng hilu fch).
. ·' . .•
112 THf NGHI~ flAT HI~N TRIJCJNG VA IJNG DI)NG TRONG PHAN T(CH N~N M6NG
Ngoai ra, cling m¢t lo~i dilt, n€u N 60 = 10 t').i 1 m, thi t').i 30 m, N60 co the len t6i
20. Do la do, t~i 30 m, ap lvc ngang l&n hon rat nhi6u so v6i t~i 1 m, do do, dn phai
d~p nhi6u nhat d~p hon.
Nhu v~y, ta dln hai lo~i M s6 chuiln hoa chfnh nhu dum day:
(3.1)
(3.2)
trong doN' 60 con duqc ky hi¢u la (N 1) 60 ;

CE (hay 11 1) - h¢ s6 hi¢u qua:
C- Eh_.
E- 60,
iJ d11.y ~ - nang luqng hi¢u qua c6 thvc cua thi€t b!;

60- nang.luqng hi¢u qua ti6u chuiln (60%);
~ ·;;:..
6 nude ta, co thi ~m lay CE = 0,5 + 0,9; Khi thi€t bi ti6n ti€n
hon, ta c6 thi l.t\y Ca o;;;ao hen;
~ - h¢ s6 d¢ sau. Tuy nhien, co llhi~u tac gia d6 nghi cac h¢ s6 C, (gan gi6ng
nhau) nhu: sau:
Liao & Whitman (1986): ~ = (0,9576 I cr\0 ) 05 (3.3)
Peck (1974): ~ = 0,77. log(20 I 1,05 I cr' , 0) (3.4)
Skempton (1986): (3.5)
iJ day cr' '0- ling suat hilU hi¢u theophuang dling, bar("" kglcm2).
C, 0 phuong trlnh (3.3) tuy don gian, nhung n€u d¢ sau nhb hon 2m thl n6n
dung phtrO'ng trlnh (3.4) ho\i.C (3.5) VI phtrO'ng trlnh (3.3) ChO CN kha Jdn.
Ngoai ra, Bowles (1996) con d6 nghi cac h¢ s6 khac (11 2 , TJ 3 , 11 4 ), tuy nhit\,n, cac h¢
s6 nay khong quan trqng so vdi ~ va CN:
~ 'llz =min(1,0; 0,03L + 0,7) vdi L la chi6u dai can.
e '113 = 1,0 voi 6ng lay m5.u kh6ng co lop lot ;
= 0,9 v6i 6ng lay m5.u c6 lap lot, dat cat rm ;
= 0,8 v6i 6ng lay m5.u co lap lot, dilt cat ch\it ho\ic dlit set .
"' 11 4 = 1,0 neu 16 khoan co du<mg kfnh 60 + 120 mm;
= 1,05 n€u 16 khoan c6 du<mg kfnh 150 mm;
= 1,15 neu 16 khoan co du<mg kfnh 200 mm.
CHlfONG 3. THf NGHI~M XUY~NTltU CHUAN 113
, ,. ' "' ? ..... , ? ,..,
3.3. UOC TINH CAC CHI TIEU Cd l Y CUA BAT

..;, ""' ?
DVA TREN KET QUA SPT
Tu thi nghi~m SPT, ta c6 the\ dlf bao rift nhi6u chi tieu cCJ I)\ va s6 Im;m.g cac
phtwng phap thiet ke m6ng (m6ng n6ng, m6ng cqc) dt,Ta trt,Tc tiep tren SPT la nhi6u
nhat (so v&i cac thi nghi¢m hi¢n truemg khac). Tuy nhien, cac tuCJng quan nay, ciing
nhu nhfrng aug dt,ll1g thiet ke n6n m6ng, c6 d(> tin c~y nho do ba ly do chfnh sau:
• Nang lm;m.g hiiu hi~u cua thiet bj SPT kh6ng biet.
• Thi nghi~m SPT la di)ng, trong khi d6, da s6 .cac chi tieu cCJ ly Ia chi tieu finh.
• SPT ra dCii duqc 70 nam thl nguCii ta mm bi\.t diiu quan tilm den vi~c chulln hoa
s6 d<;>c, do d6, rift nhi6u tuCJng quan thgc nghi~m (rna ngay nay viln dang dung)
l{li lay s6 dqc tho N (chua chu:in h6a) de lam thu&c do.
3.3.1. DANH GIA cAc TJNH CHAT V~T l Y DI/A TREN KET QUA SPT
3.3. 1.1. f>tmh gia dQ ch~t tt.r<:Jng doi cua dat rCii d!!a tren ket qua SPT
Terzaghi va Peck (1967) diiu tien dva ra tum~g quan D,-N (kh6ng chuAn hoa) nhu
b bang 3.2:
Bang 3. 2. fl9 chijt tuang doi D,

-
N 0+4 4+10 10+30 30+50 >50
D,(%) 0+15 15+35 35+65 65+85 85+100
Tr<:~ng thai rat roi rai chi;it vC!a chi;it rat chi;it
----
Sau d6, Gibbs va Holtz (1979) chung minh dug, D, con ph~;~ thui)c vao cap aug
suat (cr' vo) - day chinh Ja kh:ij ni¢m h¢ SO dQ SilU CN- tuy nhien, IUC dO khai ni¢m ~
chua ph6 bien nen Gibbs va Holtz dua ra d6 thj b hinh 3.4.
Kulhawy va Mayne (1990) trfch diin phUCJng trinh phUc t{lp (3.6) tit Marcuson va
Bieganousky, trong d6, D, ph1,1 thui)c vao cap aug suat (cr' vo), cap ph6i h{lt (qua h~ s6
d6ng nhat C, = D60/Dl0) va ljch SIT aug suat (OCR):
2
D, (%) =12,2 + 0,75 ~222N60 + 2311-7110CR -779cr'VO lp. -50C, (3.6)
Ngoai ra, Kulhawy va Mayne (1990) con trfch diln plmCJng trlnh (3.7) (tuCJng tg
phuCJng tr'inh 2.2 cua CPT), trong d6 siT d~;~ng s6 dqc chu:in hoa N' 60 :
. .• . .• . ·'
114 TH( NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRUONG VA (lNG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T(CH N~N M6NG
D==
r (3.7)
(60 + 25log D 50 )OCR •18 (1,2 +0,05log(t/100)
0
trong d6 D 50 - kich thu6c trung blnh cua thanh phan h'.lt, rom;
OCR- h~ s6 qua c6 ke't (cr 'Jcr ', 0);
t - tu6i cua dat, nam ..
Trong phuong trl.nh (3.7), ta c6 tinh den y€u t6 gia hoa (tu6i cua dilt), d'.li luqn.g
nay g<,Ji la CAva bfulg:
CA==l,2 + 0,05log(t I 100) (3.8)
N,o
100 40 60
00
so ,f.
'
•b""
0
60 .;
~
z
"' "'
1-
0..
~
40
({) c; 2
~
...
20 ~
3
0 80 100
20
" D,
Hinh 3.4. Quan h~ 0,--N·-ltng suat(Gibbs va Holtz, 1979)
3.3.1.2. Bimh gia tr~J~ng thfli cua dat dinh dlfa tren ke't qua SPT
Tuong quan gifra LI (d¢ s~t- liquidity index- con ky hi~u laB) duqc trl.nh bay &
bi\.ng 3.3. Tuy nhien, d¢ tin c~y cua bang nay khong cao lil.m, vl. cac dtlt c6 d¢ nh'.l.Y
cam kh:ic nhau se c6 tuong quan kh:ic di.
Bang 3.3. Tr<!ng thai cua dat dfnh (Szechy va Varga, 1978)
N'" <2 2+8 5+15 15+30 > 30
Ll >0,5 0,25+0,5 0+0,25 -0,5+0 < -0,5
Trana thai mem deo c(tno nlta cltng cltng rat ran
CHlfONG 3. THI NGHI~M XUYtN TltU CHUAN 115
, , , _,. ? ""'" ,.. .. ?
3.3.2. DANH GIA TINH BIEN D~NG CUA DAT DI,IA TREN KET QUA SPT
3.3.2.1. Banh gh1 mOdun bien d~ng cua cat d!,l'a tren ket qua SPT
MOdun bien dl,lng cuacat co the\ xac djnh sa b¢ nhu sau:
(3.9)
trong do
k = 5 v6i. dilt cat Iiin bqi, set;

k = 10 v6i. dilt Cat Sl,!Ch c6 ket thl1ang;
. k = lS v6i. di\t cat Sl,!Ch qua c6 .ket.
Ohya va c¢ng 'st,r (1982) cho ra'ng, th<mg qua ket qua thf nghi~m xuyen tieu chuAn
SPT, ta co thel sa b¢ dt,r biio mMun bien dl,lng nhu lJ hlnh 3.5. Tuy nhien, rthu ta thily
tren hl.nhve, d¢ tin c~y cua tudngquan khong cao lAm. Trong hlnh ve, E duqc ky hi~u
·ia. EPMT, dol a .in6dtin bien dl,lngxac djnh thong qua thi nghiem PMT. V6i. thi nghi~m
PMTtro~g dilt cat, E duqc coi Ut mMun bien dl,l~g thoa~ nu<Yc. Trong hlrih nay,
phuong trlnhtl!ong quanta:
. E "' 9,08 N60°' 66 , bat (3.10)
.
Ngoai ra, ta cfing co the sir dqng tuong quan M = C1 + ~N cua Due (Co hqc Dilt,
Vu Co~g Ngif, Nguyen Van Dung).
. ·. . -- .
soo
200
.100
.. ·g .
Q. .
)160 0
w. a
.20 "
0 . $ 10 20
Hinh 3.5. MOdun bien d11ng cua cat Eo+c (Ohya)
. .• . .• . .•
116 THl NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRlfClNG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH NtN M6NG
--------------------
3.3.2.2. f>imh giii mOdun dllm hoi tU'c tho! cua set dl}'a tren ket qt.u:l SPT
Ohya va c<)ng SIJ (1982) cho ding mOdun dan hili tuc thai E, ella set co the t~m
tinh nhu hlnh 3.6:
Eu ~"> (6 Mn 50) N 60°· ' bar
63
.r
(3.lla)
Gia tq trung b!nh 13. Eu"' 19,3 N60°'63 (3.1lb)
3.3.2.3. Banh giii modun bien d~ng cua set d!,!'a trim ket qua SPT
Stroud (1974) kie'n nghj each u:oc t!nh mbdun bie'n d~ng khOng n& hOng nhu sau:
M == 4,1 N60 neu Ir (hay PI - chl so deo) ~30 ;
M == (8,6- 0,15Ir) N6o ne'u Ir <30.

Ngoai ra, ta cung co th~ su
dvng tuong quan M =C 1 + C2N cua Due (Ca h9c Dat,
Vu C6ng Ngu, Nguyen Van Dung).
3.3.2.4. Banh gia mOdun c~t cua dat difa triim ket qua SPT
Wroth va c<)ng s!J (1979) cho r!ing m6dun dit tuc thai Gmox (d~ tfnh toan kh~ng
cMn) co th~ t~m tinh nhu tren hlnh 3.7:
Gmax "" (60 + 350) N60°· ,· bar
77
w,
(3.12a)
Ghi tri trung b!nh la Grnax "" 120 N60 °'

77
(3.12b)
M6dun dt (duoi t!nh tai li\u dai) thOng thu<mg chi biing 5 de'n 10% cua m6c1un
d\t CIJC d~i Gmax.
1i 1.000
e
(,j
8 100
1+-~~~~~~·~~~~ 10+---~---~~~--~~~--~
Q1 1 N 10 100 1 10 N )OC
Hinh 3. 6. Eu cua set Hinh 3. 7. Gm., cua set
3.3.3. DANH GIA HE . SO Ko VA OCR CUA BAT DUA

. TREN KET QUA SPT
3.3.3.1. Banh gia h~ sol<0 va OCR dat cat dl,l'a tren ket qua SPT
Noi chung, kh6ng co m<)t tuong quan nao (cod<) tin c~y tot) d~ ctv bao tr~ng thai
ling suat cua dat cat su dt,mg ke't qua SPT
CHL!ONG 3. THf NGHI~M XUYI:N ru:u CHUAN 117
3.3.3.2. fltinh ghil h~ so K0 va OCR aat set dlfa tren ket qua SPT
Co rat ft nghien cuu tlm tmmg quan gifra N va OCR hay K 0 . Trong s6 do, Mayne
va Kemper (hinh 3.8) cho riing:
OCR"" (0,47 den 0,58) . N60 I cr' vo (3.13)
cr' vo tlnh biing bar .
Tuy nhien, nhuqc di~m trong quan h~ nay la dubng h6i quy co d¢ tin c~y kh6ng
cao him. Tuong wnhu v~y, quan h~ tren hlnh 3.9 Ia:
K0 "" 0,073 N6o
, (3.14)
:G ·vo
pa
50 ,'
f·issured.~,.,,.. ,/'
20 . "
I
' <II
10
- N Pg.
<Tp•0.41 ~~lit"'
~G>:
(n=l2~, ,z.o,sss, ~ oae
S.0.-4.37p0 ) ~
5
\ ... Iii*. . .
~ ; ; ; -j / I!! 0
() )::!
. . I!!
.;;:. 0.5
0. /
•(\J
Ill
d
/Ill
0.2
SPT N60
(OCR= cr' 0 I cr',0 )
20
a:
0
0 10
'<05
X
'<0
()
•(\J 5
\Q
"
cr
"'
<(j)·
:r: 2-
• ..
2 5 10 20
N60 I cr',0 (a', 0 ao bang bar)
Hinh 3.8. Quan h~ OCR--N (Kulhawy and Mayne, 1990)
. ~
118 TH[ NGHI!;M DAr HI!;N TRlfClNG VA O'NG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfcH NtN M6NG
N/cr' vo
Hinh 3.9. Quan h~ K 0 -- N (Kulhawy, 1989); a', 0 tinh bang bar
............ ,:; ? ,..._,. ,. ,., ?
3.3.4. DANH GIA SIJC KHANG CAT CUA DAT DI)A TIREN KET QUA SPT
3.3.4.1. Danh gia sll'c khang clh cua dat cat d~a tr€m ket qua SPT
Tho sa nhilt (va cling co dl) tin c\ly thifp nhift) la uoc lu<;mg <p theo bang 3.4. Cach
tfnh cua Peck, Hanson va Thombum the hi~n tren hlnh 3.10 cole la thOng d1,1ng nhift.
Phuang trlnh the hi~n tren hl:nh nay Iii:
<p"" 54- 27,6034 e· 0' 014N '" (3.15)
Hinh 3.11 the hi~n each tfnh cua Schmertmann. Cach tinh nay duqc cho la co d¢
tin c\ly tot, tuy nhien, khong nen dung v6i d¢ s:au nong (nho han 2 m):
0 34
<p"" arctg [ N 60 I (12,2 + 20,3 cr\0 ) ] ' (3.16)
Bi!mg 3.4. Tl!dng quan N vii cp
N 0+4 4 +10 10 + 30 30 -i- 50 >50
Theo Peck va cqng Sl/ < 28 28 -i- 30 30 -i- 36 36 +41 > 41
Theo Meyerhof < 30 30 -i- 35 35 -;-40 40 + 45 > 45
£l9 ch~t tl!dng deii rat roi roi ch(lt vl!a ch?t n3t ch?t
CHlfONG 3. TH[ N(>HI~M XUYtN TltU CHUAN 119
":g·"'
<(\)
20
IE
z 60
28 32 36. 40 44
G6c ma sat trong <p'
Hinh 3.10. <p' U'Cic tinh tu N60 (Peck, Hanson va Thornburn)
' t>
3~~~~~~--~~
Hinh 3.11. <p U'Cic tinh ttr N60 (Schmertmann)
3.3.4.2. Biinh giii sU'c khiing ciit cua dat set dlfa tren ket qua SPT
Oic quan h~ giUa sue chong dt khong thoat nu6'c Su va thf nghi~m SPT thuemg c6
d9 tin c~y thlip. Trong d6, hai quan h~ ph6 bi€n nhlit la:
Terzaghi va Peck (1967):Su =0,06 N 60 , bar (3.17)
Hara (1974): Su =0,29 N °'

60
72
, bar (3.18)
Nen luu y r~ng, tuang quan N va Su ph\i thu<)c vao rlit nhie;u y€u t6 khac, vf d\1
nhu tfnh nh~y cam cua dilt set.
. .• . .• . .•
120 TH[ NGHI~M ElAT HI~N TRVONG VA (lNG 0\JNG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
25 cloy sites ln Japan

IPhi0-95, OCR•t-3}
O.l l_w...l---'----'----"---'5--'-WJI..L0--'----'--!...::5LO'--'--'-':IOC
N
Hinh 3.12. IJ(Ic tinh S, tu'thi nghi$m SPT (Hara, 1974)
3.3.5. DANH GIA KHA NANG BIEN LOANG CUA DAT

" ,.., ?
DlfA TREN KET QUA SPT
Dt;ra vao s6 li¢u & chau My, Nh<!-t va Trung Qu6c, Seed vade Alba da thiet l<!-p
nen tuang quan giUa N' 60 (hi¢u chinh theo ca nang luqng va d¢ sau) v6i khi\. nang bien
loang cua dift roi Ket qua duqc minh hOSt & hinh 3.13. Neu di~m c6 to~ d¢ (T, I cr' ,0;
N' 60) n~m phfa tren dubng cong cua hlnh 3.13 thi dift c6 khii nang bien loang dw)i tac
dl;lng cua d¢ng dat. Cach xac djnh T1/cr' , 0 xem phiin 1.1.6.
Tren hlnh 3.13, ta thay voi cling gia trj N' 60 , ctat t6t hon (c6 kha nang khang chan
cao han) la dift c6 ham luqng h~t mjn nhi~u han trong cifp ph6i cua cat.
o.5 ---=
h<j!t mjn =35% 15% 55%
·=r·;
l I
;
1
l / I I
I
I
I 0.4 Liquefaction/ / /
I I I
"'
.c Liqueloclion I
I
I I I
·~ 0.3 I 0 3"'
J # '''"''"'·~ I
I I I
::>
.c
u
•ro::> o•2
(/)
0: No liquetochcn
c
·~
''lY ""''""d
<o 0.1
.,"'
- M=7.5 earthquakes
,
II
10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
N'eo N'eo
Hinh 3. 13. Kha nang bien Ieang cua cat dlfa tren SPT
a. cat s9ch, b. cat tan bui
CHlfONG 3. TH[ NGHI~M XUYEN TI!:U CHUAN
--~-------------------------------------~1~21
, "' ""'' ?
3.4. IJNG Da,JNG TRl}C TIEP KET QUA SPT
.... ,.,. . ,.... ,. ,.,
VAO THIET KE MONG NONG
3.4.1. DANH GIA sac CH!U rA1 cUA NEN DI)A TREN KET QUA SPT
3.4.2. DIJ BAO DQ LUN DI)A TREN KET QUA SPT
Trong cac each tfnh trong ph :in nay, cac ky hi¢u chung sau duqc sir d!Jng:
s - d(? lun co ke't cuoi cung cua m6ng nong;
B - be r(?ng m6ng, m;
cr' 0- ap llJ'c tien co ket cua dift (t~i d(? sttu 6 day m6ng);
Po - ap lVc day m6ng:
= tai tn;mg c(?t + h
Po d', t' h ,
Iyll 1c mong
YS.tong&Dfft m •
cr' gl- ap hJC gtty lun:
3.4.2.1. Cach tinh cua Burland va Burbridge; m6ng tren nen dat h~;tt tho
S = f, fc [(Po- 0,667cr'c) B0 ' 7 I,, mm (3.19)
trong do:
Po va cr', lily thli nguy~n Ia kPa (tuc la kN/m2) ;
1
I,= ·:: v&i. dift co ket thuong (NC);
N'
0•57 ,. d. .
= =i4 vO'! At rilt qua' co. k<
d (OC) ;
N'
v6i dift qua co ket ft, ta dung gia trj Ic trung gian .
6 dily N- gia trj trung binh cua N60 tu day m6ng den d<? sttu 2B.
Ne'u d!lt cat mjn ho~c cat Lin b9i niim du6i IDIJ'C nu6c ng:im, va N6o> 15 thi
giam s6 d<;>c N60 xuong con: 7,5 + 0,5N60
0,25
L
125-
, B H
f = ic
L-- ----=--
H
' L
2B(2--)
-+0,25
B 2B
(; dtty H - be day til day mong den he't cac 16p dift c:it, soi.
. ·' . ,, . ·' . ·'

122 THf NGHII;:M flAT HI~N TRlfClNG VA ONG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
3.4.2.2. Cach tinh cua D'Appolonia; m6ng tri'm nen dat h~t tho
Cach tfnh nay ap d1;1ng cho m6ng d~t tren n~n ml)t l&p c6 M day hfi'u hl).n la H (k~
tit day m6ng). D«? hin cu6i cling d\f bao U1:
S = PoB I-to Ill (3.20)

M
trong d6 I-to- h~ s6 hi~u chlnh dl) sau, tra tren hinh 3 .14a;
Ill- h~ s6 hi~u chlnh do b~ day cac l&p cat soi, tra tren hinh 3 .14b;
M- tra tren hinh 3.14c, va N tinh trung binh tit day m6ng xu6ng lB;
.D- chi~u sau chOn m6ng; .·
B~ b~ r<)ng m6ng;
L- chi~u dai m6ng;
M va Po lily thU nguyen la kg/cm2 (hay bar) .
a) ' . b)
2.o r-.'-;~---~......,.,__,.~u:-:.-:f:B.-=oo=---,_,
1.0 11""""------~---.,
JLo~ --- ........._......;,;.....-.{

!.0 '
CIIICLE
. '.I·. . .
10 D/.S . 20
oL-~~~~----~----~~--~-
0.1 10 100 ,1000
HIB
c)
1000
cat qua co ket
• •
M
500
•• .\
• cat co ket thtidng
0 20 40 60
· Hlnh 3. t4. 9ach tinh cua D' Appolonia
a) H$ so llo; b) H$ so 111; c) H$ so M
CHlfCJNG 3. THf NGHleM XUYI:N TII:U CHUAN 123
3.4.2.3. Cach tinh cila Hough; m6ng tren nen dat h~t tho
Cach tfnh cua Hough tm:mg tV each tfnh cua Buisman va DeBeer trong ph:ln
2.4.2.3. Day Ia phuang phap c¢ng lun tirng 16p, d¢ hin m6i 16p ph:in t61a:
(3.21)
trong d6 Ah; - M day 16p dfft ph:in t6 thU: i;

cr' va cr' zi- U:ng sufft ban th:in va U:ng suift do t:H tn;mg ngoai t:;ti giil'a 16p ph:ln
VO
t6;
C, - Chi s6 nen w cffp;
C, - Chi s6 nen thu cffp;
V<1i dfft c6 k.St thu<mg (NC) thi C, 1 C, = 1; Con v<Ji dfft qua c6 k.St thi
C,/C,<l;
CR tra tr~n hinh 3.15 dlfa tr~n s6 d<;ic hi~u chinh theo nang luqng N60 cua SPT;
Ti:r hinh ve, c6 the Iffy CR xifp xi nhu sau:
1/ CR = 10 [(1,0771 . N60 . o1 + 80,87. c2)/!00J ;
d d:iy' cl va Cz Iffy theo bang 3.5 du&i d:iy.

Bang 3. 5. Cac h~ so c1 va c 2
Kha nann Jun rat ft trung binh rat Jon

flat cat !rung, cat, sOi cat Jan bvi
bvi (vo eel) cat cap bvi Jan bvi, nhi§u
rat s~ch, (Ji\n bvi), cap cap phoi
rat s~ch, d§u ph6i tot cat hG'u eel, it set
d§u oh6i t6t rat tot
flttC!ng cong a b c d e f g
c. 0,902 0,885 0,889 0,905 0,843 0,859 1
Co 2,188 1,947 '. 1,873 1,778 1,664 1,555 1
~Or-------r-------~------,-------~--~--,
I I I I
~0 ------- j---- -- --~ ----- ~1----- f)

I I
-!: -~3:---
I
' I ' I '

I b c ..J.'d
I I I -
0:
150 -------,---------
' '
..
(,) ''
100 --------'-
Hinh 3. 15. Quan h~ giCra 1/CR va N
. .• . .• . .• . .•
124 TH[ NGHI\:M flAT HI$N TRlfONG VA IJNG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
---------------------~---------
3.4.2.4. Cach tinh cua Peck va Bazaraa
S == 2 54 <>s;l~l-0 4 \IJy ·hm JN'Zpo C

B'
em (3.22)
'
<>s12 _
I '
v Po 60
trong d6 <>s/2 va cr' B/2 - (:rug suilt t6ng va ling suilt huu hi~u t:;ti d¢ sttu B/2 k6 tu c!<iy
m6ng;
N' 60 •· k~t qua SPT da hi~u chinh theo ca nang luqng vao d<? sau;
y, hm vii. Po lily thli nguy~n la t/m 3, m va t/m2 ;
2
c- 2B ) .
( 13+0,3 '
B-
Tuy nhi~n, Ladd cho r!i.ng, Cs nen thay d6i nhu sau:
£lilt Da; rat tot (N' 60 > 50)

2
2B )
( B+0,3
3.4.2.5. Nghlen eCru cua FHWA ve di? tin c?y cl!a cac each tinh
FHW A (Hi~p h<?i quan ly du®g b¢ My) da tie'n hanh quan trac 21 m6ng nong va
tinh toan ty s6 (TS) gifta d¢ lun d\f bao va d¢ lun thvc. Gia trj trung blnh va d¢ l¢ch
chu~n cua ty s6 TS d6 duqc trlnh bay trong bang 3.6. Do thj so sanh (theo tling each
d\f bao d¢ hin) duqc ve tren h!nh 3.16.
D\fa vao ke5t qua nay, ta c6 nh~n xet sau:
e Cach tinh D' Appolonia (phiin 3.4.2.2) c6 d¢ tin c~y cao nhift: D¢ llin d\f bao
gan v6'i d¢ lun tht,rc nhilt (ty s6 d¢ llin d\f bao va lun thvc la TS == 0,99, sat vm
1,0); Va d(>l~ch chu~n la nho nhilt (0,51);
w Cac each tinh c6 TS l6'n hem 1 la cac each tinh thien vfo an toan (du b:io l6n).
Tr .ng cac each tinh an toan (TS > 1), thi each tfnh Schmertmann (CPT) (phi\:n
2.4.2.2) c6 d¢ tin c~y cao nhilt. Cach tfnh d1a Hough m~tc du c6 d¢ l~ch chu~n
nho hem nhung l~i c6 ty s6 TS qua l6'n.
Bang 3.6. Ty soTS giua di) hln d!! bao va di) hln tht!c (FHWA)
each tinh Trungbinh TS Do iech chulln

Burland & Burbridqe 0,83 0,94
D' Appolonia 0,99 0,51
Houqh 1,9 0,82
Peck & Bazaraa 0,75 0,79
Peck & Bazaraa w/ Ladd 1,56 3,27
Schmertmann (CPT) 1,39 1,04
CHlfONG 3. THf NGHisM XUY~N TltU CHUAN 125
-~------------------------~
!lurlaml & Burbridge 5 ll'ilppoloni~

5
4
----~----l----l---~~
0
I
l
I
II
I
I
II / 1I
I t
4 ----~----~----b----
1
I
I
----;----,---- 1 I
----~----- ----~----r----
1
----r----
I
..
• 'I I
--- -t---- ----

I • I I
~-
I
---I-- -- - ----l..----l..----
~:
1
I
: I I
:
I
'I
~6· I I I .. 1. I
1 ____ 9 ----~----~----1----- ---L----L----l..----
~
<t<$>1
t+
t
0 -1'--+--+-;-+--r---t--r'---i-..--_, 0 ~·-!.--.--+--r--+-r-+-r---;
0 2 3 4 5 0 1 -2 ,3 )4 5
iun dl! bao (em) lun dV bao (em
4
;
I
-----~-"--~--~--~----: ----
1
l
~ough:
I
I
I
I
l
I
/ 1
I
I
I
4
···y
I
1
Feck & Bazaraa
____ l____i____ J___

1
I
1
I
! ____ _
1
I
~3
E
0
I
----.-~--,----
I
I
I
I
I
I
..
----,-----·
I ---+---+---(---
.I 1/: I
+----
---·~----' I
~
l t.-- ~---- t •• - - - : - - - - - : - - - - -
c
I
..
I
I / I
----
, ..... , . !
I
-- ·-:---- -
I
++.t:. I I
-::I 'I
----V- -.t---- ~ ~-- -:----- I
----,-----,-----,----- I
+....: _:$-_
I .I
1 I .. I
0
/ I
I
I
0
0 1 2 3
lun dQJ bao 1em)
4 5 0 1
iiin a!) baJ(cm) 4 5
5
Peck & Bazaraa wlladd
' ll 5
'I
Schmertmann
4 ----;----;----.---- 4 ----r----r----r----
1 I
.I
~
E
,e3 - - - - r -.- - - r - - - -
I
0
I
I
I
'
-r---- ----!'-----t-----
1 I I
----I-----
0 I I
-::.- I
-
.c:.
c2
-:::1
! - - - ~ -... - -
•• :.t
I
I
----r---·-r----
'
I
----~~---I
l;j>
I
----1---- -1-----
I
I I
I
I I
+.' I I
.. Ill>
I I I
- ~- -- -~----
... I I
1 --•- ----;----,----r---- ;_-- ~---
1+ I I I II
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 2 3 4 5
iun dl,! bao (em) lun dV bao (em)
Hinh 3. 16. So siinh gifra dq lun d\f biio va dq lun th\(c
-·
126 TH[ NGHI~M ElAT HleN TRlfONG VA CING Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
r ' ,. r ? ?
3.5. UNG DUNG
.. . BAO SUC CHIU
VAO DU .. TAl CUA COC
..
,. , ? ,.,. '
3.5.1. CACH TINH CUA MEYERHOF (DAT RCII)

...,,:;-'
.
~
.
CHO COC CHE SAN VA COC NHOI .
Meyerhof ki€n nghi each tfnh sue chiu tai cua C<;JC betong trong ddt cat vao nam
1976. Tuy nhi~n, hit?n nay co t&i hem b6n phi~n bi'tn khac nhau cua each tfnh
Meyerhof. Trong phiin nay se trlnh bay cac phi~n bi'tn do. Tuy nhi~n, ngu<ri. viet
khuy~n b!).n d<;>c n~n dung each tinh cua Schmertmann (phiin 3.5.2), v'i no ap dJ,mg
duqc cho m<;>i lo!).i dilt va dang tin c*y h011 nhieu.
3.5.1.1. Sue khimg ben

e Theo AASHTO 1996/2000: f1 =k 2 N 60 (kPa) ;
• Theo Meyerhof 1976/1981: f1 =k N60 (kPa) ;
• Theo Bowles, 1996: f1 =k N' 60 (kPa).
trong do N60 - s6 d<;>c ti'r thf nghi¢m SPT;
N' 60 - s6 d<;>c hit?u chinh theo phucmg trlnh (3 .1 );
=2 v&i c<;>c betOng, c<;>c 6ng thep bit kin d::iu tru6'c khi dong;
k
k = 1 vm C<;JC 6ng thep h& diiu, C<;JC H, C<;JC nh6i; .
k2 =0;96 k (do AASHTO quy d!nh ch~t che v6 vit?c d6i thU: nguy~n), ·
.·
. .
Trong bilt cu truang hqp nao, rna sat b~n dcm vt f 1 cung phai nhohoi:ll 00 kPa; .
3.5.1.2. Sue khang mili

e Theo AASHTO 199612000:
qr = 0,38 N,' LIB, bar;
trong do
N,' - gia tr! N' 60 trung b'inh g::in mfii c<;>c (hit?u chinh theo phucmg tr'inh 3.1);
L - chi6u dai do!).n c<;>c n&m trong dilt r<ri.;
B - duang kinh cQc.
e Theo Bowles, 1996 (tucmg ttl AASHTO):
qP = 0,4 N' 8+3B L- I B , bar ;
trong do
N' 8+3B - gia tii N' 60 trung b'inh 8B l~n tr~n va 3,5B xu6ng dum mUi C<;JC
(da hit?u chlnh theo phucmg trlnh 3.1).

