1.

Explain the behaviour of solids, liquids and gases according to the particle model

2. Using your understanding of heat transfer, explain why air conditioners are usually placed
high up in a room but heaters are placed on the floor.

3. With the use of a diagram, explain heat transfer by conduction.

4. What are conductors and insulators? Give an example of each.

5. What is a wave?

6. What is the main difference between mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves?

7. What are the similarities and differences between transverse and longitudinal waves?

8. On the picture shown below, identify which number shows each of the wavelength,
peak/crest, trough and amplitude of the wave:

9.Complete the following table:

Wave velocity (m/s) Frequency (Hz) Wavelength (m)

4 2

343 20

343 0.2

60 0.12

800 4.5

10. What kind of wave is a soundwave? Transverse/longitudinal? Mechanical or EMF?

11. Label the points A, B and C in the diagram below:

12. Although it is a longitudinal wave, sound waves are often drawn as transverse waves.
Explain why.

13. Explain the relationship between pitch and frequency of sound waves.

14. Explain the relationship between volume and amplitude of sound waves.

15. How does the velocity of a sound wave change as it moves from a less dense medium such
as air, to a more dense medium such as water?

16. Identify the 7 types of EM waves

17. Give an example of how each of the following types of EM waves are used in everyday life:
Radio waves, microwaves, x-rays, infrared waves

18.List the colours of light in the visible spectrum in order from lowest frequency to highest
frequency:

19.In air (at room temperature), which travels faster, light or sound waves?

20. A light ray hits a flat surface at an angle of 27 degrees to the normal. Draw a diagram
showing the angle of reflection of the light ray.

21. A light ray hits a convex surface at an angle of 42 degrees to the normal. Draw a diagram
showing the angle of reflection of the light ray.

22. A light ray hits a concave surface at an angle of 18 degrees to the normal. Draw a diagram
showing the angle of reflection of the light ray.

23. Define refraction:

24. A light ray passes from air into water. Draw a diagram showing the path the beam takes and
any changes to the path as it enters the new medium.

25. Give an example of refraction of light you might see in day to day life.

26. What does the term total internal reflection mean?

27. Explain what happens to light when it is passed through a concave lens.

28. Explain what happens to light when it is passed through a convex lens.

29. What three components are essential to any circuit?

30. Draw a simple circuit diagram showing a power source and light bulb.

31. Draw a circuit diagram showing three lightbulbs connected in series.

32. Draw a circuit diagram showing three light bulbs connected in parallel.

33. Draw a circuit diagram showing a power source, light bulb, ammeter and voltmeter with all
components placed correctly to determine current and voltage across the lightbulb.

34. Find the voltage used across each resistor in the circuit below:

35. Find the voltage used across each resistor in the circuit below:
36. Find the current travelling in the circuit in question 34.

37. For the circuit shown in question 35, find the current travelling through each resistor.

38. The current through a lightbulb was recorded as the voltage was changed. Turn the
tabulated data into a graph and use the graph to determine the resistance of the light bulb.

Effect of changing voltage on current in a lightbulb

Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps)

0 0

2 6

4 12

6 18

8 24

39. What is the law of conservation of energy?

40. A light bulb converts 40 joules of electrical energy into 27 joules of light energy, 12 joules of
heat energy and 1 joule of sound energy. How efficient is the light bulb? Show your working.

41. A toaster is an example of a device that converts electrical energy into other forms of
energy. What forms of energy does the toaster convert electrical energy into? Are they all useful
energy forms?

42. Give an example of one strategy designed to lower energy usage in society.
Answers:
1. Explain the behaviour of solids, liquids and gases according to the particle model
According to the particle model, all matter is composed of atoms. Atoms have heat energy.
Atoms with heat energy move. Solids have atoms/particles that vibrate in place. As they are
heated they vibrate more. Liquids have particles that have enough heat energy to somewhat
overcome the bonds. The particles are no longer held rigidly in place and can move over and
around each other. Gases have enough heat energy that they can move freely through all the
available space (overcoming bonds and gravity).

2. Using your understanding of heat transfer, explain why air conditioners are usually placed
high up in a room but heaters are placed on the floor.
Convection currents are caused when the density of a liquid or gas is changed. An air
conditioner will cool the air in front of it. This air becomes more dense than nearby air. It falls
downward and is replaced by warmer nearby air. This causes a convection current and moves
the cooler air through the room. Heaters behave in a similar way, heating the cool air on the
floor, moving it upwards. It is replaced by nearby air which heats and moves upward. This starts
a convection current.

3. With the use of a diagram, explain heat transfer by conduction.

Heated particles vibrate more. They collide with neighboring molecules, transferring some of
their heat energy. This is slowly passed along the length of the material through increasing
vibrations.

4. What are conductors and insulators? Give an example of each.

A conductor is a material that allows the easy transmission of something (usually heat or
electricity) through it. For example, metal is a good conductor. An insulator is a material that is
difficult to pass heat energy or current through, for example wood is a good insulator.

