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MULTIPLE CHOICE
3. Psychologists define hypothetical states that activate behavior and propel one towards goals as
a. needs. c. drives.
b. motives. d. incentives.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: The Psychology of Motivation
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual
11. An animal has requirements to eat and drink. A species must reproduce. Behavior is organized
to maintain the proper temperature. What are these all examples of?
a. learned behavior c. physiological needs
b. unconscious motives d. preferences
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: The Psychology of Motivation
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
13. One child takes great pride in academic accomplishments. Another child takes great pride in
pleasing her parents. These are examples of the influence of __________ on psychological
needs.
a. survival c. learning
b. intelligence d. biology
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: The Psychology of Motivation
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Applied
14. Needs give rise to__________.
a. pleasure c. drives
b. pain d. experience
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: The Psychology of Motivation
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual
20. A(n) __________ is an object, person, or situation that is perceived as being capable of
satisfying a need or as desirable for its own sake.
a. drive c. compulsion
b. impulse d. incentive
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: The Psychology of Motivation
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual
21. Lower car insurance rates serve as a(n) __________ for good driving.
a. incentive c. stimulus
b. drive d. motive
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: The Psychology of Motivation
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Applied
24. The observation that birds reared in isolation from other birds have the capacity to build nests
without observation or learning experience provides evidence for the
a. nurture theory. c. needs theory.
b. evolutionary perspective. d. learning theory.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
25. William McDougall (1908) compiled a list of 12 human _________ that included hunger, sex,
and self-assertion.
a. impulses c. incentives
b. releasers d. instincts
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
26. Research regarding human instincts agrees with all of the following EXCEPT
a. Human behavior is biologically influenced but not controlled.
b. There are 12 basic human instincts.
c. The question regarding human instincts remains unresolved.
d. There is too much complexity in human behavior to reach agreement on this issue.
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
29. According to Hull, the motivation to avoid touching a hot iron is a(n)
a. primary drive. c. instinct.
b. acquired drive. d. reduced drive.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
30. An infant places a coin in his mouth. This probably demonstrates a(n) ________ drive and the
lack of a(n) ________ drive.
a. acquired; primary c. primary; acquired
b. primary; instinctual d. learned; acquired
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
31. __________ theories suggest that needs create a state of tension and that behavior relieves
that tension and returns the organism to a calm, resting state.
a. Drive-reduction c. Need-based
b. Humanistic d. Motive
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
32. According to drive-reduction theory, _________ trigger arousal and activate behavior to
reduce the tension.
a. instincts c. drives
b. homeostasis d. stimulus motives
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
36. According to drive-reduction theory, the drive to accumulate wealth is described as a(n)
a. primary drive. c. biological need.
b. acquired drive. d. fear.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
38. The concept of __________ describes the body’s tendency to maintain a steady state or to act
to restore balance in response to deprivation.
a. hunger c. homeostasis
b. acquired drives d. releasers
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
40. Psychologists who theorize the existence of stimulus motives disagree with
a. achievement theory. c. all motivation theories.
b. cognitive dissonance theory. d. drive reduction theory.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
41. The observation that we enjoy stimulating activities such as driving in fast cars or riding roller
coasters is inconsistent with __________ theories.
a. humanistic c. instinct
b. drive-reduction d. primary drive
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
42. A prisoner is punished with solitary confinement. This punishment consists of the
deprivation of a need for
a. stimulation. c. forgiveness.
b. approval. d. rehabilitation.
ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
45. A group of research participants are placed alone in quiet cubicles where their arms are
bandaged and they hear nothing but the sound of a dull, continuous hum. This method is used
to study the effects of
a. relaxation. c. sensory overload.
b. conditioning. d. sensory deprivation.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
49. According to Maslow’s _________ theory, humans are motivated by drives for personal
growth.
a. behavioral c. humanistic
b. psychoanalytic d. Freudian
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
51. According to humanistic theory, people are separated from lower animals by our capacity for
______________.
a. instinctual behavior c. self-actualization
b. stimulus needs d. cognitive dissonance
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
52. According to Maslow, individuals would not be motivated to satisfy their _______ needs until
their ________ needs are met.
a. physical; psychological c. physical; actualization
b. psychological; physical d. primary; acquired
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
53. A homeless individual motivated to seek shelter at a church to escape the rain is satisfying
________ according to Maslow’s hierarchy.
a. physiological needs c. safety needs
b. esteem needs d. physiological and safety needs
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
54. A sick individual who goes to bed to rest is satisfying the _______ of Maslow’s hierarchy.
a. primary needs c. physiological needs
b. acquired needs d. actualization needs
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
55. An honor student who joins a scholastics club looking for friendship is mostly satisfying the
_________ of Maslow’s hierarchy.
a. esteem needs c. safety needs
b. love and belonging needs d. physiological needs
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
56. Maslow argued that humans differ from other animals in that humans have a self-initiated
striving for
a. survival. c. self-control.
b. self-actualization. d. self-regulation.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
57. According to Maslow, needs are organized in a __________ with physiological needs and
self-actualization needs at the extremes.
a. hierarchy c. schema
b. pattern d. Gestalt
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
58. Many artists and intellectuals pursue creative and intellectual goals without recognition or
reward. The fact that they pursue growth motives in the absence of safety and security argues
against Maslow’s idea that needs are organized as
a. psychic energy. c. a hierarchy.
b. drives. d. stimulus motives.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Theories of Motivation
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
61. In the classic “sham feeding” experiments with dogs, what occurred?
a. The dogs received no signals of satiety from chewing and swallowing.
b. The food reached the dogs’ stomachs, and they stopped eating.
c. Even though no food reached their stomachs, the dogs stopping feeding after a
while, and resumed feeding sooner than dogs whose food reached their stomachs.
d. The dogs stopped feeding after a while, and did not eat as soon as dogs whose food
reached their stomachs.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
63. The experience of hunger pangs, or __________, while obvious to the person, are not the
primary bodily signals for the regulation of hunger.
a. changes in blood sugar level c. stomach contractions
b. hypothalamic signals d. salivation
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
64. If the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of a rat’s brain is destroyed, the rat
a. becomes aphagic and continues to eat until it has doubled its normal weight.
b. becomes aphagic and stops eating altogether.
c. becomes hyperphagic and continues to eat until it has doubled its normal weight.
d. becomes hyperphagic and stops eating altogether.
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
67. A man has most of his stomach removed because of cancer. He learns __________ after his
surgery.
a. that he will become aphagic
b. that he will become hyperphagic
c. that he will no longer experience satiety and must sham feed for the rest of his life
d. that his body will continue to regulate hunger through blood, liver, and brain
function
ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied
68. The hypothalamus plays a key role in hunger regulation in that it is a brain center that
a. drops the sugar level of the blood.
b. launches the conversion of glycogen into glucose.
c. regulates the pleasure in eating.
d. signals hunger and satiety.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
69. Lesioning the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamus affects
hunger regulation by damaging the
a. liver functions. c. on and off signals for feeding.
b. stomach contractions. d. pleasure of sham feeding.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
70. When the ventromedial nucleus of a rat’s hypothalamus is surgically destroyed, the rat will
a. become aphagic.
b. become hyperphagic.
c. not experience any stomach contractions.
d. stop eating.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
75. Sugar levels and hypothalamic control centers provide evidence of the _______ of hunger.
a. physiological regulation c. disregulation
b. stimulus regulation d. voluntary regulation
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
76. The ventromedial hypothalamus ________ hunger while the lateral hypothalamus _________
hunger.
a. activates; depresses c. motivates; satisfies
b. encourages; ceases d. depresses; activates
ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
77. Eating because you are bored, depressed, or socializing demonstrates the role of _________ in
regulating the hunger drive.