CHlf0NG 3. TH[ NGHI~M XUY£:N TI~U CHUAN 127
• Theo Meyerhof, 197611981: qP = 0,4 N, LIB, bar;

trong d6 N, - gia trj N60 (khong hit?u chinh theo d9 sau) I{fy trung binh g&n mlli c<;>c.
• Theo U.S. Army CORPS of Engineers, 1992 (Ttrong tl! Meyerhof):
qP = 0,38 N8+38 LIB , bar
trong d6
N 8+3a- gia trj N60 (khong hit?u chinh theo d9 sau) lay trung blnh a 8B va 3,5B
gAn miii CQC.
• Ngoai ra, sue khjing miii con phlli nho h<1n gia trj C\(C d~i qL (bar) cho dum day:
Theo AASHTO 199612000:
qL = 4 N'' khi miii CQC trong d{ft cat;
= 3 N', khi miii CQC trong dat b~;~i;
Theo Bowles, 1996: qL = 3,8 N' 8+38 ;
Theo Meyerhof, 197611981: qL = 4 N, khi miii CQC trong Mt cat;
= 3 N, khi mlli CQC trong d{ft cat;
Theo U.S. Army, 1992:
3.5.2. eACH TINH CUA SCHMERTMANN SPT CHO CQC CHE SAN
Cach tlnh cua Meyerhof da duqc t*p tM nhieu tac gia (Schmertmann, Lai,
Graham, McVay, v.v ... ) si'ra d6i b6 xung lien tvc trong h<1n 10 nam qua d6 ap d~;~ng cho
m<;>i lo~ CQC due san, trong m<;>i lo~i d{ft va v& dq tin c*y cao h<1n. Cach tlnh nay ban
d&u duqc di_it ten la SPT91, roi SPT94, roi SPT97, v.v ... Sau d6, de th6ng nha:t, nguOi. ta
g<;>i Ia each tlnh Schmertmann.
D~u tien, s6 d<;>c N60 tir thl nghit?m SPT duqc gi& h~n nhu sau:
• Neu N60 < 5 th!l{fy N60 = 0 (bo qua rna sat ben khi d{ft yeu. Tuy nhien, sau nay
nhieu tac gia kien nghj nen thay tieu chi qua an toan N60 < 5 Mng tieu chi
N60 < 4 hoi_ic 3);
• Neu N60 :2: 60 thi N60 = 60.
3.5.2.1. SU'c khimg ben
Sue khang ben C\(C h~ d<1n vj duqc l{fy theo biing 3.7 va duqc' ve minh ho~ tren
hinh 3.17. Tit hinh 3.17 ta tha:y rfing, sue khang ben cua CQC trong Mt set (ky hit?u Ia 1)
la cao nha:t, gia trj d6. giam dAn v& d{ft cat (3) va cu6i cling Ia da voi (4 ). Ta cling th{fy
rfing, SUC khang ben CUa CQC betong la l(m h<1n vffi CQC thep.
.• . .. . ·'
128 THf NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRVCJNG VA ONG DI,ING TRONG PHAN TfCH NtN MONG
Bang 3. 7. sue kh<ing ben f 1 (hay q,) (kPa), each tinh Schmertmann SPT
Ky
hi~u
Lo~i dat Betong CqcH Cqc eing thep
2,0 N (110- N) 2N (110 -.ill

1 Dat set 18,58 + 20,93 InN
41,84 55,72
---------- - -------------- --------- ------------------- -------------------------------
2
--- ----------- -- -----
Hiin hc;Jp set-bl,li-cat; 2,0 N 1110-N) -2,114 + 3,16 N- 0,044 N
2 23,27 +14,08 InN
Cal rat nhieu bl,li; Bl,li 47,86 + 2,36 X 104 N 3
--- ------- -------------------- ---- ------------------ --- --------------------------- -----------------------
3 cat 1,82 N 1 '11 N 5,55 +14,56 InN

---------- ------ ------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------- -----------------------
4
Ba v6i m.§m; cat lan 0,96 N 0,73 N 1,72 +12,831nN
nhieu vo so, hen
Ghi chU: Trong bang 3.7, df cho g9n khi trinh bay bang, Nw duqc viet IaN.
a) b) c)
Hinh 3. 17. Sue khiing b€m, each tfnh Schmertmann SPT
a) C9C belong; b) C9C H; C) C9C ong thep.
3.5.2.2. Slic khting mUi
Ta g9i dat b mui C9C la di~m A. Khi d6, gia trj sue khang mui qp trung b!nh (j
di~m A duqc tfnh nhu sau:
_ trung b I nh tr9ng s6 q pi 6' 8B tre n A+ trung b I nh tr9ng s6 q pi 6' 3,5B dum A
~@A- 2
Gia tri qp; duqc tinh toan d!fa tren bang 3.8. Ta thay rtmg, nguqc l<:~i v&i philn
3.5.2.1, sue kh:ing mui cua Mt set (l) la tMp nMt, sau d6 tang diln vffi cac lo<:~i dat ky
hi¢u tu so 2 Mn so 4.
CHlfONG 3. THf NGHI~M XUY~N ru:u CHUAN 129
Bang 3.8. Sue khang miii qp(kPa), each tlnh Schmertmann SPT
Kv hieu · Loai diit Betona va coc H Coc ona theo
1 Dat set 67 N .
46N
Hiln hgp set-b~i-cat; Cat rat
2 153 N 92 N
nhieu bui; Bui
3 cat 306 N 126 N

Da voi mem; Cat ian nhieu vo
4 345 N 184 N
so, hen
Sau khi tfnh Or va Op tir phuang trinh ( 1.24) va ( 1.25), trong each tfnh cua
Schmertmann, con c6 them khiii ni<;m sll'c chju tai huy d(lng, d6 la:
v6'i C<,>C Mt6ng va H: ohd =Or + Q/3 (3.23)
V 6'i 99c 6ng thep: OM = Or + 0/2 (3.24)
Va sll'c chju taj cho phep duqc coi Ia: [0] =Ohi2
Nhu v~y. theo each tinh nay, h¢ s6 an toan cho sll'c khiing ben la Fr = 2, va h¢ s6
an toan cho sll'c khiing miii Ia FP = 2 x 3 = 6 cho c<,>c Mt6ng va c<,>c H; FP = 2 x 2 = 4
cho c<,>c 6ng thep.
3.5.2.3. Chieu sau ngam du

Neu chiilu s:l.u ngam cua do~n c<,>c trong !6'p dilt chju tai (dilt t6t) Ia du 16'n, thi sue
khiing ben va mui se duqc tinh toiin nhu (J ph:ill 3.5.2.1 va 3.5.2.2. Tuy nhien, neu
chiilu s:l.u ngam kh6ng du, thi sll'c khiing mili se bj giam di.
Ta g<,>i DA (actual) Ia chiilu s:l.u ngam thtJc (cua C<,>C vao 16'p dilt t6t), va De
(critical) la chiilu s:l.u ngam Ciln thiet. De ph\{ thu(lc vao lo~i dilt nhu 0 biing 3.9. Trong
biing, B la du<mg kfnh c<,>c.
Bang 3. 9. Chieu sau ngam ciln thiet
Kl/ hieu Loai dat D /B

1 Dat set 2
2 Hiln hdo set-bui·cat; Cat rat nhieu bui; Bui 4
3 Cat c6: N,; 12 6
N=13-29 9
N > 30 12
4 Da voi mem; Cat liln nhieu vo so, hen 6
'
Khi l6'p dilt 0 mili c<,>c xilu han 16'p dilt ben tren (hiem khi thiet ke nhu v~y) thl ta
kh6ng Ciln hi¢u chlnh sue chju tai tfnh duqc.
. ~ . . . . .•
130 THf NGHI~M flAT HleN TRlfCJNG VA O'NG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH NEN M6NG
(3.25)
(3.26)
trong do qp- sue khiing miii hi~u chlnh;

qLC SUC kh;ing miii tfnh i'J mi).t phftn lap nhU i'J bUOC 3.5.2.2;
qT- sue khang miii (chua hi~u chinh) tinh i1 mili cqc nhu i1 bu6'c 3.5.2.2;·
f; - sue khang Mn hi~u chinh cua philn cqc trOQg lap Mt tot i1 do~n cu6i cqc;
f.o- sue khang ben (chua hi~u chinh) cua cling philn cqc nhu khi tinh f;.
Trong phuong trlnh (3.25) va (3.26), ci\. qP va f 1 d6u nho hon gia trj chua hi~u
Chlnh (qT Va f; 0 ) .
a) b)
-
- - -
....... : ~'
·.• ·: •. ·'
. . ..
.
' ·.' .....-.
()
. ....
. :
.•
~
.. .. ,: .
~ :· . . •• ·: ~-. j '
. •' .
~ . .
..... ·:.
. ·.
_
T ' -.• ~ ·- ~ ''
Hinh 3. 18. Hi~u chlnh stl'c khang
Neu D A>Dc (hinh 3.18b), thl phiii hi~u chinh nhur sau:
fiLC·D= fioLC-D [qLC +0,5(qCD -qLc)] (3.27)
qCD
trong do f; LC-D- sue khang ben hi~u chinh cho do~n CQC tir di6m LC (mi).t phan lap,
tuc Ja layer change) t6'i di6m D;
fioLC·D- sue khang ben chua hi~u chinh cho do~n LC-D;
qCD - sue khang miii tfnh t~i di6m D (kh6ng hi~u chlnh).
Sue khang miii qP kh6ng dn hi~u chinh.
CHlfCJNG 3. THf NGHieM XUY!':N Tlf:U CHUAN 131
3.6. QUAN He GIUA CPT VASPT
Quan h~ gifra k€t qua CPT va SPT khong phlli la tuy€n tfnh. TY so qT I N con phv
thu¢c vao ten dat (xem bi'tng 2.5). Tru6c d6 (1986), Robertson phan 1ol).i dii"t ra 12 viing
a
nhtr hlnh 2.23; trong d6, quan h~ qT vaN lay theo bi'mg 3.10.
Ngoai ra, v6i cat, ty so nay con phv thu¢c vao du<mg kfnh trung blnh ccr hl).t D50
nhtr hlnh 3.19.
Bang 3.10. Tt.tong quan gili"a CPT va SPT theo Robertson· 1986
Ty so qr/ N60
Nh6m Ten dat
(CPT so vdi SPTl
.
1 Dfit hat min, nhav cam 2

.
2 H[lu c<J; bun 1
3 set 1
'4 Set liln bui 1,5
5 Bui, bvi liln set;set nhieu bui 2
6 Set nhieu bui tdi cat bui 2,5
7 cat nhieu bui 3
8 cat nhieu bui Wi cat 4

9 cat 5
10 Cat toi soi cat 6
11 Oat hat min rat cltng (qua c6 ket) 1
12 Cat! a cat rat cCtng (qua c6 ket) 2
Quan he ahlnh 3.19 !a:

qT IN"' 5,44 D50°'
26
. (3.28)
(qT do bftng bar)

V 6i dii"t chua nhi€u hl).t mjn thl:
qTI N"' 4,25. Pom41 41,3 (3.29)
trong d6 P0•074 - ham luqng tfch lfiy hl).t lqt qua sang 0,074 mm (sang so 200).
. .• . .• . .•
132 THf NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA LING Dt)NG TRONG PHAN TfcH N~N M6NG
10
9 "'..
e "
,~
i='
0..
~
1
4
v 3:.
-
z
0
~
6
5 ~ •'
~~.w
J.:r
I! II
i='
0..
4 •: ~ ••7,..
~
~
>-
[Alb
0" 12
'O 3 !3
.,.,
"' I;;! s !4 '!.~ II. 18
&.
1- ~ oo- :.... IJ"
~
0
0.001 0.01 1.0
Gil h<;>t trung blnh 0 50 (mm)
Hinh 3, 19. TU'ang quan giii'aket qua CPT va SPT
CHVONG 3. THf NGHI~M XUYI:N TltU CHUAN 133
3.7. VI DV TiNH TOAN

, . ... " ,...,. ? ...,
3.7.1. VI 01,11: XAC D!NH TINH CHAT CO HQC CUA DAT
Cho k€t qua thf nghi~m SPT nhu trong bang 3.11. Trong d6:
C¢t 1 !a d¢ si'tu thf nghi~m, c¢t 2 Ja s6 nhat di).p d~ 6ng 1<1y mAu di duqc 30 em,
c¢t 3 Ut k€t qua phi'tn lo~i dift trong phong tu mAu dat thu duqc.
Xac djnh g6c <p va m6dun bi€n d~ng E. Bitt ml;fc nu6'c _ngilmt~i 3,5 m.
Bang 3. 11. Ket qua thi nghi~m SPT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
z (m) N dat (bar) 'I'

N,o 0'' , 0
Schmertmann
1,52 3 2 0,25 25,66
3,05 9 b~i 6 0,50 32.5.8
4,57 9 roi 6 0,65 . 31,51 30,03
6,10 12 8 0,74 33,38
6,86 15 10 0,80 35,02
7,62 21 b~i 14 0,86 37,77 38,21
8,38 24 chi;\! 16 0,92 38,67
9,14 33 vlta 22 0,97 41,36
9,91 30 20 1,04 40,03
10,67 35 cat 23 1'11 40,98
11,43 27 chi;it 18 1,18 38,26
. 12,19 63 vlta 42 1,25 45,00 41,51
13,72 33 /chi:\! 22 1,39 39,12
14,48 38 25 1,46 40,01
'
15,24 60 40 1,53 44,25
16,00 60 40 1,60 43,94
16,76 72 ' cat 48 1,69 45,00
17,53 114 (rat) 76 1,79 45,00 45,00
18,29 138 chat 92 1,88 45,00
'
C¢t 4 HI s6 dqc SPT hi~u chinh theo nang luqng tieu chuiln 60%:
N 60 =N. CE
Cho r~ng, nang luqng hfiU ich cua thf nghi~m SPT nay !a 40%:
:::} CE =40 I 60.
C¢t 5 !a ring suat ban thi'tn hfiU hi~u.
C¢t 6la g6c rna sat trong tfnh theo cong thUc Schmertmann (phmmg trlnh 3.16):
0 34
t 7 Ht gia tq <p trung binh cua cac l6p dat tinh tu cac gia trj b CQt 6.
Ngoai ra, ta con co the tinh goc <p theo c6ng; thUc cua Peck, Hanson va Thombum
(phuang trlnh 3.15):
<jl"' 54- 27,6034 e·O,Ol4. W6o
trong do
N' 6o =N6o · ~ ·
eN co th~
Slr dt,mg c6ng thuc (3.3) cua Liao va Whitman. Cac ket qua duqc l~p
thanh bang 3.12. Trong bang nay, CQt N60 Ja gia tq trung blnh cua ti'rng 16p dat. Taco
tM dung goc <p & bang 3.12 d~ tinh toan, thiet ke cho an toan .
.•
Bang 3.13 trlnh bay ket qua tinh toan m6dun bien d<:J.ng E. Tu bang 3.13, ta thily
,.. c6ng thuc E =9,08 N60°· 66 dem l<:J.i ket qua cove hqp ly nhat va thi~n v6 an toan (so v6'i
hai c6ng thuc kia). Do do, ta ch<;m gia trj trong c¢t tinh toan nay.
Bang 3. 12. Tinh g6c ma sat trong at N,, cr'y0 (bar) N6o' <p (Peck, ,,)
1 b~i ri1i 4,7 0,57 6,1 28,66
2 b~i ch~t vCta 15,4 0,91 15,8 31,88
3 cat ch~t vCta/ ch~t 29,2 1,33 24,8 34,49
4 cat (rat) ch?t 67,6 1,78 49,6 40,21
Bang 3. 13. MOdun bien d;;mg E (bar)
E =9,08 N °·60
66
E =k N 60 • 100 E =C1 + C2 N
lop dat Nso k
(xem (3.10)) (xem (3.9)) (DU'c)
1 b~i ri1i 4,7 25,14 5 23,5 48,91
2 b~i ch~t vlla 15,4 55,15 5 77,0 105,62
3 cat ch~t vCta/ ch~t 29,2 84,28 8 233,6 170,4
4 cat (rat) ch~t 67,6 146,46 8 540,8 343,2

CHVONG 3. THI NGHI~M XUY~N·TI~UCHUAN 135
3.7.2. VI 01,12: s(fc CH!U TAl CUA CQC THEO eACH TINH
SCHMERTMANN
z (m) Nao oat 0 20 40

.
60 80 Nso
0;00 0 0.0
\------
I I I
I
' I I
1,52 2 1.5 ~-------
I . '
~}----
I
---- I~-
----- --------·
I I I
3,05 6
3.0 - -----r--------r--------r- ----- --------·
I . I I
I I I
I I I
4,57 6
byi 4.5 - - .~-----~--------·~-------~- ----- --------·
I I I
6,10 8 I I I
@
6.0 - -- ----~--------1--------l- ----- 9.9-8B=6.3m
I I I
6,86 10 I I I
I I I
L-8B=8.3m'
7.5 ----- --L-----~--· - ----- --------·
7,62
8,38
14
16
E'
.;;;;..
1
I
I' ' I I
9,14 22 N 9.0 -------- I

----- --------·
-------+--------~-
I I
I I .g 9m
9,91 20
10,67 23
10.5 -------~------~-------"~- ----- -~ij M~t phtin IOp
· : . 11 Qrn ('!'),.!
11,43 18
12.0 --------t------- -------- -----11.48m
12,19 42
I
I 1 ---~lr
mfB1 I
I .I M I
------·--- ------- --------·
I
}3,72 22 cat 13.5 --------r: I L+3.5B=13.48m

I
14,48 25 (j) I I I
- -9.9+126= 15.3m
15,24 40
15.0 --------r----- ----------r---~----
I
' I
I chieu stiu
16,00 40 t6.5 -------- --------·i- ------:---------- -----ngam can
16,76 48 I
I I "'""""-
17,53 76 18.0 -------- -~----.r·t--------~-------- ~---·
I I
18,29 92 I I
19.5 I I
Hinh 3. 20. Vi dy ve s(tc chju tal cua CQC
Cho cqc Mtong due san kich thWJC 45 X 45 cm2, cqc nay nlim trong m6ng cqc
dai cao, phlin cqc nlim trong dat dai 11,9 m, d~t trong nen dilt vi dl;l 1 (h!nh 3.20). Ta a
diJ b:io sue chiu t:ii theo each tfnh Schmertmann.
Tir b6n lap data vi dv 1, ta ch}a l~;~i thanh hai lap dit nhu h!nh 3.20. Lap 1 Ia bvi
c6 ky hi~u Ia dflt ~ theo Schmertmann, lap 2 Ht cat c6 ky hi~u Ia dit ® theo
Schmertmann (theo biing 3.7).
' .• ' .• - ·'

136 THf NGHieM DAT HI eN TRLICJNG VA l1NG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH NtN M6NG
3.7.2.1. Sue khimg b€m clura hi~u chlnh

Sue khang b6n dan vj cua C<,)C trong 16'p dat b~;~i (fbv) duqc tfnh trong bang 3.14,
con SUC khang ben dan Vj CUa C<,)C trong l6'p cat (f ,;c) dU<;IC tfnh trong bi\.ng 3.15.
0
Bi!mg 3. 14. sue khang ben trong l(!p bl!i • f,,, (kPa)
z (m)
f1 -2N60 (110 • N60 ) a
f, gilta lop
t.z, (m) f, t.z,
Neo /47,86 phan to
0,00 0 0
0,00 1,52 0,00
1,52 0 1•1 0,00
13,04 1,53 19,95
3,05 6 26,08
26,08 1,52 39,64
4,57 6 26,08
30,09 1,53 46,03
6,10 8 34,10
37,94 0,76 28,84
6,86 10 41,79
48,98 0,76 37,22
7,62 14 56,16
59,51 0,76 45,23
8,38 16 62,85
71,88 0,76 54,63
9,14 22 80,90
58,65 0,76 44,58
9,9 20 36,401*'1
L:=316, 10
f = 316,10/9,9 = 31,93 kPa
1•1 : Vi N60=2 nen bo qua ma sat b~n ;

1"': Gia tr! nay lay wbang 3.15 .
Bang 3.15. Sue khang ben trong l(!p cat· fo '" (kPa)
z (m) N,, f 1 =1 ,82 . N60

a
f 1 giii'a l<'lp
t.z, (m) f, t.z,
phan to
9,9 20 36,40
39,13 0,77 30,13
10,67 23 41,86
37,31 0,76 28,36
11,43 18 32,76
46,27 0,47 21,75
11,9 59,77 (n¢i suy)
I:= 80,23
12,19 42 76,44
focat= 80,23/ (11,9- 9,9) = 40,12 kPa
CHtJONG 3. TH[ NGHI~M XUY!:N TII:U CHUAN 137
3.7.2.2. SU'c khang mui chU'a hi~u chlnh

Bang 3.16 trinh bay k€t qua tinh qP! va qP:l. Trong do, qP! Ut gia trj trung blnh
trqng s6 (; 8B tr~n miii cqc, con qP2 Ia gia trj trung blnh trqng s6 (; 3,5B dum mfii cqc.
Bang 3. 16. Tinh q,, va q,2 t~i Jan c~n 11,9 m
z (m) N,o dat q, q,, a giii'a lc'lp

&z, (m) q,,. &z, ~q,,&z,
phan t6
7,62 14 2142
L -88 = 8,3 m (j)

2415,8
n(iisuy (2415,8+2448)/2
q, =
=2431 9 0,08 194,55
8,38 16 153N60 2448
~
2907 0,76 2209,32

9,14 22 (kPa) 3366 19448
19448 q,=--
4743 0,77 3652,11
9,91 ' 88
20 6120
=5402 kpa
6579 0,76 5000,04
10,67 23 ® 7038
6273 0,76 4767,48
11,43 18 5508
q, = 7711,2 0,47 3624,26
L= 11,9m 306N60 9914,4
~ n(iisuy q,2=
11383 0,29 3301,13 16525/3,58
12,19 42 12852 16525
= 10459
10251 1,29 13223,8
L+3,58-13,48 7650
n(iisuy
13,72 22 6732
Ti:r do, ta co sue kMng mfii don vj cJ!c h~n qP Ia:

qT = (qP 1 + qPl2 =(5402 + 10459) /2 =7930,5 k.Pa.
3.7.2.3. Hieu chlnh sU'c khang

Mfii CQC niim trong dat cat co N60 trung blnh g!n mUi '9' ~ 30. Do do, chieu s:lu ngam
ngam ciln thi€t Ul. De = 12B = 5,4 m (bang 3.9). Nhu v~y,, d~ huy d¢ng t6i da sue
khang, thi mfii cqc c~n phlii (; d¢ s:lu 9,9 + 5,4 15,3 m. =
Trong khi do, chii\u s:lu ngam thJ!c 13.:
DA = 11,9- 9,9 = 2,0 m.
Nhu v~y, ta ciln phlii hi¢u chlnh sue khang. Tru6c h€t, ta dn tfnh sue khang mfii
don vj t~i d¢ s:lu 9,9 m (m~t philn lap). Qua trlnh tfnh tM hi¢n (;bang 3.17, tu<1ng tV
v6ibi'mg 3.16.-
. ·' . ·' . ~
138 THf NGHI~M BAT HI~N TR{fCfNG VA (lNG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
Bang 3. 17. Tlnh q,, va q 02 ~~ ian c~n 9,9 m
q 01 (J girta
z (m) N" dat q, l&p phan t6
~z, (m) q.,.~, Lq~i~~
6,1 8 1224
9,9- 8B 1304,5
= 6,3m <l) n{>isuy
q, = 1417,3 0,56 793,7
6,86 10 1530
153N60 9794.6
1836 0,76 1395,4
q,=--
7,62 14 (kPa) 2142 9794,6 ' 8B
2295 0,76 1744,2
=2713,2kpa
8,38 16 2448
2907 0,76 2209,3
9,14 22 3366
4743 0,77 3652,1
9,91 20 6120 q,, -10055/3,58
6579 0,76 5000,0 = 6404,5
10,67 23 ® 7038 10055
6273 0,76 4767,5
11,43 18 5508
q,=
5749,6 0,05 287,5
9,9+ 3,5B 306N 60 5991,2
= 11,48m (kPa) noisuy
12,19 42 12852
=> qpt,im;tphanl&p = qLC = (2713,2 + 6404,5) I 2 = 4558,8 kPa.

