Principles of Environmental Science

8th Edition Cunningham Test Bank

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. _________ is the water that infiltrates through the ground and is stored in spaces in soil and rock.

A. Lateral Recharge
B. Rain
C. Water Table
D. Surface Water
E. Groundwater

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.01
Topic: Water

2. The amount of groundwater that can fill the spaces found in soil and rock is determined by the

A. porosity
B. zone of saturation
C. recharge rate
D. gravity
E. permeability

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.01
Topic: Water

3. Based on Figure 11.11, water availability per person per year is lowest in these two countries

A. Africa and Australia

B. North America and Australia
C. North America and South America
D. Africa and Asia
E. Asia and Australia

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Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.03
Topic: Water

11-1
4. All of the following are example of point source pollution, except

A. Drainpipes
B. Sewer Outfalls
C. Ditches
D. Effluent Pipes
E. Runoff from farms

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Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.04
Topic: Water Pollution

5. The total amount of water on the Earth ____________ from year to year and the hydrologic cycle
________________.

A. stays about the same; moves it from one place to another place
B. increases; captures it from the incoming solar radiation
C. increases; gains water from the Earth's interior
D. decreases; moves it from one place to another place
E. decreases; loses water to the atmosphere

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.01
Topic: Water

6. Most water in the atmosphere has evaporated from the ocean, and ______ rain falls back into the sea. About
________ % of the earth's total rain falls on land.

A. most; 10
B. most; 20
C. less; 55
D. less; 70

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.01
Topic: Water

7. The hydrologic compartment that contains the greatest amount of fresh water is

A. groundwater.
B. the Great Lakes.
C. living organisms and biomass.
D. ice and snow.
E. clouds in the atmosphere.
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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.02
Topic: Water

11-2
8. The place where aquifers are most likely to be contaminated is at

A. artesian springs.
B. seeps and other outlets.
C. recharge zones.
D. all discharge and recharge areas.
E. the zone of aeration.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.02
Topic: Water

9. A country's renewable water supplies are generally made up of

A. surface runoff and infiltration into accessible aquifers.

B. seasonal flooding and infiltration into accessible aquifers.
C. seasonal flooding.
D. rivers running through the country.
E. water used from an aquifer.

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.02
Topic: Water

10. Which of the following factors is the most important factor in determining whether a country is "water rich" or
"water poor"?

A. population density
B. country size
C. climate
D. rivers running through the country
E. renewable water supplies and population density

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.03
Topic: Water

11. Withdrawal is the total amount of water

A. lost in transmission, due to evaporation or leakage.

B. taken from rivers, lakes, or aquifers.
C. used in manufacturing or agriculture.
D. altered or polluted in human activities.
E. lost due to chemical transformation because of human use.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.03
Topic: Water

11-3
12. In general, water use in poor countries is dominated by

A. agricultural use.
B. domestic needs.
C. industrial activities.
D. use as drinking water.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.03
Topic: Water

13. A method of increasing water supplies that has been successful, if expensive, is

A. desalination by reverse osmosis.

B. cloud seeding.
C. towing icebergs by ship from polar regions.
D. altering the climate's convection currents.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.04
Topic: Water

14. Which would not be a principal problem that has resulted from the construction of large dams?

A. evaporation and siltation.

B. leakage and weakening of bedrock.
C. mercury poisoning.
D. the relocation of people.
E. salinization of water bodies and surrounding soil.

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.04
Topic: Water

15. What would you not find in water that has been through tertiary treatment?

A. Antibiotics.
B. Hormones.
C. Dissolved Metals.
D. Insecticides.
E. Antidepressants.

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Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.08
Topic: Water Pollution

16. The activity that uses the greatest share of U.S. household water is

A. bathing.
B. drinking and cooking.
C. flushing the toilet.
D. washing clothes and dishes.
E. watering lawns.

11-4
 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.05
Topic: Water

17. Factories, sewage treatment plants, and oil wells are __________ sources of water pollution.

A. point
B. primary
C. nonpoint
D. tertiary pollutant
E. secondary

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.06
Topic: Water Pollution

18. _________ sources of water pollution are relatively easy to monitor and regulate while _____________ sources of
water pollution are difficult to monitor and clean up.

A. Domestic; industrial
B. Primary; tertiary pollutant
C. Nonpoint; point
D. Tertiary pollutant; primary
E. Point; nonpoint

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.06
Topic: Water Pollution

19. ____________ is a point source of water pollution; _____________ is a nonpoint source of water pollution.