a. learned behavior c. external incentives
b. psychological factors d. all of these
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
78. Which of the following is true about obesity?
a. 1 out of 3 adult Americans are obese.
b. Less than one half of African American women over the age of 40 are obese.
c. Problems with unhealthy weight gain in the United States have been decreasing.
d. Successful dieting leads to weight control for most people.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
80. Which type of tissue metabolizes food faster and makes it easier to lose weight?
a. fatty tissue c. organ tissue
b. muscle tissue d. none of these
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
82. Who would have the most difficult time losing weight?
a. a formerly overweight male athlete
b. a person with a low fat-to-muscle ratio
c. an average-weight male with an obese mother
d. a formerly obese woman who has gained back her lost weight
ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied
83. A regular television viewer finds the need to snack while watching his programs because of
all the commercials for food. This demonstrates the influence of ________ on eating behavior.
a. psychological factors c. biological factors
b. physiological factors d. none of these
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied
84. You generally exercise on weekends and eat a low fat diet. However, on Super Bowl Sunday,
you overeat, over drink, and sit on the couch watching the TV. What is this an example of?
a. psychological factors in eating c. inactivity increasing hunger
behavior
b. the effect of foods like pizza on the d. a possible eating disorder
brain
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied
85. An adolescent dancer maintains a strict diet as she competes to earn a role in an upcoming
performance. Unfortunately, the part goes to someone else. The dancer goes home, forgets her
diet, and overeats. This demonstrates
a. the influence of stress on eating behavior.
b. the strict influence of brain regulatory mechanisms on eating behavior.
c. the influence of diet on metabolism.
d. that people have a natural tendency to develop adipose tissue.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied
86. Extreme fear of being too heavy, dramatic weight loss, and distorted body image are a few of
the characteristics of
a. bulimia nervosa. c. obesity.
b. anorexia nervosa. d. set point.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
87. Which of the following persons is most likely to have anorexia nervosa?
a. A person of lower socioeconomic c. A European women in her late 50’s.
status.
b. An African-American female. d. An adolescent girl.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
88. Shauna is extremely concerned about her weight. Although she weighs less than 85% of her
desirable body weight and has lost 25% of her weight within the last year, she is still
convinced that she is “fat.” Most likely Shauna has
a. bulimia nervosa.
b. anorexia nervosa.
c. either a or b; there is not enough information given to tell.
d. neither a nor b.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied
89. Which of the following is true regarding anorexia nervosa?
a. Women with anorexia nervosa have less risk of developing osteoporosis.
b. Severe weight loss triggers abnormalities in the endocrine system.
c. The mortality rate of women with anorexia nervosa is 25%.
d. Females with anorexia generally drop 10% of their weight within a given year.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
90. Which eating disorder involves repeated cycles of binging and purging?
a. anorexia nervosa c. obesity
b. bulimia nervosa d. set point
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Factual
91. Donna is captain of her HS swim team, works out regularly, and is very concerned about
being in good shape. She occasionally goes off by herself and eats a half-gallon of ice-cream,
but then forces herself to vomit afterwards. What condition does Donna likely have?
a. anorexia nervosa c. dementia
b. bulimia nervosa d. obesity
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied
93. Kimberly is on the Honor Roll at her HS and has perfectionist tendencies. As a child, she was
abused by her very controlling parents. According to your text, what is Kimberly at risk of
developing?
a. a drug addiction c. depression
b. an eating disorder d. teenage rebellion
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: Hunger OBJ: 3
MSC: TYPE: Applied
98. During intercourse, Ben’s penis became swollen with blood. What is this referred to as?
a. vasocongestion c. vasopressing
b. vasoconstriction d. erectile disorder
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
99. During orgasm, Laura experienced muscle spasms. What were these caused by?
a. myoglobin c. myotonia
b. myocardial infarction d. myasthenia gravis
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
105. Francine is in the resolution phase. What is most likely to occur to her during this phase?
a. inner part of the vagina increases in size
b. release of blood from engorged areas
c. swelling of the nipples
d. blood pressure and heart rate reach a peak
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
106. Sarah is sexually aroused. Her breathing is rapid and her heart rate has increased to between
100 and 160 beats per minute. She is also experiencing vasocongestion of the outer part of the
vagina. Sarah is most likely in which phase of the sexual response cycle?