Do lap 1 yeu hO'Il lap 2 nen:
q, = qLC + D A ( q T - qLC) = 4558,8 + .2_ (7930,5 - 4558,8) = 5807,6 ; }<ft,

De 5,4
f
cathi?uchlnh
= f,, .. [q
qT LC
+ D A (q - q \
LC/ J
l
20 C T
40 12 2
= • [4558,8 + - -(7930,5- 4558,8)]
7930,5 2. 5,4
= 26,22 kPa;
=> Qp = 5807,6 . 0,45 2 = 1176 kN = 117,6 tan
Qf=4. 0,45. (fb,i. 9,9m +fdtho. 2m)
= 1,8 . (31,93 . 9,9 + 26,22. 2)
= 663,4 kN r>; 66,3 tan .
Nhu v~y, sue ehiu tai qre h1.1n 13.: Qu = 117,6 + 66,3 r>; 184 tan ;
sue eh!u tai huy d¢ng Ut: Qhd = 117,613 + 66,3 r>; 105,5 tan (theo (3.23)) ;
sue ehiu tiii eho pMp la: [QJ = 105,5 I 2 = 52,8 tan ..
CHLfONG 3. TH[ NGHI~M XUY£N TU:u CHUAN 139
' ..... ,.,, 7
3.8. TRINH BAY KET QUA

M¢t trong nhling chuoog trlnh 3 dh~n djch ket qua cua thi nghi~m SPT duqc trlnh
bay du6'i dily. Dfr li~u dilu vao cua SPT duqc luu o nhling 6 d*m mau (chi¢u silu, va
N60). Ket qua duqc tinh toan va luu o nhling 6 mau tr~ng, sau d6 ket qua duqc ve l~n
cac d6 thj tM hi~n sv li~n t\lc cua cac 16'p dat. Trong cac d6 thj, d¢ silu duqc bi.Su dh~n
otf\!C tung, con cac chi ti~u thi nghi~m va chi ti~u CCJ ly (N, N', M, G, <p, D,, ... ) duqc
bioSu di~n 0 ti:rng tf\!C hoanh CUa tlrng d6 thj nho.
IDnh 3.21 den 3.23 trlnh bay ket qua xir ly s6li~u tu vi dv 1.
N' OCR- F3.9 . Ko- e3.31