5. What is a wave?
A wave is a disturbance that causes a transfer of energy, without the transport (overall
movement) of matter.

6. What is the main difference between mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves?
Mechanical waves require a medium to travel through, electromagnetic waves do not require a
medium, they can travel through a vacuum.

7. What are the similarities and differences between transverse and longitudinal waves?
Both types of waves transfer energy through a space. Transverse waves have the wave moving
at right angles to the direction of energy transfer, while transverse waves have the wave
oscillating in the same plane as the energy transfer.

8. On the picture shown below, identify which number shows each of the wavelength,
peak/crest, trough and amplitude of the wave:

1. Wavelength 2. Trough 3. Amplitude 4. Peak or crest

9.Complete the following table:

Use v = f𝞴
Wave velocity (m/s) Frequency (Hz) Wavelength (m)

4 2 2

343 20 17.15

343 1,715 0.2

60 500 0.12

3600 800 4.5

10. What kind of wave is a soundwave? Transverse/longitudinal? Mechanical or EMF?

A sound wave is a mechanical, longitudinal wave. It requires a medium to travel through
(mechanical), and the particles within the medium vibrate back and forth in the same plane as
the wave travels (longitudinal)

11. Label the points A, B and C in the diagram below:

a. Compression b. Rarefaction c. wavelength

12. Although it is a longitudinal wave, sound waves are often drawn as transverse waves.
Explain why.
It is easier to show many features of a wave when represented as a transverse wave.
Wavelength is seen easily, as are peaks and troughs (relate to compressions and rarefations).
The relative volume of the sound wave (amplitde) is also much easier to see.

13. Explain the relationship between pitch and frequency of sound waves.
Pitch is directly related to frequency. Sound waves that we hear as high in pitch have a high
frequency, while sound waves that we hear as low pitch (bass) have a low frequency.

14. Explain the relationship between volume and amplitude of sound waves.
The amplitude of a sound wave shows the energy of the wave. Higher amplitude means a
higher volume for a particular sound wave.

15. How does the velocity of a sound wave change as it moves from a less dense medium such
as air, to a more dense medium such as water?
As sound waves move into a more dense medium such as water, their velocity increases.

16. Identify the 7 types of EM waves

radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays,
and gamma rays.
17. Give an example of how each of the following types of EM waves are used in everyday life:
Radio waves, microwaves, x-rays, infrared waves
Radio waves - communication; microwaves - communication, cooking; infrared radiation - eat
energy eg bar heaters; visible light - torches; UV radiation - artificial tanning beds; x-rys -
medical imaging; gamma rays - medicine (killing cancer cells).

18.List the colours of light in the visible spectrum in order from lowest frequency to highest
frequency:
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet (also this is the order of longest to shortest
wavelength)

19.In air (at room temperature), which travels faster, light or sound waves?
Light waves

20. A light ray hits a flat surface at an angle of 27 degrees to the normal. Draw a diagram
showing the angle of reflection of the light ray.

In this diagram, angle i would be 27o, and angle r would also be 27o. Label both with the actual
angle.

21. A light ray hits a convex surface at an angle of 42 degrees to the normal. Draw a diagram
showing the angle of reflection of the light ray.

Angle 𝛉 is 42o on both sides of the normal

22. A light ray hits a concave surface at an angle of 18 degrees to the normal. Draw a diagram
showing the angle of reflection of the light ray.

23. Define refraction:

24. A light ray passes from air into water. Draw a diagram showing the path the beam takes and
any changes to the path as it enters the new medium.

25. Give an example of refraction of light you might see in day to day life.

26. What does the term total internal reflection mean?

27. Explain what happens to light when it is passed through a concave lens.

28. Explain what happens to light when it is passed through a convex lens.

29. What three components are essential to any circuit?

30. Draw a simple circuit diagram showing a power source and light bulb.

31. Draw a circuit diagram showing three lightbulbs connected in series.

32. Draw a circuit diagram showing three light bulbs connected in parallel.

33. Draw a circuit diagram showing a power source, light bulb, ammeter and voltmeter with all
components placed correctly to determine current and voltage across the lightbulb.

34. Find the voltage used across each resistor in the circuit below:

35. Find the voltage used across each resistor in the circuit below:
36. Find the current travelling in the circuit in question 34.

37. For the circuit shown in question 35, find the current travelling through each resistor.

38. The current through a lightbulb was recorded as the voltage was changed. Turn the
tabulated data into a graph and use the graph to determine the resistance of the light bulb.

Effect of changing voltage on current in a lightbulb

Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps)

0 0

2 6

4 12

6 18

8 24

39. What is the law of conservation of energy?

40. A light bulb converts 40 joules of electrical energy into 27 joules of light energy, 12 joules of
heat energy and 1 joule of sound energy. How efficient is the light bulb? Show your working.

41. A toaster is an example of a device that converts electrical energy into other forms of
energy. What forms of energy does the toaster convert electrical energy into? Are they all useful
energy forms?

42. Give an example of one strategy designed to lower energy usage in society.