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Genbio 2 MODULE 1 Genetic-Engineering-Process

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Senior High School

General Biology 2
Module 1
Genetic Engineering Process

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General Biology 2
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Module 1: Genetic Engineering Process
First Edition, 2020

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SHS

General Biology 2
Module 1
Genetic Engineering Process

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the General Biology 2 Self Learning Module (SLM) on outlining the
processes involved in genetic engineering.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
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learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
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Hello, my dear Facilitator of learning. You are lucky to have this learning
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For the learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 2 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on outlining the
processes involved in genetic engineering.
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This is a task which aims to evaluate your

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What I Need to Know

Have you seen or tasted this one? How did they come up with this kind of product?

This module will leads you to understand and outline the processes involved in
genetic engineering.

Most Essential Learning Competencies

 Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-
b-6).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. outline the processes involved in genetic engineering;

2. describe the processes used in Recombinant DNA Technology; and
3. infer the importance of the processes used in genetic engineering.

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What I Know

Directions: Select the letter of the best answer from the given choices. Write your
answer on your activity notebook.
1. What is the process of making changes on the genetic code of an
organism?
A. Civil engineering
B. Genetic engineering
C. Chemical engineering
D. Biological engineering

2. What is the process of modifying the genes of organisms for practical

purposes?
A. RNA splicing
B. Polyadenylation
C. DNA transcription
D. DNA recombination

3. What organisms that are normally harmless but may help spread infection
by transferring the genetic material from one host to another?
A. Vectors
B. Plasmid
C. Sticky ends
D. Transgenic plants

4. What process in which a selected portion of the foreign DNA is inserted

into a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria?
A. Transduction
B. Transformation
C. Electroporation
D. Vectorless gene transfer

5. What process wherein genetically engineered bacteriophages are

introduced into the cell to create the desired recombinant DNA?
A. Transduction
B. Transformation
C. Electroporation
D. Vectorless gene transfer

6. What process enables the entry of foreign DNA via the pores of the host cell
through significant amount of electricity?
A. Microinjection
B. Electroporation
C. Protoplast fusion
D. Use of particle gun

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7. Which process were cells are treated with polyethylene glycol to create
random recombination of genes?
A. Microinjection
B. Electroporation
C. Protoplast fusion
D. Use of particle gun

8. What process wherein the host cell is immobilized by applying a mild

suction and foreign gene is then injected thus creating recombinant DNA?
A. Microinjection
B. Electroporation
C. Protoplast fusion
D. Use of particle gun

9. What process during recombination wherein the host cell is bombarded

with tungsten particles coated with foreign DNA?
A. Microinjection
B. Electroporation
C. Protoplast fusion
D. Use of particle gun

10. What enzyme is used to insert the donor DNA into the vector?
A. Protoplast
B. Restriction
C. DNA ligase
D. Sticky ends

11. All of the following processes involve vectors are absent, EXCEPT
A. Transduction
B. Microinjection
C. Electroporation
D. Protoplast fusion

12. What importance of a particle gun for recombination is NOT included in

the field of agriculture?
A. Pest resistance
B. Insect resistance
C. Weather resistance
D. Antibiotic resistance

13. What is the importance of polyethylene glycol in protoplast fusion

process?
A. Use to inject foreign genes
B. Use to insert the donor DNA into the vector
C. Use to fuse and create random recombination of genes
D. Use to seal and join phosphate and sugar bonds in the DNA

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14. What is the correct sequence of the following processes involve in

transduction process?

I. Phage injects its DNA

II. Phage enzymes degrade host DNA
III. Transducing phage injects donor DNA
IV. Donor DNA is incorporated into recipient’s chromosome by
recombination
V. Cell synthesizes new phages that incorporate phage DNA
and, mistakenly, some host DNA

A. I, II, III, IV, V

B. IV, I, III, II, V
C. II, V, IV, III, I
D. III, IV, II, V, I
15. Is it true that (I) bacteriophages was utilized during transduction process
and (II) protoplasts also during transformation process?
A. I only
B. II only
C. Both I and II
D. Neither I nor II

What’s In

From your previous topic about the steps in DNA replication and protein
synthesis, How do DNA replicate and protein synthesis occur? What is the
importance of DNA replication and protein synthesis? Let’s connect to the processes
involved in genetic engineering. How do DNA important to Genetic Engineering and
what processes involve in Genetic Engineering?

What’s New

Let’s see how systematic you are in solving a problem particularly in outlining
the processes involved in genetic engineering.