A. Golf course runoff; atmospheric deposition

B. Golf course runoff; power plant effluent
C. Power plant effluent; golf course runoff
D. Atmospheric deposition; golf course runoff
E. Power plant effluent; factory drains

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Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.06
Topic: Water Pollution
20. The water pollutant that most commonly threatens human health is

A. pathogenic organisms.
B. dissolved plant matter.
C. toxic and hazardous chemicals.
D. thermal pollution.
E. oxygen-demanding wastes.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.06
Topic: Water Pollution

11-5
21. Coliform bacteria populations are routinely monitored in drinking water supplies, swimming pools, and at beaches
because these bacteria

A. are especially toxic to animals.

B. may mutate into severely pathogenic strains.
C. indicate the presence of feces in water.
D. usually live in pesticide-contaminated water.
E. are more difficult to find in water.

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.06
Topic: Water Pollution

Use the following graph for the question.

Chapter: 11

22. On the graph of clean drinking water per person, each letter represents a country. Which of the following is most
likely?

A. A is the United States; B is India.

B. A is India; B is the United States.
C. A is the United States; B is Canada.
D. A is China; B is India.
E. A is India; B is Canada.

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Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.04
Topic: Water Pollution

23. The main reason that surface water pollution has largely decreased in the United States since 1950 is

A. the Clean Water Act.

B. a series of epidemics that inspired action.
C. the discovery of newer technology that makes it cheaper not to pollute.
D. decreases in water withdrawal for industrial uses.
E. the emphasis in 1950 of watershed management.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.07
Topic: Water Pollution

11-6
24. Tertiary treatment of sewage produces water that is NOT free of

A. nutrients
B. pathogens
C. solids
D. organic material

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.08
Topic: Water Pollution

25. The city of Arcata, California, is notable because it designed a _________ to treat its sewage.

A. system of modern outhouses

B. fully modern, technologically advanced system
C. natural marsh
D. corporate sponsorship system
E. living machine

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.08
Topic: Water Pollution

26. Best available technology (BAT) standards are standards set for

A. nonpoint pollution.
B. toxic substances.
C. radioactive waste, specifically.
D. organic compounds.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.09
Topic: Water Pollution

27. Plants that take up heavy metals found in water would be an example of

A. containment of pollutants.
B. tertiary sewage treatment.
C. bioremediation.
D. wetland treatment.
E. in vitro extraction techniques.

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.08
Topic: Water Pollution

11-7
28. The residence time for an average water molecule in the ocean is about ________ years.

A. 2
B. 60
C. 850
D. 3000
E. 12000

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.02
Topic: Water

29. A(n) ______________ is all the land drained by a particular river.

A. reservoir
B. water table
C. watershed
D. recharge zone
E. aquifer

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.05
Topic: Water

30. Many cities in the American Southwest rely on sources of drinking water that contaminated with
__________________.

A. arsenic
B. lead
C. coliform bacteria
D. DDT

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Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.06
Topic: Water

True / False Questions

31. An oligotrophic lake would be very productive.

FALSE
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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.06
Topic: Water Pollution

32. Domestic water conservation in the United States would save about 20% of the water we now use. Therefore, we need
to come up with better technology to avoid strict restrictions in the future.

FALSE
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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.05
Topic: Water

11-8
33. The heating of natural waterways by power plants and other industrial facilities is a form of water pollution.

TRUE
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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.06
Topic: Water Pollution

34. The National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) was established as a part of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).

FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.07
Topic: Water Pollution

35. Raw sewage would contribute to the biochemical oxygen demand of a stream and cause fewer organisms to be
present.

TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.06
Topic: Water Pollution

36. Application of fertilizer to farm fields is an example of cultural eutrophication.

TRUE
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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.06
Topic: Water Pollution

37. A TMDC measures the toxicity of a metal found in a water body.

TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 11
Section: 11.07
Topic: Water Pollution

11-9
 Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 37
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember 20
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand 11
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply 5
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze 1
Chapter: 11 38
Section: 11.01 4
Section: 11.02 4
Section: 11.03 4
Section: 11.04 4
Section: 11.05 3
Section: 11.06 10
Section: 11.07 3
Section: 11.08 4
Section: 11.09 1
Topic: Water 18
Topic: Water Pollution 19

11-10
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