a. excitement c. plateau
b. orgasmic d. resolution
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
110. Which of the following groups of teenagers reports being the least likely to have had sex at least once?
a. African American girls c. European American boys
b. African American boys d. Latin American girls
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
111. Certain hormones predispose lower animals to either masculine or feminine mating patterns.
This is referred to as
a. the activating effect. c. the organizing effect.
b. the coracoid effect. d. the sexualizing effect.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
117. Learning theories look towards what kinds of factors in explaining sexual orientation?
a. genes and hormonal influences c. reinforcement and observational
learning
b. a person’s relationship with their d. the influence of testosterone
mother
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
118. Mary is a lesbian as a result of early experiences in which she achieved orgasm with other
women. This would support the __________ point of view.
a. biopsychological c. psychodynamic
b. cognitive d. learning theory
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
119. A study examining genetic factors as they relate to sexual orientation found that _____
percent of identical (MZ) twins are concordant (in agreement) for gay male sexual orientation.
a. 2 c. 22
b. 3 d. 52
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
120. Tom and Rob are twins. Tom is gay. According to heritability studies, Rob is more likely to
be gay if they are _____________ twins.
a. fraternal
b. identical
c. it does not matter, there appears to be no role for genes in sexual orientation
d. dizygotic
122. David McClelland (1958) selected pictures from the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to
further the study of the
a. need to affiliate. c. need for aggression.
b. need for dominance. d. need to achieve.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: Achievement Motivation
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
123. The response to a TAT picture of a person sitting on the floor with head resting on the couch
could be interpreted as, “a tired student who has so much homework they don’t know what to
do first,” or “a tired student who just completed a research paper and is thinking one day they
will be a famous author.” Which interpretation shows a higher level of achievement
motivation?
a. first interpretation c. neither; they are equal
b. second interpretation d. It is impossible to decipher.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Achievement Motivation
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
124. McClelland’s (1965) research revealed that those whose Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
results demonstrated a high need to achieve were likely to seek work opportunities that
a. guaranteed success.
b. offered the possibility for greater levels of success.
c. were nonentrepreneurial.
d. were very high risk.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Achievement Motivation
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
125. Performance goals are to ______ rewards as learning goals are to _______ rewards.
a. intrinsic; extrinsic c. extrinsic; intrinsic
b. satisfaction with self; prestige d. none of these
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Achievement Motivation
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
128. According to Carol Dweck and colleague (2000), achievement motives can be maintained by
a. learning and performance goals. c. intrinsic rewards.
b. extrinsic rewards. d. the need for approval.
ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: Achievement Motivation
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
129. Parents who encourage their children to think and act independently at an early age are likely
to encourage
a. performance goals. c. learning goals.
b. competitiveness. d. a need to achieve.
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: Achievement Motivation
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
130. What are parents of children who develop learning goals likely to do?
a. Encourage interpersonal competition.
b. Reward them with money for good grades.
c. Take away privileges for bad grades.
d. Praise them for persistence.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Achievement Motivation
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
132. Emotions are feeling states with all of the following components EXCEPT
a. biological. c. behavioral.
b. mental. d. environmental.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
136. Fear involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system but anger involves activation of
a. only the parasympathetic nervous system.
b. both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
c. the somatic nervous system.
d. neither of the autonomic divisions of the nervous system.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
137. What is an individual exhibiting sympathetic arousal and concern about danger likely to be
experiencing?
