Tutorial-06

1. Determine (a) the variations of the elevation, pressure, and total heads through the soil when the pressure
gage in the experimental setup shown in Figure 1 has a pressure of 19.6 kPa, and (b) the elevation, pressure,
and total heads in the middle of the soil.

Fig. 1
2. A soil sample 10 cm in diameter is placed in a tube 1 m long. A constant supply of water is allowed to flow
into one end of the soil at A, and the outflow at B is collected by a beaker (Figure 2). The average amount of
water collected is 1 cm3 for every 10 seconds. The tube is inclined as shown in Figure 2. Determine the (a)
hydraulic gradient, (b) flow rate, (c) average velocity, (d) seepage velocity if e = 0.6, and (e) hydraulic
conductivity.

Fig. 2

3. A drainage pipe (Figure 3) became completely blocked during a storm by a plug of sand 1.5 m long,
followed by another plug of a mixture of clays, silts, and sands 0.5 m long. When the storm was over, the
water level above ground was 1 m. The hydraulic conductivity of the sand is 2 times that of the mixture of
clays, silts, and sands.
(a) Plot the variation of pressure, elevation, and total head over the length of the pipe.
(b) Calculate the porewater pressure at (1) the center of the sand plug and (2) the center of the mixture of
clays, silts, and sands.
(c) Find the average hydraulic gradients in the sand and in the mixture of clays, silts, and sands.

Fig. 3

4. A canal is cut into a soil with a stratigraphy shown in Figure 4. Assuming flow takes place laterally and
vertically through the sides of the canal and vertically below the canal, determine the equivalent hydraulic
conductivity in the horizontal and vertical directions. The vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivities for
each layer are assumed to be the same. Calculate the ratio of the equivalent horizontal hydraulic conductivity
to the equivalent vertical hydraulic conductivity for flow through the sides of the canal.

Fig. 4

5. A sample of sand, 5 cm in diameter and 15 cm long, was prepared at a porosity of 60% in a constant-head
apparatus. The total head was kept constant at 30 cm and the amount of water collected in 5 seconds was 40
cm3. The test temperature was 200C. Calculate the hydraulic conductivity and the seepage velocity.
6. The data from a falling-head test on a silty clay are:
Cross-sectional area of soil = 80 cm2
Length of soil = 10 cm
Initial head = 90 cm
Final head =84 cm
Duration of test =15 minutes
Diameter of tube = 6 mm
Temperature = 282oC
Determine k.

7. A pumping test was carried out in a soil bed of thickness 15 m and the following measurements were
recorded. Rate of pumping was 10.6x10-3m3/s; drawdowns in observation wells located at 15 m and 30 m
from the center of the pumping well were 1.6 m and 1.4 m, respectively, from the initial groundwater level.
The initial groundwater level was located at 1.9 m below ground level. Determine k.

8. A ditch is required for a utility line near an ephemeral canal, which at the time of excavation was filled
with water, as shown in Figure 5. The average vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivities are 1x10-5 cm/s
and 2x10-4 cm/s, respectively. Assuming a 1-m length of ditch, determine the fl ow rate of water into it.

Fig. 5