Activity: OGEP (Outline of Genetic Engineering Process)!

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Directions: Examine the following processes involved in genetic engineering below.

Identify the process and make an outline by putting number on the
picture to identify the sequence of the genetic engineering process. Write
your answer on your activity notebook.

Genetic Engineering Process (GEP) # 1: ______________________ (What kind of

process?)

Picture A (Sequence #_______)

Picture B (Sequence #_______)

Picture C (Sequence #_______)

Picture D (Sequence #_______)

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Genetic Engineering Process (GEP) # 2: ______________________ (What kind of

process?)

Picture A (Sequence #_______) Picture B (Sequence #_______)

Picture C (Sequence #_______)

Genetic Engineering Process (GEP) # 3: ______________________ (What kind of

process?)

Picture A (Sequence #_______) Picture B (Sequence #_______)

Picture C (Sequence #_______) Picture D (Sequence #_______)

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Genetic Engineering Process (GEP) # 4: ______________________ (What kind of

process?)
Picture A (Sequence #_______) Picture B (Sequence #_______)

Picture C (Sequence #_______) Picture D (Sequence #_______)

Picture E (Sequence #_______) Picture F (Sequence #_______)

Genetic Engineering Process (GEP) # 5: ______________________ (What kind of

process?)
Picture A (Sequence #_______) Picture B (Sequence #_______)

Picture C (Sequence #_______) Picture D (Sequence #_______)

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Picture E (Sequence #_______)

What is It

Activity: AGEP (About Genetic Engineering Process)!

Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer on your activity
notebook.
1. What are the three methods used in recombinant DNA Technology?
2. What are the types of vectorless gene transfer?

Processes Involved in Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering is a process of making changes on the genetic code of an
organism. Its goal is to add one or more new traits that are not normally found in
that organism. Through advanced studies in the structure of DNA and its chemical
properties, scientists have been able to employ different techniques to extract, cut,
and make unlimited copies of DNA.
DNA recombination is a process of modifying the genes of organisms for practical
purposes. It is done when a piece of DNA is combined with another DNA from another
source. The resulting genetic product is called recombinant DNA. With this process,
organisms get to have traits that are not normally found in their species.
Processes Used in Recombinant DNA Technology
There are three methods by recombinant DNA is made. These are
transformation, vectorless gene transfer, and transduction.

Transformation Using a Vector

Recombinant DNA may be created through transformation with the help of a
vector, such as bacterial cells. Vectors are organisms that are normally harmless
but may help spread infection by transferring the genetic material from one host to
another. In the transformation process, a selected portion of the foreign DNA is
inserted into a small, circular DNA molecule called plasmid, which is naturally found
in bacteria. Plasmids are the most useful tool in gene transformation for two reasons.
First, a plasmid contains a gene sequence that serves as a bacterial origin of
replication. This is where the foreign DNA can be inserted into the bacterial cell.
Second, it also contains a genetic marker, which makes it possible to distinguish
bacteria that carry the plasmid-containing foreign DNA. Some of these genetic
markers code for antibiotic resistance.
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During transformation, a restriction endonuclease enzyme is used to cut

the piece of the donor DNA. This enzyme cleaves the DNA at the phosphate-sugar
bond, and thus sticky ends are created. Sticky ends are areas in the DNA where the
bases are ready to be paired. Restriction enzymes cut the DNA only at a specific
nucleotide sequence. They work precisely like a key that fits only one specific lock.
Then, an enzyme known as DNA ligase is used to insert the donor DNA into the
vector. It seals the sticky ends by joining the phosphate and the sugar bonds in the
DNA. The inserted DNA also contains a genetic marker for identification. The
recombinant DNA is then inserted into a bacterial cell, such as E. coli.
After transformation, the culture is treated with an antibiotic. Those that have
been transformed will be the only ones to survive because they carry the resistance
gene.

Figure 1. Summary of DNA recombinant technology

Vectorless Gene Transfer
This process is similar to transformation, but it does not involve vectors. The
types of vectorless gene transfer include electroporation, protoplast fusion,
microinjection, and use of a particle gun. In electroporation, temporary holes are
formed in the plasma membrane of the host cell by applying a significant amount of
electricity in the culture medium. This enables the entry of foreign DNA via the pores.

Figure 2. Process involved in electroporation

In protoplast fusion, cells are treated with chemicals to initiate recombination.
In this process, bacterial cell walls are digested, turning the cells into protoplasts.
These protoplasts are treated with polyethylene glycol to allow them to fuse, creating
a random recombination of genes. The resulting recombinant cell will now grow a
new cell wall.