a. fear c. depression
b. anger d. happiness
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
138. What is an individual exhibiting parasympathetic arousal and self-destructive behavior likely
to be experiencing?
a. anger c. fear
b. depression d. rage
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
139. Brian is depressed. The arousal of his parasympathetic nervous system represents the
___________ component of the emotion while his thoughts of helplessness represent the
___________ component.
a. behavioral; cognitive c. cognitive; physiological
b. physiological; behavioral d. physiological; cognitive
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Applied
140. Darwin (1872) argued that __________ revealed universal signs of emotion.
a. ANS responses c. demands for adaptation
b. survival d. facial expressions
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
141. According to Ekman (1987), if you were visiting Malaysia, you would ________ to
understand people’s emotions by observing their _________.
a. be able; facial expressions c. be able; posture
b. not be able; language d. not be able; facial expressions
ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Applied
142. A research method used photographs of people exhibiting different facial expressions and
required participants to label the emotion demonstrated in each photograph. What did this
procedure reveal?
a. Western cultures have unique facial expressions.
b. The photograph technique was useless.
c. Groups tested from all over the world agreed on the emotion exhibited by facial
expression.
d. Even groups within a single culture failed to identify facial expressions
consistently.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
143. Which field of psychology is interested in the study of positive emotions such as happiness
and love, optimism and hope, joy and sensual pleasures?
a. optimistic psychology c. positive psychology
b. emotional psychology d. humanistic psychology
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
144. Which of the following believe that genetic factors play a role in happiness?
a. Lykken c. Ekman
b. Maslow d. Izard
ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
145. What does the research indicate about the common phrase “Money can’t buy you happiness?”
a. The phrase is false, at least in that having money means you don’t have to worry
about it.
b. The phrase is false, money and happiness are unrelated.
c. The phrase is true, having more money actually leads to lower levels of happiness.
d. There is no research available on this topic.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
146. Which of the following have been related to happiness?
a. openness to new experiences c. marital status
b. level of religiosity d. all of these
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
148. The old adage “Money can’t buy you happiness” does not seem to be true in the research
literature. Those with higher incomes or those who live in more affluent societies do tend to
be happier. However, when is this not the case?
a. When people are extremely wealthy.
b. When people compare themselves to those who make more.
c. When people make bad investments.
d. None of these
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
149. The song “Put on a Happy Face” presents the view that facial expressions can influence
emotional states. This claim is similar to that made by
a. socio-cultural theory. c. cognitive dissonance theory.
b. facial-feedback hypothesis. d. psychoanalytic theory of emotion.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
151. Which theory supports the following scenario: You see a tiger, you realize it could kill you,
and then you feel afraid?
a. Cannon-Bard c. Cognitive-Appraisal
b. Common-Sense d. James-Lange
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
152. Which theory supports the following scenario: You see a bear, then your heart starts
pounding, then you feel fear?
a. Cannon-Bard c. James-Lange
b. Cognitive Appraisal d. Common-Sense
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
153. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, specific patterns of arousal and action are
triggered by specific stimuli. The emotions we experience are, therefore,
a. based on a single pattern or state of arousal.
b. based on automatic physiological and behavioral responses.
c. learned on the basis of experience with those stimuli.
d. the result of our interpretations of stimuli.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
154. Which theory of emotion would agree with the statement: “We are sad because we cry.”
a. Common Sense Theory c. Cognitive Appraisal Theory
b. James-Lange Theory d. Cannon-Bard Theory
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
155. Which theory of emotion would disagree with the statement: “Smile so you can be happy.”?
a. Facial-Feedback Theory c. Cannon-Bard Theory
b. James-Lange Theory d. None of these
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
157. The statement, “Emotions accompany bodily responses rather than being produced by bodily
change,” supports the __________ theory.
a. Common Sense c. James-Lange
b. Facial Feedback d. Cannon-Bard
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
158. Which theory supports the following scenario: You see a tiger, then scream as you experience
the fear?
a. Cognitive-Appraisal c. Cannon-Bard
b. Common-Sense d. James-Lange
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
159. The Cannon-Bard theory disagrees with the James-Lange idea that
a. facial expressions are universal.
b. each emotion has the same physiological pattern.
c. each emotion has a unique automatic physiological response pattern.
d. arousal and action are related responses.