F3.18 F3.30
Hinh 3.21. Oft li<;u nh~p vao vii ket qua tinh toan
3 Chuong trinh c6 t~i Bq mOn Ca hQC B§t, El~i hQc Xay dtfl1g. Ctle@fpt.vn; Ngthai@ufl.edu
. .• . ·' . ·'
140 THf NGHI~M flAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA O'NG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
lW~~1;:~~i;~~~!~,~;~~~~JiHr::1 •••c? I
uralfll::lU ff!UUUIU~ lfUHI !I!:J. :J 14- UllfG
57 4
.SPT ·· (other wise, from equation 5.26)
SPT boring: Uncorrected N Modulus (undrained for clay, drained for sand) (psi)
0 20 40 60 0 500 !000 1500 2000 2500
or,~~~~--~~~~~
.........,.._all
~~~~~~~~~~~~-40
-1
.....,._,2
2
4
-------~---------~-----
0
0
0
0
0
-3
0 -
------L---------L--------------
0
-
-4
0
-1------1------·------~-----
0
0
0
0
-1------1------·------~-----
0
0
10
6 -----L---------L---------~---- -~-----~------·------~----- 20
______-L--1
0 0 0
0 0
--r---------r---------~----
o
0
0
l_____ j______ i______l____ _
I
o
I
o
I
0
I
I I I I
I I I I
0 I • -1- • I I
0 0
-----r---------r---- ------~-----~-- ---~ -----~-----
I
'I I I
12 ------~-----J __ --- 1
------~----- 40
0 0 0
14 - •--- _I_----- J • •
0 0
--- L----- -'------
0
50
16
0
---------r---
----4--
0
---------r----
------~---
---- - -:----- - ~-- --- f-----
I I -- -~- -----,-
-:-!-----
18 ---------~---------~---------~--
______:______ j______ ~ ______ :_ ___ ·_
---------,---------,---------r-- ------1------~------~------L
I I I I
60
SPrhori:ng: Correc'b!!d N' Shear modulus C

0 20 40 60 0 200 400 600 800
Oo~~T-T-T-r---~~~~~~~-+~-, ~~~_-r+---~-+~~~~~~~o
2 ------~---------~---------~---- -~--------~-- ----~--------

0 0 0
0
10
l '
0 0 0 0 0 0
4 -----r---------,---------,---- -,--------r-------,--------
6 ----~---------~---------~---- -4--------~-------~-------- 20
_o____ o
8
_i _________ l _________ J ___ _
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
-------~---- 1
---f-------i--------
- - - !... - 1
0 0 '
-------~---------,---- -------~--------r- -----,--------
0
0 0 0 0 0
12 -.1---------.l---- -------~--------L-
o 0 -----~-------- 40
0
0
0 0 0
14 -------,--------r- -----,--------
0
50
16 ---------'~-- -------4--------~- -----~--------
------- j_------ _l_- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J~ ~ --~ ~ -1-

0
18 ---------1---------l----
--------~-------~-------~------ 60
Hinh 3.22. £16 thj ket qua N, N', M, G

CHlfONG 3. TH[ NGHU;M XUY!:N Tli:U CHUAN 141
+(After Schmertman) (from Fig. 4.13, equ.4.11) + (After Shioi-Fukoi) For Bridges
20 25 30 35 40 45 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0
:.
------L------ ------L--- ----~-----~---
1 1 -~----J-----L----
I I I
' 10
4 ------r------
' ------r---
' ----~-----f--- -~----~-----~---
+ , I '
! '
6 ------r·-----: :::~r: ---r-----~
: I
. .
-~--~-----~--- ' '
. .
'
-~----1-----~---- 20
1
t I
~--I I I I
____ j _____ i _____L___ j _____ L___ _

8 ------~------~------~--- --~------11 I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I I
1 I I I
I I I -_I_. I
----- _,_-- --- _,_ ----- _,_----- +- -- --i

I I I - ...f• !
----,-----r-----r----,--
I I I I I
:
I
:
I
:
I
lA
~~
I '
--r---~
I I • I l
12 ------r--r---r------r------r- ---~ ----~-----·-----~----~--
1 I I I
'
--~---- 40
1 I I I
I
'
14 ------~------~------:-----+~- ----~ ----~-----1-----~----J--
I I, I I
.. L___ _
I
' +[ 50
16 ----- _,_----- _,_-- ---- 1- - - - - __ ,_- -+-! ' ' --r----
: : : : ---y
- -----,-----T·----r----~--
--1-----
'
-------L------L------~-------~-----'i
1s ·------~------~------,------~------ -----1----- .I.----_,_---- ..1---- _.__- --
-----~----~-----~----4-----·---- 60
+(After Peck, Hanson, Thornburn) (from Fig. 4.12) Density Dr(%) (Aller Gibbs &Hollz) (from Fig. 2.13, 2.14
25 30 35 40 5 25 45 65 85
0
I 'I I . .I I I I
2 --~--------..l---------~-----1 -------~-
0 ----J-------~-------~-
10
'I '
4 I
--r--------~---------r-----,
I '
' '
----~-------,-------r- '
i + ' '
::::::,------ ~---------;---- -~l
'I
------ -:-- -_-_ ~~ -_-_-_---- ~--- ---- ~-
I I I
6 20
8
---------~-- -----j---------\-----1 ------ _l_-- ---- t- -}--1------- ~-
I I I I
i'
~
, , , I :
I
:
I
-_+:
1 I
.:
~10 ---------~------- ~---------}-----!
I ---- I I
-------:-------~-----· '-------~--
~·
I I I '
,:::, ' !
12
I
~---------~-----!
'
I
!j +
-------~------~-------
---------~-------
' ' I '
14 '
---------~-------
'
~---------t-----i
!
!
'
''
'
-------:--------:----
''
-··
-------t.-
'' 50
---------!-------- -_-_ '
I I I j
16
18
I
~ -_-_-_-_-_-_-_!:-----I
I
•-- •- •- • _:_ •--- • •- .1. • • • •----

I !
-1
: : .-.---!:
-------.-------,------- +------~-
_______ :_ ______ j ______ ·_l ______ ~-
---------~--------~---------
I • • •-
i
i -------4-------~-------~----- I 60
I I I
' '
Hinh 3. 23. £>6 th! ket qua cp, o,
142 THf NGHI~M Bfi:T HII~N TRlfONG VA IJNG DI,JNG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
3.9. £10. TIN CAY . SPT

. CUA THI NGHIEM
Sai s6 cua SPT duqc tom tilt trong bllng sau:
Bang 3.18. T6m tilt nhimg sai so cua SPT
6nQ lav m£iu kh6nQ aunQ tiilu chuiin hoac bi hlf mon
Can xuyen: alfong kfnh, chieu dai, trong ILtong b(m than can
Do
Loai bUa, trong ILtong bUa, chieu cao roi, ca cua ae
thiet bi
Loai thiet bi. (nh£in hay an loan)
NanQ ILtonq hil'u fch cua thiet bi khOnQ thonQ nhat
ca cua ho khoan
Do
Phlfong phap gilt thi!nh ho khoan
thl nghii)m
Do sach cua ho khoan
Theo Kulhawy va Trautmann (1996) va nhi6u hie gia khac, trong tilt ca cac1 thi
nghi¢m hi¢n truemg, thf nghi¢m SPT la thf nghi¢m c6 d¢ tin c~y kern nMt: COY
thu(mg CO gia tq tlt0,15 den 0,45; th~m chf CO th€ len tai 1,0 (xem phi} ll;IC 1 va 2).
Cac chl tieu uac tfnh tit thf nghi¢m SPT thuemg cling c6 d¢ tin c~y thilp. Tuy
nhien, thf nghi¢m nay l'.li b! l'.lm dljng nhilt (duqc su d1,mg nhi6u nhilt).
- ? ~, ,
3.1 0. NHIJNG CAl TIEN MOl
VOl THI NGHieM SPT
Thf nghi¢m SPT xo!ln (ky hi¢u la SPT-T, tuc

la Standard Penetration Test with Torque) la m¢t
cai tie'n mai vai SPT. Trong ;d6, sau khi dem s6 ~ • .., J> ••
··.c..' ·-~···A·:
•• ~. ~
nhat d~p N, nguOi ta xo!ln (quay) ciin va 6ng lily

~ -:··
~. ....... 'i:
mii:u, tlt d6 do dtrqc h,rc rna sat gifra dat va thanh ., • to: •
6ng lay mii:u (hlnh 3.24). Nhu v~y, ta c6 them duqc ·: ;·

m¢t th6ng s6 cua n6n dat.
·.~· ·. "·.·
•••"1.
'
....
. !. ~ .
: .,.~.
~ . . . . . .cl
• ••••• · :
':
..
'"'1· •••
.
.·'o~·.e.'
........... :': .·. "'
.<IJ, • • .,.
<~'' . .. • :·".~4 : ·<t·.•
. Hinh 3.24. Thf nghi~m SPT-T (xoitn)

CHVONG 3. TH[ NGHI~M XUYt:N Tlt:U CHUAN 143
1) Thf nghi~m SPT do s6 nhat d~p (N) de cho 6ng l!1y mau di duqc 30 em.
2) Trong cac t4i nghi~m hi~n trui'mg, SPT Ht thf nghi~m kern chfnh xac nhat, tuy
nhi~n n6 l~i duqc sir d~ng nhi6u nha't do ljch sir ra dm s6rn va do nhfrng uu th€' khac
, no.
cua '
3) U'u the 16n nhfit cua SPT la: Tu thi nghi~i:n, ta thu duqc miiu dilt ph1,1c ~ cho
cac thf nghi~m trong phong; Chi phi cho thi€'t bj thf nghi~m kh6ng qua diit; Thf
nghi~m c6 the xuy~n qua hilu Mt mqi lo~i dilt; Thf nghi~m tuong d6i don gi<l.n.
4) D~c bi~t,so do tir SPT Ia sue khling cua dat doi vffi ong lay mftu (N) - B6i
Vi).y phil hqp vffi nhfrng tffig d1,1ng trong UOC tfnh SUC chju tlli (cua CQC ho~c m6ng
n6ng), trong u&c tfnh chi ti~u khang dt (<p, S.). Cac tffig d1,1ng khac (u&c tfnh d<? hin,
tr~ng thai tffig suat, ... ) c6 di? tin c~y rift thap.
5) Cung n~n luu y rang, cac quan h~ thJ!c nghi~m thui'mg dJ!a tr~n dilt tuong d6i
d6ng nhat (cat ho~c set) .. Vi v~y ciln dn th:).n khi sir d1,1ng SPT de u&c tfnh cac chi ti~u
cho nhfrng dilt pha t~p (cat pha, set pha), ho~c dilt phong hoa khac thui'mg.
. ·' . ·'
CHLIONG 4. THf NGHI~M NEN NGANG DMT (L'!LAIOMETER) 145
CHVONG4
THi NGHieM NEN NGANG DMT (DilATOMETER)
4.1. GIOI THI~U

4.1.1. NGUYEN l Y
Thf nghi¢m DMT (DilatoMeter Test) 13. m¢t lot;ti thf nghi¢m nen ngang, ca.c k6t
qua thu duqc ti'r DMT nhi.Su han va dang tin c~y han so v6i thf nghi¢m ncn ngang
PMT. Ngoai ra, thf nghi¢m DMT la thf nghi¢m xuyen lien tl,lc, rilt dan giiin trong thf
nghi¢m va trong hi¢u chinh. (Thf nghi¢m PMT thui'mg tien hi'tnh trong h6 khoan san,
kh6ng lien tl,lC, ri\t phU'c t~p trong thfnghi¢m va hi¢u chinh).
IDnh 4.1 minh hot;~ thiet bi DMT: mang thep aJ nlim tren mui xuyen ph~ng <D
duqc nen dii'y ra ngoai bling khf ti'r blnh nen ®. Ket qua cua thf nghi¢m 13. cac ap su<it
Po• p 1 va p2 tuang ling v6i chuy6n vj cua mang thep 13. 0; 1,1 va 0 mm.
4.1.2. l!CH SV CUA THl NGHI~M DMT
Nam 1974, giao suS. Marchetti (Italia) biit dtiu co y tu6ng v.S thf nghi¢m DMT.
Nam 1975, thf nghi¢m DMT th6 sa diiu tien duqc thu nghi¢m. Nam 1980, thi nghi¢m
DMT biit dtiu duqc biet de'n tren nhi.Su nuoc. H¢i nghj the gi6i v.S DMT liin dtiu tien
duqc t6 chuc vao nam 1983, va h¢i nghj glin d!ly nhat la nam 2001. Giao su Marchetti
la nguOi. dong gop nhi.Su c6ng sue nh<it d6 ph:l.t tri6n thf nghi¢m nay' ti'r do, co ten g<(i
thf nghi¢m la "Marchetti DMT".
Trong ba thf nghi¢m hi¢n trui'mg mt;tnh nhat va ph6 bien nhat tren the gi6i (SPT,
CPT, DMT), thf nghi¢m SPT phiii mat glin 80 nam (1902 -19??) ti'r khi khai sinh den
a
hic duqc sir dl,lng r¢ng r1ii Vi¢t Nam; con thf nghi¢m CPT m<it gtin 60 nam (1931 -
19'??). Chung t6i hy V<(ng rling, thf nghi¢m DMT se chi mat gin 30 nam (1975- 20??)
de tr& nen thjnh hanh. tt;ti nuoc ta.
146 THfNGHI~M flAT HI~N TRlJONG VA IJNG DI,JNG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N MONG
Hinh 4.1. Sd do cua thf nghi~m DMT

1) mui xuyen ph~ng; 2) mang thep; 3) binh khi;
4) day cap dan khi n€m; 5) h¢p di€iu khi<in; 6) can xuyen;
CHLIONG 4. TH[ NGHJ~M Ni:N NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 147
--~----~-------------------
4"~t NOI DUNG THI NGHIEM

. '
DMT
#' ... ~ ., -·~
Hlnh 4.1 minh ho~ cac thanh philn w b<'m cua thiet b! DMT: Mfii xuyen ph&ng
CD, tren d6 c6 giin mang thep 0; blnh.khf nen (thuang la nita) ®;dAy cap dfin khi nen
@,dAy cap nay dfin tu blnh khf nen, qua h¢p di8u khi~n ®, va dan t&i. phfa trong cua
a
mang thep 0. Cac ap suilt trong qua trlnh thf nghi~m duqc do tren d6ng h6 h¢p di6u
khi~n ® hlnh 4.1).
Ml'ii xu yen duqc n6i vai ciln ®. Ciln xuyen nay thuang c6 cling kich thuac va
duang ren nhu ciln xuyen CPT (la lo~i ciln c6 cuemg dq lan han 1000 MPa). Vi v~y w
cilu gia lt!c va can xuyen cua DMT cfing la cua CPT. Do d6, neu ta dii c6 diiy du thiet
b! CPT, thl chi ciln chi mqt khoi'm ti8n nho d~ mua mfii xuyen DMT, blnh khf nen, hqp
di6u khi~n rna th6i.
. ?
4.2.1.1. MUi xuy£m phang
Chi tii't:
Mui xuyen phiing rqng 95 mm, dily 15 mm lam Mng thep kh6ng gi. G6c nhqn t~i
mui xuyen tu 24 den 32°.
6 giua mui xuyen Ia mqt mang thep tron, c6 duang kfnh 60 mm, day tit 0,2 den
0,25 mm (thong thui'm.g la 0,2 mm). Mang thep duqc giin tren miii xuyen bling nhfrng
bul6ng biit quanh vi8n cua mang thep. Hlnh 4.3 minh ho~ miii xuyen sau khi dii thao
mang thep.
Trong thf nghi~rn, ta c6 tien hanh hi¢u chinh s6 dqc 0 cua rnang thep, vi v~y thi
nghi~m DMT rilt chinh xac ngay ca v&i dilt bun nhao (Su = 2 + 4 kPa, E = 0,4 MPa "'
4 kg/cd). Mi).t kh:ic, rnui xuyen rilt khoe (chju duqc ap lt!C tai 25 tiln). V&i. d6i trqng
Ia xe tai 20 tiln, DMT c6 the xuyen qua vaUo~i da m6m, da macna v&i. Su = 1000 kPa,
E = 400 MPa"' 4000 kg/cm2 • •
Hlnh 4.4 minh ho~ qua tr!nh b{w du5ng mui xuyen sau m6i liln thi nghi~m. Hlnh
4.5 rninh ho~ milu chuy~n ciln (adapter) d~ si'r d\Jng can xuyen Ian han (vi d\J trong
hlnh ve Ia 50 mm). Thong thuong nguOi ta Slr d\Jng ciln 36 mm, nhung khi xuyen dq a
sau Ian, v&i tai trqng Ian thl nen dung ciln 50 mm.
. ·' . .• . ·'
148 TH[ NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRlfClNG VA IJNG D!)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
Q Q
.,..
e;\'1
ITiillang
~
~
I
c 'thep
.,..
o:i
1(1
12-16
114-16
1. 94-96 .l H
0.2
..,..
I ITiillang
--+ thep
Q
(i:l
Hinh 4.2. Kfch thlfdc miii xuyen
Hinh 4. 3. M~t cua xuyen khi thao mimg

a) m~t ngoai; b) mi;it trong
CHl!GNG 4. THf NGHJeM NEN NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 149
M<llu c:huyen c§n

J 50 ·-r
Hlnh 4.4. Bao dU'Ong thiet b! DMT Hln.h 4.5. Adapter (mau chuyli'n can)
Nguyen lj hotJt ili)ng:

M~mg thep tren mUi xuyen ho~t ® mimg thep
d(\ng theo nguyen t&c gi6ng nhu chu6ng QJ Tr~
di~n (hinh 4.6). D~m nhJ!a ® del each thep
@ dia cam (tng
khong
di~n giUa dia cam ling (hay dia cam gi
nh*n @) v6i mui xuyen thep. ma cam ® ciln bang th?ch
anh ho?c thuy tinh
ling @ duqc g&n chij.t v6i d~m ® va <V day plexi (plexiglass)
luon c6 djnh. ma cam ling se la.m thanh dil)n dai 3,90 ± 0,01 mm
m~ch di~n kin, va do d6 g!ly ra ti€ng ® dl)m nhl,fa cilch
keu bfp (du<mg d~m net minh ho~ & nua dii)n
du6'i hinh 4.6) trong ca,c tru<mg hqp sau:
·a) Mang tMp dfnh v6i dia ci\m ling
(hie mang chUa CO ap )J!C khf nen tac
d(\ng, cilng nhu hie ap llfc khf nen viln <l! loa
con thua ap llfc ngang !lf nhien Po cua
dilt);
b) Khf nen (gas) diiy t!lm cua tieng keu bfp
mang thep ® ra ngoai 1,1 mm; do d6,
l'o
lo xo d!iy trl;l thep CD va ciln plexi ~ ra khiing keu
ngoai, g!ly ra Slf ti€p XUC gifia mij.t cua
keu bip
trl:l CD v6i rna cam ling. Ap llfc Mt len ap ll,fc am thanh
mang thep luc nay lap,. Hlnh 4. 6. Nguyen JY ho'i't d<}ng cua mang thep
Nhu v~y, ngay khi ti€p bfp bj t&t (ke't thUc du<mg d~m net & hinh 4.6), ta dqc s6
dqc A tren d6ng h6. Tu A ta se tfnh duqc Po (xem cac philn du6i d!ly), v6i Po la ap ll!c
. .• . ·' . .•
150 THf NGiiii;M flAT HI~N TRlfONG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
dat tac d!!ng vi\.o mi\.ng thep hie chuyen vj cua mang la 0 mm.
Sau d6, kh6ng c6 st;r tiep xuc v~ di¢n, tiep bip bj tilt. Tiep ti!C tang ap lt;rc khf nen,
va ngay khi tiep bfp bitt dau keu l~i, ta dQC so dQC B, ttr d6 tfnh duqc Pt (ml,IC b. b tren).
Sau d6, ta phai xavau M giam ap 1\(C khl nen ngay, tranh de mang thep tiep we bj
diy tiep ra ngoai, gay hu h~i dan doi v6i mang thep.
Ngoai ra, ta con c6 the dQC so dQC c va ap lvc P2 (xem cac phiin tiep) khi giam ap.
Trong thi nghi¢m DMT, chuyen vj la co djnh (1,1 mm) vi\. rat chinh xac - Con b
thf nghi¢m PMT, ta phai do the tfch dung djch d6 vao PMT, ttr d6 suy ra chuyen vj (co
tbe khong chfnh xac do dung djch bj nen, do ong diin dung djch bj nb, do mang PMT
nb khong d~u!!! -So v6i DMT, qua trlnh di~n djch ket qua PMT rat ruem ra va kern
chfnh xac).
4.2.1.2. H{lp dieu khi~n
Tren h¢p di~u khii!n (h~nh 4.7) c6 hai "d6ng h6 do ap IL_tc", "ddu c!im d/in ap lzlc
khi de'n" tu bl.nh khf nen, "ddu ctim d/in ap life khi di" t6'i mui xuyen, "ddu ctim 6ng
xilanh" de hi¢u chinh so d<;>c, van "khoa dip", van "cap ch¢m", van "xd nhanh",
van"xd ch{im" (xa b6 ap lqc), "loa" phat ra tieng bfp, "den" tin hi¢u giln v6'i loa (den do
khi loa keu).
lJiJng hO do ap life:
D6ng h6 ap lqc tbap (1 MJ;'a) de do chi tiet ap lqc khi thf nghi~m trong dat yeu.
V 6i dat tot, neu ap lqc 16'n hon 1 MPa, d6ng h6 ap lt;rc thap se tq ngilt ap lt;rc, va ap lt;rc
se duqc do b d6ng h6 ap lqc cao (den 6 MPa).
Van khf:
Van· khoa cap c6 tac d!!ng khoa ho~c m0 dong khi di ttr bl.nh khi nen den mui
xuyen. N6i chung van khoa cap luon luon m0 trong qua trlnh thi nghi¢m (trtr khi d<;>c
ti..A va ti..B). Van cap ch¢m co tac d1,1ng dua dong khf dp ttr bl.nh khf t6'i mui xuyen.
Nhu v~y, van cap ch{im chi c6 tac d1,1ng khi van khoa cap da duqc mo.
C6 hai van xa khf: van xd nhanh (16n) va van xd ch¢m (nho). Ta can dung den
van xd ch¢m d6 dQc so dQc C.
Chi tie't di¢n:

C!lc duang di¢n, loa, den tin hi¢u duqc nuoi bang pin 9 von. Ngoai ra, con c6 mit
"TEST" - "Ki6m tra" de xem pin con di¢n hay khong, cling nhu xem loa vi\. den con
ch~y hay khong. Neu tie'ng keu cua loa gay kh6 chju, ta c6 thi! chi ciin dung den tin
hi¢u va tilt loa bill m¢t cong tile loa. Tuy nhien, nen dung ca den va loa khi thf nghi¢m.
CHlfONG 4. TH[ NGHI~M Ni:N NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 151
dau cilm ph\J ciing loa .loa nut "Kielm tra"

dau cilm dan
ap h,tc tlt binh
den
dong ho ap lt,tc ge
thap -+-+
--~-- van cap

ch(lm
dau cilm dan
ap h,tc di den
xuyen
dau cilm
xilanh del doc s6 dlf<'lng dan dieu van xa -van xa
hiu chinh · khf ap·h,tc ch(lm nhanh
dau cilm ph\J R do din
NUt 11 Ki§m
tra"
Hinh 4. 7. sa do hgp dii>u khilin
4.2.1.3. Binh khi nen

Tren blnh khf nen thui'mg co van di€u chlnh ap lgc, 6ng diin khf. Van di€u chlnh
ap l\{c phai ch!u duqc ap lgc t6i thi~u 7 + 8 MPa. Th6ng thui'mg, ta chi dn ap l\fC tir
3 den 4 MPa, tuy nhien v6i dilt riin h<1n, ap lt!c co th~ cao h<1n. Khf nen atrong blnh co
tM Ia kh6ng khf thui'mg ho~c nita.. V6i blnh ap lt!c ban d:lu 15 MPa, cao 0,6 m, taco
tM dung trong I + 2 ngay thf nghi¢m (tir 70 + 100m dft't).
. ·' . ·' . ·'

152 THf NGHI~M flAT HleN TRlfClNG VA l1NG Dl,ING TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
.
A ~ A ?
.
4.2.2. THU THAP SO f>OC HIEU CHINH.
4.2.2.1. Djnh nghia M va AlB
AA va AB la ap h;tc khf
ciin c6 de vuqt qua d¢ cffilg
cua mang thep (khong c6 ap -<::
hJC cua dtft).
Khi thf nghi¢m, ap hfc
khf ciln Mng v6'i ap llfc dttt
va d¢ cffilg cua m!mg thep.
Cac so dQc A va B thu duqc
~' 6 cac vi tri A va B nhu hinh
4.8.
Mang thep khi tl! nhien
thi hcti cong ra ngoai. Khi de
mui xuyen 6 khong khf,
mang thep se nam 6 vi trf
giiia Ava B (vi trf "at rest" -
hinh 4.8).
AA la ap sutft khf nen !-lin!? 4. 8. £l<;>c sfi d<;>c M va Ll.B
ilm (hUt vao) tac dvng vao
mang thep (d~t trong khong khi) de cho miing thep & vi trf A - vi trf tie'p xuc v&i dia
cam ffilg. AB la ap suilt khf nen duong (day ra) tiic dvng vao mang thep de cho miing
thep 6 vi tri B - vi tri tfl) thep <D ti€p xuc v6i dia cam ffilg ..
b.A va b.B rtft quan trQng, d~c bi¢t voi dlit yeu (khi rna A va B khong 1611 hon b.A
vii b.B nhi~u Him).
4.2.2.2. Xac djnh M va AB
"' D6ng van khoa cilp ;
"' Ci\m ong cua xilanh v6'i dliu ci\m xilanh cua h¢p di~u khien. Ban dliu trong
xilanh khong c6 khong khf (hinh 4.9a);
"' Keo xilanh de'n glin h€t ong, do d6 c6 m¢t ap h,rc chan khong hUt mang thep
ch~;~m vao dia cam ffilg, ti€ng bip Mt dliu keu· (hinh 4.9b). Giu xi lanh khoang 5
giily de dn dfnh ap l1fc chiln khong, sau d6 tM (dAy) xi lanh th~t tu tu, ngay khi
ti€ng bip wa ti\t, ta d<,>c so d<,>c, vi dvla -15 kPa, thi b.A la tri tuy¢t doi cua so
d<,>c, tUc la b.A = 15 kPa hinh 4.9c);
"' Tie'p tl)c dAy xi lanh t\r tu, ngay khi tie'ng bfp keu l~;~i (vi tri .B) ;;;;:he so d0< .;,[}
hinh 4.9d);
CHlfONG 4. THI NGHI~M NEN NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 153
a) b) c) d)
Hinh 4.9. l:lo .!.Ava AB

a) V!irf:b! nhiEin blCflah 'khong >>.&A c) Chan khorig =M- d) AB
kh&ng·bfp· bip liEin tt,J.c ditng bip bfp '"i
L~p I~i qua trlnh nay 2 Mn.J J!ii14e d~ Mo t::.A va t::.Blachfnh xac;
. Neu dily cap dftn khf din infii xuyeri DMT qua dai (vai Ch\IC met), khi dQC !lA
va .t::.B: ta phi'ti chcr k,hoaJJ,g 15 giily de ap h,rc truyeii d€n mang thep ;
. Tru&c khi thf ngfii~m;' th6tig ~htl'CiJ;lg flA 15 kPa, LiB = 4o 'kPa. Neu !lA niim
=
ngoai khoiing 5.c.-.30 kP~·h'o~c t::.B ri~rli ngoai khoi'mg 5 + 80 kPa, thl mang thep
khong d~t tieu,chu~n; .
Sau khi hoan th~nh thf nghi¢m, ta cling phi'ti do l~i !lA va !lB. Neu chung khac
xa (khac hon:2;s. kPii) so v¢i M.ya t::.B tnrcrc khi thf nghi¢m, thl mang thep nay
da rao, eli, do d6, lam giiim d¢ tin c~y ci':ta thf ngbi¢tn. Ta ciin thay ngay nhiing
mang thep" qu~ ~1io; hoi;i\i bt :xuac... Oia tq cu6i ci:mg ci':ta t::.A va t::.B Ia gia tq
trung blnh. ttir&c viJ.;.sau'-·khi.ti.Sp hanh xuyen bMT;
' '
Tuy nhien, mang thep m&i nguye11;(chua thf nghi¢m liln nao) cilng ft tin c~y
hon mang thep da st'r di;mg .vil.j..Jill,l, .vl;,;lAya t::.B ci':ta mang m&i nay vftn chua 6n
dinh. V&i mang thep m&i nguyen, nen t!ic d¢ng m¢t ap h;I'C khoang 500 kPa,
sau d6 giiim ap v6 0, err nhu the vai liln. Ta c6 the tht'r nhu v~y trong m¢t ch~u
nu&c de ki6m tra xem mang c6 khii nang hoan toan each nu&c hay kh6ng.
4.2.3. QUY TRiNH £>QC A, B, 'c '

4.2.3.1. Chuin bj thi. nghi~m
1. BAt ren ci':ta dilu cap p-e (cap pneumatic-electrical, trrc Ia cap vita dan khf nen,
vita tmyen tin hi¢u di¢n) vao mui xuyen DMT.
2. Bi\t ren ci':ta ciln xuyen thrr nhat vao mui xu yen, tranh khong de cap bi xoAn.
3. N6i ilm v&i dat: m¢t diiu ci':ta do~n cap "n6i dat" cAm vao giAc dim "dat" niim
tren h¢p di6u khien; con diiu kia kyp vao ciln xuyen.
. .• . .• . .•
154 THf NGHI~M eAT HI~N TRlfONG VA O'NG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
4. An tay vao mang thep d~ ki~m tra xem c6 tie'ng bfp chua.
5. M6 van xd nhanh, go tay viw cac d6ng h6 ap h,rc va chinh s6 dQC v6 0.
6. Xac djnh f...A va f...B nhu phan tren.
7. Cilm van di6u chinh ap h,rc vao blnh khf nen' (khi tat d cac van tren blnh khf
vil.n dong), di6u chinh d6ng h6 ap lqc v6 0.
8. Dong ca
van khoa cap va van cdp chgm, m6 van xd nhanh, ta dm cap n6i
giua blnh khf nen vai giilc dm c::lp khf n~m tren h¢p di6u khi~n.
9. Hi¢u chinh d~ d6ng h6 khf nen 6 bl.nh khf nen chi 3 MPa. M6 van 6 blnh khl
nen va m6 van khoa cap tren h¢p di6u khi~n (va trong qua trlnh thf nghi¢m,
van khoa cap lu6n duqc m6).
4.2.3.2. Thi nghi~m
Thf nghi¢m DMT doi hOi hai nhan c6ng: m¢t ngum di6u khi~n h¢p di6u khi~n,
m¢t nguai di6u khi~n h¢ gia 1\{c. Trinh tV thf nghi¢m nhu sau:
1. Tren h¢p di6u khi~n: dong van cap ch{i.m, m6 van xd nhanh (van xd nhanh
phai duqc m& d~ giam hu h(li do d::lt tac dvng len mang thep trong khi xuyen).
2. Nguai di6u khi~n h¢ gia lqc dii'y mili xuyen xuong (thuong la 20 em m¢t liin).
Vi ap lqc dat tac dvng len mang thep, trong qua trlnh dii'y xuyen, se co tie'ng
bfp lien we va den do.
3. Khi Mn d¢ sau yeu cau, nhii ciln gia lqc d~
dtrng xuyen.
4. Dong cii hai van xd. Tu tu m& van dip ch{i.m, Po
khf nen se duqc cap tu tu d~ dii'y mang thep ra.
Ngay ).<:hi mang thep kMng con tie'p xuc vai
dia cam Ung, tie'p bfp ng\.rng keu, ta dQC SO dQC
A.
5. Khf nen viln duqc tie'p l!fC dp qua van cdp
ch{i.m. Ngay khi tie'p bfp keu l(li (tuc Ia trl} thep Hinh 4. 10. Po vii p 1
(j) phfa sau dn plexi tie'p xuc vai dia cam (tmg vbi Ava B)
tl'ng), ta phiii thao tac nhanh:

~ DQc ngay s6 dQc B;
+ M6 van xd nhanh ngay, tranh d~ mang thep bi rao;
• Dong van cap ch*m;
• Ne'u can dQC s6 dQC C, xem phan "S6 dQC C" dum day;
+ Quay l(li buac 1 tren day d~ xuyen thf nghi¢m tie'p.
CHlfONG 4. TH[ NGHI~M NtN NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 155
Sif dqc C
• Khong xa het khi ngay rna dong van xd nhanh liic ap sui!t v1in con m¢t chUt,
rna van xd chq_m. Tiep bip se ngling k~u (vi tri at rest) (tuy nhi~n, dily chua phai
la s6 d<;>c C).
• Sau 45 den 60 giily, mang thep se tiep xuc v6i dia cam ling, tieng bfp l<;ti k~u l<;ti
(vi trf A). Ta d<;>c s6 d<;>c C.
TOe di) thi nghi~m
" Sau khi miii ;Xqy~n den d¢ situ ciin thiet, t6c d¢ C!'lp khi (chinh biing van d[p
chq_m) phai il<:>P it.M-d<;>c A sau jk:hoang 15 giily, d<;>c B sau khi d<;>c A khoang
'c
20 giil.y, va dt;>c ~au khi d<;>c-B ~hoang 45-60 giily. Neu cap c6 chi6u dai l&n
h01,1. 30..m, thl cac·..kboangJhO'f
' ' ',,,,. '
g)ah; . c6 the lilu hon chUt.
• ' c6 the kiem tra xem t6c d¢ dp khf c6 vl!a
Thinh thoang, trong khi thf nghi?ril,