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Figure 3. Processes involved in protoplast fusion

In microinjection, the host cell is immobilized by applying a mild suction with

a blunt pipette. The foreign gene is then injected with a microinjection needle, thus
creating recombinant DNA.

Figure 4. Microinjection process

In using a particle gun for recombination, the host cell is bombarded with
tungsten particles coated with foreign DNA. This process is used in the field of
agriculture. Many farmers use this method to genetically modify plants to make them
highly resistant to insects and other pests. Some also use this method to develop
crops that can survive extreme weather conditions. Figure 5 shows the comparison
between the use of vectors and the particle gun method.

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Figure 5. Comparison between vector DNA technology and the particle gun method.
Transduction
Transduction is the process wherein genetically engineered bacteriophages-
viruses that parasitize bacteria- are introduced into the cell to create the desired
recombinant DNA. The steps involved in transduction are shown in figure 6.

Figure 6. Steps involved in transduction

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What’s More

Activity: DNA (Related to Recombinant DNA)!

Directions: Column A is the definition of term in the Column B. Select the word/s
from the Column B that best describes its definition from the Column A.
Write the letter of your answer on your activity notebook.
Column A Column B
1. Cuts the DNA into fragments a. Plasmid
2. Circular DNA molecule of bacteria b. Sticky end
3. Used to insert DNA of interest to vector c. DNA ligase
4. Area of DNA where bases are ready to be paired d. Transformation
5. Recombinant DNA technology with the help of a e. Restriction enzyme
vector gene f. genetic marker
g. transduction

What I Have Learned

Activity: GEORD (Genetic Engineering or Recombinant DNA)!

Directions: In your own knowledge and understanding answer the problem below.
Write your answer on your activity notebook.
Problem:

Outline the following processes used in recombinant DNA and explain briefly
the process and its uses.
a. Transformation
b. Electroporation
c. Protoplast Fusion
d. Use of Particle gun
e. Transduction

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Rubrics for Scoring

Excellent Very Satisfactory Fair Needs Improvement

Criteria
4 3 2 1
Thoughtfully Somewhat
Well organized organized and organized and
Choppy and
Organization in logical Easy to follow somewhat
confusing. Contains
format and most of the time. incoherent.
a limited number of
contains main Contains most of Contains only
concepts.
concepts the main a few of the
concepts main concepts.
Justifies key Justifies few Regardless of the
Justifiable results and Justifies some results or evidence or reasons,
procedures procedures, results or procedures, maintains or
and results explains procedures, seldom defends views based
assumptions explains reasons. explains on self-interest or
and reasons. reasons preconceptions.

What I Can Do

Activity: AIRL (Apply It in Real Life)!

Directions: Use your basic knowledge on recombinant DNA technology to answer
the question. Do it in your activity notebook.
You are a police investigator assigned to solve a case of house robbery. In your
investigation, you discovered a small quantity of blood and a sample of skin in a
piece of broken glass from the window where the thief entered. However, these blood
and skin samples are insufficient to yield conclusive results. No usable fingerprints
were even obtained.
Question: What can you do with these samples to help you identify the prime
suspect?

Assessment

Directions: Select the letter of the best answer from the given choices. Write your
answer on your activity notebook.
1. Which enzyme is used to cut the piece of the donor DNA?
A. Protoplast
B. DNA ligase
C. Sticky ends
D. Restriction endonuclease

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2. Which genetic engineering process use significant amount of electricity to

form pores in the cell that enables the entry of foreign DNA?
A. Microinjection
B. Electroporation
C. Protoplast fusion
D. Use of particle gun

3. What process wherein the host cell is bombarded with tungsten particles
coated with foreign DNA?
A. Microinjection
B. Electroporation
C. Protoplast fusion
D. Use of particle gun

4. Which genetic engineering process wherein foreign gene is injected through

mild suction in the host cell?
A. Microinjection
B. Electroporation
C. Protoplast fusion
D. Use of particle gun

5. What process in which a selected portion of the foreign DNA is inserted

into a Plasmid found in bacteria?
A. Transduction
B. Transformation
C. Electroporation
D. Vectorless gene transfer

6. Which organisms used during transformation process?

A. Vectors
B. Plasmid
C. Sticky ends
D. Transgenic plants

7. What genetic engineering process uses bacteriophages wherein

recombinant DNA is introduced?
A. Transduction
B. Transformation
C. Electroporation
D. Vectorless gene transfer