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
160. Which theory supports the following scenario: You see a bear, then you run as you think
“danger,” then you feel fear?
a. Cognitive Appraisal c. Common-Sense
b. Cannon-Bard d. James-Lange
ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
161. You and your girlfriend are discussing the experience of an emotion. You argue that certain
external stimuli will instinctively trigger specific patterns of arousal and action that you know
as a specific emotion. Your girlfriend argues that emotions do not differ greatly in their
physiological arousal and that how you label the emotion you are experiencing will depend
upon your assessment of the arousal. You are presenting the argument of the ____________
while your girlfriend is arguing the ___________.
a. Cannon-Bard theory; Cognitive Appraisal theory
b. James-Lange theory; Cannon-Bard theory
c. James-Lange theory; Cognitive Appraisal theory
d. Theory of Cognitive Appraisal; Cannon-Bard theory
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: Emotion | Emotion
OBJ: 6 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
162. Schachter & Singer’s model of emotion puts the greatest emphasis on
a. arousal and action. c. cognitive interpretation.
b. the importance of facial feedback. d. a nonphysiological theory.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
163. Factors that can affect the accuracy of a polygraph test include all of the following EXCEPT
a. previous experience taking the test. c. biting down on your tongue.
b. use of drugs or alcohol. d. gender of the respondent.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
164. Which of these is NOT measured in modern polygraph testing?
a. hand sweating c. finger nail biting
b. blood pressure d. heart rate
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
165. After considering the different theories of emotion and the research supporting them, which
would be the most accurate conclusion to come to?
a. Physiological arousal causes our emotional responses.
b. Our cognitive appraisal of situations causes our emotional responses.
c. How we behave causes our emotional responses.
d. Cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components contribute to our emotional
responses.
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: Emotion OBJ: 6
MSC: TYPE: Factual
COMPLETION
1. _________ are hypothetical states within an organism that activate behavior and propel the
organism toward goals.
ANS: Motives
ANS: incentives
ANS: instincts
4. Drive-reduction theory proposes two types of needs. They are _______ and ________.
ANS: stimulus
6. Both humans and lower animals appear to be motivated to seek _________ stimulation.
ANS: novel
ANS: self-actualization
8. The brain structure that has been found to influence the hunger drive is the ________.
ANS: hypothalamus
11. A life-threatening eating disorder characterized by dramatic weight loss and a distorted body
image is known as __________ __________.
ANS: four
13. ___________ ___________ refers to the organization or direction of one’s erotic interests.
15. __________ can involve activation of the sympathetic and/or parasympathetic nervous
systems.
ANS: Emotions
16. Most investigators agree that certain _________ _________ indicate the same emotions in all
people.
17. The _________ theory is consistent with the Facial Feedback Theory.
ANS: James-Lange
18. The fact that emotions are accompanied by bodily arousal has led to the development of the
_____________.
ANS: polygraph
TRUE/FALSE
1. Physiological needs include needs for power, self-esteem and social approval.
8. Recent Miss Americas would be considered malnourished by the World Health Organization.
10. Education, religion and ethnicity are all related to sexual behavior.
11. One’s achievement motivation does not appear to have much effect on either educational or
vocational success.
13. We have a fairly stable level of happiness that seems to have a genetic component.
14. Various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles
and in the brain.
15. The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause behavioral responses to events.
16. The Schachter–Singer view (that social comparison influences people’s attribution of their
arousal) has been supported and verified by subsequent research.
17. There are specific patterns of bodily responses which accurately pinpoint lying on polygraph
exams.