phai khong biingcach sau: dong van cdp cht?-m, neu ap suat tr~n d6ng h6 giam
hon 2% thi c6 the c6 hai nguy~n nhiln: t6c d¢ cap khf qua nhanh, ho~c duoog
cap bj ro ri.
4.2.4. THr NGHieM TJeu TAN AP u,tc Nlfoc Lo RoNG (aAT oiNH)
D6i v6i dat c6 tfnh tham kern (dat dfnh), xuy~n DMT se t<;to ra ap lgc nuac 16
r6ng du; do d6 ap lgc nu<Jc J6 r6ng !an hon ap lJ!C nu<Jc 16 r6ng thuoog U 0 ( U 0= yn X (z -
mgc nu&c ngilm)). Sir dl,lng DMT, ta c6 the tien hanh thf nghi¢m ti~u tan ap 1gc nu&c 16
r6ng de xac djnh tinh tMm va cac tham s6 c6 ket cua dflt dinh. Phlf thu¢c vao tfnh
tham, thi nghi¢m ti~u tan ap 1gc nu&c 16 r6ng c6 the mat vai phut, vai gia, th~m chf ca
ngay.
4.2.4.1. Phudng phap tiEiu tan DMT·A
Phuong pMp DMT-A (do Marchetti va Totani d6 xuat nilm 1989) duqc mo ta
trong ASTM 2001. Cac thao tac nhu sau:
1. Dling xuy~n 1<;ti, ngay 1~p tuc biit dilu d6ng h6 bam giily (t =0).
2. Sau do, dp khi ngay (van cdp cht!-m) (trong khoang 15 gii\y) de d<;>c s6 dqc A.
3. Khi dqc A, ngay 1~p tuc xa khi biing each m& van xd nhanh, d6ng thai do 1<;ti
thai gian tr~n d6ng h6 bam gii\y. (Sau khi dqc s6 d<;>c A, ta khong cap khi nen
tiep de dqc s6 dqc B).
4. Cha m¢t khoang thai gian dinh tru&c (thuoog Ia 0,5; 1; 2; 4; 5; 15; 30; ... phut).
. ·' . .• . .•
.156 TH[ NGHI~M BAT HI;N TRlfClNG VA IJNG DI,ING TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
qp l;.ti cac bu6'c 2 va 3.

5. S6 dQc A se giam dan thep thO'i gian (cung v6'i ap lgc nu6'c 16 r6ng bj tieu tan).
Ta ve d6 thi A-log(t). Ditng thf nghi~m tieu tan khi rna tren d6 thj c6 hai du<mg
cong khii ro r~t v6'i m¢t di6m u6n tnex & giua (hlnh 4.17).
4.2.4.2. PhU'dng phap W~u tan DMT-A2
Phuoog phiip DMT-A2 (Schmertmann, 1991) duqc mota trong AS1M 2001. Phuoog
phiip DMT-A2 c6 trlnh tlJ nhtt phuoog phiip DMT-A, v6'i vai 'di6m khac nhau sau:
® 0 vong dQC dqc dau tien, ta do A r6i B va c. Con tir vong dQC thu hai, ta chi do
A.
e Ve d6 thj A- .Ji (hay con gQi la A .Ji) d6 di6n djch ke't qua
2-
Thi nghi~m DMT-A2 c6 th€ khong phu hqp v6'i set cling.
Ngoai ra con c6 thi nghi¢m tieu tan DMT-C (Robertson va c¢ng sg, 1988), tuy
nhien, thi nghi¢m nay c6 nhieu nhi.rqc di6m nen khong duqc neu & day.
CHlJONG 4. THf NGHI~M NEN NGANG DMT (DilATOMETER) 157
-:? ?
4.3. U'U, NHIJQC DIEM CUA DMT
1) Uu diem l&nnhilt cua DMT Ia c6 Sl!

xao tr<?n ditt ft nhift (hlnh 4.11 ). v &i thf
nghi~m SPT, CPT, do b6 day cua thiet bi l&n,
nen ditt bi xao tri)n (c6 the bj nen ch~t) nhi6u,
do do, cac tfnh chift CO dUO'C thieu chfnh Xac.
2) U u diem l&n thu hai cua DMT Ia n6 c6.
d¢ chfnh xac cao nha:t trong cac thf nghi~m
hi~n truaug. Vf d1,1 khi kh:io sat iJ vting ditt
tUO'ng d6i d6ng nhift, v6i sP'f;·neu t~i cling d¢ Hirih 4.11. So vii DMT
sil.u, iJ hai vj trf khao sat k6 nhau, s6 dqc N c6 th€ thay d6i ttr 10 den 20, th~ chf 30
tuy thu¢c vao nguOi thao ta-c:va thiet bj.Gm v&i DMT; s6 dqcthaY'd6i kh6ng dang k€
(ta gqi la tfnh l~p l~i~ao).
3) Trong qu<i trlnh c6 .ke~
. .
thitm b.a. chi6u, tfnQ
: •.
thilm. theo phuO'ng ngang
\ '- .
(Ch
·..
va kh)
c6 the sai kh;lc nhi6u so vQi tinh thit11] theo phu()'flg.gjln,g (Cv va kv, la cac thOng s6 rna
ta thuoog xac djnh duqc trong phong). S\r d1,1~g DMT; ta c6 the pMn doan khii chfnh
xac ~ vakh.
4) Tfnh qua co ket cua ditt rift quan tr<,>ng. Tfnh qua co ket cua ditt the hi~n qua
OCR va K0 • Trong khi d6, vi~c thf nghi~m trong phong thuoog lam mii.u da:t mitt m¢t
ph:in (ho~c hoan toan) tfnh qua co ket. Neu thf nghi~m oedometer cho ket qua E
(m6dun bien d~ng theo phuO'ng dling) gi6ng nhau cho hai lo~i da:t Q) va ~ iJ hlnh 4.12,
thl ditt ~ (c6 h~ s6 ap ll!C ngang tlnh Ko va ling suit ngang cr\ l&n hO'n) se c6 d¢ lun
nhO hqn. Thf nghi~m DMT la nen ngang, do d6, rift phil hqp cho ling d1,1ng nay.
Hinh 4. 12. Anh httang cua lip h,rc ngang (ah=K,aDyol den d9 IOn
5) Uu diem cu6i cling Ht: thi nghi~m DMT nhanh, ti~n lqi, thu duqc nhi6u ket
qua, k€ ca vi~c xac djnh ml!C nu6'c ngi\:m thOng qua s6 dqc C (neu co mi)t 16p dift rOi
n~m du&i ml!c nu&c ngilm - ml)c 4.4.3.1 ).
Nhu{Yc dilm cua thi nghi¢m DMT lii:

1) N6n ditt Htm vi~c chu yeu theo phuO'ng dling, trong khi thf nghi¢m DMT nen
dilt theo phuO'ng ngang ..
2) Vi¢c ling d\(ng vao vi~c dl! bao sue chju tiii dqc (f\IC cua C<_>C Ja thifp (vl ban
cha:t cua DMT kh6ng phai !a do sue khang d<,>c lf\lc).
. .• . .• . .•
158 THf NGHI~M eAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA ONG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
4.4. UOC TiNH cAc cHi TIEU Cd l Y DVA TREN KET QUA DMT
• ~ A;
4.4.1. CHUAN HOA SO £lQC
Do d<) cll'ng cua mang thep (~A va ~B), va do s6 d9c ban dfiu tn~n d6ng h6 ~ ma
ta phai hi~u chinh ap h,rc nhu sau:
Po"' 1,05(A- ~+~A)- 0,05(B- ~-~B) (4.1)
(4.2)
(4.3)
Thong thui'mg ZM = 0; ZM chi khac 0 trong trui'mg hqp sau: d6ng h6 d6 dqc ~A va
~B (gqi Ia d6ng h6 ~) khac v&i d6ng h6 hie dqc A va B (g9i Ia d6ng h6 AB); khi d6,
~ Ja hi~u s6 gifra s6 dqc tren d6ng h6 ~ hie ap lt,rc khl la 0 va s6 d9c tren d6ng h6 AB
hie ap h,i'c khf la 0. Th~m chf, ne'u ta chinh duqc kim chi v6 0 hie ap h,rc khf la 0 thl. ZM
van biing 0 .
. Luc chuy6n vj bling 0, Po ty 1~ v&i iip h,rc dja t1nh theo phu011g ngang (ll'ng suil't
ban than, tuc la crho); Con luc chuy6n vj b!ing 1,1 mm, p, ty l~ v&i ap h;tc bj d¢ng cr' p·
Luu y rling, p 0 > crho va p, > crP (hay pb) bdi vl., du bj xiio tr<)n r:lt it du&i mi"ii xuyen
DMT mong (1,5 em), cifu true dat van c6 Slf thay d6i.
Bang 4.1 tom tiit nhfrng tham s6 thu duqc tu thi nghi~m DMT. Trong d6, ta phai
xiic djnh ba thong s6 quan trqng 10 , K 0 , va E 0 tru&c (gqi Ia chi s6 DMT). Sau d6, ciic
chi tieu CC1 Jy Se dU<JC XiiC djnh thong qua ba thong s6 trung gian nay.
Trong bdng 4.1, ta can luu j: ·

0 u0 va cr' ,0 : iip life nu&c 16 r6ng va ling su:lt blm than theo phu011g dll'ng b trzmg
thiii blnh thui'mg (tru&c khi thi nghi~m DMT);
0 E0 khong ph3.i m6dun bie'n di!-ng. Ta phai tlnh,M (m6dun bi€!1 di!-ng khong nb
hong) bli.ng phu011g trl.nh (4.14), sau d6, m6dun bie'n di!-fig c6 nb hong
2 2
E= 1- ..J!:..... M = PM "' (0,5 + 0,8) M;
1-~t
e Phu011g trl.nh (4.8) de'n (4.10) iip dJ!ng cho dat set de'n bl!i set va bl!i (co 10 < 1,2
b hl.nh 4.13);
e Trong pht1011g trl.nh (4.12), tnex la thOi gian tl!-i diem u6n tren d6 thj A-log(t) cua
thi nghi~m tieu tiin DMT-A (hlnh 4.17);
e Vl blm chat do "iip llfc-bie'n di!-ng" cua DMT, cong thU:c tinh M, K 0 va OCR
duqc cho la c6 d¢ tin c~y cao nhift, sau d6 Ia de'n s..
CHLIONG 4. THf NGHI~M NION NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 159
Bang 4.1. Bang tom tilt nhil'ng tham so tit DMT
P1 -Po
Io (chi s6 dat) Io (4.4)
Po -Uo
K _Po -uo
Chi s6 Ko (chi s6 nen ngang DMT) o- ' (4.5)
• ( ) VO
DMT
E,.. (mOdunDMT) Eu= 34,7 (p1 - Po) (4.6)
Uo - p 2 -u 0
(h~ SO ap h!C nU6'c 16 r6ng) uo- (4.7)
Po -Uo
·-----
y (kh6i Juq:ng rieng)
Hinh 4.13
va phan loai da~ ----·------
D. (d¢ chat tttong doi) ----------1 .· Hinh 4.14
K 0 (h¢ s6 nen ngang); dilt dfnh i Ko = (KJ~k)0.47- 0,6
Ithong thuemg Ko= (Kn/1,5)0.47- 0,6 (4.8)
OCR (Rc) (h¢ s6 qua c6 ket); . I
OCR = (~ K }'- 56 0 0 (4.9)
Mt dlnh thong thuemg OCR = (0,5K 0 ) 1·56
125
S"(hayC") (sue khang dt khong Su = 0,22cr' , 0 (0,5Ko) '
(4.10)
thoat nu6'c ); datdfnh = 0 22cr' OCR 0·8
' vo'
I <p (g6c rna sat trong); dat rm <p = 28 + 14,6. JogK 0 - 2,l.log2K0 (4.11)
ch (h~ s6 c6 ke't phuong ngang) Ch = 7 I Sl!n.ex , em% (4.12)
Cac
tinh kh (h¢ s6 tham kh,Ch · Ynu&of Mh
(4.13)
chat theo phuong ngang) Mh""KoM
wly M (mOdun bien d<_ing dung M=RMED
kh6ng na
hong) RM phai I6'n hon 0,85
I l 0 ::; 0,6: RM = 0,14 + 2,36 logK0
! 0 ~ 3: RM=0,5 + 2 logK0
(4.14)
0,6 < ! 0 <3:
RM = RM. 0+(2,5 - RM,o)logK 0
RM.o=0,14 + 0,15(I0 - 0,6)
Kn>10: RM= 0,32 + 2,18 !ogK,..
k,=(B+0,3)2 Ko -Ko cr'v0 /2
k, (hay c) (h¢ s6 n6n) (4.15)
2B 7,5mm Ko
u* o (ap ll!c nu6'c 16 r6ng ciln Mng;
u*o = P2 = C- ZM+AA (4.16)
dat rm)
. .• . .• . .•
160 THfNGHI$M BAT HI~N TRUONG VA.IJNG Dl)NGTRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
4.4.2. DANH G!A cAc TINH CHAT Vk. T l YDljA TREN KET QUA DMT
. dat dll'a
4.4.2.1. Phan loai . tren ket qua DMT
Hinh 4.13 minh ho~ sv pMn Io~i 200
dat t~i hi¢n truang theo 10 va E0 • Co tM
set B1,1i cat
·::;. '
t6m t~t nhu sau: .0
~p
I
+ set: 10 ::; 0,6 ;

+ Bt;ti: 0,6 < I 0 ::; 1,8 ; 500
·s
.c
.
+Cat: 1,8<!0 .
Eb
Ngoai ra, tren hlnh 4.13 con chia 200
nho hem nhu: set Ian bt;ti, bt;ti Ian set, ~~
I
bt;ti Ian cat, cat lan bt;~i. 100 ")
I
I
Ciic s6 c6 g~ch chttn (vi dt;t 1,7) Iii I
I
khOi IUQ'11g rieng cua dat (t/m 3). Ne'u 50 I
I
PI> 50, thl ta giitm y di 0,1 t/m3 • I
I
I
I
Phuemg trlnh cua b6n duang th~ng 20
I
I
chia vitng tren hlnh la (tit dum len): I
'
3.3
A= 1Q(l,737+0,585!ogld) 0. 1.8 lo
B = 1Q(2,0!3+0,62IIogld) Bun/ than bUn
1&.
c = 1 o<2,289+0,657!ogld) 5
D = 1Q(2,564+0,694!ogld)
Hinh 4. 13. Phan lo~i dat dtfa tren 10
Luuy:
1. Vdi diit han hqp cat-set, thl thi nghi$m DMT thllang cho 10 trong khoang 0,6 + 1,8, do do c6 th~ hi~u nham Ia dat bvi.
2. Gia tr! kh6i l!lqng rieng y iJ hinh 4,13 chi mang tfnh chat tvang d6i. Tuy nhien, nhieu c6ng thac doi he~ phai biet a'", do d6
ta phai blet (tvang aoi) gia tri y.
4.4.2.2. Banh gia tr~ng thai cua dat ch,ta tren ket qua DMT
V 6:i dat cat c6 ke't thuang, khong ximang hoa, d¢ chZit tuemg d6i (D,) duqc xac
djnh thOng qua hlnh 4.I4 (trong d6, gilt si't K 0 bang 0,45). VO:i dilt qua c6 ke't, dat
ximang hoa thl D, se nho hem so v6:i gia tri trong hinh ve.
CHIJONG 4. TH[NGHI~M NtN NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 161
--~----~--------------------------
8
KEMIGAWA
'2
Dr(%)
Hinh 4:14. Quan h~ d(? ch~t (D,) va K 0 (da't·cat co ket thU'Cing, khong ximang ho~)
4.4.3. £1A.NH GIA TINH THAM CUA £1A)cDVA TREN KET QUA DMT
4.4.3.1. Xac djnh ml)"c nU"Oc nglim dlfa tren ket qua DMT
Tren hlnh 4.15, sau khi dQc s6 d9c B, de d9c s6 d9c C, ta giam 3.p hfc khi va
mang tMp se tr& l~i ap sat vm <fia cam thlg. Dilt cat bie'n d~ng dan h6i mqt ph:in, con
thl pMn 1&! Ia .bie'n d~ng dtr, do d6 t:;to ' · ''
thanh khe ha gifra cat va mang thep.
Ne'u d!lt cat dum mvc ntr&c ngilm, do
tinh. tham nhanh, khe nay se chua dily
nu6c, do d6, ap Ivc len m1mg thep hie nay
Ia p2 "' u0 (ta g9i p2 13. u*?,trong phtrong
trlnh 4.16). Thay vao phuongtrinh (4.7), ta
se c6 Uo"' 0. Luu y, khi dQC c. kh6ng duqc
giam ap (xa khfl nhanh qua, lam dift bi Hinh 4.15. floC, tl"f db suy ra u* 0
X!fp Ia (thOi gian xa khi tit 45 + 60 gi!ly).
Cilng kh6ng duqc giam ap ch~m qua, neu kh6ng,mqt s6 lo~i dilt b~;li, ho~c cat !fin set
(co ~~~ s6 tMm k kh6ng qua Ian) se c6 Uo "'0 va bi hh~u nhilm Ia cat s~ch.
Con vm dat set, bien d~ng dan h6i rat 1&! nen dilt se tr& l~i tiep xuc vm mang
thep, vl v~y ap lgc c do duqc phi\n l(m Ia ap Ivc dat . Do d6, Pz > Uo·.
V6i dilt cat (hlnh 4.16), ta n6i l duemg th~ng giua cac di€m ap lJ!c p2 se xac dinh
. ·' . ·' . ·'

162 TH[ NGHI~M tlAT HI~N TRlf{JNG VA. O'NG-Dt;ll'{GTRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
duqc mvc nu6'c ngilm, ti:r do se xac djnh duqc P2 (kPa)

, - ,
U0• Sau do, se tmh duqc u 0 = -P2- uo (xem 0 J -~
0;_----~-·~------~-~-~~~-·=--m
· Po -uo
(4.7)). TU do, ta cilng xac djnh duqc lo<!i d:'lt
nhusau:
e U 0 "' 0 + 0,1: d:'ft Cat, soi, da (th:'fm
nu&c t6t);
e u0 "" 0,7 + 1,0: d:'lt dinh (th:'lm nu:&c
cAT
kern);
0 llo"' 0,1 + 0,7: d:'lt pha (h6n hqp), b\Ii. ~
Neu lo<!i dilt xac djnh theo each nay l(li

£:J.
"1'1
khac xa v&i lo<!i dilt xac djnh theo I 0 (hJ.nh 01)
:J
4.13), thi co tM do m¢t trong cac nguyen "41) ~
:E •~.D
0 UG ,$'it
nhan sau:
• Co m¢t vai lo<!i d:'lt b1,1i, vi d1,1 Nauy
(tfnh th:'fm tuang d6i, U 0 a
khofmg
a !0
SIT
~ J$-
.
re,ai
~.~
trung gian), nhe ra I 0 = 0,6 + 1,8, thi

l<!i co I 0 r:'lt nho (0,05 + 0,2).
• . So d9c C d<;>c qua chi).m, hoi;ie qua
nhanh. Han nfra, khi dilt thilm mr6'e CAT
khong t6t, s6 d<;>e C kh6ng tuan theo
quy luJ\\t g!.
• So d<;>e A va/hoi;ie B khong ehinh xae.
Hinh 4. 16. Xac djnh m\(c mtdc nglim
4.4.3.2. Banh gia ~~~so co

ket plnrdng
ngang Ch thee l<et qua DMT
Ti:r ket qua thi nghi¢m.tieu tan ap DMT- A, ra tien hanh eae bu:&c:
Ve d6 thj A-log(t); 10
+·+ .....··+.
I ' I "j I
• Xae djnh diem uon giua hai dO\lll

cong tren d6 thj. Thm gian t~i do la
Tjex
···k........
..
I
tflex ;
It
1 I 6 ..
"-......
~ 7em lilex
2
<=t = xem (4.12). ···'+'-••
• s ph\{ thu¢c vao mue qua c6 ket ella 4

.I . I
·'
1 10 100 1000
dilt nhu bang 4.2. Thoi gian (t)
Hinh 4. 17. Bi~u do A-log(t)

CHlfCJNG 4. THf NGHI~M NtN NGANG DMT (DILA'!Obi.:TER) i63
Bang 4.2. Gh> tri 1;,
£lilt co ket
thllona /NCl
-----T
Ban c6 ket !hllong
(NC-OC)
Qua c6 ket it
(Liahtlv OCl
Rat qua c6 ket
/Heavilv OCl
i; 5+7 3+5 I 1+3 1
Ta ciing c6 thl xac djnh C" qua thi nghi¢m DMF-A 2 nhu: sau:
Ve d& thi A-Ji;
Di6m Ao ra di6m giao giua d& thj vO'i trl)C tung;
• Di6m A 100 la di6m aplgc nu&c 16 r6ng tieu tan xong - chinh la di6m tuong ling
vo'i ti¢m c~n ngang cuad6 thj;
Chia d6i khoang each A 0-A 100 ta duqc di6m A 50 • Thm gian tuong ffi:tg vO'i diem
nay la tso;
" V&c tfnh E (m6dun bi€n dl).ng) vaS" (h,rc dfnh kh6ng thoat nu6'c). Sau d6, T50
u6'c tfnh theo biing 4.3.
Cb = .!_ 600 Tso mm/phut.

~ tso
Bang 4. 3. Uoc ll.rqng T50
LQs' 100 200 300 400

[L~hut) 1'1 1,5 2,0 2,7
" ¥ ,. ....... ? ,..,. ... """' ?
4.4.4. BANH GiA 'YINH BiE~J D~NG CUA DAT DIJA TREN KET QUA DMT
4.4.4.1. Danh gia modura dan hoi tuc thC!i cua set dtfa tren ket qua DMT
Hi¢n tl).i, chua c6 tuong quan nao c6 dt? tin c~y t6t d6 u6'c tinh m6dun Eu trgc ti€p
ti:r k€t qua cua DMT.
4.4.4.2. £Janh gia mOdtm bien dl.lll!J cua cat va set dtfa tren ket qua DMT
M (tuc la E,) la m6dun bi€n d<!-ng trong di6u ki¢n thoat nuoc va khong ni'J h6ng.
N€u thf nghi¢m nen m<?t trl,JC (oedometer) thl:
1
M = - - (mv con g9i la a 0);
mv
2 2
E = (1--!J-). M =13M"" (0,5 + 0,8) M.
1-- ~l
Eo (tuc la EOMT va luu <;, khong nen nhilm [An giUa E va Eo) can duqc hi¢u chlnh
sang M theo phuong trlnh (4.14), bilng 4.1 vl ciic 1<; do sau:
" Dilt bj xao tr<?n (co tht'lli\. nen ch~t) dtr6'i tac d~ng xuyen;
• Hu:&ng gia tai ci:ta DMT Ia phuong ngang, trong khi M (va E) Ia m6dun theo
phuong d&ng.
. .• . .• . .•
164 THf NGHI~M BAT HleN TRlfCJNG VA llNG Dl,ING TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
4.4,4.3. Banh gia modun d\t dt!a trE'm ke't qua DMT
M¢t so tac gia (Hryciw-1990, Tanaka-1998, ... ) da tim nhihlg quan h~ giua
m6dun ciit cue
,
dai
,
Gmax (sir d~;~ng d6 tinh toan khang chan) va E0 , K0 . H0 thily r?mg, v6i
dat c6 ke't thuaug (K0 = 2) thl GmaJEo"' 7,5. V6i dat qua c6 ke't, X 0 tang len, con
GmaxIE D giam xu6ng ' c6 th6 dum 2,0.
. C6 th6 tinh gian ti€p Gmax qua phuong trinh sau cua Hryciw:
Gm,.=530
2~7-_\ VKo.cr'vo , bar (4.17)
trong d6 cr' vo - (mg su1\t ban thiln (d!a finh) theo phuong d(mg, bar;
y- khoi luqng rieng cua dat, t/m 3 •
4.4.4.4. Banh gia h~ si5 nen dlfa tren ket qua DMT
H¢ s6 n6n theo phuong ngang (Schmertmann, 1988) la:
k =0 5(B+0,3)2 Ko -Kocr'
hs ' 2B 7,5 mm vo
trong d6
B- M r¢ng m6ng (neu Ia c9c thil£ c~nh c9c), m.
,,
N€u gia su quan h~ giua h¢ so n6n theo phuong d(mg va phuong ngang Ia ty 1~
v6i (mg suat hihl hi¢u (theo Ko), thl h¢ s6 n6n theo phuong dung se la:
k, = kh/Ko= 0,5(B+0,3)2 Ko -Ko cr'vo (xem (4.15)).
2B 7,5mrn K 0
.. ,,.10,,.' ? ,., .. "'..._,?

4.4.5. BANH GIA Hi[: SO K 0 VA OCR CUA BAT DIJA TREN KET QUA DMT.
4.4.5.1. £Mnh gia h~ so K0 va OCR cila dat set dlfa tren ket qua DMT
Gia trj K0 16n hon K0 vi dat ch~t hon dum mUi xuyen 1,5 em. Do d6, c6 nhi6u tac
gia da thvc nghi~m de tlm gia trj K0 til K 0 nhu trlnh bay du6i day.
Marchetti (1980) va nhi6u tac gia de nghj tuong quan sau (hlnh 4.18b):
K0=(KJ[3k)0 '47 - 0,6 (xem (4.8))
v6i dat set thuaug (khOng nUt ne, khOng nh~y cam), f3k = 1,5 (hlnh 4.18a), do d6
K0=(KJ1 ,5) 0..7 -0,6
Con Lacasse va Lunne (1988) dJ!a vao thi nghi~m aNauy cho ri'ing, khi K <4 thi:
0
(4.18)
trong d6 m = 0,44 v6i dift c6 d¢ deo cao;

m = 0,64 vm dilt c6 d¢ deo thap.
CHtfONG 4. TH[ NGHI~M N~N NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 165
Tuang·tl;f vOiphtM!g t'rlnn(4. rs), Lunne (199o) d8 xuit phuang trlnh sau:
~ V6'i dit set du6i 60.000 nam tu6i (Sui cr' VO < 0,5):
K =0,34 K 54
0 0 °' (4.19)
o V6'i dat set tr~n 70 tri<?u nam tudi (Sui cr'vo> 0,,8):
K =0,68 K °'54
0 0 (4.20)
3 I .,' '
.. ~ '
set thuerng, kh&ng .A' ~
2 1:- ximang ho~
E
1.5 ~ r-
~
.~ ":! ...< ;- 1<0:fKt:lf1.5JM-().fi :
/ , . .. . I • -·
..
'
.,ZOJJ
/
0.6
0.5
,_:_x¥"' ' .
0,4
I .
-"- ·' " 0.2,____;:__J.,;____,___.__,__L.L..,.U...--.JI.-J
0.31
l5 2 3 4 s 6 7 (} 9/Q 15 20 30 1 2 5 10 20
(a) (b)
Hinh 4. 18. Quan h~ giCra K0 va K0
Con quan h<? (; hinh 4.19 (Marchetti) cho dit set thuang, khong nh~y cam Ia:
OCR= (0,5 K ) 1'56 = 0,34 K 1' 56 (xem (4.9))
0 0
Phuang trinh nay c6 d~ng t6ng quat hoa la: -,

OCR~ <BoKo)t,s6
trong d6 Bo = 0,5 v6i dit set tlur.Yng;

Bo = o, 7 5 v6i dit set nm ne;
Bo= o,35 v6i ctit set nh~y cam.
·. ·-· '
Tmmg t1! v6i phuong trlnh tim K0 , Lunne cho ding OCR.ph1,1 thu¢c tu6i cua set:
s V6i dat set du6'i 60.000 nam tu6i (Sui cr' vo < 0,5):
OCR= 0,3 K0 1' 17 (4.21)
' ., v6i dat set tr~n 70 tri<?u nam tu6i (Suf cr' > 0,8): VO
OCR= 2,7 K0 1' 17 (4.22)

• Mayne (1987) don gian cho rang:
OCR= 0,51 K0 (4.23)
Toan b¢ cac quan diem tfnh OCR khac nhau duqc t6m t~t (; hlnh 4.20.
166 THf NGHI~M flAT HI~N TRL!CJNG VA l'JNG D\)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
------------------
-X·~ Mayne ---l
1-U<.:K ·-u.,l~l<.,· •.,·~ (O.SK )'-"
0 · .. .-. · Marchetti
!.(l.!ard>et1i, 1980) ~/ ,j>(
f)
~"
~
_ _L_un_ne(gia) . ;)(
10 10
J_.if··
Ko 1 10 HH
Hinh 4. 19. Quan h; giii'a OCR va K 0 Hinh 4.20. Tom tilt tfnh OCR theo DMT
V&i dilt co ke't thtremg (OCR= 1), tit plnrong trinh (4.9) taco K 0 "" 2 (va do do,
Ko"" 0,54). Di<'lu nay da duqc nhi<'lu t:k gia chll'ng minh bang thlfc nghi¢m.
Vf dt.J nhrr, Totani va c¢ng sv
(1997) da ti€n hanh xem xet m¢t mai
doc bi truqt 16' tV nhi~n. T~ m~it truqt,
dilt set da bj xao tr¢n, bj milt sv ximang
hoa, gia hoa, ... , do d6, dilt set t<;li m~t
20 il
truqt duqc coila dilt co k€t thu:Cing (NC). !!
Thf nghi¢m DMT cho thay, t<;li vung m~t II"
tru:qt tr~n mai doc bang dilt qua co ke't,
30 II
!I
Ko"" 2 (hinh 4.21).
Hinh 4.21. Ko" 2 ~~ m~it trtJqt
V &i dilt set bj ximang ho3., gia boa, cac phu:ang trl.nh tfnh K 0 va OCR 6' trt:n la
, , khong phil hqp. V&i dilt set co ket tlnrong nhtrng bj ximang hoa, thl K 0 c6 th~ tit 3 d€n
4. Do do, ~k trong phuangtrinh (4.8) co the 1011 han, vf d!! nhu: tit 2,5 d€n 3,0.
Vm
dilt khong bj ximang boa, bi6u d6 K 0 cho dat qua co k€t (OC) se giam theo
d¢ sau, concho diit co ke'tthu<mg (NC) thl Ko"" 2 (ttrong tV bi6u d6 OCR 6' hlnh 1.14).
N€u dilt qua co k€t (OC) rna bil'lu d6 K 0 kh6ng giam theo chi€u sau thi chang to da't set
bjximang hoii.·
V 6'i dilt set quii c6 ke't nih ne, thl bi6u d6 K 0 thtrO'ng c6 d?ng dao d¢ng, dich diic.
4.4.5.2. Btmh gia h~ sCi 1'\0 va OCR cua dat cat c:l!,ra tren ket qua DMT
V6i dilt cat, vi¢c xac djnh OCR va K 0 Ia eve ky kho khan. Han nua, l?i khOng c6
ti~u chu~n nao di! so sanh v1 dilt cat kh<lng th~ lily mau nguyen d?ng M th1 nghii'Om xac
djnh OCR trong phong dtrqc (thi nghi¢m oedometer).
CHlfONG 4. THf NGHI~M N~N NGANG OMT (DII.ATOMETER) 167
Nhitlu tac gia (Jendeby-1992, Baldi-1988, Jamiolkowski-1995, Marchetti-2000)

cho rling, c6. th~ xac djnh m¢t each djnh tinh nhu sau:
e Neu MoMT/ qc =· 5 + lOth! OCR= 1;
@ Neu MoMT/ q, = 12 +24th! OCR >1.
trong d6 MDMT - mMun kh6ng no h6ng suy ra tu thi nghi~m,Ol\'IT;
q,- suckha~g xtiyen miii tu thf nghi~~ CPT.
C6_ t\1~ gi:ii.thich nMn xet tren nhu sau: V6i d:ft qua c6 ket, ap h,rc ngang (cr\o =
Ko.-d\)tani0~\1; Do
b:in chat rien ngang cua thf nghi~m DMT, MoMT tang len khii
nhitlu, trong khi d6 qc tang rift it. Nhu v~y <'lift dmg qua c6 ket th'l MoMT/ qc dmg cao.
Tom l~!i, DMT nh~n biet tot hem SJ! qua co ket (OCR) so vai CPf.
. ,
a
Ta da biet, Marchetti de xu:ft d6 thi hlnh 2.40, t.rong d6 K 0 <.h:rqc xac djnh dva
tren q" <p. D1,ra tren d6 thj cua Marchetti, Schmertmann (1982-1992) de xuat phuemg
phap tfnh tfnh l~p xac djnh K0 vii. <p' qua K)) vii. qc:
2
Ko 40t 23K 0 + (152- 86K 0 )(1-sin<p') -717(1-:-sinq/)
(4.24)
192 -717(1- sin<p') ·
Trong d6, <p' Iii. g6c rna sat trong huu hi~u, dtrqc tinh l~p cung v6i K 0 bang c6ng
thuc cua Michell vii. Durgunoglu (tuemg t!f phtremg phiip Marchetti 6 hinh 2.40) vii.
bling phm:mg trinh (4.24).
· Marchetti, sau d6la Baldi (1986) da dcm gian boa phuemg phap cua Schmertmann
thanh phuong trinh sau:
K0 = 0,376 + 0,095K0 - ~ qJcr'vo (4.25)
trong d6 ~ = 0,0017 (d:ft d:ip)

d€n 0,004;6 (dat nguyen thO)
Phuemg trlnh tuong tV cua Marchetti duqc Kulhawy, Mayne (1990) tr(ch dlin Ia:
K 0 = 0,359 + 0,07lK 0 - O,(J0093 qjcr' vo (4.26)
. Tuy nl}ien, K0 vii. OCR cho dat cat kh6ng c6 d¢ chfnh xac cao, hem nua, cac
. phuemg' t;·inh' tren dtl.u phi\i di,fa vao m¢t th6ng s6 thu ba: hoi).c q, (thf nghi~m CPT ngay
.g,iln tlti ~ghi~m DMT)'ho~j:: cp'
· 4.4.6. DANH
. GiA sac KHANG . cuA DAT DlfA TREN KET auA DMT
. .. CAT ~
- d~
4.4.6.1. Danh gia g6c <p CU!li dat cat. .~
t~n' ket
.. qua DMT
' •,,
C6 ba phuong phiip xiic djnh cp nhu .sau: : .

Ciich 1: Xac djnh K0 nhu philn 4.4.5.2. Sau <;to;diu1g hlnh 2Al xac djnh <p. de
Tuy nhien, each nay kh6ng tin c~y !&m vl sai s6 tich l~y·g~_av:i~c xac djnh <p gian tiep.
. ,, . ·'
. ·'
168 THf NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRtJClNG VA O'NG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
Cach 2: Si't dt.~ng phuong trlnh do Marchetti dt\ xuAt nam 1997:
<p =28+ 14,6 X logK0 - 2,1 X log2K 0 (xem (4.11))
Cach 3: Cach cua Schmertmann. Tuy nh!en, each nay rAt phUc tl).p, doi hoi qua
trlnh tinh l~p va si't dt.~ng ca s61i¢u lqc xuyen khi An miii DMT. ··
4.4.6.2. f>anh gia sue kharig '~atSu cua dat set d!fa tren ket qua DMT
Sue khang clit khong thoatr.riu6'c dirqc MNchetti dt\ xuAt tit nam 1980 (hlnh 4.22)
nhu sau:
= 0'22 cr' v(0o5' D
Su K ) 1' 25 = 0'22vcr'o OCRo;s · (xem (4.10))
Nhit\u tac gia da so sanh ke't qua tfnh theo phuong trlnh tren v6'i thf nghi¢m trong
phOng va cac thf nghi¢m khac, nhu Burghignoli (1~91), Nash va c¢ng sv (1992) hlnh
4.23) va cho thay phuong trlnh (4.10) c6 d¢ tin c~y tuong d6i cao.
Tuy nhien, Roque va c¢ng sv cho rling, phuong trinh sau nen duqc si't dt.~ng:
Su PI-(Kocr'vo+uJ (4.27)
N,
a day N, = 5 cho dat set va bt.~i gion (d¢ nh~y cam cao);
= 7 cho dat set trung binh;
= 9 cho dat set deo khong nh~y cam.
4
5 .. .,u
0 50
Su
KPa 100
FV I
A .,;II
J
u" / , '
.;g.. =0.22ia51:nl~ i/ , \ ·DMT
O:v .
2 ·~ '
.~~,uu
5
] . '\~-- c•t
\, · 11
a can
fV
n i\,.uu }
FV /l -;~ \ VST
4••u¥ "':; '\S
'
1.0 ('W ; -~ IIi,
FX FV ~" /c.FV
A><>. r 0 .,; o. 6 i
"1::
\a 1_l
'l
a5 FV~~!' \\
,,,.\\
\I
J ...
8
):;:uu
15 q/17·S'l:. ~ PMThJ'
,. ·v~/t
·~
·,'....
,•, \
'· \
'),
'.
, ', ,./khoan
'L
1!11
\II
a' 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 20 L__ _....:.<'_•,..-JI,._ __
Ko
Hinh 4.22. £>U'Csng hoi quy 5 0 cua Marchetti Hinh 4.23. So siinh ca.., kilt qua 5 0
