GRAMMAR II

LEXICAL
COHESION
BARBIERI ALDANA
MAGNANI TADEO
WHAT IS COHESION?
Resources for discourse used to
establish relations that tie the text
together
 TWO BASIC TYPES OF
COHESION

LEXICAL GRAMMATICAL
 LEXICAL
COLLOCATION
REPETITION
SYNONYMY Use of words
Reiteration of that tend to
lexical items Use of co-occur in
synonyms the same text
 REPETITION
WE CAN SEE AN INSTANCE OF REPETITION IN
THIS EXTRACT FROM A TEXT ABOUT PLATYPUS:

‘‘A duck-like bill and shy nature has made the platypus one of Australia's
most intriguing animals. The platypus is one of only three monotremes.
The other two species are Australia's short-beaked echidna and Papua New
Guinea's long-beaked echidna. Monotremes are different from other
mammals because they have no teats and lay eggs like birds even though
they raise their young like mammals.’’
 COLLOCATION
WE CAN SEE AN INSTANCE OF COLLOCATIOM IN THIS EXTRACT
FROM A TEXT ABOUT PHILADELPHIA ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

example here
‘‘Philadelphia Zoological Gardens, first zoo in the United States,
opened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1874 with an animal
inventory of several hundred native and exotic specimens. It was
begun and continues to be operated by the Zoological Society of
Philadelphia, founded in 1859.’’
 SYNONYMY
SYNONYMY
Words that have different
form and similar meaning.
For example: test and exam.
MERONYMY
One word is a part of the other.
For example: branch, leaves and
trunk are parts of a tree.
HYPONYMY
One word is a type of the other.
For example: Siamese and
Sphynx are breeds of cats.
ANTONYMY
Two words that have opposite
meaning.
For example: start and finish.
 SYNONYMY
WE CAN SEE AN INSTANCE OF SYNONYMS IN THE
NOVEL THE CATCHER IN THE RYE BY J.D. SALINGER.

example here

“I’m the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. It’s awful. If I’m on my
way to the store to buy a magazine, even, and somebody asks me where I’m
going, I’m liable to say I’m going to the opera. It’s terrible.”
 HYPONYMY
WE CAN SEE AN INSTANCE OF HYPONYMS IN
THIS EXTRACT FROM A TEXT ABOUT SPIDERS

example here

“Despite the benevolent nature of most spiders, there are two species in the
southern and western United States that can cause serious harm when
accidentally disturbed - the black widow and brown recluse.”
 MERONYMY
WE CAN SEE AN INSTANCE OF MERONYMS IN
THIS EXTRACT FROM A TEXT ABOUT PLATYPUS

example here
‘‘The first thing most people notice about the platypus is its bill. Very
sensitive, the bill is like soft, wet rubber and is used to find food. The
platypus's body is covered in thick, dark brown fur and is flat and
streamlined. It has a broad, flat tail with short, stout legs and webbed
front feet well suited to its life in the water.’’
 ANTONYMY
WE CAN SEE AN INSTANCE OF ANTONYMS IN THIS EXTRACTS FROM
TEXTS ABOUT PHILADEPHIA AND ANOTHER ABOUT HUMMINBIRDS

example here
‘‘Philadelphia, the largest city in Pennsylvania, displays many
characteristics of a small town.’’

‘‘The sexes are alike in appearance in a few species but are different
in most species.’’
 CONCLUSION
LEXICAL COHESION

REPETITION SYNONYMY COLLOCATION

SYNONYMS HYPONYMS MERONYMS ANTONYMS

 REVISION
WHAT INSTANCES OF LEXICAL
COHESION ARE THE WORDS IN BOLD?

In the 1950s and ’60s research produced medical

evidence that linked cigarette smoking with health
hazards, especially with lung cancer, emphysema,
and heart disease.
 REVISION
WHAT INSTANCES OF LEXICAL
COHESION ARE THE WORDS IN BOLD?

The Pekingese in China and fragile breeds such as the

Chihuahua were bred to be lapdogs. The terrier breeds
were developed, mainly in England, to rid granaries and
barns of rodents.
 REVISION
WHAT INSTANCES OF LEXICAL
COHESION ARE THE WORDS IN BOLD?

"He is a man of very large property in Derbyshire, I

understand. And a considerable estate in Sussex."
 REVISION
WHAT INSTANCES OF LEXICAL
COHESION ARE THE WORDS IN BOLD?
The boy with fair hair lowered himself down the last few feet
of rock and began to pick his way toward the lagoon. Here,
the beach was interrupted by a square motif of the
landscape; a great platform of pink granite thrust up
uncompromisingly through forest and terrace and sand and
lagoon to make a raised jetty four feet high.
BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
M. Halliday. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (Chapter 9.)
www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/animals/discovering-
wildlife/platypus#:~:text=The%20platypus's%20body%20is%20covered,i
s%20also%20used%20for%20burrowing.
www.britannica.com/place/Philadelphia-Zoological-Gardens
www.britannica.com/animal/hummingbird
https://www.pestworld.org/news-hub/pest-articles/spiders-101/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/cigarette
Austen, J. (1813). Pride and Prejudice. T. Egerton.
Salinger, J. D. (1951). The Catcher in the Rye. Little, Brown and
Company.
Golding, W. (1954). Lord of the Flies. Faber and Faber.
THANK YOU!