ANS:
Essay should include:
The biological factors related to obesity include heredity (runs in families, as supported by
research with twins and monkeys), adaptive thermogenesis (metabolism goes down when
dieting) and fat-to-muscle ratio (fatty tissue metabolizes food more slowly than muscle does,
so those with higher ratios metabolize food more slowly).
ANS:
Essay should include:
Eating disorders may have many origins and there remain many unanswered questions. First,
children may refuse to eat as a way of punishing their parents. Second, there is some research,
which suggests that eating disorders are linked to sexual abuse in young women. The
sociocultural climate in the United States also may contribute to eating disorders. Slimness is
idealized in magazines and on television. Models and those in beauty pageants tend to be both
taller and thinner than the typical American female.
3. What does the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) tell us about the
sexual behavior of Americans?
ANS:
Essay should include:
The NSSHB interviewed 5,865 adolescents and adults, aged 14 to 94. Results are broken
down by kinds of sexual behaviors, sex (Men and Women) as well as by age. For every age
group, men are more likely to report masturbating alone in the past year than women are. The
incidence of masturbation alone generally rises through the late twenties and then begins to
decline. Men and women in their late 20s are about equally likely to give and receive oral sex.
Under the age of 29, women report having higher rates of vaginal intercourse than men.
4. Describe the possible origins of a homosexual orientation.
ANS:
Essay should include:
Learning theories looks at possible reinforcement from same-sex sexual behavior and
observation of same-sex models; there’s evidence from family studies for a genetic link;
prenatal exposure to testosterone has a masculinizing effect on female fetuses.
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aloitettava kokonaan uudesta ja entisestä pyydettävä anteeksi
Hannekselta.
— Täytyykö minun…?
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katunut sitä tämänaamuista. Olisinhan luvannutkin tyttöni kaskeen…
Ja eräänä päivänä hän tulikin Hakalaan, kun Liisa oli yksin kotona.
Liisa ajoi ulos löyhkä-Annan ja alkoi itkeä. Hän tiesi että Anna
puhui kylällä kuulemiaan, mutta se koskikin sen vuoksi kaikista
kipeimmin. Hän tiesi kyläläisten ja Hanneksen kylmät välit ja etteivät
puoletkaan puheista olleet totta, mutta sittenkin… Hän oli taas
saanut sysäyksen, joka herätti kiusaavat ajatukset.
— Ehkäpä on…
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— Tulenhan toki.
Silloin kun synkät varjot olivat painavina kodin yllä, tunsi Hannes
sisäistä tarvetta puhua jonkun kanssa. Se oli keventämisen kaipuuta
ja vanha Tuomas oli hänen uskottunsa, jonka kanssa oli hyvä puhua.
Tuomaalla oli omat omituiset päätelmänsä, joista sai kevennystä.
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Koko pitäjän väki oli siis häntä vastaan. Mistä syystä? Siitäkö
ehkä, että hän oli kasvattanut itsensä mieheksi, ottanut
perintömaansa omiin käsiinsä ja eli hyvin työstään?
Hanneksen oli tehnyt mieli kysyä, mitä hän oli rikkonut heitä
vastaan, mutta tyytyi alakuloisena allapäin istumaan.
Hannes vaikeni. Hän arvasi, että oli ollut taas hänen poissa
ollessaan samaa kuin ennenkin ja palvelijat lähtivät heti.
Mikä lienee ollut syynä, ettei ruoka tuntunut tällä kertaa maistuvan.
Työväki vaikeni. Niinkuin painajainen olisi astunut näkymättömänä
tupaan.
— Se tietää onnettomuutta.
— Sitten, jos sinä kerran käyt siellä, tuli hiljaa Liisalta, mutta
Hannes huomasi kaksi kyyneltä hänen punehtuvilla poskillaan.
— Kyllä minä sitten koetan, kun sinä tahdot, sanoi Liisa hiljaa. Kun
väin sinä olet luonani.
— Mennään siis.