CHlJONG 4. THI NGHI~M NtN NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 169
4.4.7. aANH GIA KHA NANG BIEN LOANG

cuA a.Ar Dl}A TREN KET auA DMT
Ban dAu, Marchetti-1982 (duang

. th~ng tren hinh
.- 4.24)
. cho ning, Mt cat co kha
nang bien loang la dilt c6:
(4.28)
Oich x:k djnh 'ttf cr'," xem phAn 1.1.6.

Sau d6, Robertson, Campanella (1986) va ~.eyna, Chameau (1991) de nghj nhilng
tieu chi danh gia kh:l nang bien loang khac (hai duang cong tren hinh 4.24). Ket qua
cua Reyna va Chameau duqc danh gia Ia c6'~q tin ci).y cao nMt. Dga tren hinh 4.24,
Marchetti (1997) dan gian hoa va dua ra b:ing 4.4 danh gia dilt c6 kha nang bien loang.
Matthe;ti
/
,
.,oA /
/
-"'
.c:
I //
/
/
:Eo.3
:::> biiln loiing 4_y.Rabertson-
.c: .
. .ro" I
/
/
/ C.mpan•ll•
(19SO)
1il 0.2
OJ
,§
>o .~ · 'khan9 bien loang
.,..
1-
"'0.1 . ... ... ·-
oo~-----+----Ls----------~,0
Ko
Hinh 4. 24. Kha nang bien loling cua cat
Bang 4.4. Gia trj K0 cua dat bien loang
M=7,5 a 0 0,15 0,25 0,35

Ko < 1,7 < 4,2 < 5,0 < 5,5
. _, . _, . ·'
170 THf NGHI~M BAT HI$N TRlJCJNG VA (lNG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
4.5. UNG Dl)NG KET QUA DMT

' ? ?
vA.o ov sAo
SUC CHIU
. TAl CUA COC
. '
, ? .. ?
4.5.1. eACH TINH SUC CH(U TAl NEN DQC TRI,IC CUA
- - , ?
CQC DUC SAN TRONG BAT SET CUA POWELL (200113)
Powell vii cqng SIJ d6 xuat phuong phap nay dva tren s6 li¢u thtJc nghi~m cua qO
cqc dong vii ep
vao dilt set b Anh, Nauy, Phap vii Dan m(lch. . .
Sue khangbendon vi f, cho truemg hqp cqc chju keo la:
0
.· 0,5 (p, ::Po) . ne'u I 0 < 0,1 ;
• (0,5,75-
. 0,73077
. .. 10 ) (p,- Po)
', ~.
ne'u 0,1 < I0 <0,65 ;
ne"u 0,65 < ! 0 <0,8 .
Sue khang ben don vj f, cho tnrbng hqp cqc chju nen la:
• (0,775 - 1,1111 10 ) (p 1 ~ p0 ) ne'u 10 < 0,6 ;
• 0,11 (p 1 - p0 ) · Mu 0,8 > I 0 > 0,6 .
Neu cqc qua dai (L > 50B, L Ia chieu dai, B Ia duemg kinh c<;>c), thl sue khang
ben f, b do (In cqc gan m~t dat (do (In L - 50B) s.e ph:l.i giam 15% so v&i cac gia trj tren.
Sue khang mili don vj Ia: qr = kd, p 1 •
trong d6 kd 1,;,1,3·neu E 0 > 2 MPa;
kd 1=0,7 neu E0 ::; 2 MPa.
Neu cqc 6ng ri\ng kh6ngbjt miii thl qr giam di 50%.
' ' ?
4.5.2. TINH TOAN CQC ..CH!U TAl TRQN.G NGANG
4.5,2.1. GiCii thi~u ve ph U'dng phap dU'Cing cbng P-y

Hi¢n nay, b cac nu&e phucmg Tay - Biii?'My, ngfrai ta
thuang khOng tinh toan cqc c~jutai tr<?,ng_1,1gang theo phuong
t . , ., I'• ''·
phap giai tfch rna chung ta da biet. Phuong phap ph6 bien
nhat duqc.di'ui.g !a phuong,ph~p"du~g cong P.,y"
'• 0 OA ·~ 0 ' '', ' 'o _. ' '. 0
· _. _.:Pii.ubng ~phag nay .su-,ctyng__p~ii~ tu hfiu h(ln ket hqp v&i ·

m'o_ hl~h ~en Winkler pni ttiyen. ·Tom t~t cua phuong phap ·
nhli sau:' '
• Chill cqc tli.anh nhieu do(ln phan tu hfiu h(ln nho (hlnh
4.25);
• Tren m6i do~n, tuong tac (ph:l.n I!Jc n6n )gifia c<;>c va
Hinh 4.25. Mo hinh CQC
dilt duqc mo hlnh bC!i 1 g6i dan h6i. Tuy nhien, dq
CHlfONG 4. TH[ NGHteM N~N NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 171
cling cua g6i &m h6i (k =PI y) kh6ng pMi lil. hfing s6 nhtr quan h~ tuye'n tinh
tren h!nh 4.26a rna Iii. quan h~ phi tuye'n nhtr tren h!nh 4.26b (chuy~n vj cua
cqc -y- cang l6n thl g6i dii.n h6i cang m~m);
Hinh 4.26a. Goi dan hoi tuyen tinh Hinh 4.26b. Goi dan hoi phi tuyen
• Sir d~ng phuong phap philn tir hlhl h<;~n d6 gii!i bai tmin, tu d6 tim ra n¢i h,tc,
chuy~n vi cua cqc. Hi~n nay c6 nhi~u philn m6m sir d~ng phtrong phap nay
nhtr: LATPILE.UBC, LTBASE, BMCOL76, FL-PIER (hay FB-PIER).
4.5.2.2. Cach xay dlJ'ng dU'bng cong P-y cua Robertson va CQng Sl/ (1989)
Phuong phlip Robertson dl;fa tren quan h~ P-y cua Matlock (1970) sau:
y-33
. P=0,5P"
(L j
Yc/
(4.29)
trong d6 p- ph{m h,rc cua dat len do<;~n coc (t/cm dai cqc);
y- chuy~n vj ngang cua do<;~n cqc (em);
Pu - phan 1$c qrc h<;~n dta dat len do<;~n cqc;
pu xac djnh theo phtrong trlnh (4.30) vii. (4.31);
y,- chuy~n vj ngang cua cqc khi P = 0,5P";
theo phtrong trlnh (4.29),P" d<;~t duqc khichuy~n vj Iii. 8y,;
yc xac dinh theo phtrong trlnh (4.32) vii. (4.33);
Dilt dinh: Pu = NrSuB
Dilt rm: P" bfing gia trj nho nhilt trong haigia tq sau:
a' vo[B (Kr- K.)+ z Kr tg<p.' tgf3 (4.31a) ·

. ' ~ . ,-
3
a'voB [Kr + 2K0 K/tg<p' + tg<p'- K.] (4.3lb)
Dilt dinh: y, = 23•67 Su .JB (4.32)'

lOEo
• A • A , .•
172 THf NGHI~M £lAT HleN TRlfClNG VA ONG D$NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
4,17 sin <p' cr' vo B

D&t rOi: y = -- (4.33)
' 2ED(l-sin<p')
Trong do
d z
N = min(9· 3+ __.Y2.. + J- )· J = 0,5 vffi si\t m6m;
P ' Su B''
''5 va:
J = 0 '"" •.. ~.;)t
' cung;
'
Z- d(> san t;ti phi\n do~n CQC dang xet;

B - dtto'!lg kfnh cqc;
su - sue khang dt khong thoat nucrc cua 1tit dinh;
<>'vo- t1ng suift dUng hi'iu hi¢u t~i d¢ sa\} z;
<p' - g6c rna sat trong hi'iu hi¢u;
K, -· h¢ s6 ap l!JC ngang chu d¢ng, theo Rankine = ~- s~n <p: = tg 2( 45°- <p, I 2);
+sm<p
KP - h¢ s6 ap l!Jc ngang b! d¢ng, theo Rankine :::: 1 I K,;
K 0 - h¢ s6 ap l!Jc ngang t'inh;
'
~ = 45° + <p '12;
Ef) - m6dun .tu thf nghi¢m DMT.
4.5.2.3. Cach xay d1!1Jg dlfCing cong P-y cua Gabr

va Borden (1988) cho CQC trong dat rdi
Gabr va Borden d!Ja tri:n quan h¢ P-y cua Murchison va O'Neil (1984) sau:
P
·
= n A P" tanh
.
Iko z y]
LAnPu
(4.34)
trong do n = 1,5 v6"i cqc ti€t di¢n d6u va n= 1,0 v& cqc nt:m tron;
A= 0,9 vcri tiii trqng d¢ng; . '
,A= min(0,9; 3 - 0,8z I D) vm tiii tn;mg t!nh;
P" lily nhu phuong phap Robertson (tctc la dung phuong trlnh 4.31);
ko - h¢ s6 n6n ban dfiu, duqc Gabr va Borden d6 ngh! tfnh nhu sau:
k- P0 - a' h.
0- h ,
Po- ap h,rc DMT (tuong ctng v& s6 dqc A);

cr \ - ap h,rc ngang hi'iu hi¢u = K0 cr 'vo;
h- nua b6 day mfii xuyt:n DMT = 7 + 7,5 mm;
tanh(x) = sinh(x) I cosh(x);cosh(x) =(ex :t e·x) 12.
CHlfCJNG 4. TH[ NGHieM Ni:N NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 173
' ' ,._r ?

4.6.TRINH BAY KET QUA
M(lt ttong nhung. chuCIIlg trl~h 4 dit~n dich ket qua cua thf nghi~m DMT duqc
tr!nh bay du6i day. Dfr li~u dau vao cua DMT duqc luu b nhfrng 6 d~m mau (chi6u situ,
A, B va C). Kit qua duqc tfnh to~n va luu b nhfrng 6 mau tr~ng, sau do ket qua duqc
ve len cac d6 thi th€ hi~n SIJ lien t~c cua cac 16'p d1t. Trong cac d6 thj, d¢ sil.u duqc
bi6u dit~n b tr~c tung, con cac chi tieu thf nghi~m va chi tieu C(j ly (A, B, Ko, lo, M, s.,
<p, K0, OCR, m) duqc bi6u di~n b tirng tr(!c hoanh cua tirng d6 thi nhO.
case 1 .... DMT Version 1.30 Factors (<1) for Su:
2 ... [OPEN J Location: ni!ar Lake Alice c

o en
... c01
·-
LlA 0.22 M<>x Su
( SAVE ) (DELETE)·. Enginee~: T.hai ~

J:l"O ·- Ll.B 0.56
·-8- "'...G>
DELETE All Date: 03/27/01 Zm o.oo Min</>
Corrected pressures DMT indexes

z
B c Ed
Id Ud
... q,: .1.0 ... Ko: 1.0 ~ OCR: 1.0 - ?

... M: 1.0 -
...
Factors (<1) for Su: .. 1.0 - , - - ... ! ~ .•
... ...
Ll.A 0.22 Max Su ld 0.9 I ... I
""
Ko for Clay by: OCR for clay by:
Ll.B
L J
IMarchetti , ... , IMarchetti Ivi
I ..
0.56
I
Zm
I ,.. GWT(m) 11.5
0.00 Min </>ld 1.2
I
DMT indexes Undraine <!> Koby OCR by drained Janbu number
constraint
d shear
Soil Type conservat Marc he Marchet modulus Schmert By
Ed Su
Kd Id Ud ive ttl ti Mds man definitio
values 1986 n
(bar) (bar) (h>r)
155.88 584 2.75 Dense si. Sand - 49.9 - - 2977 110 15026
94.73 420 1.65 Dense sdySilt - 48.7 - - 1943 66 6978
64.17 675 2.59 Dense si. Sand - 47.5 - - 2875 104 8412
38.00 5o4 2.45 Dense sL Sand - 45.8 - - 1895 98 4798
24.20 432 2.64 Dense si. Sand - 44.2 - - 1443 105 3266
17.02 458 3.31 Dense Sand - 42.8 - - 1376 132 2840
Hinh 4.27. Soli~u dau vao va kat qua tinh toan
'Chuang trinh c6t9i 8¢ mOn Ca hQcEJa't, El9i h9c Xay dvng. C~e@fpt.vn; ngthai@uft.edu
. .• . .• . ·'
174 TH[ NGHI$M !JAT HI~N TRlfCiNG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
Raw datil Modulus (bar)

Kd ld
roadings {bar)
15 20 25 001 11 16 21 0 10 100 ,.
:: ==- :
~I~J,~
:: - D -!
~-- ~----
,'
10 .~~-~--·--·-
~ .. A reading
---D-B reading
A C reading
- -po
'"""·'""'·=p1
0.57 0.34 0.20
• --OMT modulus Ed
~- Drained o:mstrained modulus M
075 n 44 0.0 Ud
Su (bar) and$ (rad) Ko OCR Janbu modulus number

•
Su
25
0.1
30 35
11
40
16
"21 0.5 07 091 0 0 5000 10000 15000 200
o~-......,_~,::~
' '
~ ~
•O
a.
ao - ---- - --
oo : ! ' '
- - - - ; " •" ·,.. El- · - r---- ' '
' ' '
0 ---- '--
a
• - - - '- - - .
•
• .,
• •
___ , ____ ,___•
..•• ••
~ ______ ;_~
..
• • ..•": -,- - - - - -, - - - - - ,- -
to!
12 L\ •
a------~
-.
·•
- -- -·- •
-.
•-
-~-
:•
•
- .,
~-----·-------
-schmertman tooe
-fi- 8y defin~iOn
Hinh 4.28. £lo thi ket qua A, B, K 0 , Ia, M, Su, <p, K0 , OCR, m
CHlJONG 4. THf NGHI;M Nt:N NGANG DMT (DILATOMETER) 175
.... ..... ?
. CUA THI NGHIEM

P' ....
. "fiN CAY
4.7. DO . DMT
Theo kulhawy va Trautmann (1996), COV cua thi nghi~m DMT trong khoang
0,05 de'n 0,15 va DMT Ia thf nghi~m c6 d¢ tin ci,ly cao nhift trong cac thf nghi~m hi~n
tru®g thong d\lng (xem ph1~ 1\lc 1 va 2). DMT c6 m¢t s6 sai s6 nho va duqc tom t~t
trong bang sau:
Bang 4.5. T6m tilt nhil'ng sai so cua DMT
Mang thep bi rao

Do thiet
Can xuv€m bi conQ
b!
Gioang nQan nude bi r6 rl
Do thf Chuiln hoa D.A va D.B kh6ng ddr\g quy trlnh

nghi$m Neu c6 do lllc an mili thl sai so do ma sat len can xuyen, do toe d6 xuyen
4.8. GIA THANH THI NGHI$M DMT

Gi<i cua thie't bj DMT tUO'ng d6i 6n djnh tu nam 1992 d€n nay. Gia cua m¢t mfii
xuyen va m¢t h¢p dit\u khien t~i My va Chau Au vao khoi'mg 7.000USD. M¢t b¢ day
du (ke cii dl;l' phong) g6m: hai mui xuyen, m¢t h¢p dit\u khien, vai cap p-e (cap di¢n-
hoi), vai mifu chuyen ciln (adapter), vai Ch\IC mang thep (c6 hai Jo~i, mang CUng Va
mang mt\m), xilanh, cCi le, mo le't- toan b¢ gia khoang $15.000. Gia thanh thf nghi~m
Ia 15 + 30 USD I 1 m chua ke cong chuyen tr&. T6c d¢ thf nghi~m thong thtr®g duqc
30 + 60 m m¢t ngay (8 ti€ng).
Ngoai ra, co du gia Ivc (xe tai, ho~c gian gia Ivc), ke ca can xuyen c6 tbe dung
chung v6'i thie't bj CPT.
- ?
4.9. NHUNG CAl
TIEN Mdl Vdi THI
NGHieM DMT xetai~
Ngoai thi nghi¢m ~"'~~~
......
cap aen cai
DMT thOng thu®g da xung t9o
Gdo cM'nG di!'n
bdibUa 1.!.
trlnh bay chi ti€t trong dtly DMT
chUO'ng nay, tren th€ "

gi6'i., m¢t s6 ciii tie'n m6'i cap dE!n cai
ci:li ~co ch§"nG den • ··~ •.
cling dang duqc thtr do ·~ .~ •. cai do
chan /". ~.cMnden
nghi¢m v6'i thf nghi~m song
0 ~miiixuytm
song
DMT. ffinh 4.29 · minh vdi mang thep
•••'!... •• ... / DMT
ho~ thi nghi¢m SDMT

'~"'
g8 ..·.·
(seismic DMT), la thf Hinh 4.29. Thi nghi~m SDMT (DMT clja chan)
nghi¢m DMT dja chin.
. .• . .• . .•
176 TH[ NGHI~M DAT HI~N TRUONG VA ONG Dt)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
4.1 0. TU'dNG QUAN VOl cAc THi NGHieM

HleN TRUONG KHAC
4.10.1. TU'ONG QUAN VO! PMT
V6 ban cMt, thi nghi<?m DMT tuong w

vffi'thf nghi~li1 PMT. Chung d6u la thf
nghi<?m nen ngang, tuy nhien, DMT chinh x!\c va don gil\n hon nhi6u.
. -··
Schmertmann (1987) cho rling: Pol PL"' 0,8; p 1 / PL"' 1,2.
Kalteziotis va cl)ng Sl,f (1991) cho fling: p) PL"' 1,25; EPMT"' 0,4 Eo·
(pL 1a ap ll,!C gi&i hl,ln etta PMT).
4.10.2. TU'ONG QUAN VOl CPT
Nhu dii trinh bay trong pMn 4.4.5.2, taco:

• V 6'i dat cat c6 ke't thu<mg: M I q,= 5 + 10;
• V&i dift cat qua c6 ke't: M /q,= 12 + 24.
1. Thf nghi<?m DMT do ap ll,!c ti:r da:t len mang thep cim miii xuyen DMT khi ta
dung khf nen diiy mang thep ep v6 phfa dift.
2. DMT Ia ml)t trong nhfing thi nghi<?m hi¢n tru<mg chfnh xac nhift, d6ng thOi l<;~i
ta thi nghi¢m nhanh va don gii\n.
3. Tit DMT,- ta c6 tM u6'c tfnh duqc rift nhi6u chi tieu caly ciing nhu ling d·1~ng
trl,fc tie'p vao thie't k€ n6n m6ng (tu quan h¢ thl,fc nghi¢m).
4. D~c bi¢t, DMT Ia thl nghi$m nen ngang, cho ket qua Ia quan tt~ "ap ll!c.
chuy~n vi" ciia dl!t. Do d6, t'mg d1,1ng trong u6'c tinh m6dun bie'n dl,lng, sue
ch!u ti\i ngang cqc, tr<;~ng thai ling suift va sue khang citt kh6ng thoat nu~c (S.)
c6 d¢ tin c~y kha cao. Cac ling d1,1ng khac (u6'c tinh <p, tinh khang chifn, tinh
thifm) c6 d¢ tin c~y thifp hon.
5. Ciing nen lm1 y rling, cac quan h¢ thl,!c nghi~m thu<m~ dl,!a tren dift tuong d6i
d6ng nhift (cat ho~c set). Vi v~y ciln ciin th~n khi su d1,1ng DMT d€ u6'c tinh
cac chi tieu cho nhfrng dift pha tl).p (cat pha, set pha), ho~c dift phong hoa khac
thu<mg.
CHVONG 5. THf NGHI~M NJ:N NGANG PMT 177
:.) ' (:\
. .• . .•
CHlJONG 5. TH[ NGHI~M N~N NGANG PMT 179
CHlJONG 5
.,. ...... ;..
THI NGHIEM
•
NEN NGANG PMT
5.1. GIOI THU~U

5.1.1. NGUYEN LV
Thf nghi~m PMT (PressureMeter Test) ra doi tnr&c thf nghi~m DMT, c6 nguyen
ly va cac ke't qua, cac ling dvng tuong u,r thf nghi~m DMT, tuy nhien phlrc t[).p hon rat
nhitlu so v&i DMT. C:6 vai diem khac bi~t vtl nguyen ly duqc tM hi~n tren bang 5.1.
Bang 5. 1. Nguyen ly thl nghi~m
DMT PMT
Ap lttc gian n<'t Ia khf Ap lllc gian n<'t thllong Ia nlldc
' Dat allqc nen ngang b<'ti Dat all<;ic nen ngang b<'ti chuy§n vi cua vo cac Ia thep xilp vong quanh
chuy§n vi cua mang thep ong PMT (ben trong c6 mang cao su c(tng, Ia thep c6 nhif!m v~ bilO vf!
mang)
Chuy§n vi Ia co ainh: O; Chuy§n vi CILI<;ic xac ciinh qua lllqng nlldc bdm vao. Tuy nhien, ILI<;Ing
1,1va0mm ntidc c6 sl,f mat mat do Sl,f gian n<'t cua h(ip aieu khi€ln, ong PMT, cap
dan nlldc, v.v ... Do a6, qua trinh chuiln hoa rat rllom r~
5.1.2. L!CH SU CUA THi NGHII;M PMT

TU nhihlg nam 1930, Kogler dii bitt dilu thi:r nghi~m vm thiet b! tuong t1f nhu
PMT. Tuy nhien, den t~n nam 1957, PMT m&i thJ!c s\r chinh thuc ra db'i qua lu~n an
Th[,!c sy cua Louis Menard, tie'n hanh t[).i D[,li hqc Illinois (My), va thie't b! ba bu6ng
cua ong duqc d~t ten !a Menard PMT. Sau d6, Menard tr& ve que huong Phap, va Phap
la mr&c rna PMT duqc tie'n hanh nhieu nhat.
PMT !a thf nghi~m hi~n trub'ng c6 nhieu version ("doi") khac nhau nhat:
• Menard PMT lo[,!i E, thi nghi~m "kiem soat ap Ivc";
• Menard PMT lo[).i GC, thf nghi~m "kitm soat ap Ivc";
• TEXAM PMT, thi nghi~m ca lo[).i "kiem soat ap Ivc", ho~c c::llo[).i "kiem soat
tht tfch"·
'
• Pence! PMT, thf nghi~m "kitm smit the tfch";
180 TH[ NGHI~M DAT HI~N TRlJCJNG VA O'NG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N MQNG
• Thf nghi¢m W khoan PMT (Cambridge cua Anh, PAFSOR cua Phap);
• Va nhi6u dOi khac.
Cac dai nay c6 Sl! Jam vi¢<: khac nhau. Da s6 la thf nghi~m trong h6 khoan san,
. Pence! va Tu. khoan.
trir hai Joai
5.2. NQI DUNG THI NGHieM PMT
PMT Ia thf nghi¢m rfit phUc t~p (rieng phiin chwin bi va chulln hoa thie't
bj, ne'u neu diiy du pMi mfit 30 + 40 tnlng gifiy). PMT khong ph6 bie'n Jihu (J
nhieu nu&c, kern uu vi¢t hon hiin so v&i DMT. Do d6, trong phiin nay, chung
toi chi trlnh bay van tat hai Jo~i PMT: Pence! va TEXAM.
Hinh 5.1. Buong PMT
(dang giim nes)
"' ... ~ ? ,..,.
C<ic thanh pMn cua hai Jo~i thf nghi¢m tren duqc tom t~t trong bang 5.2.
Bang 5. 2. Cac thimh phan cua thiet bj
Pence I TEXAM
ill Thiel b! gia life va xuyen (lhl!Ong dung chung II Thiel bj khoan 16, thiel b! 991 tla 16 khoan
voi CPT) II H(lp dieu khiiln: pittong, dong ho, tay quay
'"
Ill H(\p diilu khiiln ap h,tc-thil trch (hinh 5.2) (hinh 5.3).
.·~· ...
Ill BuonQ PMT Qan voi mOi xuven •II BuonQ PMT (hinh 5.1 l
' -:· .:-,,:.
Hinh 5.2. Pence! Hinh 5.3. TEXAM
. .• . .• . .•
CHU'ONG 5. THf NGHI~M N\ON NGANG PMT 181
~ _...
5.2.2. CHUAN B! THIET B!
5.2.2.1. lam bao hoa h{lp dieu khi~n
De bie't duqc luqng dung dtch bam vao, h')p dieu khien ciin phiii duqc bao hoa
hoan toan, qua trlnh nay duqc trlnh bay trong biing 5.3.
Blmg 5.3. Qua trinh bao hoa hqp dieu khilln
,------------------t'----<.,,-~-·----------,
~------------~P~e~ne~e~l________~~···~·~~--~-·--------T~E=XA~M~------------~
1. Chinh dong ho ap hfe ve 0 .(.:!;:! 1.. ''chfnh cii$ng ho ap :vc so 6 va 7 vil 0
2. Day ngan: m9t dau cam vao cong 1 .tFM'~ 2. Day ngan (mau trang): m(lt dau cam VilO cong
bleed"), dau kia cam vao binti nllac· (bHih 4 va 5, dau kia cam vao binh nll<'lc (binh
ngoai) ngoai)
3. Chlnh van 3 ve "Fill-Bleed", dong van so 4 3. Chlnh van 8 ve "Fill", van 9 ve "Test"
4. £lily pitt6ng (de ep khi ra ngoai) dEin khi dong 4. £lily pitt6ng( quay tay quay nho de ep khi ra
ho the tich chi 138 em' ngoai) de'n khi dong ho the tich chl1732 em'
5. Keo pittong (hut) (60 vong/phut) diln khi 5. Keo pittong (hut) (45 vong/phut) den khi
dong hove o em' M hut nude t.:r binh nude dong hove 0 em 3 dll hUt nuile t.:r binh nude
vao vao
6. £lily pittong de ep nhCtng bong bong khi ra 6. Nghieng h9p dieu khiiln khoang 15°. £lily
ngoai, de'n khi dong ho chi 100 em' pittong dil ep nhCtng bong bong khi ra ngoai,
de'n khi dong h6 chi 192 em'
7.-. L?p l9i bLtOc 5 d~ hUt nltOc. 7. 8& h9p diilu khi&n th~ng l~i. L~p l~i bU'<'Ic 5 d&
hut nll<'lc. Sau d6, deli 30 giay,
5.2.2.2. lam bao hoa dong ho ap hfc (khong ciln voi Pence!)
1. Day den dm vao c6ng 1;
2. Chinh van 8 ve "Ch:).y v&i d6n::; h6 6". DAy pitt6ng de'n khi d6ng ho chi 96cm\ dam
bao de kh6ng thily bong bong ra khoi dilu day den;
3. Thao day den;
4. Chinh van 9 ve "dong ho 6". DAy pitt6ng den khi dong ho chi 192 cm 3;
5. Chinh van 8 va 9 ve "dong h6 7". DAy pitt6ng de'n khi d6ng h6 chl288 cm3 ;
6. Chinh van 8 ve "Ch:).y v&i dong ho 3", van 9 ve "Ch:).y". Ciim day den vao c6ng 3.
Diiy pitt6ng de'n khi dong ho chi 380 cm3 ;
7. Chinh van 8 ve "Fill". Keo (hut) pitt6ng quay 1:)-i 0 cm 3 • ChO' 1 phut;
8. L~p 1:)-i bu6'c 6 va 7 <1 phiin 5.2.2.1 deep bong bong khf ra;
9. Ki€m tra d¢ bao hoa nhu phiin 5.2.2.4.

.~··eo-'4-~
--·--···~~'r''' -.
182 TH[ NGHI~M DAT HI eN TRUONG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH Nf:N M6NG
5.2.2.3. lam b.ao hoa buong PMT
Tuong tv nhu trl'ln, qua trinh biio hoa bu6ng PMT dJ!oc trinh bay trong biing 5.4.
Bang 5.4. Qua trinh bao hoa buong PMT
Pencel TEXAM
1. Noi buong PMT vai 6ng (cap) diln nvac. Di;it 1. N6i buong PMT vai 6ng (cap) dan nvac.
buong th~ng dCtng. N6i day (dai 10 m) vai Di;it buong hoi nghieng dCtng. N6i day
c6ng 2. telecan vai c6ng 1.
2. Chlnh van 3 va 4 ve "Ch9y". Dily pittong ep 2. Chinh van 8 ve "Ch?Y vai dong ho 6", van
mtac vao buong PMT den khi dong ho chi 9 ve "Ch9y". Dily pittong ep nllac vao
130 em' buong PMT de'n khi chi c6 nllac (khong
b9t) di vao buong.
Dil nvac chay khoi buong den khi buong tra
3. Van 3 a "Fill-Bleed", d6ng van 4. Keo (hut) l?i kich thllac ban dau.
pittong dil hUt wac vao h(>p dieu khiiln. 3. Thao day Telecan khoi c6ng 1.
4. Li;ip l?i bllac 2 va 3. 4. Van 8 a"Fill". Keo pittong dil hut nllac vao
cho tai khi dong ho chi o em'. Ch<'J 1 phut
5. Thao day khoi c6ng 2. 5. Kiilm tra d¢ bao hoa nhll phan 5.2.2.4
6. Kiilm tra d\> bao hoa nhll phan 5.2.2.4 6. Thao day !rang khoi c6ng 4 va 5.
5.2.4.4. Ki~m tra di;l bao hoa

Slf bao hoa cua h¢p di€u khien va bu6ng PMT duqc kiem tra nhu trong biing 5.5.
Bang 5. 5. Ki.gm tra d<} bao hoa
Pencel TEXAM ·.
'
1. Van 3 va 4 a"Ch?Y" 1. Chinh van 8 ve "Ch?Y vai dong ho 6", van 9 ve
"Ch~y''.
2. Dily pittong tai ap h,tc Ia 2500 kPa. 2. Quay lay quay lan den ap ltfc 2500 kPa. Dong ho thil
Qua trinh bao hoa Ia chuiin neu: tich chi:;; 18 em' thi bao hoa Ia tot.
0 Dong ho thi! tich chi:;; 5,0 em' 3. Chuy6n van 8 ve "dong ho 7". Quay tiep len 10000
kPa. Sau 2 phut, ap ltfc (tren dong ho 7) van phai lan
0 Sau 2 phUt, ap ltfc van lan han
2000 kPa han 9500 kPa.
4. Giam iip ltfc ve 2500 kPa
5. Chinh l?i van 8 ve "Ch'?Y vai dong ho 6".
6. Giam ap lllc tiep ve 0.

CHlfONG 5. TH[ NGHI~M NEN NGANG PMT 183
~ , ... ,..
5.2.3. CHUAN HOA THIET B!
5.2.3.1. Hi~u chlnh ap hfc:

D~t bu6ng PMT thfing dtffig trong kh6ng khf, mvc dich Ia do ap ll;lc ciln c6 de
khang l~i d¢ ctffig cua ban than bu6ng PMT (hlnh 5.4). Sau d6 thao tac tiep theo bang
5.6.
Bang 5.6
Pence I TEXAM v(li loai buong 70mm
1. Van 3 va van 4 l! "Ch?Y" 1. Van 8 a "Ch?Y vbi dong ho 6", van 9 l!

2. Vbi Ia thep mbi, bdm va hut buong PMT 5 ian, "Ch~Y"
mili ian 90 em'. 2. Bdm 1200 em', toe d(i 1 vong/2 giay. ChiJ
3. Bdm 90 em'. toe d(i 1 vong/9 giay. Ghi l?i ap 30 giay, sau d6 ghi l:;.i ap hfc mili khl thei
itJc mili khi thei tfch tana 5 cm 3 tlch tang 60 em'.
3. Gi<1lm ap ltfc ve 0.
4. Ve dlliJnQ conQ D iJ hlnh 5.4
5.2.3.2. Hi~u chlnh thEf tich

D~t bu6ng PMT trong m¢t 6ng thep day (duemg kfnh cua 6ng thep hcri nhlnh h<m
duemg kinh bu6ng). Mt.~c dich Ia do Sl;l mftt mat the tich do Sl;l giiin n6 cua h¢p di6u
khien, dtty diin nude va bu6ng PMT.
Bang 5.7
Pence! .TEXAM vai loai buong 70mm

1. Van 3 va van 4 l! "Ch?Y"
1. Van 8 a"Ch?Y vbi dong ho 6", van
9 iJ "Ch?Y"· flqc so dqc dong ho
thil Uch khi ap ltfc Ia 0 kPa
2. B<Jm den 2000 kPa, toe d(i 1 vong/9 giay. Ghi l?i ap 2. B<Jm den 500 kPa. ChiJ 30 giay roi
ltfc mili khl thei tfch tang 5 em'. ghl l?i thei tfch mill khl ap life tang
50 kPa. Ulp tay quay Ibn. Bdm tiep
den 2500 kPa. ChiJ 30 glay roi ghi
3. Glam ap ve 0. Ve dLIIJng cong A (J hlnh 5.5
i?i thEl tfch mol khl ap ltfC tang 50
4. TMo buong PMT, dau day diln se tt/ dll<;lc dong kin.
kPa.
B<Jm den 2500 kPa (do d6, chi c6 stf glan nl! cua day
d!in va cua h(ip dieu khiEin). Ghi l?i ap ltfc mili khl thei 3. Giam ap ve 0. Ve dLIIJng cong A l!
tfch tang 1 em'. hlnh 5.5
4. Chuy€ln dLIIJng A ve dlliJng C (di

5. Giam ap ve 0. Ve dLIIJng cong B iJ hlnh 5.5
qua goc to:;. d¢ ).
6. Dlla vao A va B, ve dlliJnQ c
. ,,
184 THf NGHI~M DAr HI~N TRlfCNG VA ONG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
B C A
Th~ tich ThG tich
Hinh 5.4. Du<lng hi~u chlnh iip 11/C Hinh 5.5. Duong hl~u chlnh thi tich
Cach ve du®g C (Pencel):

0 Xac d1nh di~m E (la diem biit dau ci'ta do~n tuyen tfnh) tren du®g A;
0 Keo dai AE, d.t tn,Jc hoanh tf).i K; Ve du®g EF n:hn ngang;
e Lily KH biing FG; Ve biing tay do~n EH;
o Chuyen du®g cong AEH ve g6c to~ d¢ duqc du®g C.
5.2.4. liEN HANH THf NGHI$M
Bang 5.8
Pencel TEXAM voi loai buena 70mm
1. Xuyen PMT bang hi) gia h!c. 1. Khoan ho, ci\t tia ho. H? buong PMT xuong ho
2. Van 3 va van 4 Ci "Ch9y" 2. Van 8 (J "Ch9y vdi dong ho 6", van 9 Ci "Ch9y".
"Ki~m soat th~ tfch" "Ki~m soat ap hJc"

3
3. Bdm 90 cm3 , mlli cap 5 cm ,
3. Bdm 1200 cm3 , mlli cap 3. Udc doan ap I!Jc gidi
toe d\'l quay 6 + 7 vong/phut. 60 cm 3, toed¢ quay h9n Pv Bdm 10 cap,
Cho 30 giay, ghi l?i ap I!Jc. 12 vong/phut. Cho 30 giay, m<li cap 0,1 PL• ghi l?i
ghi l9i ap I!Jc. th~ tich d~ duy trl cap
ap lljc d6 l?i thili di~m
30 va 60 aiav.
4. Ne'u c6 da tai, ta aiam ao tt:t w va ahi lai so lieu nhll Ci blldc 3.

I!
CHlfONG 5. THf NGHI$M NEN NGANG PMT '185
,..? , ......
5.2.5. CHUAN HOA SO DQC
I. C¢ng ap l!Jcghi duqc (; m~;~c 5.2.4 v6'i chieu cao c¢t nu6'c ap (ti:r blnh mr6'c den mi).t
dilt);
2. Sau d6, ve duang congE nhu (; hlnh 5.6a;
3. Th~ tfch hi~u chinh = th~ tfch do duqc (0 phan 5.2.4) tri:r th~ tich (; duang cong C
(phan 5.2.3.2). Ve l~i duqc duqc cong F (hlnh 5.6a);
•
4. Ap lqc hi~u chinh = ap lqc (; bu6'c 1 tri:r di ap I!JC (; duang cong D (phti.n 5.2.3.1).
Ve l~i duqc duang cong G (hlnh 5.6b);
5. Po hay PoM g<;>i Ia ap l!Jc "dau", t~i di~m bat diiu do~n tuyen tfnh. V6'i thf nghi~m
Pence!, thl khong xac djnh duqc PoM vl do~n cong tru6'c do~n tuyen tfnh khOng t6n
t~i (do d6, khOng biet do~n tuyen tinh biit dau ti:r dtm);
Con v6'i TEXAM, PoM con c6 the duqc xac djnh bang each ve bi~u d6 ti:r bien;