8. What is the process when a piece of DNA is combined with another DNA
from other source?
A. RNA splicing
B. Polyadenylation
C. DNA transcription
D. DNA recombination

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9. Which genetic engineering process involves the use of polyethylene glycol

for recombination of genes?
A. Microinjection
B. Electroporation
C. Protoplast fusion
D. Use of particle gun

10. Why genetic markers code important?

A. Pest resistance
B. Insect resistance
C. Weather resistance
D. Antibiotic resistance

11. Which is the process of adding one or more traits that are not normally
found in that organism?
A. Civil engineering
B. Genetic engineering
C. Chemical engineering
D. Biological engineering

12. All of the following processes involve vectors, EXCEPT

A. Transduction
B. Microinjection
C. Transformation
D. Bacteriophages

13. All of the following is the importance of plasmid in transformation process,

EXCEPT
A. Naturally found in bacteria
B. It contains a genetic marker
C. It contains a gene sequence
D. Composed of tungsten particles
14. What is the correct sequence of the following processes involve in
Protoplast fusion?

I. Protoplasts fuse
II. Recombinant cell grows new cell wall
III. Segments of the two chromosomes recombine
IV. In solution, protoplasts are treated with polyethylene glycol
V. Bacterial cell walls are enzymatically digested, producing
protoplast
A. I, III, IV, II, V
B. II, III, I, V, IV
C. IV, I, V, III, II
D. III, IV, II, V, I

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15. Is it true that (I) vectors was used during transformation process and (II)
electricity also used during electroporation process?
A. I only
B. II only
C. Both I and II
D. Neither I nor II

Additional Activities

Activity: GGE (Go! Genetic Engineering)

Directions: Research some advance technologies in relation to genetic engineering
and cite what genetic engineering processes involve.

Rubrics for Scoring

Excellent Very Satisfactory Fair Needs Improvement

Criteria
4 3 2 1
Thoughtfully Somewhat
Well organized organized and organized and
Choppy and
in logical Easy to follow somewhat
confusing. Contains
Organization format and most of the time. incoherent.
a limited number of
contains main Contains most of Contains only
concepts.
concepts the main a few of the
concepts main concepts.
Justifies key Justifies few Regardless of the
results and Justifies some results or evidence or reasons,
Justifiable
procedures, results or procedures, maintains or
procedures
explains procedures, seldom defends views based
and results
assumptions explains reasons. explains on self-interest or
and reasons. reasons preconceptions.

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What Is It What’s More Assessment
1. 1. b
1.1. Transformation using a vector 2. d 1. D
1.2. Vectorless gene transfer 3. c 2. B
1.3. Transduction 4. e 3. D
5. a 4. A
2. 5. B
2.1. Electroporation 6. A
2.2. Protoplast fusion 7. A
2.3. Microinjection 8. D
2.4. Particle gun method 9. C
10. D
11. B
12. B
What’s New
13. D
Genetic Engineering Process (GEP) # 1: Transformation using vector
14. A
Picture A. 3
15. C
Picture B. 2
Picture C. 1
Picture D. 4
Genetic Engineering Process (GEP) # 2: Electroporation
Picture A. 2
Picture B. 1
Picture C. 3
What I Know
Genetic Engineering Process (GEP) # 3: Protoplast Fusion
1. B
Picture A. 4
Picture B. 1 2. D
Picture C. 2 3. A
Picture D. 3 4. B
Genetic Engineering Process (GEP) # 4: Particle Gun Method 5. A
Picture A. 2 6. B
Picture B. 5 7. C
Picture C. 1 8. A
Picture D. 4 9. D
Picture E. 3 10. C
Picture F. 6 11. A
Genetic Engineering Process (GEP) # 5: Transduction 12. D
Picture A. 5 13. C
Picture B. 3 14. B
Picture C. 1 15. A
Picture D. 4
Answer Key
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References
Javier, Mark Archei O. Diwa Senior High School Series: General Biology 2. 4/F
SEDCCO 1 Bldg. 120 Thailand corner Legazpi Streets, Legaspi Village, 1229 Makati
City: DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC, 2017.

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DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN with the
primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal. Contents of this
module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC). This
is a supplementary material to be used by all learners of Region XII in all public
schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The process of LR development was observed in
the production of this module. This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback,
comments, and recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN Learning Resource Management

System (LRMS)

Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893

Email Address: region12@deped.gov.ph

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