6. p1 Ia ap Ivc "ti:r bien", t~i di~m ket thtic do~n tuyen tfnh. V6'i TEXAM, ta cling c6
the dung each ve bieu d6 ti:r bien de xac djnh p1;
7. PL laap l!Jc t6'i h~n:
e Trong Pence!, ap h,rc PL tuong ting v6'i thel tfch gian niJ Ia 100 cm 3 ;
e Trong TEXAM, ap I!JC PL tuong ting v6'i thel tfch VL rna VL- Vo= Vo+ v,(= L tren
hlnh 5.6b);
Vo Ia the tich "dau"' xac djnh (; bu6'c 5;
v, Ia the tfch cua bu6ng PMT (; tr~ng thai tl[ nhien.
.----1' F
,.,...,- :
/ '
pl ------·----------;~--·-··- ·-
Pr 1 - - - - - - - - + -'-
' G
:
I'
I
~· I
I
...
0.
/'
I
//
/
' I'
I
II
Po ,/ j__ ____ j ______ D
......--~""""!':-;. ___ .-------------- i :
Tht'! tich
---'{ 0 v
0
v1 vLThil tfch
.----L-----'- L ----1
(a) (b)
Hinh 5.6. Hi~u chlnh dtrong quan h~ ap 11/c- thil tich
. .• . .• . .•
186 THf NGHI~M flAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA (lNG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH NtN M6NG
P' 4' ,. ? A p A A' ?
5.3. UOC TINH CAC CHI TIEU CO l Y DVA TREN KET QUA PMT
.
"' A ,...,. ') A, A A' ?
. BAO MODUN BIEN DANG CUA DAT DIJA

5.3.1. DU . TREN KET QUA PMT
Tir dol).n tuye'n tinh tr~n du<mg cong PMT, ta c6:
EPMT"''
-266 [v c + vo+Vr]Po-Pr (5.1)
2 v 0 -v f
Trong phuong trlnh tr~n, v6'i dilt cat, EPMT duqc coi la mOdun bie'n dl).ng thoat
nu6'c (E'); con v6'i dat set, EPMT duqc coila mOdun d1m h6i khong thoat nu6'c (Eu)
I AA' ... ')AT..-
5.3.2. Dl)' BAO H~ SO OCR VA K 0 CUA BAT SET

... ..... ?
Dl)'A TREN KET QUA PMT
Ban diiu, nhi~u nha nghi~n cliu cho r!ing p1 tuong duong v6'i ap llfc ti~n c6 ke't p'"
do d6, h~ s6 qua c6 ke't cua dat set la:
OCR= Pr I<>' o (5.2)
Tuy nhi~n, tir thi nghi~m PMT tv khoan, ngum ta cho ding cong thuc sau n~n
duqc dung (Kulhawy va Mayne, 1990):
OCR = 0,45 PL I<>' 0 (5.3)
Po (hay PoM) duqc coi 13. ap lvc ngang dja t!nh, do d6 h~ s6 nen ngang t!nh cua dat
set la:
K = Po-uo (5.4)
0 '
(j YO
trong d6 Po- Uo - ap llfC ngang hi~u qua;

Uo - ap llfC nu6'c 16 r6ng;
cr' '0 - ap llfc dUng hi~u qua.
,. A I' ? P' A
. BAO DO LUN CUA MONG NONG

5.4. DU
A
. A# ?
DVA TREN KET QUA PMT
Su dt,mg thi nghi~m PMT, ta c6 th~ dlf bao d¢ lun cua m6ng nong nhu sau:
s= 2
--(j
9Ect
gl X 0,6 X
( Act-
B
0,6
)a + 9Ect ___!?:___ <>gl A, B ,m (5.5)
trong d6 B - M r¢ng m6ng, m;

a- h~ s6 tir bie'n, lay theo bang 5.9;
. CHlfONG 5. THI NGHI;M N~N NGANG PMT 187
Ad, Ac- h~ s6 hi¢u chinh hinh dang, lay theo bang 5.10.
Neu hm < B (chieu sa.u chon m6ng nho hon b6 r¢ng. m6ng), thi d¢ lun se tang
(1,2- 0,2 hm/ B) liln.
Ed Ul gia trj trung binh cua EPMT vU.ng 8B duai day m6ng. Cach tinh trung binh rat
di;ic bi~t (gqi Hi. harmonic mean) duqc trinh bay chi tiet b&i Centre d'Etudes Menard.
Bang 5.9. H~ so tli' bie'n
oat Bun set Bui cat Cat, cuoi
a EPMI/p, a EPMI/ p, a EPMI/ p, a EPMT/ p, a

1 quii co ket (OC) > 16 1 > 14 2/3 > 12 1/2 > 10 1/3
·.·
co ket thtKin!l (NC) 1 9 +16 2/3 8 +14 1/2 7 + 12 1 /3 6 +10 1/4
1 phonQ hoa hoac xao dong 7+9 1/2 1 /2 1/3 1/4
Bang 5.10. H~ so hi~u chlnh hinh dang

.
M6ng tron M6n!l vuon!l L/B=2 LIB=3 L/8=5 Ll B =20
A 1 1'12 1,53 1,78 2,14 2,65
A 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5
A A ? #' A
5.5. DO . CUA THI NGHIEM

. TIN CAY . PMT
Sai s6 cua PMT duqc tom t~t trong bang 5 .11. Theo Kulhawy va Trautmann
(1996) thi thf nghi~m PMT lo<J.i trong h6 khoan c6 COV = 0,1 + 0,2, con lo<J.i tl! khoan
(SBPMT) thi c6 COV =0,15 + 0,25 (xem ph1,1 h,1c 1 va 2).
Bang 5.11. Tom tilt nhii'ng sai so cu,a PMT

..
Kich thLt<'ic cua onq tham
Manqqian nb
Do thiet bi
Ong diln dung dich
V<'ii SBPMT: hinh diing cua ong !ham. mOi cat, thiet bi khoan lo
Phli<lnQ phap khoan va chuiln bi lo thi nghiem
Dothf
Toe do gian nb onq !ham
nghi~m
Thai Qian ngh] trlf<'ic khi doc so doc
. ,, . ·' . ·'
188 TH[ NGHI~M BAT HII;N TRVClNG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
5.6. TOM TAT THi NGHI~M PMT
1. Thf nghi~m PMT do ap ll,lc tu d!lt l~n mii.ng tbep/ cao su cua 6ng thiim PMT khi ta
dung nucrc (hoij.c cMt long k:hac) dfiy m!mg thep/ cao su ep v6 phia d!lt.
2. PMT la 1 thi nghi~m .c\{c kY. pht'cc t~p, thOi. g~an_<:l•,.!!lln bt thi nghi~m rift lAu.
' .
3. PMT Ut thi nghi~m nen ngang, cho kei: qua Ia quan h~ ,;ap h,rc - chuylfn v!" ciia
diU. Ttr PMT, ta c6 tM ucrc tinh mOdun bi€n d~ng cua dilt, d\f bao dq lun cua m6ng
va dv bao sue chtu t~f theo phuong ngang.
4. Cling n~n luu y tiing, cac quan h~ thgc nghi~m thuang dga tr~n dilt tuong d6i d6ng
nMt (cat hoij.c set). Vl vij.y ciln dn thij.n khi si'r d1,mg PMT d€ ucrc tfnh cac chi ti~u
cho nhfrng dilt pha t~p (cat pha, set pha), hoij.c dilt phong hoa khac thtrang.
CHlfONG 6. CAC THf NGHieM KHAC 189
. .• . .• . .•
CHVONG 6. CAC THf NGHI~M KHAC 191
CHlJONG6
""' ; -. ;
CAC THI NGHI~M KHAC
6.1. TH( NGHI~M CAT cANH (VST)

6.1.1. NGUYEN l YTHI NGHI~M
Thi nghi~m ciit canh (VST-Vane Shear Test) duqc phat minh vao nam 1918 t<;~i
a
Thu.Y. Di~n va ngay nay viin rat thOng d~ng chll.u Au. Ta ciim vao trong dat set m¢t
canh chit th~p biing tMp, sau d6, quay canh chit th~p quanh tr~c cua n6 va do momen
xoiin. Ta tinh duqc ling suat tie'p 1:, tu d6 c6 sue khang ciit kh6ng thoat nu6'c S" (tuc la
cu) cua dat set (<pu = 0).
Thi nghi~m nay khong phu hqp v6'i dat cat vl cac nguyen nh:l.n sau:
• Lu6"i xu yen rat mong, vl v~y kh6 xu yen vao dat cat.
• V 6'i dilt set kh6ng thoat nu6'c, ta c6 th~ suy ra duqc S" vl Su = 1:.
Con v6'i dat cat, ta c6: 1: = cr\ tg<p, do d6 <p = arctg(1: I cr\);
trong d6 cr\ - ling suat ban than theo phuang ngang (vi canh chit th~p ciit
ngang, ung suat phap tac d~ng len n6 la theo phuang ngang):
, K ,
(j h= ocr vo·
Do ta khong bitt K 0 nen cling kh6 xac djnh chinh xac <p.
• v 6'i dat set, m~t bj ciit la m~t tr~ tron rna duemg sinh Hi nhilng c<;~nh bien cua
canh. Con v6'i dilt cat, do cac h<;~t "l6n nh6n", do d6, m~t bj ciit khong ph iii la
tr~ tron.
6.1.2. THIET B! VA eACH TH! NGHI~M

Hi~n nay c6 kha nhi6u lo<;~i thie't bj ciit canh khac nhau. Du6'i day, chung t6i trlnh
bay hai lo<;~i chinh:
1) Lo<;~i nh;;:, d<;>c ngay ke't qua (Field inspection vane, model H-60, H-70- minh ho<;~
192 THI NGHI~M DAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
ahinh 6.1). Lo~i nay chi thi nghi¢m duqc ad¢ sau
nho, nhtrng thi nghi¢m rift don gian:
• An canh cftt xu6ng d:it;
• Chinh vong dqc ket qua v~ 0;
vong
• Quay tay quay dll dt d:it. L~,tc dinh dQC
ket qua
khong thoat ntr6'c su se duqc hilln th! tren
vong dqc. V6'i model H-70, th! Su duqc . ''''
hilln thj tren d6ng h6.
2) Lo~i ghi d6 thj len giily ve (COil g<;>lla dt
canh ca hqc, MVST - Mechiu;ical Vanf; Shear
Test - minh ho~ (J hinh 6.2). Tn,lll 1\f thi nghi¢m
nhtr sau:
• An canh d.t xuong dit; Model H-60 H-70
• Liip gifly ve hinh tron vii.o bii.n ve (hinh Hinh 6. 1

6.2b). Vong tron net manh ngoii.i cling
g<;>i Iii. "duimg 0". Nguyen ly ho~t d¢ng cua ban ve nhtr sau: Khi canh dt quay
tron, thi kim tren ban ve cling quay vii. ve len du(mg d~m net (j hinh 6.2c;
• Quay tay quay v6'i t6c d¢ I vong/giay. Doh¢ thong banh riing chuylln deli, ciln
canh eM chi quay v6'i t6c d¢ 6°/phut;
a) b) c)
Hinh 6.2. Thi nghi~m MVST
a) Canh cat; b) Giay ve hinh Iron; c) Cach tinh T
L!fU y: Neu do~n can qua ngan, thi r thucmg bang 0, do d6. khong can do g6c 15° nhu hinh ve.
. ·' . .• . ·'
CHVONG 6. CAC TH( NGHI~M KHAC 193
• 6 15° dilu tien (nhu v~y milt khoang 2,5 phut), do cilu t~o cua thie't bi chi c6
ciln quay rna canh ciit khong quay. Nhu v~y, lt!C do duqc (tuong duong do~n I
tren hlnh 6.2c) chinh lli. rna sat giua ciln vii. dilt;
• Sau d6, canh ciit bAt dilu quay, ta thily lt!c tang diln. De'n luc dilt bi pM ho~i,
du<mg cong thu duqc tren hlnh 6.2c d~t C\!C dl).i (gia tri a) r6i giam diln;
• Momen quay la T =~(a- r) (T con duqc ky hi¢u la Mm., ho~c Tm" );

~ph\! thu¢c vao.ty 1¢ cita giily ve, nhung thOng thu<mg T = 125 (a- r), v6i a vii.
r do bii.ng em, con T c6 thU nguyt'm la kg.cm
• Sue khang dt Su tinh theo cong thuc sau:

2T
Su=~--~~~---------------------
3 (6.1)
n[D3 H]+--d +~(D-d) 3 (tancatan~+2)
D 6 4
trong d6 D, H, a, ~ - cac kich thu6c cua canh cat;

d - duang kinh cita dn;
Ne'u coi ling suilt cat tren hai m~t (day vii. dinh) cua hlnh tr\1 dilt bi dt la:
philn b6 d6u thl a= 0,667;
pha.n b6 tuye'n tinh thl a= 0,5;
phan b6 d~ng parabol thl a = 0,6;
Ne'u b6 qua anh huemg cita dn (coi d = 0), v6i cac lo~i xuyen thOng thu<mg
thi H/D = 2, a= ~ = 0, vii. ne'u hly a= 0,667, thay vli.o phuong trlnh tren ta c6:
6T . T
su = --3 "'0,857--3 (6.2a)
7nD nD
2
Con ne'u a=0.6 thl S" = T "'0,870_I_ (6.2b)
2,3nD 3 nD 3
Phuong trlnh (6.2a) (tuc la a= 0,667) thu<mg duqc dung hon. Tuy nhien, gia
thie't a = 0,6 thl dung dan hon.
• Ne'u ciln do sue khang dt khong thoat nu6c cua dilt xao d¢ng S., (remolded), ta
thao tac tie'p nhu sau:
+ Quay nguqc (nhanh) tay quay de kim ve tren giily quay l~i "dttO'ng 0";
+ Quay nhanh 10 vong de lam Mt bj xao d¢ng;
· + Sau d6 quay ch~m (l vong/giay) nhu & tren. Un nay ta do duqc r' vii. a', ti'r
d6 tinh duqc T' = 125(a'- r'), vii. do d6 tinh duqc S.,Mng cong thuc 6.1;
. ·' . .• . ·'
194 THf NGHI$M flAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA (lNG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
+ D¢ nh~y cam cua di'lt Ht SuI Sur· Di'ft c6 d¢ nh~y cam cao thui'mg Ia di'lt ye'u,
d~ bi pha ho~i khi c6 tai trqng d(lng.
Bjerum cho r~ng, ci\n phM hi¢u chlnh sue khang eM S" nhu sau:
(6.3)
trong d6, !.\phi,! thu(lc vao chi s6 deo cua di'lt dinh nhu ahl.nh 6.3.
su dt ,,nh la sue khang dt tinh toan duqc theo thf nghi¢m dt canh.
1.2 •
!Ill
'\,. e
'* ~I
1.0 • %1&-1
'~
•
~ ........ Sjerrum 0972}
Chi so deo PI (We Ia A)

Hlnh 6.3. H~ so hi~u ch1nh J.l cho thf nghi~m cat canh
, "'""' ........ ? , .... ~ ....
'. .
6.1.4. DU' BAO HE SO OCR TIJ KET QUA THI NGHIEM CAT CANH .
H¢ s6 qua c6 ke't OCR c6 the dlf bao duqc tu Su cua dAt set khong nUt ne nhu sau:
(6.4)
trong d6, S" (vsr> la sue khang ciit khong thoat nu6'c thu duqc tu thi nghi¢m ciit
canh (Vane Shear Test);
Mayne va Mitchell (1988) cho r~ng:
• Thong thui'mg, Uvsr"' 3,22 + 3,54;
0 48
• T6ng quat, Uvsr "" 22 Pl" ' ; PI (hay lp, hay A) la chi s6 deo;
Tie'n hanh ngien CUu tren dAt set Thuy di<ln, Hanbo cho rling:
222
Uvsr,;>;::-;
LL
CHlfONG 6. CAC THf NGHI~M KHAC 195
trong d6
LL (hay wL, hay wch) - gi6i h~n ch:iy;
Neu dan gian, ta c6 th~ lay avsr"" 0,9 .
.. .. ? , ... & ,
6.1.5. DQ TIN C~Y CUA THI NGHII;:M CAT CANH
Thf nghi¢m dt canh c6 d¢ tin cf!-y tuang d6i t6t. Cac sai sot c6 the c6 do thf
nghi¢m ciit canh !a: canh ci\.t day qua, ty I~ chieu cao v6i b6 r(>ng canh kh6ng phii hqp,
rna sat giua ciin xuyen v6i dat kh6ng duqc trir di thfch hqp, t6c d(> d.t khong phii hqp.
COV cua thf nghi~m cftt canh (Kulhawy va Trautmann, xem ph1,1 h,1c 2) vao khoang 0,1
den0,2.
6.2. THi NGHieM NEN NGANG

MUI XUYEN B~C (STEPPED BlADE)
Thf nghi~m nen ngang mili xuyen bf!-c (K0 stepped blade) duqc phat tri~n nhieu a
tru<mg D~i hQc Iowa (My). Nguyen ly tuang tlf v6'i thf nghi¢m DMT, tuy nhien, mili
xuyen lam thanh nhi6u bf!-c. Cac b~c thtr<mg c6 d(> day Ht: 7,5; 6; 4,5 va 3 mm. Hinh
6.4 minh ho~ thiet bi miii xuyen bf!-c.
ong
d!in
khl
nen
canh c6
khia riinh
Hinh 6.4. MUi xuyen b?c Hinh 6.5. Mi:ii cilt trong ho Iowa
. .• . ·' . .•
IHf NGHI~M £JAT HI$N TRlf<JNG VA ONG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
196
Thin hi~tll dit trong h6 Iowa (Iowa Borehole Shear Test) la thi nghi¢m duy nhilt
, hi~n tnr!g ;XaC djnh ca <p Va ~· 'fhf nghi¢m nay tuong d6i nhanh va CO d(l tin c*y t6t.
~nh 6 .5 minh ho<,~ thie't· bj cat trong h6, g6m hai canh c6 khfa ranh. Trlnh tV thf
nghi¢m nhl! sau:
0
Khoan 16 drr<mg kfnh 6,4 em;
, 6ng ciit du(mg kfnh 7,6 em de tia 16;
e D ung
e Ha mili c6 khfa ri'inh xu6ng 16 khoan. Tac d1,1ng ring sw:lt ph:ip cr b~ng llfc nen
, · - · khia ri'inh l~n thanh h6 khoan nho ap luc khf nen. Nhu vay, dung cu se tu
tu mu 1 · · · · ·
dUng (luqc ma khbng bj rai xu6ng day h6 khoan;
e Q a taY quay de tac d1,1ng Un.g suilt ciit ' tu miii c6 khfa ri'inh l~n ctat & thanh
h ~ ~oan. Trong qua trlnh quay nhu v*y, d1,1ng c1,1 se di chuy~n dlfng dtrng len
tr~n, dO do lam cho cac khfa ri'inh ciit vao diit. TU: d6, xac djnh duqc c va <p.
SA. cAc rHI NGHI~M D!A V~T LV

Thf n hiti!U dja v*t ly Ia thf nghi¢m nghi~n CUll cac tfnh chit cua dilt b~ng cac
h''' gVAf Jy nhU Slf truy6n di¢n, Sl)' truy6n song anh sang, song am thanh, V.V ...
lyn tuqng ·
Nhfrng thf nghi¢m d'!a v"t
A I'y th'ong d 1,1ng 1'a: t h'1 ng h''1ym p h'an x<,~ d'1a chx
an, th'1 ngh''
tym
, d' ba"n thf nghi~m dien tra dilt, thf nghiem rada xuy~n dift.
kh uc X<,~ 1a c ' · · ~ ·
Cact 1 ·
a
, h' nghi~m da trlnh bay cac chuong tru&c (nhu SPT, CPT, DMT, khoan lily
-au ) ch'1 xa'c dinh ·
dtrO'C
·
cot ·
dia
·
chit tai
·
vi· trf h6 khoan, do d6, M day cac Jftn ~"
a
dift
U: '_. .. ,kh<lc vi trf h6 khoan la khong the bie't chfnh xac duqc. Nhung, thf nghi¢m dja
cac VI; tn, d' h .duO'c b,e d'ay cac , l,Nn d ilt, 0'' h,!!u nhu toan
, bo mat d!!t. , Day ch'mh Ia, uu
vat Iy xac 1n ,' , . . ~" • , . .
:, h hilt cua th1 ngh1~m \1Ia vat ly.
d 1~m man n · , · ·
Tu' nhien, nhi!Q'C diem cua thf nghi¢m dja v*t ly Ia: ngoai M day cac !6'p dilt (va
m6dun ~ie'n dl,lng m(lt vai Jo<,~i thf nghi¢m), ta khong u6'c tfnh di!Q'C chi ti~u CO' Jy nao
a
khac.
. Chuon 12 sach CO' h<,>c dat cua Whitlow c6 trlnh bay v!in tilt v6 thf nghi¢m khUc
xa d1a. Chxan gV·a thl' nghi~m
'
dien
.
tr&. Ban
.
doc.
mu6n tham khlto chi tie't, c6 th~ download
.A • , K bilm cua US Army Corp tai website sau: www.usce.army.mil/inet/usce-
th "'m cac an p ·
docs/eng-manuals/cecw.htm.
PHAN PHI) Ll)C 197
PHl,J Ll,JC 1
vA1 KHAI NleM THoNG KE
Gi:f trj trung blnh:
Di) l¢ch chuiln:

N-1
H¢ s6 thay dOi(Coefficient of variation): COY = crx
X A
X
PHl,J Ll,JC 2
TOM TAT VE cAc THf NGHieM HleN TRIJONG
Bang P1. Tom t~t d9 tin c~y cua cac thi nghi~m hi~n tnrilng
Thi nghiem DMT ECPT cilt canh MCPT PMT SPT

cov 0,05+0, 15 0,07+0, 15 0, 10+0,20 0, 15+0,25 0, 10+0,25 0, 15+0,45
KhoanQ cov c6 thil 0,14:1,0
Dva vao bang trlln ta thily, thf nghi¢m DMT va ECPT c6 di) tin c*y cao nhi\t
(COY nho nhi\t), con thf nghi¢m SPT c6 di) tin c*y kern nhilt (COY 16n nhi\t).
Bang P2. Tom t~t uu, nhlf<;Jc di~m cua cac thi nghi~m hi~n trlfilng
SPT CPT DMT PMT

+Don giim + Chlnh xac + Chfnh xac
+ Xuyen qua mqi dat + Nhanh + Re tiiln
+ Lay dlt<Jc mau dat + Dlf bao lo~i (ten) dat +Don gian
Uu
+ Dl/ bao sac ch!u tai + Dl/ bao sac ch!u tai (c9 c, + Dl/ bao lo?i (ten) dat + Dl/ bao
diilm
(cqc, m6ng nong), <p, m6ng n6ng), <p, S, + Dl/ bao m6dun E, d¢ lun m6dun E, d¢
s, + It xao d(Jng dat lun
+ Thf nghiem tlnh

+ Kh6ng chfnh xac + ThiEit b! dill tiiln + MC1i, chlla biEit dEin c'1 Vi~! + Clfc ky
Nhll<;lc + xao d(Jng dat + NEiu mu6n qua mqi dat, Nam ph(tc t~p
di~m + Thf nghi~m d(Jng can xe ~30 tan + ft (tng
+ Thf nahiem ban tlnh d~ng
Kh6nQ lav dltoc mau dat
. .• . ·' . ·'
198 THf NGHieM DAT HI~N TRlfONG VA IJNG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN T[CH N~N M6NG
PHl) Ll)C 3
TOM TAT cAc a~c TRIJNG vA O'NG DVNG
Ghi chu: Tuy thui)c di) ch{it va ap life len mdu dtft, <pP c6 thi Urn han <J>cv titO den
8°, thqm chi con han. v 6i cat rili, <pp b!ing <J>cv· G6c cv· Dian toan, ta ch9n <J>c, cho
thiet kl Do do v6i cac lol}i cat ch{it, ta co thi trit bOt di yiji di) khi uuc tinh goc <p
theo tiii li¢u nay.
Bang P3. TU'dng quan giita cac d~c trU'ng cd ly
flQ tin
fljnh nghia TU'dng quan
city
emax- e
D =
' emax - emin
Set khong nh<;~y cam !hi :

Tinh
chat vi[lt W-WP Ll = 1 - 0 5 . lo a', 1pa
LI=B=I, ' g 0,063 thap
ly lp
Ll !U'dng quan vai S, (d(l nh9y cam), cr', (ap
IU'c tiE\n co kEit) -- hinh 1.12
PI =<l:> = A=lw= lp= W, • Wp S I cr' = 0,11 + 0,0037 PI (1.1 0) trung
v: he so Poisson catv"' 0,1 + 0,015. (<p'-25a) (1.11)
E,: mOdun dim hoi We !hOi E, = 3G

Tinh
(khong thoat nU'ac) E !Lidng quan vai S , OCR-- hinh 1.8
bien
C,C,C :chi so nen tt!dng quan vai I , W , ,, (J banQ 1:5 thap
d<;~ng
Gmax: mOdun cat dtJai bi€n Gm.,= 530 y -l ~Ko . cr' VO (4.17)
d<;~ng nho 2,7-y
KaNe (h$ so nen ngang tTnh) KaNe"' 1 -sin <p' (1.14)
Tr<;~ng
tot
=cr'ho/ <r'vo K"'nct"' (1 • sin<p'). OCR''"•· (1.15)
thai
(l!ch slt)
(tng ocR (h~ so qua co ket)
OCR= [ K'
1-sin<p' J""'"• (1.16) tot
suat = p, I p, tltc Ia = cr', lcr'vo OCR= 0, 76 (S, I p.)ln(l,) (1.20)

!rung
OCR tlldn!l quan v(Ji S -- hlnh 1.11.
cat : tt!dng quan vai ten dat va D, !rung
S(tc <p: g6c rna sat trong -- hinh 1.13, 1.14)
khang set: <p' =arcsin (0,8- 0,094 lnPI) (1.21)
cat S,: s(lc khang cat khong thoat
Sulcr'""' (0,23 ± 0,04). OCR0•8 (1.22) !rung
nlf<'Jc
PHAN PHI) Lt)C 199
Bi!mg P4. Cac U'ng dt,mg tit thi nghi~m CPT

Thi nghi~m xuyen con (xuyen tinh)- Cone Penetration Test
Nguyen ly: an xuyen xu6ng,

do sue khang q, va f, do
10
I
I
I
lt.
dat tac dvng len xuyen
l<l
Qr = q, + Ur (1 - a) vdi CPTU
lqr = q, v{Ji CPT (khong do u)
R,=f/qr.100%
q =q dcr' = qr/pa = Qr Cq
Chuan en T VOJ'/
avo pa
phan
hoa s6 Q - Qr -avo 2.2.5
dQC r- '
CJ ,,
f,
F= .100%
qT-crv£1·
B = Ur-Uo
q Qr-O'vo
,; 2m: Hinh 2.23 (Robertson va c¢ng stJ, 1986)

Lo(li aat
> 2m: Hlnh 2.24 (Robertson va cong sll, 1990)
L1 = (-0,0606 q, 3 +·6,3636 q,'- 357,58 qo)10"' + 0,66364 (Szechy & Varga) 1'2.4)
D,"' 68. [log( q" )- 1 ] ( Jamiolkowsky)

Chl lieu Kq
(2.3)
tr(lng Kq =0,9 + 0,1 /300
thai Dr= I (Robertson & Campanella)
V305. Qc. OCR0•18 Qcn
Q = 0,91 aen 1,09 (2.2)
Tinh tham: bang 2.5

M =a q,
cat:
Ct"' 10 1•09 • 0•0075 · 0 ' v{Ji cat
c6 ket lhL!Ong (Mayne) (2.5)
y{Ji cat rat qua c6 ket
et "' 101.78 · O,Ol22 · 0 ' (Mayne)
a tra hinh 2.28; a= 3 + 11 vdi cat c6 ket thllong (Baldi)
Tfnh
a Ira hinh 2.29; a = 5 + 20 v{Ji cat rat qua c6 ket (Jamiolkowski)
bien
a tra bang 2.6; a =1 ,5 + 2 (g¢p yeu t6 tu bien) (Sanglerat)
(2.7)
d(lng
Set: a tra bang 2.6 (g¢p yeu t6 tu bien) (Sanglerat)
Set: M =8,25 Ia, - crJ IMavne)
Cat: E =a q,; tra hlnh 2.30, 2.31
. ·' . ·'
200 THf NGHif;M DAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA ONG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
Gmax cat =0,5 qc 0'611 (bar) (lmai va Tonouchi) (2.8)
G . - 30,1 cr' -O,OBe·1,84Dr ( Jamiolkowski) 112.9)
_ (qc /pa)l,25 (Kulhawy)

Kocat- I cr'vo (2.11)
Tn;mg
35eDrl20
thai (l!ch
K . "'0,1 Q. (Kulhawvl 2.14)
Slt)ltng
OCR.,.,"' 0,29 q, I crD (Mayne) 112.12)
suat
OCR.,"' 0,325 Q. (Mayne va Holtz) 2.13)
<p' = arctg[0,1+ 0,38 log(q,l <>',0 )] (Robertson & Campanella) (2.15)
<p' = 17,6 + 11.1og(q00 ) (Kulhawy va Mayne) (2.16)

Sac
c' :::::0
khang
q -" (2.17)
cat S=-'--'·<p=O
u Nk ' u
Nk =2,57 + 1,33 [ln(G IS,)+ 1] = 11 den 15 2.18)

200 'Cj/ cr'vo- 0,1]
Khang Khong bien loang: q'";, c, [50 + (hinh 2.44) (2.20)
chan 'Cj/cr'vo + 0,1
Schmertmann:
cat: M6ng bang: q, =28-0,0052 (300- q,rsl pa) 1·5 (2.21)
M6ng ddn: q, =48-0,0090 (300- q,r8 1 pa) 1•5 (2.22)
set: M6ng bang: q, =2 + 0,28 qcTB (2.23)
S(tc ch!u Mona ddn: Q, - 5 + 0,34 OoTO 2.24)

tai m6ng Schmertmann d!Ja tri'm Terzaghi:
(2.26)
n6ng cat: N =N.-1,25a •• ,
Meyerhof: cat: q - q 8
_§_(1 + !:.,_) (2.27)
,- ' 12 ' B
Tand, Funegard va Briaud: set

a. -R.Io .•• -cr .. )+cr ; R tra hinh 2.46 dl!a tren R, - D /B
Schmertmann: S-
-1
C C2(Jgl
, f lzi 11z;
I X · qci
(2.30)
89 hln '
Buisman va DeBeer- c(ing hln phiin t6:
m6ng
dvo + cr'zi
n6ng S~:l:S,=LcrCR. 11h; . log , (2.32)
nen cat Cc (J VO
CR = (1 ,21 + 1,53) <>',,

q,
PHAN PHV LVC 201
Theo LCPC:
khimg ben don vj f;:
1, Tra bimg 2.9 tim nh6m c0 c
2, Tu nh6m c0c, tra bang 2.10 tlm s6 hi$u dllong cong
3, Tlt s6 hi$u dlfong cong va q,, tra hlnh 2.49 tlm f;
khima mOi don vi n. = K. o ; K = o, 15 : 0,6 lira bima 2.11 l
Theo Schmertmann:
khang ben don vj f;: cat: f; = min(K, f,, c, q,, 120kPa);
K =0,4 + 2,5 (Ira hlnh 2.50)
sac chju
c = 0,008 + 0,018 (tra bang 2.12)
tai cqc
set: f; =a , min(f,, S,); a = 0,2 + 1,2 (Ira hlnh 2.51)
khana mQi don vi a,: Lav theo DeRuiter va Berinaen
Theo DeRuiter va Beringen
khang ben f;: tlfong W Schmertmann, lay c = 0,0025 + 0,0033
khang mOi q, = !rung binh q, tren hlnh 2.52 va phlfong trlnh (2.38),
Voi set, co thillav a. - 9 s 112.39\
Theo Alsamman (c0 c nhoi):
ph an
fi:: C qc
2.5.4
a.= K n
SPT TLfona auan CPT-SPT: ban a 2.5, ban a 3.1 ova hinh 3.19
Bang P5. Cac 11ng d\Jng tltthi nghi~m SPT

Thi nghi~m xuyen tieu chui\'n ·Standard Penetration Test
'
Nguy6n ly: D6ng (d~p) 6ng lily mfiu xu6ng di\t,

d€m s6 nhat d~p (N) d~ 6ng di duqc 30 em. ?
.
Tac aii\ Phllana trinh flo tin c~y

H$ s6 hii)u Liao & Whitman 1986 10,9576 I o''o\ 0 •5 13.3)
chlnh d¢ Peck 1974 0,77. loal20 I 1,05 I a'\ 13.4)
sf!U eN Skemoton 1986 21 11+ cr'o) (3.5)
. .• . ·' . .•
202 TH[ NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA liNG DVNG TRONG PHAN T[CH NtN M6NG
N' = N. eN
N •60 = N 60 . eN = N . c, • eN
Chuiln hoa
E
so OQC N,, =N. ;=N.C, (3.2)
6
(E : nang llfdnQ hilu hieu cua !hie! bi)
D Gibbs & Holtz hinh 3.4 thap
Ll Szechy& Varga b~mg 3.3 thap

66
Ecat Qhya et al 1982 9,08 N°· (3.10) rat !hap
(5+15)N (3.9) thap
Ohya et al 1982 63 63 (3.11) rat thap
E set (5 + 60) N°· ; !rung binh Ia 19,3 N°·
M set Stroud 1974 f. N rat !hap
1=4,1 neul,<:30; (phan 3.3.2.3)
f = 8,6- 0,15 lp neu I < 30
Gmax Wroth (60 + 350) N°·77 ; trunq binh 120 N°:17 (3.12) thap
OCR set Mavne&Kemper 0,47 + 0,58 N I a' (3.13) thap
Ko set Kulhawy et al 0,073 N I a' (3.14) thap
Peck, Hanson, ... 54-27,6034 e·0•014 N (3. 15) trunQ
<Dtc cUa cat
Schmertman arctg[ (NI (12,2 + 20,3 a'ol )0 •34 ] (3.16) tot khi >2m
Terzaghi & Peck 0,06 N , bar (3.17) rat thap
s, 72
Hara 1974 0,29 N°· , bar (3.18) trunq
Bien loano hinh3.13

Burland va Burbridge: S =f, t, [ (p0 - 0,667a',) B0 ·7 I,, mm (3.19)
fl\) lun m6ng D'Appolonia: S- p,B (3.20)

nong tren
-"M~'~'
nen cat Hough (c\)ng lun phan to): S; =L c, CR . /\hi . log cr'vo ~ cr'zi (3.21)
Cc 0' vo
Peck va Bazaraa:
fl9 lun m6ng
nong tren 812 2
nen bat ky
8=2,54 0', [l-0,4t·hm ] : 0 c8 ,em (3.22)
0' B/2 Po N 60 '
Thea Meyerhof (cat, bt,~i):
q, =k N ho?c kN';
k =2 viii c<;>c lam ch~t oat. k = 1 viii c<;>c kh6ng lam ch~t oat
q, =(30 + 40) . N . L/ B ho~c (30 + 40) . N' . L/ B
sue ch!u tai
neu coc dai (L I B > 10) thi lav L I B =10.
m6ng CQC
Thea Schmertmann (m9i lo<;li dat):
q,: bang 3.7
q,: bang 3.8
chieu sau ngam au: bang 3.9
CPT Tlldng quan CPT-SPT: bang 2.5, bang 3.10 va hinh 3.19.
PHAN PHV LVC 203
Bang P6. Cac ling dt,mg tl! thi nghi~m DMT

Thi nghi~m nen ngang mUi xuyen • DilatoMeter Test
r+ r+-
I
Nguy€m ly: ap lgc h:ic mi'mg thep khOng chuy€n vj Ia p 0;

ap h,rc hie mang thep chuy€n vi ra ngoai
§Po ~
~Pt
~
1,1 mm (do khf nen dAy ra) Ia p 1;

- 1+-t.J mm
ap lgc h:ic mang thep trcr l~i vj trf dilu Iii p2 •
v v
Io
- -
p, -
-Po
-
lo (4.4)
Po -Uo
··.
Ko- -Po--Uo
. /
Chl so Ko ,- (4.5) .
DMT
cr, -- --
Eo Eo- 34,7 lo. • o.) (4.6)
p_
Uo= _, -u
_ o
Uo (4.7)
Po- Uo
lv Hinh 4.13
D Hinh 4.14
K0 = (K0 I p,) 0·47 • 0,6
K0 set p, = 1,5 voi set thllong; (4.8)
- 2,0 voi set nhav cam.
OCR= (Po K0 ) 1·56
OCR set Po= 0,5 voi set thucrng; (4.9)
- 0,35 voi set nhav cam.
S lhav C \ .
S = 0 22 cr' , 10 ' 5 Ko\ 1 •25 - 0,22 cr' OCR0•8 (4.1 0)
Cac tfnh 'w I m- 28 + 14,6. loaKo • 2,1 . loa 2 Ko (4.11)

chat Cd ly c. C-7/Ut.,. , cm 21s 14.12)
theo Mar-
kh"' Ch. Ywoo I Mh
chetti kh (4.13)
M "'K M
M M=RME 0 ; RM phai ion h<Jn 0,85
10 ,; 0,6: RM = 0,14 + 2,36 logK0
10 <o 3: RM = 0,5 + 2 logK 0
(4.14)
0,6 < 10 < 3: RM = RM.o + (2,5 • RM.o) logK 0
voi RM,O = 0,14 + 0,15 (10. 0,6)
K, > 10: R -0,32 + 2,18 looK
k,= 0 •5 (B+0,3)2 Ko -Ko cr'vo
k,_ (4.15)
2B 7,5 mm Ko
u* u• - p, = C - Z ..+DA (4.16)
. .• . .• . _,
204 THf NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRlfCJNG VA O'NG Dl)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
Lacase va Lunne: K0 = 0,34 K0 m; m = 0,44 + 0,64 (4. 18)

K, set Lunne: set tre (S, I cr', < 0,5): K0·= 0,34 K0 °· 54
(4.19)
54
set aia (S 1 cr' > 0,8): K, = 0,68 Kn°· (4.20)
Tinh chat Lunne: set tre (8,1 cr',0 < 0,5): OCR = 0,3 K0 1•17 (4.21)
ccJiy thea OCR set set aia iS I cr' > 0,8): OCR= 2,7 Kn 1•17 (4.22)
cac tac Mayne: OCR= 0,51 Kn (4.23)
gia khac 40+ 23K 0 + (152- 86K 0 )(1- sinq>')- 717(1- sinq>')'
K0 cat 192- 717(1- sin<p') (4.24)
s, PI - (Kocr' vo +uo)
s, Nc
(4.27)
q, = (0,775- 1,1111 10 ) (p,- Po) neu lo< 0,6

S(tc chju q,=0,11 (p,-·p,) neu 0,8 > lo >0,6
phan
tai d9c q, = kd; p,
4.5.1
CQC nEm vdi: k01 = 1,3 neu E0 > 2 MPa
k. = 0,7 neu En,; 2 MPa
Thea Rob<')rtson va c(ing Sl/:
P = 0,5 P, ~
( f' (4.29)
fla't dinh: P, = N0 S, D
flat rbi: P, =min (cr',0 [D (K,- K,)+ z K, tgq>' tgJ3;
Dlldng cr', D [K 03 + 2 K0 K/ tg;p' + tgq>'- K,] )
cong P-y
cUa CQC
Dat dinh: Yo= 23,67 Su .Ji5
JOE 0
chju tal
tr9ng Dilt roi: Yo= 4,17 sin<p' cr'vo D
ngang 2 E 0 (1-sin;p')
Thea Gabr va Borden:
P=nAP,tanh[ koz
AnPu
y] (4.34)
trong d6 tanh(x) = sinh(x) I cosh(x)

coshlxl = (e' + e·') /2
PHAN PHl) Ll)C 205
PHl) Ll)C 4
eACH XAY Dl/NG DVONG CONG E-LOG(P)
Hlnh 1.2 (phiin 1.1.2.1) duqc th€ hi~n chi ti€t han 0 hlnh Pl du&i day. De xay
dJ!Ilg duemg cong (£) va tinh cac h~ s6 nen SCJ cilp va thu cilp (C,, C,) m¢t each hqp ly,
thl thf nghi~m oedometer (thf nghi~m nen m<';lt tTlfC) ciin phiii ti€n hanh dO' tai Va gia tai
(do~n cong ZY va YZ 0 hlnh P.l) 0 m¢t cilpl6n han p, (ap h;i"c th~n c6 k€t) u&c doan
ban diiu.
Ta ciin thvc hi~n cac bu&c hi~u chinh sau:
Bu&c 1: Xac dfnh tip llfc tie'n co ktt Pc (Casagrande):

• Diem P la diem cong nhilt tren duemg cong thi nghi~m (duemg <D);
• Ti'r P ve do~n PT ti€p tuy€n v6i do~n diiu cua duemg CD (do~n thU cap);
• Ti'r P ve do~n PQ nftm ngang;
• Ve do~n PR !a phan giac cua goc TPQ;
• Ve do~n SU la ti€p tuy€n (hay do~n keo dai) cua do~n cu6i duemg cong thi
nghi~m <D;
• Giao diem cua do~n SUva do\\n PR la diem U. Hoanh d¢ cua diem U !a ap Ivc
ti6n c6 k€t (Ung suilt c6 k€t tnr6c) p, (hay cr' P).
Bu&c 2: Xdy dlfng duiYng cong ® (Schmertmann):

• Diem X !a diem co to~ d¢ <Po, eo). Trong do, Po (hay cr' VO) !a ap Ivc ban than cua
phan t6 dilt dang xet t~i hi~n truong; eo !a h~ s6 r6ng ban diiu t~i hi~n truiYng;
• Ve do~n UV thiing dUng;
• Ve do\)n XV song song v&i do~n YZ. Do~n Y:Z !a do\)n nftm giua duemg dO' tai
va gia tai;
• Doan
. UV dt doan
. XV d diem V·,
• N6i diem V voi diem S. Diem S n~m tren duemg cong <D va co tung d¢ !a
0,42. e0;
• Do~n XV !a do~n nen thU cifp, d¢ d6c cua nola C, (chi s6 nen thu dp);
• Do~n vs !a do~n nen SCJ cilp, d¢ d6c cua nola C, (chi s6 nen SCJ cilp).
Bu&c 3: Chinh xac them cdc thOng so (Schmertmann):
• Ve duemg cong hi~u s6 giua duemg a> va duemg <D;
• N€u duemg cong nay kh6ng co d~ng d6i x11ng qua p, thl ta dn xe dich p, qua
. ·' . ·' . ·' . .•

206 TH( NGHI~M BAT HI~N TRVC1NG VA O'NG DI)NG TRONG PHAN T(CH N~N M6NG
phai ho~c tnii m¢t chtit. Nhtr v*y, C, se gilt nguyen gia trj, con C, se khiic di (do
do<:~n SV khiic di). Dtri'rng cong co d<:~ng d6i xling qua p, nay con g<;>i !a du0ng
· hinh chu6ng (bell shape).
Buoc 3 nay co the! kh6ng dn thi6t VI k6t qua cua btroc 1 va buoc 2 kel tren da kha
tl mi va chinh xac.
e
I
:CD
I
I
I
I Q
I
I R
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I dl!ong cong
I hi$U SO
I
I
0.42e -----r----------4---------
1 I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I II I I I I! I I ,
1
I
' ' '
, ,I
Po Pc p
Hinh Pt. each xay d\fllg duong cong e-log(p)
PHAN PHI) LI)C 207
PHl) Ll)C 5
. NEN TiNH COC

THI NGHIEM .
Thf nghi¢m nen tlnh C<?C nhfim XaC djnh, kiem tra SUC chju tai cua C<?C. Quy trlnh
nen finh C<?C da duqc trlnh bay chi tiet trong nhi6u giao trlnh. Do do, & dil.y, chUng toi
chi tr'inh bay hai phuong phap di~n djch (tuc Ia phuong phap xac djnh sue chju tai) cua
C<?C dU<;J'C dung rfft ph6bien fJ cac nUOC phat trien. .
Hlnh P.2 minh ho~ phuong phap DeBeer: Ta ve ket qua nen tlnh tren d6 thllog-
log. Neu tren d6 thj co hai do~n giln th~ng ro rang nhu hlnh ve, thl giao cua hai do~n
tuong ling v6'i sue chju tai huy d<?ng .Phd·
Trong vf d~;~ tren hinh P.2, Phd~ 190 tffn, t~i do, f.:."' 8,5 mm.
Phuong phap DeBeer co nhuqc diem Ia, khOng pMi bao gia ta ciing co hai do~n
th~ng ro rang nhu hinh P.2, do do, kho xac djnh Phd· ,
Tai thf nghi$m (K('J)

200 400 700 1000 2000
I I I I
-----r---T--T-,-,-r,~--------r---
---~---•--•-~-~-~~~--------~---
-~---+--~-~-~-~~-1--------~---
0B -::!::!:~:~:~~~::::::::~:::
1.0+--------'-""""-;:-'--"'---'--.L...J:_:;_:q.:..-----l--'---t
I I I I
I I I 1
I I I I
I I I I I I II
------r--- "i - - ~i - 1-r,-,--------r---
I I ,· I I I
c ------·---·--·-~-4-
I I I I I I
4~--------~---
I I
·=~ ------~---~--~-J-J-~J-1- ------L--•
------l---~--~-J-J-lJJ__ ----L---
______ l ___ J __ J_J_J_LJ~--- __ L __ _
10
------~---~--~-J-J-~J~----
------r---T--T-,-,-r,~-----
1 ~--~-~-~-,-,-,:-+---"'~:---1
-L---
I I I I
I I I I
·1 I I I I
20 ------~---~--~-~~~-~~-J--------
1 I I I I I
I I I I
Hinh P.2. PhU'ong phap DeBeer
ffinh P.3 minh ho~ phuong phap Davisson. Cac bu6'c xac djnh Phd nhu sau:
• Ve ket qua nen finh tren d6 thj thuang;
• Duang "dan h6i" !a duang co phuong trlnh sau: P = EF L1;
L
. .• ' .• . .• . .•
208 THf NGHieM flAT HleN TRlfClNG VA ll'NG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH N~N M6NG
° F la ti~t di?n CQC (m 2 ), E !a m6ctun dan h6i cua cqc (kN/m 2 ), L la chi6u dai CQe
(mm);
• Drr(mg Davisson la duimg song song vm du<mg "dan h6i", kholmg each giua
hai dui'mg la:
B
3,8 + - (mm) ne'u Ia dui'mg kfnh eqc B :::;600 mm;
120
B
- (mm) ne'u du<mg kfnh eqe B > 600mm;
30
0 Giao diem cua du<mg Davisson vdi dtri'mg ke't qua min tinh la sue chju tai huy
d¢ng phct·
Tren hlnh ve, Phct"' 201 tiln, t~i d6, f:. "'23 mm.
Phucmg phap Davisson dt dung, phil hqp v&i quy trlnh nen t!nh nhanh va ca
ch~m. M¢t h~n eM nho cua phtr<mg ph:ip nay Et n6 kh6ng phu hqp vdi eqc ch6ng (c9c
kh6ng c6 rna sat ben).
Trong ca hai phucmg phap tren, sue ehju tai cho phep se !a:
[P] == 0,5 Phd (P.1)
Tai thi nghi~m (KN)

0 500 1000 1500 2000
'
-.
',
.- -
- - .,.-....~
...- ,- - - -
• ••
' '
--' ..,,
' ,,
.,•
'
10 - - . - - - - - -"' .... -- c - - ' - • -- -- - - " " 1 ---- - ::-- ....... , - --- ~--
' ',,
•• '·'-
' ••
' ... ,
15
••
---- 1-----.
-
- k e t qua nen tinh ' .,. .
'
- - - -, - -
'
... - - --
20 - - - -£JU"ong dan hoi -'~'-
'
- • • ·£lU"ong Davisson • •'
Hinh P.3. Phttang phiip Davisson

PHAN PHI) Ll)C 209
Phdn tich uu diim cua phu:ong phflp Davisson:

Ta xet vf d~ tren hlnh P.3, ngoai rata con biet c9c dai 30 rn, tiet di~n 0,40 x 0,40
=0,16 rn 2 • Than C<;JC d~t vao dat t6t. Miii. C<;JC d~t vao 16pdilt cat, thf nghi~rn SPT cho
thily N60 ~ 40. Theo each tfnh Schrnertrnann SPT thl qP = 306 N60 = 12240 kPa;
=> QP = 12240 x 0,16 = 1960 KN = 196 tan;
Khi thf nghi~rn nen tinh, khi lt,rc ep tit kich xu6ng la 150 tan, ngum ta do duqc d¢
hin (6n djnh t~i cilp tai nay) la 8 rnrn CD;
Giii su C<;JC Ia hbn hqp rna sat + ch6ng, va bien d~ng dan h6i cua C<;JC t~i cilp tiii
tr<;Jng nay la:
p 1500kN
L1z~0,67--L=0,67 .30000rnrn~ 8rnrn®
EAc 2,4 x 107 kN/rn 2 . 0,16 rn 2
Theo each tinh phd biln unu:uc ta hi¢n nay:

SU:c chju tiii qrc h~n la tiii tr9ng nen tlnh rna t~i d6 d¢ lun b~ng s[S].
trong d6 s= 0,1 + 0,2;
[S] = 40 + 80 rnrn (d¢ lun cho phep cua c6ng trlnh);
Nhu each tfnh a vf d~:~ nay thl Qu = 150 tiln (vi_ 8 rnrn = s [S]);
Tuy nhien, dt!a vao cac con s6 8 rnrn CD va 8 rnrn al, ta thay rAng, rniii c9c kh6ng
chuy6n vj, ho~c chuy6n vj rilt ft. Do d6, 150 tan nay Mu nhu chi bao g6rn sU:c khang
ben, con sue khang rniii chua th6 huy d¢ng dang k6 (rna QP dlJ bao Ia 196 tiln). Do d6,
150 tan nay kh6ng the g9i la Q" nhu each tfnh cua Vi~t Narn.
Theo each tinh Davisson:

Khi tiii tr<;Jng thf nghi~rn la phd = 20 l tan thl chuyen vj ado duqc (a dilu tren C<;JC)
I a:
P B • 2010 400
____M_L+3,8+- rnrn = . 30000+3,8+-~ 23 rnrn;
EAc 120 2,4.10 7 . 0,16 120
Bien d<;lllg dan hOi t~j CUa ban than C<;JC dlJ bao la:
0,67 phd L = 10,5 rnrn;

EAc
Nhu v~y, chuyen vj 0 rniii c9c (dilu du6'i cua c9c) la 23 - 10,5 = 12,5 rnrn. Du6'i
cac chuy6n vj nhu v~y (tharn khiio h!nh 1.16, philn 1.3.1), cii sU:c khang rniii va sU:c
kh<ing ben d~u da duqc huy d¢ng dang kil. Do d6, each tfnh nay rilt hqp ly.
. .• . .• . .• . .•
.. ~ ?
TAIU~U THAM KHAO
1. G. SANGLERAT, M. PETIT-MAIRE, F. BARDOT, P.SAVASTA. AMAP'sols

static penetration in dense sandy gravel, sandstone and hard claystone.
"Revue Francaise de Geotechnique"- France, 1999.
2. P.K ROBERTSON. Soil classification using the cone penetration test.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal- Canada, 1990.
3. JEAN-LOUIS RIAUND, JEROME MIRAN. The cone penetration test. Federal
Highway Administration, USA, 1992.
4. P.K ROBERTSON, R.G. CAMPANELLA. Guidelines for using the CPT, CPTU
and Marchetti DMT for geotechnical design. PenDOT, USA, 1988.
21 5. F. KULHAWY, P. MAYNE. Manual on estimating soil properties for
foundation design. Electric Power Research Institute, USA, 1990.
6. MARCHETTI, S. The Flat Dilatometer. 18'h CGT - Conferenze
Geotecnica Torino, 2001.
7. FHWA. The Flat Diiatometer. Washington, D.C, USA, 1992.
8. ROCKTEST. PMT (Pence! and TEXAM) manual. Rocktest, Newyork, USA,
1998.
9. HANDY GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS. K 0 Steppted Blade. Iowa, USA,
1997.
10. HANDY GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS. Borehole Shear Test. Iowa, USA,
1997.
11. F. KULHAWY, C. TRAUTMANN. Estimation of In-situ Uncertainty. Cornell
University, USA, 1996.
- '
12. VO CONG NGff, NGUYEN VAN DUNG. Co hqc dat. Nha xuat ban Khoa hQc
va Ky thui_l.t, Ha N(>i, 2001.
13. R. WHITLOW. Ca hQc IMt (dich). Nha xuat ban Giao dl,lc, Ha N(>i, 1996.
210
TH[ NGHi~M DAT HI~N TRl!ClNG VA lJNG DI)NG TRONG PHAN TfCH NtN M6~
TU MI)C
co h9c oat.. ..................................................................................................... 16, 32, 109, 196, 213
co ke't thu'C1ng ....................................................................................................................................
12, 24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 35, 61, 62, 63, 65, 70, 73, 79, 86, 90, 115, 121, 123, 160, 161, 163, 164,
166, 176, 187, 199
h' < d'
C I SO eo .................................................................................................... 13, 26, 27, 34,116,194
h' •. .
c 1 so nen....................................... 12 19 23 66,159, 198,205
chuE!n hoa ........................... 3, 12, 1~:·~;:·~;· :·~~:·~~:·~~ ...~·~·...~;·...~~~:: 1o~. 1; 1, ; 12, 113, 179, 180
Davisson ..................................................................................................................... 207, 208, 209
DeBeer ......................................................................................................... 79,123,200,207,208
FHWA ...................................................................... :.......................................................... 124, 213
gioi h<?n chay .......................................................................................................................,12, 195
gioi h<?n deo .................................................................................................................................. 13
Gm., ...................................................................... :........................... 12, 65, 116, 164, 198, 200, 202
huu hi~u ............................................ 12, 20, 25, 30, 51, 70, 112. 113, 124, 1!33, 164, 167, 172, 202
Hara ............................................................................................................................ 119, 120, 202
Highway ........ : ............................................................................................................................. 213
hi~u chlnh .................................................................................................,...................................... .
12, 13, 19, 21, 50, 51, 58, 76, 77, 80, 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 136, 137,
138, 145, 147, 150, 151, 152, 158, 163, 184, 185, 187, 194, 201,205
h~ so dong nhat .................................................................................................................... 12: 113
h~ so du'C1ng cong ......... : ............................................................................................................... 12
h~ so co ke't ............................................................................................................ 12, 22, 159, 162
h~ so hi~u chlnh dg sau .................................................................................................. 12, 51, 122
h~ so nen ngang .................................................................................. 12, 23, 24, 28, 159, 186, 198
Jean-louis ................................................................................................................................... 213
khong ni'l h0ng ...................................... 12, 19, 20.22:61,62,63, 64,116,158,159, 163,167,203
khang chan ................................................................................ 12, 25, 74, 116, 120. 164, 169, 176
Kulhawy ............................................................................................................................................
27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 52, 53, 58, 66, 67, 69, 70, 87, 92, 93, 113, 117, 118, 142, 167, 175, 186,
187,195,200,213
h,lc dinh ......................................................................................................................13, 24, 25, 163
modun ..............................................................................................................................................
12, 16, 18, 19, 22, 23, 31, 62, 65, 78, 93, 95,115,116,134,157,158,159,163,164,167, 172,
176,186,196,197,198,208
rna sat. ................................................................................................. '" .......................................... .
12,24,25, 30,33,34,37, 70, 71, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 94,101,111,119,126,127,133,134,
136,142,159,167,172,175,193,195,198,208
Marchetti. .................................................... 66, 70, 72, 145, 155, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 203, 213
Meyerhof ............................................................. 58, 70, 76, 77, 79, 91, 94, 95,118,126, 127,202
nang lu'c;mg ......................................................................... 3, 12,109,110,111,112,120,133,202
nen ngang .........................................................................................................................................
....................... 12, 16, 23, 24, 28, 29, 66, 106, 145, 157, 159, 167, 176, 179, 186, 188, 195,203
ni'J hong .................................... 12, 19, 20, 22. 27, 61, 62, 63, 64, 95,116,158,159,163,167,203
. ·' . ·' . ·'

PHAN PHl) ll)C 211
nh<;JY oam ....... : ..................................................................................................................................

..................... 13, 24, 28, 31' 36, 52, 56, 57, 61' 73, 114, 119, 131' 164, 165, 168, 194, 198, 203
n~l&~ng ............................................................................................................................
3, 12, 13, 41, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 57, 70, 73, 90, 105, 106, 155, 156, 158, 159, 162, 163, 186,
203
Peck ...............................................................28, 109, 112, 113, 118, 119,124,134, 139,201,202
penetration .................................................................................................................................. 213
ph an lo<;Ji aa't.. ....................................... 17, 50, 54, 56, 61, 89, 90, 91, 106, 131, 133, 159, 160,203
Poisson ............................................................................................ 12, 20, 22, 23, 27, 93, 139, 198
qua' co'k't
e .........................................................................................................................................
12, 13, 16, 19, 21' 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 36, 54, 57, 58, 61' 66, 70, 73, 78, 79, 86, 91' 114,
117,121,123,131, 157, 159,160,162,163,164,166,167,176,186,187,194,198,199
remolded .............................................................................................................................. 24, 193
resistance ................................................................................................................................... 127
Robertson ........................ :......................................................................................... ,, .................... .
51, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 74, 89, 90, 131, 156, 169, 171, 172, 199,200,
204,213
Sanglerat ............................................................................................................ 64, 65, 78, 93, 199
Sanlerat ...................................................................................................................................... 213
Schmertmann ................................................................................................................................,. ..
23, 28, 31, 33, 38, 39, 53, 55, 59, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 84, 85, 86, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100,
118, 119, 124, '126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 135, 139, 156, 164, 167, 168, 176, 200, 201' 202, 205,
209
Terzaghi .............................................................................. 28, 76, 94, 95, 109, 113, 119,200,202
tCtbien ..................................................................... 12. 18, 23, 65, 78, 93, 95, 97, 98, 185, 186,199
t(lcth<'1i. ........................................................................ 13, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 62, 95,116,163, ~98
tr<;Jng thai (lng suat..""" """ ".". """"""""""".".""" """"" ,_""""""."."" .... "." 107' 116, 143, 176
VO Cong NgCI ...................................................................................................................... 115, 116
Whitlow ......................................................................................................................... 19, 196, 213
xao d¢ng .............................................................................................. 13, 15, 21, 24, 187, 193, 197

Thi Nghiem Dat Hien Truong Va Ung Dung Trong Phan Tich Nen Mong

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Thi Nghiem Dat Hien Truong Va Ung Dung Trong Phan Tich Nen Mong

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Gs, Ts. VU CONG NGf.r • Ths.

TRONG PHAN TICH NEN MONG

' ....., ") ' .... ....

Chiu trach nhi¢m xudt bdn: Pgs, Ts. To Diing Hdi

Cac tac gia

LOI NOI 8AU.; ............................................................................................·.............. 3

, & ,.._,. ,. .... ... .,

CHUONG 1. TOM TAT KIEN THUC D!A KY THU~T CO BAN

1.2.3.1. H¢ so qua co k~t OCR cua cat ........................................................... 29

CHUONG 2. THi NGHII;M XUYEN CON (CPT)

2.2. NQI DUNG THf NGHI:i;\M CPT ........................................................................ .45

2.6. VI D\) TfNH TOAN ........................................................................................... 88

2.6.1.2. Danh gia tr~g thai ........................................................................... 91

CHUONG 3. THI NGHI~M XUYEN TiEU CHUAN (SPT)

3.4. UNG DlJNG TRlfC TIEP KET QUA SPT v Ao THIET KE

3.6. QUAN H:e: GIOA CPT VA SPT.. ...................................................................... 131

3.7.2.2. Sue khang miii chua hi~u chlnh ...................................................... 137

CHUONG 4. THI NGHteM NEN NGANG DMT (DilATOMETER)

4.6.TRINH BAY KET QUA .................................................................................... 173

4.7. DQ TIN CAYCUA THINGHI.e;M DMT ......................................................... 175

4.8. GIA THANH THf NGHI.e;M DMT ................................................................... 175

4.11. TOM TAT THf NGHI.e;M DMT ..................................................................... 176

. ·' . ·' . ·'

CHUCJNG 5. THI NGHieM NEN NGANG PMT

CHUONG 6. cAc THI NGHieM KHAC

6.2. THf NGHI~M NEN NGANG MDI XUYEN BAC (STEPPED

PHI.) LI.)C 1: VAl KHAI NI~M THONG KE 197

y ................... tn;mg 1uQ'11g rieng tv nhien do ap lJ!c nude 16 n'ing

"' d' -- ""' ....

CAC THU NGUYEN THUONG DUNG

D, duqc xac djnh qua e 0

... ..t .,..,! , ~ - ..... ?

1.1. cAc TINH CHAT Cd l Y

E>a tim1:1 I E>a cuoi I SOi san I cat I Bui I set

Di~m A bd6 thj c6 80 A

to~ d¢ (x, y). Dieu nay

Hinh 1. 1. Billu dii\n hi!m luqng tich luy

lp = WL- Wp = LL- PL.

Ll <0 0-0,25 0,25-0,5 0,5- 0,75 0,75-1 >1

1.1.2. TlNH NEN LUN

1.1.2.1. lEI? lun co ket tham 6n dinh

Ti:r hlnh L2a ta c6: Trong do<:~n e, - e 2 nhO n~w d6:

• MOdun bien d<:~ng (c6 no hOng) Ia E = 1__ = _1_

• M6dun bien d<:~ng khQngno hOng Ia M (hay E,) = - = ~.

trong d6 11'- h¢ s6 J;'ois$,(?,n, trong dieu ki¢p .thoat mr6'c;

•!• Lun co n& hOng:

Neu p > p, ;?: Po: C, = C, va C2 =C, ;

' [ 1 + sin<p ]•in~ (1.5)

1.1.2.2. eq lun co ket tham theo thCii gian

1.1.2.3. £><? lun tcrc thCii

trong do flu- h~ so Poisson trong di6u ki~n khong tho:it nuac,

1.1.2.4. B<) tun tU' bie'n

S, = Caelog .!l_ h 1 ( 1.6)

Vai dilt cat, Schmertmann cho r!ing:

S, = So+e. 0,2. log(10 t2 ) (1.7)

1.1.3. H~ SOAP U,JC NGANG TINH K0

Ap ll;fc ngang tac dl;lng l~n phan to dat (<J\0 )

, ....... & ? ,...,

1.1.4. SIJC CHONG CAT CUA EIAT

1.1.4.1. Sue chong c~t cua dat set

Bang 1.4. £l9 nh'\IY (tinh nh'\IY) cua dat set

s 1 1-2 2-4 4-8 >8

. ·' . ·' . ·'